surface dating by luminescence: an overview...

APLED-2, AHMEDABAD, INDIA, 12-15 Nov. 09

SURFACE DATING BY LUMINESCENCE:

AN OVERVIEW

Ioannis Liritzis

University of the Aegean,

Laboratory of Archaeometry

Rhodes, Greece

….AFTER 50 YRS: AN APPRAISAL OF LUMINESCENCE ACCURACY

• ‘Universal behaviors’ should be well documented per mineral type/origin

• Hypothetical values should be ascertained • Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle applies (in the induced

electrons -ensembles- by energy deposition of all radiation tracks, e.g. dL/dx ~ energy carrier density dNe/dx, elastic/inelastic collisions, quenchings, polarization, etc, impact parameter=min distance x of approach between e- & particle/wave track, but particle <=> wave packet & Δx ~ Δp~ΔE~ΔL >>> permanent errors from uncertain lattice sources)

• Disequilibrium U-series & Complex Radiation Media

• Imaging Surface Luminescnce should be further developed and used

CRITERIA, CONSTRAINTS & SOLUTIONS

Bleaching (calcitic, others) & Heterogeneous bleaching > Radial plot, deconvolution of shapes (monitors outliers…)

Pre-requisite tests: Anomalous detrapping in feldspars (fading), Recupération, Sensitivity (from heating/ shining λ/ dose), Dose recovery/ Simulation ED

Humidity (esp for low α, β dose-rates in samples e.g quartzite in sediments)

Care: Induction of luminescence by light during sampling or older/recent repairs

Destruction of original rock surfaces > multiple choice of ROI

Radiation assymetries from lab and nat conditions e.g. depth gradient in lab. doses & mineral transparency > variable De from various adjacent heterogeneous ROIs & mixed environm. media > high spatial resol. detection techniques (Duller et al, 1997; Greilich et al., 2002; Baillif, 2006)

Dose-rate errors esp. in K distribution & U, Th inhomogeneity, pronounced in granites > single spot OSL (Baillif 2006)- Spatial distr. Image by CCD (Greilich et al 2005)

Desert varnish effects and other seciondary adhesions on surface (avoid by proper selection or remove by weak acid wash)

«Quartz technique» in limestones/calcitics (Liritzis et al, 2008, J.Cult. Herit.9, 1-13)

Types of Rock Materials

Limestones

Marbles

Granites

Sandstones

Schists

Basalts

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF MONUMENTS- OSL/TL AGE

Some Examples of Carved Monuments/Artifacts

THE NOVEL SURFACE LUMINESCENCE DATING

TECHNIQUE

THE NOVEL VERSION (Liritzis, 1994)- FIRST PUBLICATION

Dating a rock surface from the last daylight exposure

How construction/ destruction time is determined? (reproduced from Greilich et al. 2005) Scrapping off the uppermost part of the bleached surface of lithic block/ artifact and IRSL or Blue/Green OSL gives ED with care for insufficiently bleached grains (deeper layers)

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE NOVEL VERSION

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE DATING Novel Luminescence Rock Surface Dating Protocols

(including relevant instrumentation progress)

1. EXPOSURE TO DAYLIGHT OF SEDIMENTS (Wintle & Huntley, 1980).

2. THERMOLUMINESCENCE RESPONSE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STONE SCULPTURE (Vaz, PACT 1983) 3. EXPOSURE OF ROCK SURFACES TO DAYLIGHT – DATING OF MONUMENTS (Liritzis, 1994)

4. QUARTZITE PEEBLES DATING (Huntley & Richards, 1997)

5. TL DATING OF TEMPLE OF APOLLO DELPHI (Liritzis et al., 1997)

6. TL DATING OF TWO PYRAMIDALS (Theocaris et al.,1997)

7. SPATIALLY RESOLVED OSL- LOW LIGHT CCD CHIPS & CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY (Duller et al., 1997)

8. DATING OF MARBLE MONUMENTS & OBJECTS (Liritzis & Galloway, 1999)

9. TOWARDS SURFACE DATING (Haberman et al., 2000)

10. HIGH RESOLUTION DETECTION TECHNIQUE (HR- OSL) (Greilich et al., 2002)

11. OSL ON VOLCANIC LITHIC ARTEFACTS (Morgenstein et al, 2003)

12. SURFACE DATING OF VARIOUS MONUMENTS (Liritzis & Vafiadou, 2005)

13. ROCK SURFACE DATING FROM PERU & CASTLE (Greilich et al., 2005)

14. GRANITIC COBBLE OVERLYING SEDIMENT FLOOR (Vafiadou, Murray, Liritzis, 2007)

15. ‘QUARTZ TECHNIQUE’ FOR LIMESTONE MONUMENTS (Liritzis et al.,2007)

16. OSL & TL PROPERTIES OF CARVED ROCK TYPES (Liritzis et al., 2008)

17. OSL DATING OF QUARTZ FROM CALCITIC CYCLOPEAN BLOCKS (“DRAGON HOUSES”- EUBOEA, GREECE, TOMBI DI

NURAGHI, SARDINIA (Liritzis et al, 2009 in progress)

SAMPLING ISSUES

WALLS – SAMPLING – SAMPLE –

POWDER/LABORATORY –LUMINESCENCE – COURBES











POWDER SCRABBED FROM ROCK SURFACE

Destruction of original rock surfaces > multiple choice of ROI

POWDER ACQUISITION FROM SUB-AREAS

STROFILAS FORTIFICATION WALL: SAMPLING IN MIXED RADIATION FIELD

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

CRITERIA, CONSTRAINTS & SOLUTIONS

Solar Bleaching

and

Penetration Issues

BLEACHED TL CURVES OF MARBLE SCHIST FROM DRAGON HOUSES, EUBOEA GREECE

100 200 300 400 500

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

TL

(a

.u.)

T (oC)

b1h

b3h

b5h

b7h

b10h

b15h

20h

ntl

TL BLEACHING VERSUS EXPOSURE FOR DIFFERENT MARBLE THICKNESSES

SOLAR TRANSMISSION IN MARBLE SLABS

BLEACHING OF 1 mm SLICES UNDER SOL

Ultrasmafic

Metamorphic

Granite

• Blue, IR

RESIDUAL TL OF STONE SURFACE EXPOSED TO SUN FOR 20 MINS Vs LAYER/200 μm

(DRAGON HOUSE)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Depth (μm)

Do

se

(G

y)

DRAGON HOUSE KAPSALA, CALCITIC SCHIST, SURFACE POWDER EXPOSE 2 HOURS TO SUN- 5 LAYERS OF ~ 400 μm THICK EACH- SAR [test dose 10 Gy, Regen Doses 10, 20, 40 Gy, Preheat 200oC,

cut heat=160oC]- SIGNAL WEAK

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Depth (μm)

Do

se

(G

y)

Summary

EQUIVALENT DOSE ISSUES

QUARTZ EXTRACTION FROM LIMESTONE, VALLEY TEMPLE, EGYPT- Regen method (Liritzis et al 2007)

Dc1 = Dosl-curve

At contact (0) dβ= 0.5+1.9/2= 1.45

MARBLE WITH TRACE OF QUARTZ- 3 ED distr, Satisf. Recycling, Recuperation, Dose recovery

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

+1

+10

(42.32±10.05 Gy)

(1.19±0.20 Gy)

ED

(lo

g1

0 s

ca

le)

no of aliquots

(4.75±0.50 Gy)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

rec

yc

lin

g r

ati

o

no of aliquots

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

rec

up

era

tio

n (

%)

no of aliquots

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

Do

se

re

co

ve

ry

no of aliquots

AGE EQUATION

ÂGE (t) = TOTAL EQUIVALENT DOSE (Gy) / ANNUAL DOSE (mGy/a)

ED= on drilled sliced cores or grains. From applications it varies between 1- 10 Gy. Problems in luminescence inhomogeneity DR= a, β, γ (problems from mixed sandwiched radiation field, attenuation & geometry effects)

ERRORS & AGE RANGE In rocks containing quartz: granites, sandstones, basalts, limestones

(traces) (TL & OSL) ideally varies between 4 to 7%. In

radiation assymetries & heterogeneous radioisotopic contents, 8-12%

In calcitic rocks: Limestones, Marbles : TL 7-25% AGE RANGE: Up to 100 Ka,

but for low dose-rate environment or large, cm-sized, grains > 100 ka.

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS-1, AEGEAN ISLANDS, GREECE

Strofilas- Island of Andros

Archaeological Age: 2800-4200 B.C Âge with TL:3570 400 B.C. (TL of calcite)

Canal of Eupaline -Samos

Arch. Age: 530 B.C. Age by TL: 570 300 BC

(TL of Calcites)

Temple of Apollo –Delphi

Achaeol. Age: 550 B.C Age by TL : 470 200 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-2

The pyramids in Hellenikon, Argolid

Archaeolog. Age: 300-400 B.C.

TL Age: 2730 630,720 B.C

APPLICATIONS-3- GREECE

Mycènae Archaeol. Age: 1250- 1300 B.C. TL / OSL Age: 1110 340 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-4, MYCENAE

Sphinx, Valley of Temples

Archaeol. Age: 2000- 2500 B.C. Âge by TL/OSL: 2180 230 B.C.

Tomb of Pharao Kasekhemui

Archaeol. Age: 2649 B.C.

Age by TL: 2880 450 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-5, EGYPT

Dating the Neolithic floor terrain néolithique in Mykonos and an overliying granitic cobble

Archaeol. Age: 4500- 5100 B.C. Age by OSL: 5800 700 B.C

APPLICATIONS-6: MYKONOS, AEGEAN

Granitic rocks dated in Huyaco, Peru Rio Santa Cruz, related to

géoglyphs Rock assemblages Huyaco Rio Santa Cruz, of Nasca

lines Age by OSL Luminescence:

80+/- 300 BC and 735+/-160 AD

OSL DATING OF GRANITES FROM PERU Dating by OSL lithic granitic surfaces in Peru,Journal of Archaeometry

(Greilich, Glasmacher, Wagner, 2005).

DRAGON HOUSE, GREECE Arch Age: c.800 BC-Roman?, OSL age: c.5th BC

DRAGON HOUSES: OCHI MOUNT( left), KAPSALA (right) Arch Age: ?, OSL age: c.5th-4th c BC

ITHACA WALL (School of Homer excavation site, Odysseus homeland-TL: 1100+/-500 BC)

OTHER MONUMENTS TTHAT CAN BE DATED

Monuments that could be dated include:

prehistoric temples of Malte, tombs of

Nouraggi in Sardinia, the Stonehedge,

the megalithic statuesin Easter Islands,

also many dolmens & menhir and a grand

menir at Nantes, Carnac

























Monuments that could be dated include: prehistoric temples of Malte, tombs of Nouraggi in Sardinia, the Stonehedge, the megalithic statuesin Easter Islands, also many dolmens & menhir and a grand menir at Nantes, Carnac

PROMISING ROCK SURFACE LUMINESCENCE DATING

Although analytical uncertainties are still considerable, they are understood in

principle & can be improved

surface dating by luminescence: an overview...

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