SUPREME COURTAND

REPUBLICAN ERA

THE REPUBLICAN ERA

The time between the election of Thomas Jefferson and the election of John Quincy Adams is the Republican Era.

REPUBLICAN PARTY

Jefferson was the 3rd President

He was a member of the Republican Party

He believed in:

Strong state government

Strict interpretation of Constitution

Economy based on agriculture

CHANGES UNDER JEFFERSON

Several changes took place during Jefferson’s Presidency.

12th Amendment was passed – it separated the vote for the President and Vice President

The Federalist Party was dissolved but the Federalist Judges who had been appointed were still in office

The Democratic Party was born but was called the Republicans at the time.

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT

John Adams had appointed a Federalist named John Marshall as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Marshall’s court made many decisions that helped shape the role of the Supreme Court for many years.

MIDNIGHT JUDGES

Adams appointed many Federalists as judges in the last hours of his Presidency.

These appointees were called Midnight Judges because Adams signed their appointments late on the last night of his Presidency.

Because some of these appointments had been signed but not delivered, Jefferson argued that they were invalid and refused to give them the jobs. He did not want a lot of Federalists to influence the court system.

MARBURY V. MADISON

William Marbury was a Federalist who Adams appointed as one of the midnight judges.

Jefferson did not agree with his appointment and asked Secretary of State James Madison to withhold it.

Marbury sued Madison to get the job he had been promised but never got it.

This case established judicial review - the right of the Court to declare acts of the President or Congress unconstitutional.

MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND

Maryland placed a tax on banks chartered outside the state.

The US had formed the Second Bank of the US

This tax directly affected the bank.

McCulloch, a bank employee, refused to pay the tax because he said the Constitution did not mention a bank.

The Supreme Court decided that a national bank was legal because Congress had the right to make laws that are “implied” by the Constitution by using the “necessary and proper” clause.

This created the national banking system.

GIBBONS V. OGDEN

The state of New Jersey gave Aaron Ogden a permit to carry passengers by steamboat.

The federal government issued a license to Thomas Gibbons for the same route.

The Supreme Court decided that Gibbons route was legal because the Constitution says that a state law cannot interfere with federal government’s law (in this case interstate trade) because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

In 1800 Thomas Jefferson sent Monroe and Livingston to France to negotiate with Napoleon to purchase New Orleans for $10million.

Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana to America for $15million to help support his war with Europe.

Monroe and Livingston agreed.

With the Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana became part of the United States.

LEWIS AND CLARK

Jefferson sent an expedition to Louisiana to explore the new territory.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the expedition.

The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery but later became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition.

It lasted from May 1804 to September 1806.

One of the members, a fur trader, brought along his Indian wife, Sacagawea. She was valuable to the trip because she served as an interpreter and a guide.

READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

This forenoon we passed a large creek on the North side and a small river on the South. About 4 in the afternoon we passed another small river on the South side near the mouth of which some of the men discovered a large brown bear, and six of them went out to kill it. They fired at it; but having only wounded it, it made battle and was near seizing some of them, but they all fortunately escaped, and at length succeeded in dispatching it. These bears are very bold and ferocious; and very large and powerful. The natives say they have killed a number of their brave men. (Excerpt from journal of Patrick Gass on the Lewis and Clark Expedition)

_____1. What did the men battle with? A. Each other B. A creek C. A bear

_____2. What happened to the men? A. They easily killed it B. They fought with it C. Nothing

_____3. How many men went out? A. 2 B. 6 C. 8

_____4. According to the writer, what is “very bold and ferocious”?

A. Bears B. Natives C. Soldiers

_____5. How many men died fighting this bear? A. 6 B. Many C. None

REFER TO THE MAP ON PAGE 187 TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

_____1. What forced them to depart from Ft. Clatsop in 1806? A. War B. Weather C. Lack of food

_____2. By September 1806, how many miles had they traveled? A. 579 B. 7,689 C. 12

_____3. What type of weather did they encounter as they departed St. Louis?

A. Rainy B. Dry C. Snowy

_____4. What happened to Lewis in 1806?

B. He was accidentally shot B. He took the wrong route C. He fought a bear

_____5. Who from Sacajawea’s family was with her?

C. Her father and brother B. Her husband and son C. Her brother and husband

_____6. How many people died on the expedition? A.None B. One C. Five

_____7. How many days after he was shot was it before Lewis rejoined Clark’s party?

D. One B. Two C. Three

_____8. How many people left at 5pm on April 7, 1805? A. 3 B. 36 C. 32

_____9. What does the RED line represent? A. Journey West B. Journey Home C. Forts

_____10. How many years did they journey west? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3

Using the map on page 187 in your book, trace the route of Lewis and Clark:1. In BLUE trace the journey west 2. In RED trace the journey home3. Label the following cities: St. Louis, Fort Mandan, Three Forks, Fort Clatsop