survey of the guizhou bouyei

Survey of the Guizhou Bouyei Language

by

Prof. Wu Wenyi (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute) and

Wil C. Snyder (Summer Institute of Linguistics) and

Liang Yongshu (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute)

Senior Editors: Zhang Heping (Guizhou Province Nationalities Affairs Commission)

and

Dr. Stuart Milliken

Consultant: Dr. Peggy Milliken

SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description

2007-001

2007 SIL International, Wu Wenyi, Wil C. Snyder, and Liang Yongshu

ISSN: 1939-0785

Fair Use Policy Documents published in the Language and Culture Documentation and Description series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of Language and Culture Documentation and Description or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s).

Series Editor Mary Ruth Wise

Managing Editor Mae Zook

Compositor Mae Zook

iii

Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................x Abbreviations and conventions............................................................................................................... xiii Names and abbreviations of data points ..................................................................................................xiv The Bouyei...............................................................................................................................................xvi 1. Phonology and word list .........................................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Word list ..........................................................................................................................................2

2. Phonology of data points ......................................................................................................................18 2.1. Anlong Pingle ................................................................................................................................18

2.1.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................18 2.1.2. Notes .....................................................................................................................................19 2.1.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................20 2.1.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................21 2.1.5. Transcription of Anlong Pingle word list .............................................................................21

2.2. Anshun Huangla ............................................................................................................................39 2.2.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................39 2.2.2. Notes .....................................................................................................................................39 2.2.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................41 2.2.4. Transcription of Anshun Huangla word list..........................................................................42

2.3. Ceheng Hualong ............................................................................................................................59 2.3.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................59 2.3.2. Notes .....................................................................................................................................60 2.3.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................61 2.3.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................62 2.3.5. Transcription of Ceheng Hualong word list..........................................................................62

2.4. Changshun Guyang........................................................................................................................80 2.4.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................80 2.4.2. Notes .....................................................................................................................................80 2.4.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................82 2.4.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................82 2.4.5. Transcription of Changshun Guyang word list .....................................................................82

iv Contents

2.5. Dushan Nanzhai ...........................................................................................................................100 2.5.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................100 2.5.2. Notes ...................................................................................................................................100 2.5.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................102 2.5.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................102 2.5.5. Transcription of Dushan Nanzhai word list ........................................................................102

2.6. Dushan Shuiyan ...........................................................................................................................120 2.6.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................120 2.6.2. Notes ...................................................................................................................................121 2.6.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................122 2.6.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................122 2.6.5. Transcription of Dushan Shuiyan word list ........................................................................123

2.7. Duyun Fuxi ..................................................................................................................................140 2.7.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................140 2.7.2. Notes ...................................................................................................................................141 2.7.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................142 2.7.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................142 2.7.5. Transcription of Duyun Fuxi word list ...............................................................................143

2.8. Guiding Gonggu ..........................................................................................................................160 2.8.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................160 2.8.2. Notes ...................................................................................................................................161 2.8.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................162 2.8.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................163 2.8.5. Transcription of Guiding Gonggu word list........................................................................163

2.9. Huishui Danggu ...........................................................................................................................180 2.9.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................180 2.9.2. Notes ...................................................................................................................................181 2.9.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................182 2.9.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................182 2.9.5. Transcription of Huishui Danggu word list ........................................................................183

2.10. Longli Yangchang......................................................................................................................200 2.10.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................200 2.10.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................201 2.10.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................202

Contents v

2.10.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................202 2.10.5. Transcription of Longli Yangchang word list...................................................................202

2.11. Luodian Luokun.........................................................................................................................220 2.11.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................220 2.11.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................220 2.11.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................222 2.11.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................223 2.11.5. Transcription of Luodian Luokun word list......................................................................223

2.12. Luodian Poqiu............................................................................................................................232 2.12.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................232 2.12.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................233 2.12.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................234 2.12.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................235 2.12.5. Transcription of Luodian Poqiu word list .........................................................................235

2.13. Pingtang Xiliang ........................................................................................................................253 2.13.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................253 2.13.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................254 2.13.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................255 2.13.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................256 2.13.5. Transcription of Pingtang Xiliang word list .....................................................................256

2.14. Pingtang Zhangbu ......................................................................................................................273 2.14.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................273 2.14.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................274 2.14.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................276 2.14.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................276 2.14.5. Transcription of Pingtang Zhangbu word list ...................................................................276

2.15. Qinglong Zitang.........................................................................................................................285 2.15.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................285 2.15.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................286 2.15.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................287 2.15.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................287 2.15.5. Transcription of Qinglong Zitang word list ......................................................................288

2.16. Shuicheng Faer .........................................................................................................................305 2.16.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................305 2.16.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................306

vi Contents

2.16.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................308 2.16.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................308 2.16.5. Transcription of Shuicheng Faer word list ......................................................................309

2.17. Wangmo Fuxi ............................................................................................................................326 2.17.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................326 2.17.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................327 2.17.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................329 2.17.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................329 2.17.5. Transcription of Wangmo Fuxi word list..........................................................................330

2.18. Xingyi Bajie...............................................................................................................................347 2.18.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................347 2.18.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................348 2.18.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................350 2.18.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................350 2.18.5. Transcription of Xingyi Bajie word list ............................................................................351

2.19. Zhenfeng Mingu ........................................................................................................................368 2.19.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................368 2.19.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................369 2.19.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................370 2.19.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................371 2.19.5. Transcription of Zhenfeng Mingu word list......................................................................371

2.20. Zhenning Banle..........................................................................................................................389 2.20.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................389 2.20.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................389 2.20.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................391 2.20.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................391 2.20.5. Transcription of Zhenning Banle word list .......................................................................391

2.21. Zhenning Shitouzhai ..................................................................................................................409 2.21.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................409 2.21.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................410 2.21.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................412 2.21.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................412 2.21.5. Transcription of Zhenning Shitouzhai word list ...............................................................412

Contents vii

2.22. Ziyun Huohua ............................................................................................................................430 2.22.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................430 2.22.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................431 2.22.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................432 2.22.4. Allophonic rule .................................................................................................................433 2.22.5. Transcription of Ziyun Huohua word list .........................................................................433

2.23. Ziyun Nonghe ............................................................................................................................450 2.23.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................450 2.23.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................451 2.23.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................453 2.23.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................453 2.23.5. Transcription of Ziyun Nonghe word list .........................................................................454

2.24. Libo Fucun.................................................................................................................................471 2.24.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................471 2.24.2. Notes .................................................................................................................................472 2.24.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................472 2.24.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................472 2.24.5. Transcription of Libo Fucun word list ..............................................................................473

3. Lectal studies ......................................................................................................................................482 3.1. Introduction to system relations...................................................................................................482

3.1.1. Intelligibility .......................................................................................................................482 3.1.2. Correspondence types .........................................................................................................483

3.2. Methodology................................................................................................................................484 3.3. Findings .......................................................................................................................................487 3.4. Discussion....................................................................................................................................488 Appendix.............................................................................................................................................490

4. Historical variation in Bouyei: Initials and tones ...............................................................................498 4.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................498 4.1. Labials..........................................................................................................................................499

4.1.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................499 4.1.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................500

4.2. Bilabial and labiodental clusters ..................................................................................................500 4.2.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................500 4.2.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................501

viii Contents

4.3. Alveolars......................................................................................................................................502 4.3.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................502 4.3.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................502

4.4. Alveolar clusters ..........................................................................................................................502 4.4.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................502 4.4.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................503

4.5. Liquids .........................................................................................................................................504 4.5.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................504 4.5.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................504

4.6. Alveolar fricatives and affricates .................................................................................................505 4.6.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................505 4.6.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................505

4.7. Palatals .........................................................................................................................................506 4.7.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................506 4.7.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................507

4.8. Velars ...........................................................................................................................................507 4.8.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................507 4.8.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................508

4.9. Velar clusters ...............................................................................................................................508 4.9.1. Notes ...................................................................................................................................508 4.9.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................509

4.10. Glottals.......................................................................................................................................511 4.10.1. Notes .................................................................................................................................511 4.10.2. Summary...........................................................................................................................511

4.11. Tones..........................................................................................................................................511 4.11.1. Tone values and categories ...............................................................................................511 4.11.2. Tonal flip-flop...................................................................................................................514 4.11.3. Notes on tone categories ...................................................................................................515

5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data ........................................................................................516 5.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................516 5.1. Anlong Pingle ..............................................................................................................................516 5.2. Anshun Huangla ..........................................................................................................................518 5.3. Ceheng Huarong ..........................................................................................................................520 5.4. Changshun Guyang......................................................................................................................522 5.5. Dushan Nanzhai ...........................................................................................................................524

Contents ix

5.6. Dushan Shuiyan ...........................................................................................................................526 5.7. Duyun Fuxi ..................................................................................................................................527 5.8. Guiding Gonggu ..........................................................................................................................529 5.9. Huishui Danggu ...........................................................................................................................531 5.10. Longli Yangchang......................................................................................................................534 5.11. Luodian Poqiu............................................................................................................................536 5.12. Pingtang Xiliang ........................................................................................................................537 5.13. Qinglong Zitang.........................................................................................................................539 5.14. Shuicheng Faer .........................................................................................................................540 5.15. Wangmo Fuxing ........................................................................................................................542 5.16. Xingyi Bajie...............................................................................................................................544 5.17. Zhenfeng Mingu ........................................................................................................................546 5.18. Zhenning Banle..........................................................................................................................547 5.19. Zhenning Shitouzhai ..................................................................................................................549 5.20. Ziyun Huohua ............................................................................................................................551 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................553

6. Comparison of speech between younger and older speakers..............................................................554 6.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................554 6.1. Differences of the speech of older speakers versus younger speakers in specific data points.....556

6.1.1. Ceheng Huarong .................................................................................................................556 6.1.2. Duyun Fuxi .........................................................................................................................559 6.1.3. Dushan Shuiyan ..................................................................................................................563 6.1.4. Qinglong Zitang..................................................................................................................566 6.1.5. Guiding Gonggu .................................................................................................................570 6.1.6. Luodian Poqiu.....................................................................................................................572 6.1.7. Shuicheng Faer ..................................................................................................................574 6.1.8. Wangmo Fuxing .................................................................................................................579 6.1.9. Zhenning Shitouzhai ...........................................................................................................584 6.1.10. Ziyun Huohua ...................................................................................................................588

7. Summary.............................................................................................................................................592 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................................594

x

Preface This province-wide language survey was conducted in order

to determine the current state of phonological and lexical similarity among Bouyei lects, and to compare the data collected with that collected in the 1950s and published in Buyi Diaocha

Baogao [abbreviated in this volume as BYDCBG, Bouyei Language Survey Report].

The project was managed by Mr. Wu Wenyi of the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute Mr. Zhang Heping of the Guizhou Nationalities Affairs Commission Mr. Wil C. Snyder of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, and Dr. Lon Diehl of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.

The project was sponsored by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Project field work began in early 1996 and was completed in 1997. The 1950s survey included 40 data points. We selected a total of 24 data points for our survey, with as many of these overlapping with the original 40 points as possible. Five hundred lexical items were originally selected for our survey, with later revision to 503 words. In each data point that we visited, we planned to elicit the word list items from a male speaker 50 years of age or older and a male speaker 35 years of age or younger. In most data points visited, these criteria were met, though due to flooding and other factors we were not able to physically get to a few of the data points, so had to rely on speakers from that area as we could find them. Each speaker of every data point was a native Bouyei speaker from that area. In each county we visited, the local county Nationalities Affairs Commission hosted our work generally organized travel to and from the area, and helped select speakers.

For each data point, if possible we traveled to one of the representative villages and elicited data there. We separated into two groups: one group eliciting data from a group of older speakers and one group eliciting data from a group of younger speakers. The elicitation from each group was done at the same time in separate locations within the village or county seat. In each group of speakers, at least some understood Chinese well enough to fully understand the items we were eliciting. In addition, the two authors from the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute are both Bouyei and speak the language well.

With each group of speakers, the data was elicited word by word. For each word, the group of speakers would come to a consensus on the correct Bouyei word(s). We then would elicit and transcribe the word(s) from one speaker chosen as the representative for that group. After the entire word list was transcribed, we re-checked our transcription with the speakers. Finally, we recorded the entire word list from the representative speaker of each group.

After the data was collected from one or more data points, the authors then listened to the data tapes of both older and younger speakers and re-checked our transcriptions. We made special effort to correctly transcribe the consonants while eliciting directly from the speaker. When listening to the tapes, we sometimes modified our transcription of vowels and tones. We also put many words on computer to more accurately view the pitch and vowel quality. When each list was transcribed and checked completely, we then entered the data into a database for analysis.

We believe that the major contribution of this research is the data itself being published and made available to any Tai scholars who wish to use it for their own research. Bouyei constitutes a major part of Northern Tai and its lects are diverse, to one degree or another, in lexicon, phonetics,

Preface xi

and phonology. It is important, therefore, to have as accurate a picture as possible of the current state of Bouyei.

Our investigations include the phonology of each lect the lectal divergence and estimation of intelligibility historical changes of Bouyei initials comparison of our data with BYDGBG, and comparison of the speech of older speakers versus younger speakers.

Section 5, Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data and section 6, Comparison of speech between younger and older speakers was originally written in Chinese and translated into English by Wil Snyder. We hope these chapters will also be of use to various scholars in their own fields of research.

Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. We invite and encourage comments and discussion from all scholars who read and use this research.

Finally, we would like to thank the following people and entities for all their support and help in making this research project a reality: Guizhou Province Nationalities Affairs Commission Guizhou University Foreign Affairs Office Anshun District Nationalities Affairs Commission Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture Nationalities Affairs Commission Qianxinan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture Nationalities Affairs Commission Liupanshui Nationalities Affairs Commission Wangmo County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Fuxing Town

Government Anlong County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission Qinglong County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Zitang Town

Government Xingyi City Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Bajie Town Government Zhenfeng County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Mingu Town

Government Ceheng County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission Shuicheng County Nationalities Affairs Commission and Faer Town Government Anshun City Nationalities Affairs Commission and Huangla Town Government Ziyun County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Huohong Town Government,

and Nonghe Town Government Changshun County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Guyang Town

Government Huishui County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission Longli County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Yangchang Town

Government Guiding County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Gonggu Town

Government Duyun City Nationalities Affairs Commission and Fuxi Town Government

xii Preface

Dushan County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Shuiyan Town Government, and Nanzhai Town Government

Pingtang County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Xiliang Town Government

Luodian County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Luokun Town Government, and Poqiu Town Government

Zhenning County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Banle Town Government, and Shitouzhai Town Government

xiii

Abbreviations and conventions BYDCBG Buyi Diaocha Baogao (Bouyei Language Survey Report)

excl. exclusive

incl. inclusive

p. person

pl. plural

p. pl. person plural

ps. person singular

s. singular

sth. something

UR underlying representation

* proto-form or proto-sound

xiv

Names and abbreviations of data points For each data point, we give the county name and town name from where we obtained the data.

Each data point is within the Guizhou province border.

In Qiannan prefecture data points include Chuangshun Guyang Dushan Nanzhai Dushan Shuiyan Duyun Fuxi Guiding Gonggu Huishui Danggu Libo Fucun Longli Yangchang Luodian Luokun Luodian Poqiu Pingtang Xiliang, and Pingtang Zhangbu.

In Qianxinan prefecture data points include Anlong Pingle Ceheng Huarong Qinglong Zitang Wangmo Fuxing Xingyi Bajie, and Zhenfeng Mingu.

Data points in the Anshun district include Anshun Huangla Zhenning Banle Zhenning Shitouzhai Ziyun Huohong, and Ziyun Nonghe.

Data points in the Liupanshui district include Shuicheng Faer.

Names and abbreviations of data points xv

Abbreviations of the data point names are as follows:

AL Anlong AS Anshun CH Ceheng CS Changshun DSNZ Dushan NanZhai DSSY Dushan Shuiyan DY Duyun GD Guiding HS Huishui LB Libo LL Longli LDLK Luodian Luokun LDPQ Luodian Poqiu PTXL Pingtang Xiliang PTZB Pingtang Zhangbu QL Qinglong SC Shuicheng WM Wangmo XY Xingyi ZF Zhenfeng ZNBL Zhenning Banle ZNSTZ Zhenning

Shitouzhai ZYHH Ziyun Huohua ZYNH Ziyun Nonghe

xvi

The Bouyei The Bouyei are a relatively populous ethnic minority people of Guizhou province, China.

According to the 1990 government census, there were almost 2 million Bouyei living in Guizhou at that time. The large percentage of Bouyei reside in the Qiannan Bouyei-Miao autonomous prefecture Qianxinan Bouyei-Miao autonomous prefecture Anshun region, the Liupenshui city area, and Guiyang city area.

In addition, a small percentage of Bouyei reside in the Zunyi area Bijie area Qiandongnan Miao-Dong autonomous prefecture, and Yunnan province.

The Bouyei language is classified as a Northern Tai language, part of the Kadai language family. The Bouyei language has various lects, many being mutually unintelligible to a significant degree. However, the grammar and basic vocabulary of the various lects is quite similar. According to the Bouyei language survey done in the 1950s, there are three major lectal areas. The first lectal area is comprised of Wangmo, Ceheng, Luodian, Dushan, Libo, Duyun,

Pingtang, Zhenfeng, Anlong, Xingren, and Xingyi counties. The second lectal area is made up of Longli, Guiding, Qingzhen, Pingba, Kaiyang counties, the

Guiyang city area, and the Anshun area. Zhenning, Guanling, Ziyun, Qinglong, Puan, Liuzhi, Panxian, Shuicheng, Bijie, and Weining

counties make up the third lectal area.

The Bouyei language is used by virtually all Bouyei people in the rural parts of these areas and by many in the towns and cities as well. Many Bouyei can also communicate in Chinese to some degree and some are completely bilingual.

Historically, the Bouyei have no script of their own. In many Bouyei areas, some Bouyei songs and Scriptures have been written with a kind of modified Chinese character script, though the script is often slightly different in each place. This practice most likely began sometime during the Song dynasty. In 1956, under the direction of the government of the Peoples Republic of China, a Roman script was created for the Bouyei language.

The Bouyei, and many other Kadai people groups, are descendents of the ancient Yue peoples of south-central China. Ancient Chinese history, as well as many recent archeological discoveries, shows that there were Yue people in Guizhou at a very early date, most likely as early as the Warring States period. Several ancient Chinese sources speak of the Yue people residing in what are now the Panjiang and Hongshui river areas, where the Bouyei reside today. The history of the Yue peoples can be traced through various ancient Chinese records. Throughout history, the Chinese have used many various terms for the Yue people and recently for the Bouyei. Only since 1953 has the name Bouyei (Buyi in Chinese) become official.

1

1. Phonology and word list

1.1. Introduction The tones in the raw data were recorded using the Chao scale, and in order to translate these

pitch representations into tone categories, we organized a total of 76 words into Gedney boxes1 for analysis. Each word was read into the computer from tape, and the pitch for each word was ana-lyzed using the SIL program WinCecil. In WinCecil, the pitch of an utterance can be measured at any point in the stream of speech. The pitch values were measured in semitones. These values were recorded for each Bouyei word in the Gedney boxes, and values in each box were averaged (excep-tional words were thrown out). These averages then served as an objective, but not absolute guide, in determining the tone categories of each word in each raw data list. For any particular tone category, some of the words of course will not have the exact pitch value that was arrived at by averaging the Gedney box examples. But if the tone on a word is close to the average, and that word is known to have that particular tone category in other Tai languages and lects, then it was given that tone category in our analysis.

Each phone of each transcribed word was organized into tablesone table for each phone per word list. In this way, the particular environments that the phone occurred in could be viewed. Phones could be easily compared with each other, and frames could be easily organized when it was necessary to re-check the data. Each occurrence of each phone was studied, and each phone was analyzed as to its phonemic status.

There are some generalities and characteristics to be noted regarding Bouyei phonology. One is palatalized and labialized consonants. Many Bouyei lects have oi, fi, jv, fv, and Mv. It is often quite difficult to distinguish a palatalized or labialized consonant from a simple consonant-vowel series (i.e., oi- versus oh-). Nonetheless, we have tried to determine in each of the lects whether or not these consonant clusters function as phonemic units or not. It should be noted, however, that the phonemic status of these sounds is often based on what amounts to a judgment call. For those interested, for each lect there are notes regarding factors relevant to this decision. Other phono-logical methods (word games, etc.) would need to be used to arrive at a definite analysis for each lect.

A characteristic of some of the lects is aspiration, mainly occurring in the northwest lectal area. Some lects have random aspiration or aspiration on some Chinese loan words, but are not counted as having phonemic aspiration.

Another problem area is point of articulation of the coronal fricatives. Sometimes two phones as far apart in point of articulation as S and b are allophones of a single phoneme. Other times phones very close to each other are both phonemic.

There is a very limited set of syllable-final consonants in Bouyei. Typically found are o, s, j, f, l, m, M. However, some lects lack one or more of these. In general, each of these finals is phonemic. Sometimes it is very difficult to tell if the glottal stop is actually ever contrastive with each of the other final plosive stops.

1 William Gedney devised a method of arranging the words of the Tai language under consideration in a table according to Tai proto tones. This method facilitates an understanding of the tonal system of the language in question. See Gedney 1989.

2 1. Phonology and word list

All syllables begin with a consonant. If no other consonant begins the syllable, then it begins with [f]. Exceptions to this are very rare and phonetically conditioned.

Vowel length is phonemic only for the [a] vowel. Though in some lects there are occurrences of lengthened vowels other than [a], they are never phonemic.

In section 2, for each point studied, we list the phoneme inventory (additional allophones are in brackets [ ]), minimal pairs, and any allophonic rules. Notes on the analysis of various phones are also given. The transcriptions of the world list are given last for each data point.

1.2. Word list English - Chinese -

1 sunshine, sunlight

2 lightning

3 thunder

4 moon

5 star*

6 sky

7 cloud

8 wind

9 rain

10 rainbow*

11 mist, fog

12 morning

13 afternoon

14 evening

15 day (24 hours)

16 year (calendar)*

17 early*

18 late

19 breakfast

20 lunch

21 afternoon meal

22 dinner

23 water*

24 well

25 earth (soil, dirt)

26 stone

1. Phonology and word list 3

English - Chinese -

27 sand

28 dust

29 gold

30 silver

31 iron

32 river*

33 bank, shore

34 lake

35 sea

36 mountain*

37 road

38 small village*

39 house

40 roof

41 door

42 board

43 table

44 stool

45 bowl

46 chopsticks

47 broom

48 pig pen

49 field (paddy)*

50 field (dry)

51 paddy rice*

52 cooked rice

53 glutinous rice (raw)

54 glutinous rice (cooked)

55 rice seedling

56 grass

57 sugar cane*

58 tree*

59 (tree) root


English - Chinese -

60 bamboo

61 forest*

62 leaf (small, tree)*

63 thorn

64 flower*

65 seed ,

66 fruit*

67 vegetable*

68 animal*

69 pig

70 sheep

71 dog*

72 horse*

73 water buffalo*

74 cow

75 tail

76 horn

77 tiger

78 bear

79 monkey

80 bat

81 rabbit*

82 mouse, rat

83 bird*

84 bird nest

85 chicken*

86 cocks crest

87 duck*

88 goose

89 owl

90 wing*

91 feather

92 claw


English - Chinese -

93 egg*

94 fish*

95 fin

96 snake*

97 mosquito

98 fly (insect)

99 ant*

100 spider

101 flea

102 bedbug

103 earthworm

104 louse

105 body (human)

106 head*

107 hair (on head)

108 face*

109 eye*

110 nose*

111 ear*

112 mouth*

113 tooth

114 tongue

115 chin

116 beard

117 forehead

118 neck

119 shoulder*

120 hand*

121 leg*

122 knee

123 foot

124 chest*

125 back*


English - Chinese -

126 goiter

127 heart

128 lungs*

129 brain

130 liver*

131 abdomen, belly

132 navel

133 intestines

134 blood*

135 feces (cow dung)*

136 bone*

137 skin (human)

138 flesh, meat

139 oil (pig)

140 garlic

141 ginger

142 salt

143 bite, to*

144 eat, to*

145 drink, to

146 liquor

147 drunk

148 vomit, to*

149 boil, to*

150 sweet

151 sour

152 bitter

153 salty

154 hot, spicy

155 hungry*

156 cucumber

157 pumpkin

158 towel gourd


English - Chinese -

159 bean

160 taro

161 reed

162 clothing

163 cloth*

164 cotton*

165 pants

166 socks*

167 mat

168 mosquito net

169 bamboo hat

170 knife (for cooking)*

171 CLASSIFIER for knife*

172 cooking pot

173 pot lid

174 three-legged stand

175 straps for carrying sth. on ones back

176 fan

177 scales (steelyard type)

178 awl

179 scissors

180 money

181 umbrella

182 lock

183 key

184 rod, stick

185 bamboo pole

186 boat

187 axe

188 plough

189 hoe

190 shoulder pole

191 hemp


English - Chinese -

192 manure (fertilizer)

193 stone mortar

194 pestle

195 sifter

196 dustpan

197 weaving machine

198 paper

199 ink

200 pen

201 suona (musical instrument)

202 net

203 hook

204 ghost

205 spirit, god

206 strength

207 shadow

208 dream

209 story

210 gift

211 error

212 spare time

213 direction

214 sew (by hand), to

215 like, to

216 love, to

217 peel, to

218 hold (a child), to

219 carry on ones back (a child), to

220 add, to

221 split apart

222 weave a basket, to

223 mend (clothes), to

224 plant (shoots), to


English - Chinese -

225 taste, to

226 wear (clothes), to

227 leak, to

228 nod ones head, to

229 hang (on a wall), to

230 roll, to

231 cross (a river), to

232 paddle (a boat), to

233 continue, to

234 borrow, to

235 chop (a tree), to

236 warm oneself (by a fire, etc.), to

237 cough, to

238 swell (a leg), to

239 flow (water), to

240 get up (from bed), to

241 lead (a cow) with a rope, to

242 dry in the sun, to

243 sift/sieve (rice), to

244 go up, to

245 go down, to

246 stretch out (hand), to

247 comb (hair), to

248 be in pain, to

249 kick, to

250 hold (a basket), to

251 swallow, to

252 take off (clothes), to

253 ask, to

254 answer, to

255 forget, to

256 rain, to

257 rest, to


English - Chinese -

258 search, to

259 blink, to

260 live/stay (somewhere), to

261 steam (rice), to

262 live, to

263 die, to

264 sick

265 breathe, to

266 hear, to

267 see, to

268 speak/talk, to* ,

269 laugh, to

270 scold, to

271 weep, to

272 blow (with mouth), to

273 yawn, to

274 sleep, to

275 stand, to

276 sit, to

277 walk, to

278 crawl (of a child)

279 climb (a tree)

280 come, to*

281 go, to*

282 enter, to

283 return, to*

284 fly, to*

285 ride (a horse), to*

286 swim, to

287 float (on water), to

288 play, to

289 sing, to

290 drum (NOUN)


English - Chinese -

291 work, to

292 carry (with pole), to

293 close (a door), to

294 open (a door), to

295 open (one's mouth), to*

296 push, to

297 pull, to

298 fall, to

299 give, to

300 take, to

301 select, to

302 buy, to*

303 sell, to

304 steal (secretly), to*

305 want, to

306 have, to

307 know, to

308 fear, to

309 wash (hands), to*

310 wash (clothes), to

311 tie/bind up, to*

312 wipe (table), to

313 cut (meat), to

314 rope/string*

315 cut (grass, weeds), to

316 split (wood), to*

317 board (wood)*

318 dig, to

319 person

320 Bouyei people

321 Han people

322 man

323 woman


English - Chinese -

324 shaman

325 matchmaker

326 friend

327 ancestors

328 father*

329 mother

330 child*

331 husband

332 wife

333 elder sibling*

334 younger sibling*

335 only son

336 grandson

337 paternal grandfather

338 paternal grandmother

339 maternal grandfather

340 maternal grandmother

341 guest*

342 family name

343 first (given) name

344 I

345 you (sg.)

346 he

347 we (incl.)

348 we (excl.)*

349 you (pl.)

350 they

351 other people

352 firewood

353 fire

354 flame

355 burn (intransitive)

356 burn (transitive)


English - Chinese -

357 ashes

358 smoke

359 bow

360 arrow*

361 hunt, to

362 kill, to*

363 fight (with fists), to

364 one (ORDINAL)

365 two (ORDINAL)

366 one (CARDINAL)

367 two (CARDINAL)

368 three*

369 four

370 five*

371 six

372 seven*

373 eight

374 nine

375 ten

376 twenty

377 hundred*

378 thousand

379 all (They all came)

380 some

381 many

382 few

383 every, each

384 big

385 small

386 long

387 short (length)

388 tall

389 short (height)


English - Chinese -

390 round

391 flat

392 thick (paper)*

393 thin/flimsy (paper)

394 wide*

395 narrow

396 hard/stiff*

397 soft

398 straight

399 crooked

400 fast

401 slow

402 heavy

403 light (weight)

404 fat (person)

405 thin (person)

406 black

407 red*

408 white

409 yellow

410 green

411 blue

412 dry (clothes)

413 wet (clothes)

414 empty (bottle)

415 full (bottle)

416 clean (clothes)

417 dirty (clothes)*

418 new (thing)*

419 young

420 smart

421 stupid

422 old (thing)


English - Chinese -

423 old (person)

424 deaf

425 hot (weather)

426 cold (weather)*

427 good*

428 bad

429 broken/torn*

430 deep

431 shallow

432 slanted

433 bright

434 dark

435 clear

436 muddy, cloudy

437 strong

438 weak

439 tasteless

440 tired

441 tight (of a rope, etc.)

442 loose

443 smooth, slippery

444 expensive

445 inexpensive

446 tender

447 difficult

448 easy

449 smelly

450 fragrant

451 busy

452 poor

453 wealthy

454 lively

455 quiet, peaceful


English - Chinese -

456 pretty (of a girl)

457 crafty

458 brave

459 lazy

460 diligent

461 far

462 near

463 in (side)

464 out (side)*

465 right (side)

466 left (side)

467 above

468 below

469 here

470 there

471 this*

472 that

473 where?

474 who?*

475 what?

476 how?

477 when?

478 why?

479 at (LOC)

480 (he) just (arrived), a short while ago

481 (go) immediately

482 (go) quickly

483 conjuction connecting two clauses, the first being the premise of the second

484 (you go) first

485 often

486 the most (


English - Chinese -

487 even more (meaning in English is often realized in the -er morpheme added to verbs, e.g., quick-er)

488 together (do sth.)

489 only

490 word indicating repetition

491 again, do sth. another time

492 also

493 or

494 it seems that

495 from

496 and

497 because

498 if

499 reach, get to

500 be, is

501 not/no

502 no matter, doesnt matter

503 already

18

2. Phonology of data points

2.1. Anlong Pingle

2.1.1. Phone and phoneme inventory Initial consonants

BiLab LaDe InDe Alv PoAl AlPal Pal Vel Glo Plos vl o, oi s j, jv f, [fi]

PreGlo fa fc

Aff vl sb

Fric vl e S b [g]

vd u p, [pv] [Y] F G

Nas vd l m M, Mv

Lat vd k

Tap vl [q]

App vd v i

Final consonants

o, s, j, l, m, M

Vowels

Front Central Back unrd unrd rd Close h X t

Near-close [H] [T]

Close-mid [d] n, [n:]

Mid =, [=:]

Open-mid D B

Near-open @

Open `, `:

Tones

Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8, 10 Pitch value 33 41 45 52 24 13 45 22

2. Phonology of data points 19

2.1.2. Notes [v] only occurs in six items and it is tempting to lump it in with [w]. However, as these two

sounds are often on a continuum of fricativeness and are one phoneme in many other lects, here they are distinct. [w] only occurs a total of 18 times, and [v] and [w] are distinct phonemes. [v] is also contrastive with [f]. See minimal pairs.

[S], [p], and [b] are all clearly contrastive, and each phone occurs on a number of items. See minimal pairs. [Y] is somewhat of a problem. It only occurs on three lexical items, but it seems like it would be the voiced counterpart of [b]. However, as can be seen by the occurrence of the word bird in three different items, [Y], [q], and [p] are the initials for the three occurrences: 83 bird [st1 qBj6], 89 owl [YBj6 sb@t0 lDt4], and 84 bird nest [pnM1 pBj6]. [Y], [q], and [p] are all allophones for this word. [q] also only occurs on three items, and for some items [q] was used during rapid speech, while [p] was the initial during slower speech. Since [Y] occurs only three times, and on one occurrence is clearly an allophone of [p], we consider it an allophonic variation of the phoneme /p/, as is [q].

[h] occurs on only two morphemes: 113 tooth [gDt2] and 5154grain [g`t3]. Many of the words which in other lects are a voiceless glottal fricative have [G] or [F] instead. [F] occurs on 10 items, and it and [G] seem to be on a continuum of fricativeness, being one underlying phoneme. [h] and [F] are viewed as allophonic variations of [G].

[f] occurs on a number of items and [fi] occurs on six items. [f] only occurs before [i] once (212 spare time [fht4 k`M4]), but that is on a morpheme that is realized as [fi] on two other items: 260 live/stay and 479 at. Both are [fit4]. The degree of palatalization is not very strong. This shows that [fi] can be viewed as [fh] underlyingly. See rule below.

[pj] occurs on 11 morphemes. The degree of palatalization is quite distinct, and most of the items with the [pj] initial have a *pj- proto-form. There are no occurrences of [pi] + V. [pj] could be viewed as [pi] underlyingly. However, since the degree of palatalization is clear, [pj] will be viewed as phonemic.

[kw] occurs on 10 morphemes. The [ku] + V combination occurs only once. The degree of labialization is quite strong on [kw] and, for the same reason [pj] is considered phonemic, [kw] is also viewed as phonemic.

[pv] occurs on only one morpheme and [pt] + V combinations occur a few times. The degree of labialization is weak, and generally has a vowel quality rather than a semivowel quality. Therefore, [pv] is not considered phonemic.

[Mv] occurs on two morphemes: one of them with a *Mv proto-form. The degree of labiali-zation is fairly strong and no [Mt] + V combination occurs. Here, [Mv] is phonemic.

20 2.1.3. Minimal pairs

[H] occurs eight times, all in the environment /C__C (with one exception): 150 sweet [HDl4]. [i] also occurs in this environment several times. The sounds [i] and [H] actually lie on a continuum between tense and lax and constitute the same phoneme. See rule below. [B] occurs on only four morphemes, each time followed by [-k], except for one occurrence.

However, [o] also is followed by [-k]. Because of the low frequency of occurrence, [B] could be viewed as an allophonic variation of [o], but there are contrastive sets. Here, [B] is phonemic.

[T] only occurs on three morphemes. Its relation to [u] is the same as [H] and [i]. See rule below.

[X] occurs several times, mostly in syllable-final position or in a [X=] combination. However, [=] also occurs in syllable-final position. [X] is seen as contrastive with [=]. See minimal pairs.

2.1.3. Minimal pairs [sb] and [t] 169 bamboo hat [sb@o6], 130 liver [s@o6]

462 near [sb@h2], 271 to weep [s@h2]

[v] and [w] 196 dustpan [fcnM1 uh4], 497 because [vh4 fcDh3] 229 to hang [uDm0], 319 person [vDm1]

[v] and [f] 9 rain [u=m0], 352 firewood [e=m1] 196 dustpan [fcnm1 uh4], 353 fire [eh1]

[S], [p], and [b] 185 bamboo pole [mn1 S`t1],443 smooth [p`t1], 17 early [b`t1] 435 clear [S@h0], 133 intestines [p@h2], 188 plough [b@h0]

[] and [n] 365 two (ordinal) [h5], 330 child [k=j7 mh5] 290 drum (bronze) [Dm1], 98 fly (insect) [mDM1 S`4]

[M] and [n] 207 shadow [M`t1], 268 speak, talk [m`t1] 228 to nod ones head [Mnj7], measure word in 184 rod, stick [mnj7 s=M3]

[a:] and [`] 232 to paddle [j`:t0], 76 horn [j`t0] 408 white [G`:t0], 449 smelly [G`t0 fi`4]

[a:] and [@] 233 to continue [snM1 s`:l0], 480 just (arrived) [s@l0] 381 many [k`:h0], 239 to flow (water) [k@h0]

[a] and [@] 334 younger [lt=M3 j`t4], 422 old (thing) [j@t4] 263 to die [s`h0], 495 from [s@h4]

[o] and [B] 10 rainbow [M=1 knj7 v`4], 410 green [kBj7] 399 crooked [jnM1 jn1], 359 bow [jBM0]

[X] and [=] 483 a conjunction [kX2], 267 to see [k=2] 238 to swell [jX4], 325 matchmaker [ot3 S=4]


2.1.4. Allophonic rules /h/ [j]/f__

[H]/C__C# (with exceptions)

[i]/elsewhere

/t/ [T]/C__C (with some exceptions)

[u]/elsewhere

2.1.5. Transcription of Anlong Pingle word list

9050

90 90 50

1 fc=m22fc`s24 fc`m22fc`s24

2 k@o24oi`24 k`l24oi`24

3 oi`24 oi`24 oi`24

4 fc`t22fcXDm22 fc`t24fchDm24

5 fc`t24fch13 fc`t24fch22

6 , fa=m22 fa=m22 faLm22

7 vX=24 uL24 uL24

8 pnl20 ptl20 ytl20

9 u=m23 u=m13 uLm22

10 M=20knj20v`12 ML20Ynj13v`24 ynj00u`22

11 k@o24ln13 k`o24ln13 ln13

12 p`M13G`9s24 i`M22F`s24 gCs24

13 ph`M13Mv`m20 bX20phM20

14 p`M13F`l02 i`M22F`l12 gLm20, gCl00

15 , Mv`m20 v@m20 uCm20

16 lh@t30, oh22 oh22 oh22

17 b`t31 jv`h20 bCt42, ynl00

18 jv`9h20 jv`h20 kt9s24

19 M`9h20pt`l13 F`t31Yt`l12

20 g`t31M`9h20 F`t31M`9h20 M`h20

21 g`t31phM20 F`t31yhM20 yhM20

22 2.1.5. Transcription of Anlong Pingle word list

90 90 50

22 g@t31b`t20 F`t31b@t20 bCt20

23 p`l31 y`M31 yCl42

24 fc=m22fan13 fc=22fan13 fan13

25 m`9l13 m`9l13 m`l00

26 phm22 fc`j24phm22 yhm22

27 b`22 b`22 yd13

28 lt23l`m14 ft24l@m13, lX=m22 sCt00

29 sbHl23 sbhl22 sb=l22

30 M`m20 M@m20 MCm20

31 e`20 e`20 e`20

32 s`13 s`13 s`00

33 o`M31, F`m20 o`M31 gCm20

34 s`l20 s`l20

35 F`9h24 fc=22F`9h24 g`h24

36 on22 on22 on22

37 p`m22 j`y`9m22 yCm22

38 fa`m31 fa`9m31 fa`m42

39 p`m20 y`m20 y`m20

40 mDM20p`m20 mDM20y`m20

41 st22 v`13st22 st22

42 s`o13 jDo24s`o13 odm13

43 fc=m bn9M20 bnM20 bBM20

44 s`M13 fc=22s`M13 sCM13

45 sh31 sh31 sh42

46 sX13 sL13 sL00

47 ih31o`s24 ihm31o@s24 oCs24

48 jtnM13lt22 jnM13lt22

49 m`20 m`20 m`20

50 ph13 yh13 yh00


90 90 50

51 g`t31p`9m22 F`t24r`m22 g`t22

52 g`t31F`t13 F`t24F`9t22 gCt42

53 g`t31b=s02 F`t24bds13

54 g`t31fD13 F`t31fD13

55 sb`24 sb`24 sb`24

56 X24 L24, `22ft=m13 L24, `22

57 fnh31 fnh31 fnh42

58 e@h31 e`h31 eCh42

59 k`13e@h31 y`f13e`h31 y`00

60 e@h31kt@h22 e`h31kt`h22 yBs00

61 fcnM23 fc=22fcnM22 fcnM22

62 fa@h22e@h31 fa@h22 faCh22

63 ft@m13 ft=m22 fnm22

64 fcn13v`22 fcn13u`22 u`22

65 , v@m22 v@m22 uCm22

66 k=j20l`02 k=j13l`13 l`13

67 oi@j24 oi`j24 oiCj24

68 st20s`M20i`9M13 st20s`M20iDM13

69 s=j20lt22 lt22 lt22

70 it`M20 it@M20 it9M20

71 l`12 l`22 l`22

72 l`31 l`31 l`42

73 v`9h20 s=20u`9h20 u`9h20

74 bX20 bX20 bL24

75 pX=M22 yh=M22 yh9M22

76 j`t22 j`t22 jCt22

77 jTj24 jTj24 jtj24

78 lt=h22 lt=h22 lLh22

79 khM20 s=20khM20 khM20


90 90 50

80 s=31u`9t20 s=20u`9t20 u`t20

81 s`22kn13 s`22kn13

82 st20qt@m20 s=20Yt@m20 mt22

83 st20qBj13 ynj13 ynj00

84 pnM20pBj13 ytM20Ynj13

85 j`h13 j@h24 jCh13

86 pt24j`h13 Yt24j@h13

87 ohs24 s=20ohs24 ohs24

88 F`9m13 F`9m13 g`m13

89 YBj13sb@t22lDt13 Ynj13sb@t24lDt13

90 et=9s13 eX=s13 eL9s00

91 o=m22ft@m13 o=m22fnm13 oLm22

92 pho02 yho13shm22

93 sb`h24 sb@h13 sbCh13

94 oi`22 oi`22 oi`22

95 stj13fc`M22oi`22 fcnf22o@h13k`M22st20oi`22

96 MX20 mL20 ML20

97 mDM20j`22p@h20 mD9M20 mdM20

98 mDM20S`13 mD9M20r`13

99 l`s02 s=20l@s13 lCs00

100 jnM13jv`t22 st20jnM13jv`9t22 ju`t22

101 l@s24 s=20l@s24 lCs24

102 phDs20 yhDs13 yL9s00

103 fcX=m22 fcX=m22 fcL9m22

104 m`m20 m@m20 mCm20

105 fc`9M22 fc=22fc`M22 fc`M22

106 l@t20sb`t24 sb`t20 sbCt24

107 o=m23sb`t24 l`9t20 oiCl22

108 m`24 fa@h22m`24 m`24


90 90 50

109 k=j s`22 k=j13s`22 s`22

110 fa@t fc`M22 l`t20fc@M22 fcCM22

111 o`h pX=20 fa`L22yX20 yL20

112 bnM o`13 bnM13o`24 o`13

113 gDt24 fD9t24 gdt24

114 khm31 khm31 khm42

115 k`22F`9M20 k`24F`M20 g`M20

116 ltnl13 lTl13 ltl00

117 k`23oi`13 k`24oi`13 oi`13

118 k`22Gn20 r`24Fn20

119 j`t fa`13 jnM22fa`13 fa`13

120 enM20 e=M20 eLM20

121 j`22 j`22 j`22

122 l`t20Gn13 l`t20Fn13 gn13

123 shm22 shm22 shm22

124 o` f`j24 o`13f`j24 fCj24

125 o`h k`M22 o@h13k@M22 kCM22

126 Gn20f`h23 Fn20f`923

127 S`l22 bX22 st9l13

128 o=s24s`o24 o=s24 oLs24

129 ftj24 fTj24 ftj24

130 s@o24 s@o24 sCo24

131 stM31 sTM31 stM42

132 fc=on24 bnM13on24

133 p@h24 r@h24 rCh24

134 khDs02 khDs13 kh9s00

135 fD31 fD31 fd42

136 fcn13 jnM24fcn13 fcn13

137 m`M22 m@M22 mCM22


90 90 50

138 mn13 mn13 mn00

139 it20, k`9t20 it20 k`t20

140 k=j31Snh13 k=13btDh24 rnh13

141 ihM22 GihM22 ghM22

142 jvX22 jT=22 juL22

143 j@s24 j=s24 gCo00

144 j=m22 j=m22 jLm22

145 fc=s24 fc=s24 fcCs24

146 k@t24 k@t24 kCt24

147 k@t24eh20 k@t24fhl13

148 Y=13 yX13, fnj13 yuL00

149 pnM13 ytM22 ytM22

150 HDl13 mhDl13 u`m22

151 S`l24 r@l24 rCl24

152 G`l20 F`l20 gCl20

153 G`m13 F`m13 fcCM13

154 b`s13 b`s13 l`m00b`s00

155 snM31fi=13'si=13( snM31fh=13 fhL13

156 k=j31sbh@M22 k=j13sbh@M22 sbh9M22

157 k=j31e`j11 k=j13e`j13

158 k=j31jvD22 mh`M13jtD22 jud22

159 st=13 k=j13sTL13 kLj00sL00

160 k=j oX24 k=j13oX24 oL13

161 fDl22p`l31 fDl22p@l31

162 oX13 oX13 oL=00

163 o`M20 o`M30 oCM20

164 v`9h13 u`h13 u`h13

165 v`13 u`13 u`13

166 l`s13 l`9s13 l`s00


90 90 50

167 fahm31 ohm20fahm31 fahm42

168 pDo24 yDo24 yh9o24

169 sb@o24 fc=22sb`o24 sbCo24

170 e`20s`9t22 e`s`t22 lhs00

171 e`20 e`13 e`00

172 b`9t13 b`9t13

173 v`22b`9t13 u`22b`t13 u`22

174 sbh`M20 sbh@M20 sbh9M20

175 fc`22 fc`22 fc`22

176 oDm24oh20 oDm13oh20 oh20

177 b`9M13 b`M13 bCM00

178 Mvh31 e`13Mth31

179 sbDt20 sbh`t20 s`t22

180 bhDm20 bDm20 bdm20

181 khDM13 kh@M24 kh9M24

182 kTM24 ktM24 ktM24

183 bh20kTM24 bh20ktM24

184 mnj20s=M31 sb`M13s=M31, mnj13s=M31

185 mn20S`t31 mnj13r`t31 r`t42

186 pv=20 yTX=20 yuL20

187 e`20u`m22 e`20u`m22 u`m22

188 b@h22 ihm20b@h22 bCh22

189 e`20fi`13 e`20fi`24 fi`13

190 shDt20G`m20 sb@t20v`m20 g`m20

191 fc`h31 fc`h31 fc`h42

192 o=m13 o=m13 oLm00

193 ptl23stDh13 pT=l22st@h13 ytl22

194 jDm22bh20 jDm22bh20

195 p`M22 fc=22y`M22 yCM22


90 90 50

196 fcnM31uh13 fcnM31uh13 fcnM42

197 bnM20YB13 bnM20yn13 bnM20

198 S`22 r`22 r`22

199 p`l31l`j02 l@j12 lCj00

200 oiDm22l`j02 ohDm22l`j12

201 fan13kD20 fan13kD20

202 v=M31pDh20 lt=M31y@h20

203 j`M22M`t13 j`t22M@t22

204 e`9M20 e`M20 e`M20

205 s=22bX31 s=20bX31

206 pDM20 yDM20 ydM20

207 M`t20 m@t20 MCt20

208 oX31G=m20 ot31G=m20

209 oi`9M20 s`j24oi`M20

210 k@h31 j`h24j`h24 kCh42

211 kh22 kh22

212 fht24k`M13 bX20kh`M13, fiX13kh`M13 u`M13

213 et=M30k`h20 o`9h13k@h20

214 Ho13 Ho13 ho00

215 f`9M13 f`M13 f`M13

216 sb`h20 l`h24 sb`h20

217 fah24 fah13 sLm24, fah13

218 ft=l31 fTl31 ftl42

219 f=22 f=22 fL22

220 shl20 s`j24

221 sD24F`h22 sD13 fato24

222 S`m22 r`m24 r`m22

223 uX@M22 uX=M22, ot24 uL9M22

224 fc@l23 fc`l22 fcCl22


90 90 50

225 bhl20 bhl20 bhl20

226 s@m24 s@m34 sCm24

227 pn13 yn13 yn00

228 Mnj11 M@o13

229 uDm22 uDm22 udm22

230 o`m13 s`j22jt=m24 yhM42

231 jv`13 jv`13 ju`13

232 j`9t22 j`t22

233 snM30s`9l22 bh20bDm13oh22k`24

234 bh13 bh13 bh13

235 p@l24 y@l24 eCm20, yCl24

236 S`t22 r`t24, sbh@M22 ydM22, rCt22

237 f@h22 f`h22 fCh22

238 jX13 jL13 enj00

239 k@h22 k@h22 kCh22

240 p=m13 y=m13 yLm13

241 bhM22 bhM22 bhM22

242 s`13 s`13 s`13

243 p`M22 y`M22

244 G=m24 F=m24 gLm24

245 pnM20 ynM20 ynM20

246 ih31, ihs24 ih31 fh9s24

247 pth22 yt@h22 ynh22

248 f=m13, sbDs24 sbDs24 fhm22, sbds24

249 shs24 sn24 shs24

250 ph`t24 yDt24 ydt24

251 fc=m31 fc=m31 fcLm42

252 st=s24 st@s24 st9s24

253 G`l13 F`l13 gCl13


90 90 50

254 G`m22 F`m22 g`m22

255 k=l20 kTl20 ktl20

256 s`t24 s`t24 sCt24

257 ihs24m`9h13 iHs24m`h13

258 p`22 s`t13 y`22

259 fi@o24 k`o24 fiCo24

260 fit13 fit13

261 m@M24 m`M24 mCM24

262 sb`t22 sb@t22 sbCt22

263 s`h22 s`9h24 s`h22

264 oHM02 odM13 ohM00

265 sb@t13bX22 sb@t13bX22

266 h22 h22 h22

267 k=24 kX34, bHl22 bhl22, kL24

268 , m`t20, j`9M24 m@t20, j`9M24 mCt20, j`M24

269 phDt22 yDt22 ydt22

270 fc`13 fc`13 fc`13, sCm22

271 s@h24 s@h24 sCh24

272 on13 on13

273 G`22qt=l20 G`22ptl20

274 pn24mhm20 m`t24mhm20 mhm20

275 fc=m22 `M22 fctm22

276 m`M13 m`M13 yCM00

277 oi`9h24 oi`9h24 oi`h24

278 pt@m20 o`m13, yt=m20 yt9m20

279 ohm22 oHm22 ohm22

280 l`22 l`22

281 o@h22 o@h22 oCh22

282 o@h22fc@h22, G@t13fc@h22

o@h22fc@h22 gCt24


90 90 50

283 s`t13l`22 s`9t13l`22 s`t13

284 fahm22 faHm22 fahm22

285 jXDh13 jDh13 jLh00

286 khDt13p`l31, s=j22Gò24 s=j24fò24

287 khDt13 et20 et20

288 jt13b`l20 bdm20k`9t13 bCl20

289 jt13v=m22 r`M13, jt13v=m22

290 Dm20, kt@h13 mhDm20, kt@h13 sbnM22, h9m20

291 jt13vnM22 jt20GnM22 gnM22

292 p`9o24 yò24 yò24

293 f=o24 fò24 fCo24

294 G`h22 G`9h22 g`h22

295 G`h22 f`31, F`9h22 f`42

296 fDM22 fDM22 fcdM22

297 bt`9t13 bv`9t13

298 snj24 snj24 snj24

299 G@h24 f@h24 gCh24

300 f`t22 yDt24 sL20

301 kD13 sDm24 kd00

302 bX=31 bX=31 bL42

303 j`9h22 j`9h22 j`h22

304 p`j13 y@j10 yCj00

305 sb@h20f`t22 sb@h20f@t22

306 o@m20 o@m20 kh42

307 pn31sD13 yn31 yn42

308 k`9t22 k`9t24 k`t22

309 Sh13, SDh13 rhX13 rh00, y`13

310 S@j13 r`j12 rCj00

311 F=s13 G=s12


90 90 50

312 l`s13 b`s24 ft9s24

313 b`o13 b`o12 ynm13

314 b`13 b`13 b`00

315 jv=m22 jt@m20 jnm20

316 o`24 o`13

317 e@h31 e`h31

318 o`13 o`13

319 st20vDm20 st20v=m20 uLm20

320 ot31fiD31 ot31fiDf31 oinh42

321 ot31G`13 ot31G`13

322 ot31S`h22 ot31r`9h22 r`h22

323 l@h31fa=j24 l@h31fa=j24 faLj24

324 ot31ln22 ot31i`20, ot31ln22 ln22

325 ot31S=13 ot31jt13rX=M13, ot31rX24 rL13

326 Gn22F=m20, Gn22jh13 Gn24u=m20

327 o@t24i`13 o@t24i`13

328 on13 on13, sh22 on00

329 lD13 lD13 ld00

330 k=j31mh24 k=j12MD20

331 o@t24 jt`m22

332 i`13 i`13 i`00

333 oh31 oh31, sbh31 oh42

334 lt=M31j`t13 mt@M31 mt9M42

335 k=j20sn13 k=j12sn13

336 k`9m22 k`9m22 k`m22

337 o`t24 ihD20 oCt13

338 i`13 m@h22

339 s`22 s`22

340 s`9h13 s`9h13


90 90 50

341 ot31GD13 ot31GiD24 gd24

342 sbnM24 sbBM13

343 bn13 bn13 bn00

344 jt22 jt22 jt22

345 l=M20 l=M20 lLM20

346 sD22 sD22 sd22

347 sbnM24p`t20 jDh13y@t20 yCt20

348 Gn24p`t20 jDh13y@t20 st22

349 Gn24p=22, sbnM24p=22 j@h13yX22 rt22

350 Gn24sD22 Fn24sD22

351 ot31f=m13 ot31f=m13 eL42, fLm13

352 e=m20 e=m20 eLm20

353 eh20 eh20 eh20

354 k@h20eh20, pt24eh20 k@h20eh20

355 oi`t22 oiCt22

356 fc`M31 fc`M31 fcCM42

357 s`t13 s@t13

358 v@m20 k`h20u@m20, u@m20fcnM22 uCm20

359 fcnM jBM22 fcnM22jn9M22 jnM13

360 m`l24m`13 m`l24m`13 m`13

361 s=j24on22, mDo20on22 s=j24on22, k`h13on22

362 j`24 j`24 j`24

363 snM30s=j24 stM31sh20, stM31s=j24, stM31r@j11

364 fhs24 fhs24

365 h13 Mh13 h00

366 fcDt22 fcD9t22 fcdt22

367 SnM22 rnM22 rnM22

368 S`9l22 r`9l22 r`l22

369 Sh13 rhX13 rh13


90 90 50

370 G`24 G`24 g`24

371 pnj24 ynj24 ynj24

372 b@s24 bD9s24 bCs24

373 oDs24 oDs24 ods24

374 jt24 jt24 jt24

375 bho12 bHo11 bho00

376 h13bho22 Mh13bHo11

377 o`13 o`24 o`j24

378 pDM22 yDM22

379 st24 st24

380 fa`M31 fhs24fcD9t22

381 k`9h22 k`9h22 k`h22

382 pDt24, mtDh13 mt@h13 rdt24

383 iDM13k@h20

384 k`9t31 k`9t31 k`t13

385 mD13 mD13

386 p`h20 y@h20 yCh20

387 =l13, sb=l13 sbnl24 shm24

388 S`9M22 r`9M22 r`M22

389 s`l13 s@l13 sCl13

390 vn@l20 vt@l20 oCt42

391 o=9l24 oDl24 fado24

392 m`22 m`22 m`22

393 fa`M22 fa`M22 fa`M22

394 jv`M13 jt`M13 ju`M13

395 b@m20, m`j11 bDm20 bCm20

396 fcnM31 fcnM31 fcnM42

397 ft@m13 ftBm13 ftm13

398 Sn13 rn13 rn00


90 90 50

399 jnM31jn20 jtM31jn20 jn20

400 khj24, G@m22 G@m22, khj24

401 m@h31 m`9h13, m@h31

402 m@j24 m@j24 mCj24

403 fa@t22 fa@t22 faCt22

404 ft@m13 ft@m13 oh20

405 pn20 yn20 oi`l22

406 et=m31 eX=m31 eL9m42

407 fchM22 fchM22 fchM22

408 G`9t22 G`9t22 g`t22

409 GDm24 GDm24 gdm24

410 kBj12 GDt22 knj00

411 ohj24 knj12

412 GX13 GX13 gL13

413 fcHj24 fcHj24 stl00

414 oit24 oit13, f`t22lh20

415 pHl22 pHl22 yhl22

416 SDh22 r@h23 rCh22

417 fc`M31 fc`M31

418 ln13 ln24 ln13

419 ot31pDM20 ot31yDM20 bn20

420 khj24kDt13 khj24kDt13, bX22jt`M13 ju`h22

421 M@l31 M@l31

422 j@t13 j@t13 jCt13

423 jD13 jD13 jd13

424 mtj24 mtj24 mtj24

425 f`M22, fc`s24 fc`s24 fc`s24, yCt24

426 bh@M31 bh`M31 mhs24, bdM42

427 fch22 fch22 fch22


90 90 50

428 oiD13 u`9h13 u`h00

429 oD13, SHj24 oD24

430 k`o12 k@j11 kCj00

431 faDs24 faDs24 fanj24

432 faHs24 fa`s24 fahs24

433 pnM13 ynM13 ynM00

434 v@l31 k@o24

435 S@h22 r@h24

436 mnM20 mBM20 mnM20

437 l`M13 l`M13

438 pn20 yn20

439 bTs24 bHs24 bLs24

440 m`9h13 m`9h13 m`h13

441 fc@s24 fc=s24 fcCs24

442 ot22 ot22 ytM13

443 p`t20 y@t20

444 oDM20 oD9M20 odM20

445 s=j20 s=j12

446 ft=m13 ft@m13

447 m`9m20 fi`24jt13

448 fch22jt13 fch22jt13

449 G`t22fi`24 G@t22 gCt22

450 G`t22vnl22, G`t22fc`M22 G@t22Gt@l22 gnl22

451 G@m22 j`m31, G@m22

452 Gn24 Gn24 gn24

453 o@m20fch22 o@m20fch22

454 fch22l@h20 l@h20 lCh20

455 oi@j13 oi`j12fc`l31

456 S`9t22fch22 lDm24, bh31, kt`l24 r`t22


90 90 50

457 vDh13jvDh13 yDm13, y@t20, v@h13jt@h13

458 fc`M24 lh20k`t22, lh20khDm24

459 jhj24 jhj24 jhj24

460 bnj24pDM20 j@m31jt13, bTj24yDM20, jt13y`9h31

461 sb@h22 sb@h22 sbCh22

462 sb@h24 sb@h24 sbCh24

463 o`h13fc@h22 fc@h22 fcCh22

464 o`h13pn13 yn13 yn00

465 jv`20 jv`20 ju`20

466 StDh31 rt@h31 rnh42

467 j=m20 o`9h13j=m20 jLm20

468 k`24 sbh24, k`24 k`24

469 o`h13mh20 jh20mh31 mh42

470 o`h13sD22 j@h13sD22

471 j@h13mh31 j@h13mh31

472 j@h13sD22 j@h13sD22

473 j@h13k@h20 jh20k`h20 kCh20

474 ot31k@h20 ot31k`h20

475 j@h13l`20, jt20l`20 jt31l`20

476 jt13fit24 jt20l`20

477 bX20k`h20 bhX20k@h20

478 vDh24jt33l`30 u=h24jt24l`20 l`20

479 fit24 fit24 fiht13

480 s@l11, k@M24 s@l13

481 kh30l`22 j@m31jh20

482 jt13p`h31 o@h22jt13y`9h31

483 st13, kX24 bh20

484 jv`m13 jt@m24 jt9m13

485 bt13bt13, bt13b`M20 bL20bL20


90 90 50

486 ( mtnh13 G@22

487 j=m13 j=m13

488 jt13o@h20sn13jt13 jt13o@h20fcDt22

489 s`M20 s@M20sn13

490 i@t13 fit13, sbnj12sDl22

491 sDl22 fit13, s`l13

492 iD13 ih22

493 Gn31m@t30, l@24m@t20, F`t13m@t20

l`24l@t20

494 G`22k=l24 ktl23G`20 ktl24

495 s@h24 s@h24

496 phDt30, sh31 fch31 yL9M20

497 vh13fcDh31 jt13l`20

498 fh24m`t20 fh24m@t20

499 s`M20 s`M20 sCM20

500 sD22 sD22, sh22 sdM22, sLj00

501 lh20 lh20 lh20

502 lh20o=m24jt13l`20 lh20o`m20jt24l`20

503 jv`13kh@t31 jt`24khDt31


2.2. Anshun Huangla

2.2.1. Phone and phoneme inventory Initial consonants

BiLab LaDe InDe Alv AlPal Pal Vel Glo Plos vl o, [oi] s j, jv f, fi, [fv]

PreGlo fa fc

Aff vl sr, srg

sb, sbg

Fric vl S [b] [w]

vd u p [y] F [G]

Nas vd l m M, Mv

Lat vd k

App vd v i

Final consonants

o, s, j, f, l, m, M

Vowels

Front Central Back unrd unrd rd Close h t

Near-close [H] [T]

Close-mid [d] n

Mid =

Open-mid D [B]

Near-open ?, [?:] @

Open `, `:

Tones

Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8, 10 Pitch value 13 31 44 42 24 33 24 33

2.2.2. Notes [sb] occurs several times before high vowels, as well as before [a], [D], and [=].

[sr] occurs six times before [u]. This shows that these two phones are not in complementary distribution, though [ts] never occurs before [i] and [sb] occurs before [i] a number of times. See minimal pair.

40 2.2.2. Notes

[tsh] occurs four times and [sbg] occurs once. Aspiration is considered phonemic, though its occurrence is rare.

[v] and [w] are both phonemic. See minimal pair. [S] and [p] both occur numerous times in varied environments.

[z] occurs only twice and is considered an allophonic variation of [p]. [b] occurs four times: all before [i]. The closest corresponding voiceless phone with regard to phonetic features is [S]. [S] occurs before [i] twice and there is a minimal pair between [S] and [b]. The phonemic status of [b] is ambiguous, so is not listed here among the phonemes.

[F] occurs numerous times. [G] only occurs once and is considered an allophonic variation of [F].

[x] only occurs on two morphemes. It is considered an allophonic variation of [F].

Palatalization is difficult to assess for this lect. [pj] only occurs once, so is not considered phonemic. [p] occurs a number of times before [i] and those syllables all have the form [pi_] rather than [pj_]. [fi] occurs a number of times and [fh_] only occurs once. Even though [pj] is not considered a phoneme, [fi] is considered phonemic.

Labialization is also difficult to assess. [kw] is definitely phonemic, as it occurs numerous times, and [ku_] occurs three times. [fv] occurs two times and [ft_] occurs four times. [Mv] occurs two times and [Mt-] never occurs. The three occurrences of [ku_] could be considered variations of [kw]. [fv] should probably be counted as a variation of [ft_], so is not considered phonemic. The [Mv] initial, although only occurring two times, cannot be viewed as an allophone of any other phoneme, so should be considered phonemic since the labialization is quite distinct and [M] as an initial only occurs eight times and never before [u].

[] occurs on eight words: six times before [i] and one time each before [u] and [e]. [n] occurs two times before [i]: both on the morpheme for 471 this [mhDh31]. It never occurs before other high vowels. On the [] items, six have *-, one has *n-, and the proto-form for one is unknown. This indicates that [] may be phonemic, even though an allophonic rule can be written, making