Survey of in-situ resources of BetaSurvey of in situ resources of Beta vulgaris ssp. Maritima in Ireland.Dermot Grogan

Joint International Collection, Ireland 1987• USDA-ARS• International Board of Plant GeneticInternational Board of Plant Genetic

Resources (Bioversity International)K B t i G d UK• Kew Botanic Garden, UK

• Centre for Genetic Resources, NLCe t e o Ge et c esou ces,• Dept. of Agriculture Irl.

Doney, D.L., Whitney, E.D., Terry, y, , y, , y,J., Frese, L., and Fitzgerald, P.

The Distribution and Dispersal of B t l i L itiBeta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima Germplasm in England, Wales, and Ireland. ,

Journal of Sugar Beet Research, Vol 27 No. 1&2. Jan-June 1990.

Recorded locations of Maritime Beet prior to 1962:Maritime Beet prior to 1962:– Before 1930: 107 sites

1930’s onwards: 87 sites– 1930 s onwards: 87 sites

Recorded locationsRecorded locations of Maritime Beet in 1987:1987:– Total sites found:

~5353– Seed collected

from 43 sitesfrom 43 sites

(Doney et al. 1990)

Doney et al. 1990:

• “The distribution of sea beet was similar toearlier observations (in 1962). However, manysmall populations were in danger of elimination,or had disappeared…Factors threatening orcausing extinction of local populations includedlivestock grazing (particularly sheep), slippage ofmud cliffs, industrialisation, sea ports, andrecreational activities.”

Genetic Resources Projects 2003 7Genetic Resources Projects 2003-7• To investigate and catalogue all available historical

b di t i l f IS/T b t b dibreeding material from IS/Teagasc sugarbeet breedingstation (Thurles 1938-1989.)To establish and record the e tent of changes since 1987• To establish and record the extent of changes since 1987 to native maritime beet populations represented in ex-situgermplasm collectionsgermplasm collections.

• To identify populations of maritime beet found in closeproximity to cultivated sugarbeet.p y g

• To recommend, where necessary, specific sites thatcould be designated as areas of Special ScientificInterest due to presence of maritime beet resources.

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods• International Data base

f B t (IDBB) &for Beta (IDBB) & USDA ARS-Grin genebanksgenebanks– 105 Irish accessions in

total– 43 unique locations for

B.maritima• Discovery 1:50 000 OS• Discovery 1:50,000 OS

maps• GPS receiverGPS receiver• Digital camera

Location Detail

KY01, Ballyheigue, Co. KKerry.

(IDBBNR 3873, 5896)5896)

HabitatHabitat• a relatively narrow strip

of supralittoral sedimentof supralittoral sediment• between the high water

mark and more normalmark and more normal non salt-tolerant vegetationg

• This gravel or shingle area usually accumulates drift material rich in nitrogenous organicnitrogenous organic matter

Growth HabitGrowth Habit• cool and wet climate,

with mild winterswith mild winters, means that maritime beet can survive as abeet can survive as a perennial.

• Individual plantsIndividual plants thrive in favourable locations giving rise g gover time to ‘colonies’ of stems supported by a sturdy taproot.

Growth StagesGrowth Stages

• Emergence• First True• First True

Leaves

Growth Stages

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Growth Stages

Juvenile• Juvenile• FloweringFlowering• Seed ripening

Plants found:Plants found:

O t ll• On stone walls

Plants found:Plants found:

O t• On concrete walls

Plants found:

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Plants found:

O t l d f• On coastal defences• Reclamation works

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Plants found:Plants found:

O liff• On cliffs• On road vergesOn road verges

Plants found:Plants found:

U d k• Under park benches

• Caravan Parks

Plants found:Plants found:

Yacht parks• Yacht parks• Sand DunesSand Dunes

(less often)

Foliar Disease:• Very little disease

id tevident– Leaf spot?Leaf spot?– Virus?

Th t t H bit tThreats to Habitat

• Coastal erosionerosion

Th t t H bit tThreats to Habitat

• Coastal erosionerosion

Threats to Habitat• Human leisure

andand commercial activities

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Threats to Habitat• Human leisure

dand commercial activities

• Colonising disturbeddisturbed conditions

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Proximity to sugar beetProximity to sugar beet

< 1 Km14%

1-5 Km28%> 5 Km

58%

No of Sites with B maritimaNo. of Sites with B. maritima

Population EstimatesPopulation Estimates

None5% Scarce 1-105% Scarce 1 10

9%

Abundant 100

Sufficient 10-50

21%

>10039%

21%

Plentiful 50-10026%

Evaluation of Irish ex-situ genebank accessions (IDBB /USDA)

• 98% of locations min botanical• 98% of locations, min. botanical evaluation

• 53% at least 1 pest or disease53%, at least 1 pest or disease resistance evaluation:– Cercospora: 13 locationsp– Rhizoctonia: 11 locations– B Cyst nematode: 9 locations

Erysiphe: 6 locations– Erysiphe: 6 locations– Rhizomania: 5 locations– Curly Top: 5 locations– Aphanomyces: 4 locations– BWYV: 2 locations– Pythium: 2 locations– Pythium: 2 locations– Root aphid: 1 location

Summary of resistance screening

la i de

1 = Highly Resistant

# County

Code

# LOCATIO

N

Cercosp

ora be

ticola

Rhizocto

nia so

lani

Beet C

yst N

ematode

Eryisp

he beta

e

Rhizoman

iaCurly

TopAph

anom

yces

BWYVPyth

ium ul

timum

Root Aph

id

2 = Very Resistant

3 = Resistant

1 CE 1 KILLMER TO KILRUSH 5 6 32 CE 2 CARRIGAHOLT BAY 63 CK 10 YOUGHAL 94 CK 15 FLEXFORD, HARBOUR 9 8

4 =

5 = Intermediate

5 DN 2 KILKEEL 5 5 96 DN 4 ROSSGLASS 37 D 1 SKERRIES 4 5 98 D 2 MALAHIDE HARBOUR 7

6 =

7 = Susceptible

8 D 2 MALAHIDE, HARBOUR 79 GY 1 SALTHILL BAY 7 7 8 5 9 8 710 GY 2 CAHER 7 9 5 8 411 KY 2 DINGLE HARBOUR 712 KY 3 FENIT AT RAILWAY 6 97 Susceptible

8 = Very Susceptible

9 Hi hl S tibl

12 KY 3 FENIT AT RAILWAY 6 913 KY 4 ROUGH POINT 514 KY 5 TARBERT 5 5 815 KY 6 VENTRY 916 LH 1 BLACKROCK 19 = Highly Susceptible 16 LH 1 BLACKROCK 117 MH 1 LAYTOWN, HARBOUR 3 718 WD1 ARDMORE, ARDMORE BAY 2 8 9 2 5 8 6 3 519 WD4 DUNMORE EAST 520 WD6 TRAMORE 521 WX 10 BANNOW ISLAND 2 7 4 6 9 7 322 WX 13 DUNCANNON 323 WW1 SIX MILE POINT 7

Conclusions

Th l ti d i l

Conclusions

• The populations surveyed were in general better than the 1987 survey.

• On the east, south and southwest coasts, the majority of in-situ populations are not j y p punder any immediate threat of destruction.

• However on the west coast north of• However, on the west coast, north of Galway Bay, no plants were found at two locations Achill Island and Ross’s Pointlocations, Achill Island, and Ross s Point.

Conclusions• Evidence of the negative impact of coastal

Conclusionsg p

erosion and human activity on habitat wasevident at all sites.

• A number of sites should be designated asareas of scientific interest, and maritime beeti l d d l t f i t t i f tiincluded as a plant of interest on informationguides at such sites.R l t l l th iti t t d d• Relevant local authorities were contacted andmade aware of these CWR resources in theirareasareas.

Conclusions• Molecular investigation of selected accessions

Conclusionsg

has confirmed the wide genetic diversity ofecotypes, with Irish material genetically closer toyp , g yNW European ecotypes than those fromMediterranean area (Andersen et al. 2005).( )

• International evaluation of Irish genebankaccessions has indicated that useful resistanceaccessions has indicated that useful resistancegenes are present in populations here.