supporting evidence for evolution
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Supporting Evidence for Evolution. Evolution evidence does not make sense unless there is an awareness of differences between living organisms. process of organizing and classifying organisms into certain groups by their differences is called taxonomy - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Supporting Evidence for Evolution
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Evolution evidence does not make sense unless there is an awareness of differences between living organisms
process of organizing and classifying organisms into certain groups by their differences is called taxonomy
Taxonomy comes from a root Greek word meaning “order” or “arrangement”
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Taxonomic Classification: biological classification
classification; placing of similar objects into similar groups
Biological classification organizes all living organisms Structure, DNA, cell type, complexity, etc.
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History of Classification
developed by Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century
Designed to have a universal naming system
binomial nomenclature- organism's scientific name is comprised of a combination of two terms: genus and species scientific name for humans- Homo
sapiens
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Reason for universal naming system
Name this animal
Common name: PUMA, MOUNTAIN LION, COUGAR
Scientific Name: Felis concolor
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Classification
DOMAIN
•Domain is the most broad while species is the most specific
•Mnemonic: o dear king phillip came over for good soup
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Classification
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Structures, functions and genetics help support the theory of evolution
Convergent evolution vs Divergent evolution Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures Embryology Genetic similarities Atavisms
*Other supporting evidence: fossil records, relative/absolute dating
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution: unrelated pathways to different species develop similar traits.
Similar traits develop due to similar environmental pressures.
These traits can be called analogous traits
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Analogous Traits
Different structures with the same function
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Divergent evolution
opposite of convergent evolution related pathways can develop
different traits over time: Natural selection, sexual selection,
genetic barriers and mutation drive these changes.
enough small changes accumulate in closely related but isolated populations, speciation might occur
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Homologous Traits
Same structure but different function
characteristics that derive from shared common ancestry
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Vestigial Structures (vestigial organ)
Many organisms possess vestigial structures
no apparent function, however; they resemble structures their presumed ancestors had Structures were once important Through evolutionary change the structures
became useless
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Vestigial structure examples Humans-possess a complete set of
muscles for wiggling their ears human appendix is believed to be vestigial;
it represents the terminal part of the cecum
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Vestigial Structures
Boa constrictors have hip bones and rudimentary hind legs
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Vestigial Structures
Manatees, a type of aquatic mammal, have fingernails on their fins (which evolved from legs)
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Vestigial Structures
Baleen whale, which contains pelvic bones, as other mammal skeletons do, even though such bones serve no known function in the whale.
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Do Now Questions1. Which organism has the closest relationship
to Panthera leo? How do you know?
a. Felis concolor
b. Panthera tigris
c. Equus caballus
d. Canis lupus
2. Which format for scientific name is correct?
a. danaus plexippus c. Danaus Plexippus
b. Danaus plexippus d. Danaus plexippus
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Embryology
study of embryos formation, development, structure and function
An embryo is an organism in its early stages of development
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Comparative Embryology Comparing stages of early development from very different
animals provides evidence for commonality
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Genetic Similarities (molecular homology)
Technology has allowed us to examine the DNA and protein structures/patterns from any organism in existence
Comparing different species DNA can undercover similarities and differences How closely related are these organisms?
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Genetic Similarities
protein: hemoglobin-
Who are humans closest relative using hemoglobin testing?
Human Beta Chain 0
Gorilla (greater ape) 1
Gibbon (lesser ape) 2
Rhesus monkey 8
Dog 15
Horse,cow 25
Mouse 27
Gray kangaroo 38
Chicken 45
Frog 67
Lamprey 125
Sea slug 127
Soybean (leghemoglobin) 124
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How similar are we when comparing DNA?
Another human? ~99.9%
A chimpanzee? ~97-98%
A mouse? ~90%
A fruit fly? ~45%
Yeast? ~25%
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Genetic Similarities
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Genetic Similarities
Humans chromosomes vs. chimpanzees chromosomes
Chromosome #2 fused
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Atavism reappearance of a trait or characteristics in an
organism that is typical of an ancestral form (appearing trait has been absent from modern organism for many generations)
usually due to mistake in reading DNAExpressing “junk DNA”
Atavism can be seen in many different organisms
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Atavisms
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Human Atavisms
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Cladogram
A tree-like diagram which shows the evolutionary relationship between
organisms
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Reading and constructing a cladogram
vertebrae legs hair Opposable thumbs
jellyfish
lamprey
salamander
cat
gorilla
X
X
X
XX X
X
X
XX
jellyfish
lamprey
salamander
cat gorilla
vertebrae
hair
legs
Opposable thumbs
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What can a cladogram tell you?ti
me
Speciation event•Common ancestor•Closest relative•Distant relative
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Punctuated equilibrium and gradualism
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Do Now
Fill in the chart and create a cladogram.
jaws lungs Amio-ntic sac
hair thumbs bipedal
Lizard
Tiger
Human
Salamander
Lamprey
shark
gorilla
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Who is classified as a primate?
an animal order (classification) including lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and human beings
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Primate Cladogram
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New fossil evidence!
•Oldest primate ancestor was
thought to be 60 mya
•New primate ancestor found-
absolute dating puts its age at around 85
mya
BBC news: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1935558.stm
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Earliest primate found thus far (85 myo)
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Closer look at an ape cladogram
See video**
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Comparing humans to great apes…
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Comparing humans to great apes
Primate Hand
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Comparing humans to great apes
Genetic comparison:
Humans and chimpanzees are ~97% similar in their genetic
compositionLarge difference- # of
chromosomesSee video**
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What happened after the speciation event where chimps
and humans diverged?
•Environmental conditions that lead to chimpanzees: tree-dwellers•Environmental conditions that lead to humans: ground-dwellers
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The modern human was not always this way…
See video**
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Modern human skull
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Evolution of humans
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Evolution of humans
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Lucy (3.2mya) and Ardi (4.4mya)
*Oldest fossils all found in Africa*
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The oldest fossils in the evolution of humans have only been found on the continent of Africa, no where else.
Species are arranged according to the earliest date of fossils found so far ( a couple of recent discoveries are not shown). The red lines end because fossils have not been found any older for that species. **Note the overlap of time for species**
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•Who is the closest relative to humans?•Is that relative alive today?
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Specialized Characteristics:
•Depth perception (distance of an object)
•Binocular vision (using both eyes together)
•Social complexity (groups, communication)
•Opposable thumbs, grasping fingers
•Cranial capacity (size of brain; humans have the
largest capacity)
•Bipedalism (walking on two feet; strictly a human trait)
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Why is this picture incorrect?
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Evolution and the world
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Can evolution be observed today?
YES IT CAN! Some bacteria and viruses evolve at a very
fast pace.