SURFACTANT TERMS

SURFACTANT The term is derived from SURFace ACTive AgeNT. A surfactant is a compound that contains a Hydrophilic and a Hydrophobic segment. When added to water or solvents, a surfactant reduces the surface tension of the systems for of the following purposes: wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, foaming, scouring or lubricity. The surface tension of water may be demonstrated by "overfilling" a glass with water by adding drops of water to an already full glass. The addition of a small amount of surfactant makes this effect impossible.

HLB An Arbitrary scale from 0 to 40 depicting the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance of a surfactant. products with low HLB are more oil soluble. High HLB represents good water solubility. Note that HLB is a numerically calculated number based on the surfactants molecular structure. It is not a measured parameter.

Moles of Ethylene Oxide The Ethylene Oxide (EO) chain is the hydrophilic portion of the Surfactant molecule. The larger this portion of the molecule, the more water soluble is the non-ionic surfactant. Ethylene oxide is the reactive chemical added to base alcohols and amines to form ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants.

Base Alcohol (Hydrophobic) Ethylene Oxide chain (Hydrophilic) This surfactant contains n moles of Ethylene Oxide. Where surfactants are used to emulsify oils the Hydrophobic part of the surfactant embeds itself in the oil droplet and the Hydrophilic Ethylene oxide chain interacts with water to surround the oil droplet and form an emulsion.

BIODEGRADABILITY

Biodegradability refers to the bacterial decomposition of a chemical. For surfactants it takes place in two steps.

1. Primary biodegradation            Loss of surfactant properties E.G. foaming 2. Ultimate Biodegradation          Complete degradation of the compound to carbon dioxide and water.

The actual mechanism of biodegradation of a surfactant is still not known exactly but in broad terms it occurs in the following way for a non-ionic surfactant:

Initially methyl group oxidation converts a terminal methyl group (CH3) to a carboxyl group (COOH). The next step is beta group oxidation which is a similar mechanism to the way carnivorous animals metabolise fat, and occurs to a terminal carboxylate group. Therefore, methyl group oxidation is a prerequisite to beta group oxidation.

Aromatic ring oxidation, like methyl group oxidation, is a slow process that involves an oxidative cleavage of the ring structure. This is followed by rearrangement and hydration to

give an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. This structure may then be further degraded by the beta oxidation process.

It is not entirely true to say that an alkyl phenol ethoxylate will biodegrade more slowly than an alcohol ethoxylate. The time taken to ultimate biodegradation may be relatively similar. The reason that alkyl phenol ethoxylates are classed as hard is due to the test method employed. Ultimate biodegradation is not measured, instead it is the time taken to lose surfactant properties that is measured. Alcohol ethoxylates are attacked by bacteria from both ends and at the middle where the hydrophobe is joined to the lipophobe. Alkyl phenol ethoxylates are only degraded from either end and thus do not lose surfactant properties almost until the molecule is ultimately biodegraded.

The main factors affecting the biodegradation are the physical size of the molecule and degree of branching. From the above it is possible to predict which molecule types will biodegrade readily and those which will be slower.

Branched chain alkyl phenol ethoxylate      HARD Branched chain fatty alcohol ethoxylate Linear fatty alcohol ethoxylate Fatty acid alkanolamides Fatty acids                                                SOFT

Where biodegradation is important such as in laundry products or cleaning products that are discharged into the sewage system, products based on linear alcohols are used. TIGERFAX LAE series products are based on linear alcohols.

 

SELECTING A SURFACTANT

  Choosing the correct surfactant to have a particular effect is not difficult. The properties required for a particular application can be formulated into a product using the following as a guide:

ETHYLENE OXIDE CONTENT

The function a surfactant performs is related to the hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The greater the ethylene oxide content, the more water loving is the surfactant. Generally, the number following the surfactant's name is an indication of the ethylene oxide content. For example. TIGERFAX NPE9 contains nine moles of ethylene oxide.

MOLES OF E.O FUNCTION

1-3         Emulsify small amounts of water in oil as the major portion. 4-6         Emulsify small amounts of oil in water as the major portion. 7 - 12     Cleaning action, dirt removal.

> 12       Special properties such as solubilizing and suspending.

In some formulations it is desirable to include more than one surfactant, for instance in laundry applications where dirt and oil have to be removed. A surfactant with 1 - 3 moles E.O will remove oils in fabrics, while a surfactant with 7 - 12 moles E.O will aid in the removal of dirt and particulate matter.

HLB TO FUNCTION

The Hydrophilic/Lipophilic balance is a more precise measure of a surfactant's function.

HLB VALUE FUNCTION 3 - 6        Water in oil emulsifier 7 - 9        Wetting Agent 8 - 15      Oil in water emulsifier 12 - 15    Detergency 15-18      Solubilizer, hydrotrope

HLB VALUES OF SURFACTANTS

PRODUCT VALUE 0

TIGERFAX PE61 5

TIGERFAX OCA2 TIGERFAX LAE3

TIGERFAX NPE3

TIGERFAX PE62 TIGERFAX NPE4 10

TIGERFAX OF6

TIGERFAX OCA6 TIGERFAX TA10

TIGERFAX NPE12

TIGERFAX NPE13 15

TIGER FAX LAE8

TIGERFAX NPE20 TIGERFAX CDE

TIGERFAX SA15 20

TIGERFAX TA30 25

TIGERFAX PE68 30

35

SLES70, TIGERFAX AOS 40

Surfactants can be blended to produce intermediate values.

CLOUD POINT Surfactants must remain in solution to perform their role Unlike salts which dissolve more readily in hot water, nonionic surfactant solubility has a temperature limit called the cloud point. This is the temperature at which a surfactant drops out of solution causing the solution to become turbid. Surfactant activity and surfactant performance are usually greatest just below the cloud point. Hence if you are formulating say a textile scouring agent to be used in hot water at about 75 degrees C. then a surfactant with a cloud point of something around 70-73 Degrees would be suitable. An important exception to this rule is in the area of defoaming.

FOAM REQUIREMENTSIn some applications foam is undesirable. At temperatures above a surfactants Cloud Point the minute droplets of precipitated surfactant can act as a "bubble breaker". Hence in textile dying and auto dishwashing applications where foaming is undesirable a surfactant such as TIGERFAX PE62 which is soluble in cold water but precipitates out in hot water has interesting effects. Chlorine and Propylene Oxide capped nonionic surfactants such as TIGERFAX 164 find application in this area.

SURFACTANT DESCRIPTIONSGenerally, linear carbon chains (primary alcohols) biodegrade faster than branched carbon chains or alkylphenols.

Primary Alcohol Ethoxylates A non-ionic surfactant in which the ethylene oxide chain is attached to a primary alcohol.

Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate. A non-ionic surfactant produced by the addition of ethylene oxide to Octyl phenol.

Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates. A non-ionic surfactant produced by the addition of ethylene oxide to Nonyl phenol.

EO/PO Non-ionics. Specialty non-ionic surfactants containing ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units. These are also produced as block or random co-polymers and are generally surfactants with low foam properties for use in rinse aides and automatic dishwashing products.

Specialty Surfactants. Ethylene oxide can be added to a variety of alcohols, amines and fatty acids In order to produce products with special properties such as dye levelling, dispersing and wetting. Table of Desirable Properties vs Ionic Nature

Desired Anionic Non-ionic Cationic AmphotericPropertyFoam Best Good Poor BetterDetergency Better Good Fair GoodMildness Variable Good Poor Best

NONIONIC SURFACTANTS

ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATES AND ALKYL PHENOL ETHOXYLATES.

These are produced In various EO/hydrophobe ratios to provide a range of detergent and emulsification properties. The lower EO range products are suited for oily soil removal. The higher E.O products are better for wetting and suspending of solid particles. Products with 7-12 moles EO are suited for liquid and powdered heavy duty detergents. They are low foaming and work well in hard water at low temperatures. Although there are seven major types of non-ionic surfactants, these two types represent the majority of the market.

      LINEAR ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATES.

These surfactants are ethoxylated straight chain alcohols which may be derived from coco or palm based oils as well as synthetic Zeigler and oxo-alcohols.

      ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES

These surfactants come in various chain lengths and are the workhorses of the woolscouring industry. They are excellent cleaning agents for grease and oil.

FATTY AMINE OXIDES These surfactants produce rich stable foams and good grease cutting features and are components of hand dishwashing liquids, cleansers and other products where high foam is acceptable. They are also used in chlorine/bleach type products where normal surfactants are not acceptable.

ALKANOLAMIDES. Commonly used foam stabilising and viscosity enhancing surfactants. Heavily used in dishwashing liquids, shampoos and other personal care products. Alkanolamides are based mainly on coconut oil, the most common being Coconut Diethanolamide (TIGERFAX CDE).

EO/PO BLOCK COPOLYMERS . These are effective over a wide temperature and pH range. They form strong gels and thick viscous solutions. They are also used as low foaming wetting agents in agricultural

applications.

ALKYL AMINE ETHOXYLATES.

These products have interesting end uses such as levelling agents for Acid Dyes where they compete with the dye for the reactive sites on wool fibres resulting in slower and more even uptake of the dye. They also have the ability to adsorb onto the surface of metals and prevent corrosion, hence they are used in metal treatment. TIGERFAX TA and SA series surfactants are Amine Ethoxylates.

TIGERCOL LUBRICANTS

Because of their unique properties these products are given their own special section.

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-((E.O)n+(P.O)m)

Natural lubricants such as petroleum oils, animal and vegetable oils, etc. perform satisfactory services in most industrial applications, but have some limitations in the practical use under certain operating conditions. That is why a variety of synthetic lubricants have been developed in the recent years to meet the specific requirements.

TIGERCOL H and TIGERCOL L series alkoxylates are interesting and versatile products among such synthetic lubricants. They are composed of several types of poly-oxyalkylene glycols, and produced through polymerisation of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide combined, utilising a new type of reacting initiator.

TIGERCOL L series are all oil soluble polyoxypropylene glycol mono-alkyl ethers; TIGERCOL H series adducts are all water soluble poly-(oxyethylene oxypropylene) glycol monoalkylethers. In each of these series are included many products with different molecular weights from several hundreds to several ten thousands as listed below. because of the excellent physical and chemical characteristics TIGERCOL Lubricants exhibit outstanding performances in broad industrial application fields.

Grades of TIGERCOL LUBRICANTS ----------------------------------------------------------- TIGERCOL L SERIES TIGERCOL H SERIES ----------------------------------------------------------- TIGERCOL L-65 TIGERCOL H-55 TIGERCOL L-285 TIGERCOL H-100 TIGERCOL L-385 TIGERCOL H-260 TIGERCOL L-625 TIGERCOL H-400

TIGERCOL L-1715 TIGERCOL H-660 TIGERCOL L-300X TIGERCOL H-2000 TIGERCOL L-650X TIGERCOL H-5100 -----------------------------------------------------------

Each product in the TIGERCOL H and L series is given the number code and letter symbols which indicate some physical and chemical properties. "L" stands for "oil-soluble". "H" stands for "water soluble". The number following these letter symbols indicates the viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds at 100F (37.8C) For example, L-65 has a viscosity of 65 S.U.S. at 100F.

Because TIGERCOL Lubricants are wax free they do not contain nor require pour point depressants. Some of the products have pour points below -50C making them suitable for use in hydraulic fluids to operate in freezing conditions.

The products suffixed with the letter symbol "X" possesses an excellent heat resistance.

TIGERCOL Lubricants exhibit the special desirable property that their viscosities are much more temperature stable than those of vegetable or mineral oils. This enables them to find wide applications in areas as diverse as high temperature lubrications- in combustion engines and hydraulic fluid application in low temperatures.

Applications for TIGERCOL Lubricants. -------------------------------------------------------- Tigercol L Series Base material for conventional grease Tigercol H Series compounded with lithium soap. Particularly suitable for manufacture of high temperature grease compounded with graphite or molybdenum sulphide if extremely high thermal resistance is required. Leaves no residues after combustion and imparts no swelling or shrinking effect to natural or synthetic rubber.   Tigercol H-260 Raw material for brake fluid. Water soluble base H-400 polymers in low-medium viscosity range. H-660   Tigercol H Series Bases for water soluble quenching fluids. To be diluted to a few % concentration for application. It helps vary the speed of cooling the materials to be hardened.   Tigercol L,H Series Various metalworking fluids including cutting TIGERFAX PE64/68 oils, grinding oils, drawing oils and rolling oils.  

Specifications on the TIGERCOL Lubricants range are readily available from Tiger Chemical Company.

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

These Cationic surfactants are used less for their wetting abilities than for their pronounced germicidal properties and their ability to adsorb onto the surface of hair, skin and fabrics. They are used in the formulation of disinfectant cleaners. swimming pool biocides and fabric softeners.

Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride +CH3 -

CH3-(CH2)n-N-CH3 Cl CH3

IMIDAZOLINES These are made from fatty acids and polyamines. They are used in textile processing and corrosion inhibition in oil fields.

BETAINES Made from dimethyl fatty amine and chloracetic acid, these materials are used in personal care products such as shampoos and liquid soaps, where they contribute mildness, foam and viscosity.

ANIONIC SURFACTANTS

LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONlC ACID Most commonly known as LABS Acid, this product is used in the manufacture of household detergents and laundry products. it is commonly used in mixed surfactant systems with alcohol ethoxylates or Alpha Olefin Sulphonates to bring better cleaning performance.

SODIUM LAURYL ETHER SULPHATE Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES) and is usually sold as a 70% or 25% product. They are most commonly incorporated in cleaning formulations for their hydrotropic properties. It is also widely used in shampoos because of its high foaming characteristics.

  ALPHA OLEFIN SULPHONATES These are most commonly the sodium salts of C14 - C18 Alpha Olefin sulphonate. The consumption of AOS is rising steadily throughout the world. Their excellent solubility in water permits their use in highly concentrated products. TIGERFAX AOS should be incorporated into scouring agents, laundry formulations, and hard surface cleaners. They are fully biodegradable and work synergistically with LABS Acid to improve the performance of cleaning products. For example, Instead of formulating a product containing 10% LABS the formula would contain 6% LABS and 2% AOS. TIGERFAX AOS is available in liquid and powder form. They are generally made from renewable sources like vegetable oils. Alpha Olefin Sulphonates can be formulated into virtually all kinds of cleaning preparations. They also have the added advantage of being good hydrotropes, so can replace Sodium Lauryl

Ether Sulphate (SLES) and Sodium Xylene Sulphonate (SXS) in formulations.

  PHOSPHATE ESTERS Phosphate Esters such as TIGERFAX 60R and TIGERFAX 61R offer the unique combination of biodegradability, exceptional stability in alkali, and outstanding compatibility in concentrated electrolyte solutions. TIGERFAX 60R does not discolour when compounded in formulations with anhydrous caustic soda, silicates, or other alkaline builders. They are excellent hydrotropes, have outstanding metal cleaning efficiency and have the ability to make aromatic solvents such as Xylene actually dissolve in water making it possible to formulate water-based degreasers that have the performance of solvents based cleaners.  

SODIUM SULPHOSUCCINATES The most common is Sodium Dioctyl Sulphosuccinate. These products are excellent wetting agents and therefore find their way into scouring and dispersing formulations in the textile industry and as dewatering agents in the mining industry. TIGERFAX DOSS is a 70% active product. It is used extensively in wood stains to help dyes penetrate timber.

Sodium Dioctyl Sulphosuccinate

HYDROTROPES

An understanding of Hydrotropes is crucial to the formulation of cleaning products. These are compounds that enhance the solubility of other organics in water. They are usually incorporated into a formulation at approximately 3 - 5%. Without hydrotropes It would be impossible to incorporate sufficient quantities of surfactants, phosphates and solvents into detergent systems. The most common type is Sodium Xylene Sulphonate (SXS), which is generally sold as pellets or as a 40% solution in water. It however has little cleaning efficiency and is best substituted with hydrotropes which will contribute to the cleaning efficiency of the formulation.

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES), TIGERFAX AOS and TIGERFAX 60R are all excellent hydrotropes, and are often used in products such as laundry detergents hard surface cleaners and truck washes. Without Hydrotropes this formulation would not be shelf stable and would separate out. Below is a formulation for truck wash with an explanation of why each raw material is included.

Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate 4.0% Suspends dirt and particulate matter in(STPP) solution. Acts as a builder by increasing

the detergency of the product.

TIGERFAX CDE 5.0% Adds viscosity and assists with the emulsification of fats and oils.

TIGERFAX AOS 4.0% Hydrotrope which keeps the ingredients(or SLES 70%) in solution at the same time as assisting

the cleaning action.

TIGERFAX LA8 4.0% Good detergency and wetting.

BUTYL GLYCOL ETHER 2.0% Attaches to the surface of oil and grease,

helping other ingredients to emulsify these

products.

Water, dye 81.0%

100.0%

This product can be used in high pressure cleaning systems with hot or cold water. For steam cleaning systems, a surfactant with a higher cloud point can be used.

When formulating with a Hydrotrope it is best to use a Hydrotrope that will contribute to the overall desired effect of the formulation. For example, where cleaning action is required TIGERFAX AOS should be used as it has excellent detergency as well as hydrotropic activity.

BUILDERS The addition of phosphates such as Sodium Tripolyphosphate greatly increases the detergency of a surfactant. Hence they are incorporated into many kinds of cleaning systems.

Sodium Hexametaphosphate                        BEST Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (TKPP) Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)                    WORST

Phosphate builders also have the added effect of sequestering Calcium and Magnesium from hard water. Cellulosic builders such as Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) also stop dirt from redepositing back on fabrics. Laundry powders and liquids usually contain both of these builders.

TYPICAL USES FOR SURFACTANTS

TIGERFAX NPE series Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenols

EmulsifyingWettingCleaningDispersing

TIGERFAX OPE Series Ethoxylated Octyl Phenols

emulsifyingWettingsolubilizingPenetrating

TIGERFAX LAE Series Ethoxylated Lauryl Alcohols

WettingEmulsifyingCleaningDyeing auxiliaries

TIGERFAX OCA Series Ethoxylated Oleyl CetylDyeing auxiliaries AlcoholOil emulsification

TIGERFAX COE Series Ethoxylated Castor OilLubricationDye Levelling

TIGERFAX OF Series Ethoxylated Oleic AcidMold releasingEmulsifyingDispersing

TIGERFAX TA Series Ethoxylated Tallow Amine Dyeing auxiliaries

TIGERFAX PE Series EO/PE Block CopolymersDefoamingEmulsifying

TIGERFAX SA Series Ethoxylated Soya Amine Textile DyeingLABS ACID Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate Detergents/Cleaning

TIGERFAX CDE Coconut DiethanolamideDetergent foamingDetergent thickening

TIGERFAX AOS Sodium Alpha Olefin

Detergents, HydrotropicSulphonateScouring Agents

FORMULARY

    It is best to consult Tiger Chemicals before making the following products as there are often hidden tricks or special procedures involved.     1. DISINFECTANT   TIGERFAX LA8 2.3% Quat 50 1.6% (Quaternary Ammonium Compound) Ethanol 5.0% Water 91.1% 100.0%    

Disinfectants are often heavily perfumed with pine or citrus. It is suggested that the product be diluted 1:20 in water for mopping bathrooms etc.     2. DISHWASHING DETERGENTS  

These can be made by using a detergent concentrate like "DETCON" or making from scratch with the individual components.   DETCON 6 6.0% Water 94.0% 100.00%  

This formula produces a cheap, good quality detergent for household use. Its performance can be greatly improved by adding 1% TIGERFAX LA8.     b. LABS Acid 5.67% Caustic Soda 0.72% TIGER FAX CDE 3.50% TIGERFAX LA8 1.17% Water 88.94% 100.00%  

This product can be thickened by the addition of 0.5% salt. The salt should always be added as a 50% solution, and added slowly.   3. TRUCKWASH. STPP 4.00% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) BUTYL GLYCOL 2.00% TIGERFAX CDE 5.00% TIGERFAX AOS 4.00% TIGERFAX LA8 4.00% Water 81.00% 100.00%             4. ALL PURPOSE CLEANER   TIGERFAX AOS 7.10% TIGERFAX CDE 3.90% STPP 3.90% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) TIGERFAX NPE9 1.00% SLES 70 2.00% (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate) Ammonia 880 0.80% Water & dye 81.30% 100.00%

Notes Use either TIGERFAX AOS or LABS Acid with Caustic Soda. SXS can be used in place of SLES 70. Use this formula diluted 1:20 with water, for cleaning floors and built up areas.    

5. WINDOW CLEANER   BUTYL GLYCOL 3.00% Ammonia 880 0.25% TIGERFAX NPE9 0.05% Water 96.70% 100.00%  

This type of product is usually applied to the window with a spray pack and wiped off. It has proven to be one of our most popular formulations.     6. HARD SURFACE CLEANER   T.K.P.P. 2.0% (Tetra Potassium Pyro Phosphate) BUTYL GLYCOL 5.0% TIGERFAX LA8 1.0% Water 92.0% 100.0%  

This is a spray and wipe type product, for wiping down benches, walls, cupboards, etc. TKPP can be replaced with different phosphates including STPP, TSP and Calgon T.    

  7. HEAVY DUTY FLOOR CLEANER   TIGERFAX NPE10 2.0% LABS Acid 1.5% TIGERFAX CDE 4.0% TIGERFAX AOS 4.0%* BUTYL GLYCOL 5.0% STPP 3.0% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) Caustic Soda 2.0% Water 78.5% 100.0%  

*SLES 70 or Sodium Xylene Sulphonate can be used instead of TIGERFAX AOS. This product can be diluted 1:20 and can be ammoniated if desired. This product is ideal for sales to butcher shops, fish and chip shops and contract cleaners.     8. ALKALINE DEGREASER

TIGERFAX AOS 3.00% TIGERFAX NPE9 2.00% LABS Acid 1.20% BUTYL GLYCOL 4.00% Caustic Soda 0.50% Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. 3.00% T.K.P.P. 6.00% (Tetra Potassium Pyro Phosphate) Water 80.30% 100.00%

This product can be diluted 1:1 with water for soaking engine parts. It is also an excellent garage floor cleaner diluted 1:10 with water. Water based degreasers do not work nearly as well as solvent based products.     9. SOLVENT DEGREASER   Turps or White Spirit 90.00% TIGERFAX NPE4 5.00% TIGERFAX CDE 5.00% 100.00%

This product can be painted on or used as a soak tank cleaner. The TIGERFAX surfactants help break up the oil and dirt when the product is rinsed off with water.         10. VINYL CLEANER   STPP 2.00% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) TIGERFAX OCA2 0.30% BUTYL DI-GLYCOL 6.00% BUTYL GLYCOL 6.00% SILICONE 350 cps Fluid 0.20% TIGERFAX LA8 0.50% TIGERFAX AOS 4.00%* Water 81.00% 100.00%

*SLES 70 or Sodium Xylene sulphonate can be substituted for TIGERFAX AOS.       11. DISINFECTANT CLEANER   S.T.P.P 3.00% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) T.K.P.P. 3.00% (Tetra Potassium Pyro Phosphate) BUTYL GLYCOL 5.00% TIGERFAX LA8 5.00% Quat 50 5.00% Water, Dye, Perfume 79.00% 100.00%  

This product should be diluted 1:20 before use. It is suitable for sale to hospitals, contact cleaners and similar outlets.       12. HAND CLEANER   Part A: White Spirit or Turps 39.00%% Oleic Acid 7.60%   Part B: TRIETHANOLAMINE 3.60% TIGERFAX NPE9 5.00% PROPYLENE GLYCOL 2.50% Glycerine 1.00%

Water 41.30% 100.00%   TIGERLAN (Lanolin) can be added to Part A If desired.   Heat Part B to 70C and add Part A with agitation.         13. CLEAR BUILT LAUNDRY LIQUID   S.T.P.P. 6.00% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) TRIETHANOLAMINE 2.00% TIGERFAX AOS 10.00% TIGERFAX LA8 7.00% TIGERFAX LAE12 3.00% SLES 70 2.50% (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate) Formalin 0.10%* E.D.T.A. 0.20%^ Dye & Perfume Water 68.60% 100.00%  

Notes:. *Formalin acts as a preservative. ^EDTA softens water.     14. RINSE AID FOR AUTOMATIC DISH WASHING MACHINES.   TIGERFAX 164 35.00% Dye & Perfume Water 65.00% 100.00%       15. FURNITURE POLISH   SILICONE 350 cps. 2.50% Paraffin Wax 2.00% Bees Wax 2.00% White Spirit 20.00% TIGERFAX TDA9 2.20% TIGERFAX LAE3 1.80% Water 69.50% 100.00%   16. FLOOR WAX STRIPPER   TIGERFAX LA8 10.00% BUTYL GLYCOL 40.00% TRIETHANOLAMINE 10.00% Water 40.00% 100.00%      

17. AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER DETERGENT Caustic Potash 15.00% (Potassium Hydroxide) S.T.P.P. 5.00% (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) TIGERFAX 164 1.50% Water 79.00% 100.00%  

This product is usually chlorinated with Sodium Hypochlorite solution. This is usually added just before the goods are sold as the chlorine decomposes within a few weeks. About 0.5 litre of commercial sodium hypochlorite is sufficient to add to each 25 litre pail.. Be careful when adding as the reaction is strongly exothermlc.   18. TOILET BOWL CLEANER   TIGERFAX AOS 3.00% (or LABS Acid) Hydrochloric acid 20.00% DOWFAX 2A1 3.00% Water 74.00% 100.00%  

DOWFAX 2A1 is a surfactant produced by DOW Chemicals USA and is imported by Tiger Chemical Company. DOWFAX 2A1 is extremely acid and caustic stable and finds its way into a variety of acid and alkaline cleaners.     19. HAIR SHAMPOO   TIGERFAX AOS 37.00% SLES 70 7.00% (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate) TIGERFAX CDE 2.00% Salt 1.00% Water 73.00% 100.00%     20. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TRUCKWASH   TIGERFAX AOS 11.00% TIGERFAX LA8 4.00% TIGERFAX CDE 5.00% SLES70% 5.00% BUTYL GLYCOL 2.00% Water 73.00% 100.00%

This product is totally biodegradable whereas the truckwash in formula 3 is not termed biodegradable because it contains LABS Acid.       21. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY DISHWASHING LIQUID   TIGERFAX AOS 22.00% SLES 70 15.00% (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate) TIGERFAX CDE 2.00%

TIGERFAX LA8 10.00% Water, dye & perfume 51.00% 100.00%  

This product is highly concentrated and can be diluted considerably while still maintaining its effectiveness. TIGERFAX AOS is significantly milder on the skin than LABS Acid. While being an effective surfactant for cleaning, TIGERFAX AOS is also an excellent hydrotrope which is able to hold a system of cleaning agents such as phosphates, glycol ethers and non-ionic surfactants in solution together.   22. VINYL & DASHBOARD REJUVENATOR   TIGERSlL 929 9.00% TIGERSIL 346 13.00% TIGERFAX NPE9 1.00% C.M.C. 0.06% (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, eg C-941) BUTYL GLYCOL 3.00% Water 73.94% 100.00%   Notes: TIGERSIL 929 is an amine functional silicone. TIGERSIL 346 is a 60% silicone emulsion.   23. (a) TYRE GLOSS SILICONE 1000 cps. 5.00% White Spirit 95.00% 100.00%   23. (b) TYRE GLOSS   Tigersil 346 10% Propylene Glycol 10% Water 80% ---------- 100.00%

24. GENERAL PURPOSE CLEANER   TIGERFAX LA8 12.00% T.K.P.P 2.00% (Tetra Potassium Pyro Phosphate) or S.T.P.P. (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate 3.00% TIGERFAX AOS 12.00% HEXYLENE GLYCOL 8.00% Water 63.00% 100.00%  

This is a high performance product for use on built up areas. The addition of 2.0% BUTYL GLYCOL or BUTYL DI-GLYCOL will help its action on grease and oil.       25. VINYL & RUBBER DRESSING  

Tigersil 346 30.0% Tigersil 929 1.5% TIGERFAX OPE10 1.0% Water 67.5% --------- 100.0%   26. PAINT STRIPPER   TIGERFAX TDA7 2.5% Methoxy Propanol 7.0% Methylene Chloride 70.0% Perchlorethylene 12.0% Ethanol 6.0% Paraffin Wax 1.5% Methyl Cellulose 1.0% ---------- 100%   25. ALL PURPOSE CLEANER   TIGERFAX 60R 5.0% LABS Acid 5.0% Sodium Hydroxide 1.3% TIGERFAX CDE 1.0% STPP 10.0% Water 77.7% --------- 100.0%   26. GENERAL PURPOSE CAR & BOAT POLISH   Part A Silicone 350Cps Fluid 2.50% Silicone 12,500Cps Fluid 1.00% Hoechst Wax E 1.50% Oleic Acid 1.50% White Spirit 13.50%   Part B Water 75.05% Carbopol 934 0.25% Morpholine 1.60% Preservative 0.10%   Part C Kaopolite SF 8.00%  

Add parts A and B at about 90C with stirring. When uniform, add part C. Let cool and package. various grades of chalk/(talc) can be substituted for the Kaopolite.       27. LEVELLING AGENT FOR TEXTILE DYEING   TIGERFAX TA-10 19.0% Acetic Acid 1.0% Water 80% --------- 100%  

This formula is an excellent leveling agent for Acid dyes on wool and other textiles. Levelling agents ensure the dyes are adsorbed evenly onto the textile fibres. This property is due the Cationic nature of the TIGERFAX TA-10 in acid solution acting as an antagonist competing for the reactive sites on the substrate.   28. SCOURING AGENT FOR TEXTILES   TIGERFAX NPE8 70% TIGERFAX NPE5 20% TIGERFAX NPE40 10% ------- 100%  

This composition is suitable for scouring woven textiles prior to bleaching and/or dyeing. The NPE5/NPE8 mixture is a good combination for removing grease and dirt picked up during the weaving process. The NPE40 raises the cloud point ensuring good performance in hot water.   29 ALGAE & MOULD REMOVER   Sodium Percarbonate 70% Sodium Sulphate 25% AOS Powder 5% ------- 100%http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869A/CHEM869ALinks/www.tigerchem.com/surf.html#HLB