support studies for climate change and water …
TRANSCRIPT
SUPPORT STUDIES FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE AND
WATER ADAPTATION
SHARDA SINGH, VAIBHAV KALIA, RS RANA KUNAL SOOD ARUN KUMAR
CGRT 2009-2010
Background
Water is the most sought after commodity and its availability and distribution is the major deciding factors
for the development and implementation of agriculture, health and environmental projects etc. The demand
for water will increase. While agriculture will continue to use most of the freshwater available, a major issue
will be allocation of scarce water resources among competing sectors.Out of twelve districts of the state, nine
receive annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm. Lahaul and Spiti is a dry temperate district with rainfall of
around 300 mm. Agriculture is practiced mostly under rainfed conditions as majority of the districts have
around 90 per cent or more cropped area as rainfed. The average annual rainfall of the entire state is 1032
mm and the cumulative water received through rain from 12 districts works out to be 5.67 million ha metre.
The net cultivated area is only about 1/10 of the total geographical area for which total water requirement
for growing various crops does not exceed one million ha m. In spite of the huge rain water potential, the
crops suffer for want of irrigation water during critical period of growth, quite often there is complete failure
of the crop even for want of timely pre-sowing irrigation. Pan evaporation generally exceeds rainfall during
October-December and April to mid June. Hence sowing of both dry season (Rabi) and wet season (kharif)
crops in the absence of pre-sowing irrigation is delayed. In many areas of the state, although magnitude
varies yet the pattern remains almost the same, viz. too much of water during monsoon months and scarcity
of water before the onset and after recede of monsoon rains. A major portion of water is lost as run off due
to rainfall characteristics and topographical features. A ‘blue revolution’ in water efficiency is needed to
adapt to climate stressed water crisis.1
1.Overview (brief notes) on key areas of ongoing and requirements for future Agricultural research to support
likely impacts of Climate Change in Himachal Pradesh:
a)
b)
2. Outline Proposals on how research could be more effectively incorporated into govt. water strategies:
3. Summary of Rainfall Information
Table 1: Period of Available Rainfall data2
S.No StationID Name Period of Average Years
1 7631102 Ghumarwin 1970 --> 1990 21
2 7631104 Bilaspur 1970 --> 1990 21
3 7632108 Chhatrari 1990 --> 1997 8
4 7632102 Chamba 1970 --> 1990 21
5 7633100 Killar 1990 --> 1991 2
6 7632110 Holi 1999 --> 2000 2
7 7632102 Chowari 1970 --> 1990 21
8 7631119 Bhoranj 1991 --> 2000 10
9 7631111 Barsar 1991 --> 1999 9
10 7631101 Hamirpur 1990 --> 2000 11
11 7631116 Sujanpur 1993 --> 2000 8
12 7631109 Nadaun 1993 --> 2000 8
13 7632103 Kangra 1970 --> 1990 21
14 7632104 Dharamsala 1990 --> 2004 15
15 7631110 Dehra 1970 --> 1990 21
16 7632105 Palampur 1975 --> 1991 17
17 7531100 Pong Dam 1972 --> 1984 13
18 7532100 Nurpur 1970 --> 1990 21
19 7831101 Kalpa 1990 --> 2000 11
20 7831100 Kilba 1990 --> 2000 11
21 7831103 Sangla 1990 --> 1996 7
22 7731101 Bajaura 1986 --> 2004 19
23 7731110 Banjar 1990 --> 2000 11
24 7732103 IARI - Katrain 1963 --> 2003 41
25 7832100 Kaza 1990 --> 2000 11
26 7732100 Moorang 2000 --> 2000 1
27 7732101 Udaypur 1997 --> 2000 4
28 7732102 Keylong 1990 --> 1998 9
29 7631106 Sundarnagar 1990 --> 2003 14
30 7731107 Karsog 1970 --> 1990 21
31 7631103 Sarkaghat 1970 --> 1990 21
32 7631114 Sandhol 1993 --> 2000 8
33 7631118 Mandi 1970 --> 1990 21
34 7731103 Theog 1990 --> 2000 11
35 7731108 Kumarsain 1990 --> 2000 11
36 7731105 Rampur 1990 --> 2000 11
37 7731114 IARI-Shimla 1976 --> 1981 6
38 7731100 Suni 1970 --> 1990 21
39 7731111 Rohru 1990 --> 2000 11
40 7731104 Kotkhai 1970 --> 2000 31
41 7730106 Chopal 1970 --> 1990 21
42 7731102 Mashobra 1990 --> 2000 11
43 7731106 Jubbal 1970 --> 1990 21
44 7730102 Pachhad 1990 --> 2004 15
45 7730103 Nahan 1970 --> 1990 21
46 7730104 Renuka 1970 --> 1990 21
47 7730105 Dhaulakuan 1987 --> 2004 18
48 7730107 Paonta Sahib 1970 --> 1990 21
49 7630100 Kasuali 1970 --> 1990 21
50 7730109 Solan town 1970 --> 1990 21
51 7631105 Nalagarh 1990 --> 2000 11
52 7631108 Arki 1970 --> 1990 21
53 7730100 Kandaghat 1970 --> 1990 21
Table 2: Average Annual Rainfall by Stations2
S.No StationID Name Rainfall(mm) District Latitude Longitude
1 7631102 Ghumarwin 1110 Bilaspur 31.44 76.758
2 7631104 Bilaspur 1048 Bilaspur 31.33 76.78
3 7632108 Chhatrari 597 Chamba 32.58 76.18
4 7632102 Chamba 1259 Chamba 32.438 76.022
5 7633100 Killar 821 Chamba 33.066 76.383
6 7632110 Holi 640 Chamba 32.317 76.55
7 7632102 Chowari 1844 Chamba 32.43 76.022
8 7631119 Bhoranj 1092 Hamirpur 31.61 76.6
9 7631111 Barsar 1106 Hamirpur 31.56 76.41
10 7631101 Hamirpur 1422 Hamirpur 31.69 76.50
11 7631116 Sujanpur 1291 Hamirpur 31.8 76.55
12 7631109 Nadaun 1234 Hamirpur 31.7 76.35
13 7632103 Kangra 1898 Kangra 32.09 76.22
14 7632104 Dharamsala 2433 Kangra 32.20 76.31
15 7631110 Dehra 1390 Kangra 31.87 76.20
16 7632105 Palampur 2606 Kangra 32.10 76.52
17 7531100 Pong Dam 1201 Kangra 31.96 75.96
18 7532100 Nurpur 1562 Kangra 32.29 75.90
19 7831101 Kalpa 663 Kinnaur 31.61 78.32
20 7831100 Kilba 627 Kinnaur 31.5 78.133
21 7831103 Sangla 632 Kinnaur 31.38 78.21
22 7731101 Bajaura 941 Kullu 31.84 77.14
23 7731110 Banjar 907 Kullu 31.64 77.35
54 7631100 Una 1970 --> 2001 32
55 7631112 Bangana 1990 --> 1998 9
S.No StationID Name Rainfall(mm) District Latitude Longitude
24 7732103 IARI - Katrain 1096 Kullu 32.10 77.13
25 7832100 Kaza 332 Lahaul-Spiti 32.13 78.41
26 7732100 Moorang 386 Lahaul-Spiti 32.31 77.95
27 7732101 Udaypur 498 Lahaul-Spiti 32.6 77.06
28 7732102 Keylong 803 Lahaul-Spiti 32.56 77.03
29 7631106 Sundarnagar 1291 Mandi 31.54 76.91
30 7731107 Karsog 1017 Mandi 31.38 77.21
31 7631103 Sarkaghat 1175 Mandi 31.70 76.78
32 7631114 Sandhol 836 Mandi 31.86 76.68
33 7631118 Mandi 1351 Mandi 31.7 76.85
34 7731103 Theog 1244 Shimla 31.13194 77.37083
35 7731108 Kumarsain 952 Shimla 31.3 77.45
36 7731105 Rampur 847 Shimla 31.42 77.66
37 7731114 IARI-Shimla 1272 Shimla 31.08 77.15
38 7731100 Suni 971 Shimla 31.22 77.12
39 7731111 Rohru 987 Shimla 31.2 77.733
40 7731104 Kotkhai 1118 Shimla 31.11 77.55
41 7730106 Chopal 1062 Shimla 30.96 77.59
42 7731102 Mashobra 1330 Shimla 31.13 77.24
43 7731106 Jubbal 1116 Shimla 31.09 77.66
44 7730102 Pachhad 964 Sirmaur 30.79 77.22
45 7730103 Nahan 1702 Sirmaur 30.56 77.27
46 7730104 Renuka 1267 Sirmaur 30.61806 77.46
47 7730105 Dhaulakuan 1597 Sirmaur 30.49 77.48
48 7730107 Paonta Sahib 1620 Sirmaur 30.48 77.58
49 7630100 Kasuali 1899 Solan 30.90 76.94
50 7730109 Solan town 1232 Solan 30.91 77.13
S.No StationID Name Rainfall(mm) District Latitude Longitude
51 7631105 Nalagarh 1179 Solan 31.05 76.8
52 7631108 Arki 1218 Solan 31.16 76.98
53 7730100 Kandaghat 1191 Solan 30.97 77.07
54 7631100 Una 1148 Una 31.46 76.25
55 7631112 Bangana 1209 Una 31.63 76.35
Table 3: Average Monthly Rainfall at Stations2
StationID Name
Rainfall(mm)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
7531100 Pong Dam 51 66 62 31 28 126 393 272 118 7 13 34
7532101 Jachh 66 73 66 28 40 129 420 408 192 20 15 18
7532100 Nurpur 66 82 67 36 37 113 443 491 155 29 17 26
7630100 Kasuali 70 68 68 45 99 189 469 561 202 49 34 46
7631100 Una 46 50 47 21 41 94 352 289 162 11 13 21
7631101 Hamirpur 45 93 65 15 56 172 327 440 171 11 0 27
7631102 Ghumarwin 62 124 48 24 50 115 235 265 114 37 6 29
7631103 Sarkaghat 48 39 55 32 46 177 341 273 131 10 9 15
7631104 Bilaspur 58 59 49 21 48 119 266 256 106 25 11 31
7631105 Nalagarh 31 47 30 20 34 73 387 354 153 29 6 14
7631106 Sundarnagar 51 68 61 33 65 157 322 332 136 22 15 28
7631108 Arki 64 65 74 42 64 147 285 264 107 42 18 45
7631109 Nadaun 43 61 33 17 33 100 378 407 114 18 12 19
7631110 Dehra 71 64 57 19 57 150 381 411 119 21 12 29
7631111 Barsar 67 81 64 40 32 90 282 275 130 14 21 10
7631112 Bangana 40 75 51 18 17 55 406 369 150 3 7 20
7631114 Sandhol 47 29 31 40 38 39 140 364 85 0 24 0
7631116 Sujanpur 58 53 24 24 46 160 413 426 80 0 1 5
7631118
Mandi
(same as
Sadar) 71 69 69 39 62 176 370 311 129 23 10 21
7631119 Bhoranj 49 53 43 26 35 106 278 342 126 9 11 15
7632102 Chowari 123 144 171 77 86 144 544 170 159 39 21 37
7632102 Chamba 111 127 144 58 65 92 200 395 91 27 23 56
7632103 Kangra 76 75 86 42 45 176 578 546 182 41 15 35
7632104 Dharamsala 89 100 73 54 39 162 756 782 335 3 9 33
7632105 Palampur 106 125 139 61 93 218 778 699 250 20 27 89
7632108 Chhatrari 36 73 182 33 65 29 60 76 25 5 7 7
7632110 Holi 62 67 72 14 142 74 94 58 23 0 33 0
7633100 Killar 25 236 247 118 42 8 4 36 12 14 3 76
7730100 Kandaghat 73 72 66 33 57 139 296 250 119 38 13 36
7730102 Pachhad 51 64 43 19 42 71 239 239 155 7 5 27
7730103 Nahan 43 46 40 21 29 194 505 564 166 36 8 50
7730104 Renuka 53 59 56 39 59 174 349 299 86 32 8 54
7730105 Dhaulakuan 53 61 35 27 50 186 477 451 205 12 7 34
7730106 Chopal 105 76 94 50 73 98 179 189 93 44 19 40
7730107
Paonta
Sahib 27 48 29 15 27 152 606 479 189 23 4 21
7730109 Solan town 83 77 77 45 74 141 302 244 95 39 19 37
7731100 Suni 63 63 68 47 70 167 185 162 76 22 12 35
7731101 Bajaura 66 104 126 78 80 67 120 125 88 25 24 37
7731102 Mashobra 67 138 68 54 101 112 293 244 131 63 21 37
7731103 Theog 77 96 121 55 76 123 264 241 118 32 11 29
7731104 Kotkhai 87 95 110 96 113 117 160 174 106 21 14 26
7731105 Rampur 48 74 94 41 49 91 176 142 84 5 12 31
7731106 Jubbal 80 81 94 69 91 103 187 175 132 42 16 47
7731107 Karsog 70 69 76 54 66 119 210 186 92 24 27 24
7731108 Kumarsain 58 70 77 50 66 96 192 175 116 7 21 24
7731110 Banjar 67 79 89 60 65 69 195 169 68 15 17 15
7731111 Rohru 71 111 124 63 49 50 142 173 137 30 24 13
7731114 IARI-Shimla 77 30 108 51 62 135 373 260 131 4 16 24
7732100 Moorang 35 139 99 10 8 62 26 0 0 0 7 0
7732101 Udaypur 30 34 38 75 26 80 45 85 17 8 7 54
7732102 Keylong 35 93 141 90 73 58 85 73 70 4 19 62
7732103
IARI -
Katrain 75 108 162 97 73 67 156 160 89 31 34 42
7831100 Kilba 62 100 125 72 36 24 57 54 47 18 13 19
7831101 Kalpa 97 85 113 63 54 43 42 44 44 28 16 33
7831103 Sangla 44 59 111 85 57 29 68 65 69 6 17 22
7832100 Kaza 34 52 78 13 18 32 23 40 3 6 11 21
Table 4: Temporal Period of Available Temperature data2
S.No StationID Name Period of Average Years
1 7631122 Taal 1992 --> 2004 13
2 7532101 Jachh 1992 --> 2000 9
3 7631100 Una 1992 --> 2001 10
4 7631101 Hamirpur 1990 --> 2000 11
5 7631104 Bilaspur 1993 --> 2004 12
6 7631106 Sundarnagar 1992 --> 1997 9
7 7631117 Bhota 1986 --> 1997 12
8 7631121 Berthin 1991 --> 1998 8
9 7632100 Chamba 1998 --> 2004 7
10 7632101 Salooni 1992 --> 2003 12
11 7632103 Kangra 2002 --> 2004 3
12 7632104 Dharamshala 1994 --> 2004 6
13 7632105 Palampur 1975 --> 2003 29
14 7632106 Malan 2000 --> 2004 5
15 7632113 Kukumseri 1998 --> 2002 4
16 7730103 Nahan 1994 --> 1997 3
17 7730105 Dhaulakuan 1981 --> 2004 22
18 7730109 Solan 1995 --> 1997 2
19 7730110 Nauni Solan
University
1971 --> 2002 29
S.No StationID Name Period of Average Years
20 7731101 Bajaura 1986 --> 2004 18
21 7731104 Kotkhai 1991 --> 1999 7
22 7731113 Bhunter 1994 --> 1997 3
23 7731114 IARI - Shimla 1976 --> 1981 6
24 7731115 CPRI - Shimla 1982 --> 2004 18
25 7732103 IARI - Kartain 1963 --> 2003 41
26 7732104 Manali 1992 --> 1994 3
27 7831101 Kalpa 1994 --> 1997 4
Table 5: Average Annual Maximum and Minimum Temperature by Stations2
S.No StationID Name MinAvgTemp MaxAvgTemp MeanTemp Latitude Longitude
1 7631122 Taal 14.57083 27.43345 21.00214 31.61 76.60
2 7532101 Jachh 15.66861 27.39807 21.53334 32.32 75.90
3 7631100 Una 17.08417 27.62068 22.35242 31.46 76.25
4 7631101 Hamirpur 10.93902 31.91667 21.42784 31.69 76.50
5 7631104 Bilaspur 16.22077 22.61707 19.41892 31.33 76.78
6 7631106 Sundarnagar 11.51642 28.58353 20.04875 31.54 76.91
7 7631117 Bhota 16.36744 29.10295 22.73519 31.61 76.55
8 7631121 Berthin 13.52914 28.08447 20.8068 31.41 76.63
9 7632100 Chamba 11.00554 27.4191 19.21232 32.54 76.14
10 7632101 Salooni 10.20907 20.94802 15.57854 32.72 76.05
S.No StationID Name MinAvgTemp MaxAvgTemp MeanTemp Latitude Longitude
11 7632103 Kangra 16.08063 27.79227 21.93645 32.09 76.22
12 7632104 Dharamshala 13.27047 26.58605 19.92826 32.20 76.31
13 7632105 Palampur 13.39285 23.05516 18.22401 32.10 76.52
14 7632106 Malan 14.17694 26.07813 20.12754 32.11 76.41
15 7632113 Kukumseri 7.089923 21.54747 14.3187 32.70 76.66
16 7730103 Nahan 10.20455 30.76364 20.48409 30.56 77.27
17 7730105 Dhaulakuan 14.3677 28.62086 21.49428 30.49 77.48
18 7730109 Solan 10.16429 30.5 20.33214 30.91 77.13
19 7730110 Nauni Solan University 12.6527 24.82545 18.73908 30.85 77.17
20 7731101 Bajaura 10.07829 25.43401 17.75615 31.84 77.14
21 7731104 Kotkhai 14.0231 22.65286 18.33798 31.11 77.55
22 7731113 Bhunter 6.438889 28.72222 17.58055 31.88 77.16
23 7731114 IARI - Shimla 11.31217 19.50586 15.40901 31.08 77.15
24 7731115 CPRI - Shimla 11.1935 19.65941 15.42645 31.09 77.17
25 7732103 IARI - Kartain 9.456849 20.6101 15.03348 32.10 77.13
26 7732104 Manali 3.961111 24.27778 14.11944 32.24 77.20
27 7831101 Kalpa 0.4639445 20.35139 10.40767 31.61 78.32
Table 6: Monthly Average Minimum Temperature(0C)
2
Station
ID Name
Average Minimum Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
7631121 Berthin 3.76 5.59 10.70 12.38 16.89 21.59 23.51 23.06 21.12 12.82 7.11 3.83
7632103 Kangra 10.39 9.37 13.67 16.73 17.38 21.47 23.72 22.62 20.66 17.13 11.37 8.45
7731104 Kotkhai 18.19 21.72 21.82 19.79 17.11 13.04 11.59 6.77
7731113 Bhunter -1.03 0.20 2.77 4.73 7.73 12.47 16.93 13.67 10.85 6.60 2.65 -0.30
7731114 IARI-Shimla 3.58 3.70 7.74 13.45 17.12 17.39 15.71 15.26 15.19 13.22 8.14 5.26
7731115 CPRI - Shimla 3.70 4.16 7.88 12.19 15.44 16.50 16.75 17.23 14.76 11.73 8.39 5.58
7732104 Manali -3.85 -4.25 4.00 8.50 13.25 11.00 6.00 3.00 -2.00
7831101 Kalpa -8.20 -8.00 -2.83 -1.27 2.00 6.07 11.17
7631122
Taal
(Hamirpur) 5.56 7.37 10.77 15.37 19.79 21.57 21.83 21.43 19.40 14.41 10.69 6.67
7532101
Jachh
(Jasoor) 5.80 9.54 14.18 15.08 20.60 23.45 22.14 22.29 19.73 15.66 11.12 8.42
7631100 Una 6.08 8.78 12.44 18.40 22.90 24.88 25.24 25.18 21.67 16.98 10.86 11.60
7631101 Hamirpur 2.18 4.72 6.82 9.91 14.59 16.45 18.55 19.23 16.45 11.27 7.09 4.00
7631104 Bilaspur 6.85 8.38 11.48 16.16 21.39 23.91 23.40 23.05 21.47 17.31 12.78 8.49
7631106 Sundarnagar 2.15 4.18 8.64 11.20 16.17 19.27 21.50 20.59 16.36 10.30 5.39 2.46
7631117 Bhota 8.43 8.44 12.48 16.92 16.46 22.97 23.66 23.17 21.64 18.03 14.42 9.78
7631118
Mandi (same
as Sadar) 13.00 14.00 16.00
7632100 Chamba 2.34 2.98 7.29 10.47 15.00 17.38 19.72 19.51 16.75 11.14 6.52 2.98
7632101 Salooni 2.50 3.13 5.75 10.23 12.99 15.68 17.06 16.91 14.73 11.18 7.64 4.70
7632104 Dharamsala 5.11 7.30 10.62 13.44 17.66 19.63 20.71 20.24 18.04 12.60 8.43 5.49
7632105 Palampur 5.03 6.54 9.93 14.20 18.27 20.05 19.79 19.48 17.33 13.73 9.89 6.48
7632106 Malan 5.68 7.10 9.78 14.04 18.98 19.67 21.18 21.98 19.34 14.03 10.53 7.81
7632113 Kukumseri 1.91 0.64 1.73 6.11 10.83 13.52 14.46 14.71 11.88 6.94 2.87 -0.52
7730103 Nahan 1.30 9.00 9.00 14.70 13.95 17.80 16.80 11.70 9.20 8.00 0.80
7730105 Dhaulakuan 4.38 5.96 9.54 13.91 19.47 22.46 24.66 22.93 21.17 14.95 8.18 4.80
7730109 Solan town 10.65 13.10 18.10 10.50 11.00 6.80 1.00
7730110
Nauni Solan
University 3.72 4.71 9.18 13.18 16.93 19.53 19.41 19.74 22.44 11.73 6.92 4.35
7731101 Bajaura 0.94 3.43 5.79 8.96 12.58 17.36 21.09 20.63 17.02 8.82 3.53 0.79
7731104 Kotkhai 2.93 5.98 17.23 12.11
7831101 Kalpa 9.57 5.33 0.33 -2.57 -6.03
7732103 IARI - Katrain 1.21 2.16 5.23 8.89 12.31 15.69 18.38 18.11 14.42 8.95 5.41 2.72
Table 7: Monthly Average Maximum Temperature (0C)
2
Station ID Name
Average Maximum Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
7631121 Berthin 18.68 20.70 25.08 30.24 35.52 38.95 31.75 30.37 30.08 28.30 25.80 21.54
7632103 Kangra 17.54 20.51 26.98 31.90 35.89 34.31 31.73 30.39 30.98 28.48 23.87 20.94
7731104 Kotkhai 27.69 32.36 31.88 28.18 24.39 22.12 19.26 16.99
7731113 Bhunter 20.50 22.30 19.13 30.83 35.03 36.93 36.60 32.53 31.75 29.35 26.10 23.60
7731114 IARI-Shimla 11.59 12.38 15.54 22.14 25.06 24.92 22.40 22.54 22.31 21.52 19.08 14.59
7731115 CPRI - Shimla 12.18 12.89 16.63 21.69 24.58 24.86 24.24 22.72 22.74 21.32 17.66 14.41
7732104 Manali 16.75 16.50 27.00 30.25 30.00 29.00 27.00 22.00 20.00
7831101 Kalpa 9.83 11.70 19.35 21.07 23.73 27.80
7631122
Taal
(Hamirpur) 19.23 21.52 25.71 31.10 34.85 34.44 31.13 29.18 28.42 28.03 24.54 21.06
7532101 Jachh (Jasoor) 16.96 19.58 23.40 30.34 36.00 36.20 31.15 31.28 30.52 29.15 24.41 19.77
7631100 Una 17.38 20.93 24.94 31.00 33.30 36.27 32.60 30.55 31.70 28.10 24.66 20.02
7631101 Hamirpur 24.45 26.45 30.59 36.50 39.86 40.45 34.73 32.91 31.77 31.32 28.45 25.50
7631104 Bilaspur 11.65 13.87 17.82 24.15 29.78 33.29 30.48 28.96 26.43 22.21 18.68 14.07
7631106 Sundarnagar 18.73 21.46 25.69 32.10 36.00 36.12 32.18 31.94 30.63 31.70 25.07 21.37
7631117 Bhota 14.24 17.65 27.66 30.90 32.75 39.38 39.51 37.67 34.95 29.78 26.96 17.78
7631118
Mandi (same
as Sadar) 0.00 31.50 32.50
7632100 Chamba 17.96 19.22 25.62 28.99 33.58 33.62 31.89 30.73 31.32 29.92 24.95 21.22
7632101 Salooni 10.97 12.24 16.54 22.14 27.27 28.90 26.41 24.97 24.73 23.25 18.48 15.47
7632104 Dharamsala 18.35 20.35 26.17 29.44 33.64 33.33 29.95 28.44 27.70 26.81 25.24 19.61
7632105 Palampur 14.97 16.22 20.26 25.70 29.21 29.51 26.55 25.91 25.81 24.61 20.80 17.11
7632106 Malan 17.30 18.97 23.14 28.47 32.86 31.53 29.51 28.83 28.03 27.49 23.90 22.91
7632113 Kukumseri 9.70 14.08 15.30 21.48 26.07 29.79 29.72 30.35 28.01 19.03 18.30 16.74
7730103 Nahan 20.60 30.10 35.35 38.05 37.50 34.00 31.00 32.20 31.40 27.40 20.80
7730105 Dhaulakuan 19.44 22.16 26.93 33.66 35.79 35.86 31.95 29.45 31.18 29.36 26.03 21.63
7730109 Solan town 35.40 34.10 33.10 30.60 29.10 26.10 25.10
7730110
Nauni Solan
University 16.44 18.07 22.56 27.72 31.19 30.68 28.61 27.74 27.65 25.79 22.18 19.28
7731101 Bajaura 15.85 17.76 21.27 26.29 30.52 32.95 31.22 30.35 29.78 27.67 23.48 18.06
7731104 Kotkhai 13.36 14.52 18.59 22.50
7831101 Kalpa 28.23 23.77 21.23 18.53 12.37
7732103 IARI - Katrain 10.92 12.51 16.21 21.18 24.85 27.41 26.90 26.38 25.47 22.78 18.37 14.34
Table 8: Trends in rainfall (at four different agro-ecological situations)4:
Seasons
Rate of decrease/increase
Rainfall (rate/yr) Max. Temp. Min. Temp. Av. Evap.
DHAULAKUAN (86-04)
Rabi -14.3 0.6 -0.1 0.3 -4.8
Kharif -.49 -0.6 0.8 0.3 2.6
Annual -14.9 0.1 0.4 0.3 -2.2
PALAMPUR (74-04)
Rabi -14.8 2.3 -1.0 1.5 -3.2
Kharif -30.3 1.0 -0.2 0.4 -0.5
Annual -44 1.7 -0.4 1.0 -2.6
BAJAURA(82-04)
Rabi 1.8 0.9 0.8 2.4 -5.8
Kharif 0.38 -1.1 3.0 -0.9 -8.6
Annual 2.5 -1.3 5.5 1.1 -14.5
THEOG REGION(90-04)
Rabi -4.9 1.8 2.3 2.3 NA
Kharif -5.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 NA
Annual -1.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 NA
4. Data and GIS Information2,3
:
Maps as JPEG are also attached in digital format
Agroecological Zones Elevation Ranges
Precipitation Map with equal interval Precipitation Map rainfall showing
topography & district boundary
Major rivers & river basin main rivers
District boundaries & main urban areas Old and New Agro-ecological zones
ADDITIONAL MAPS:
Glaciers river basin Himachal Pradesh Glaciers lakes Himachal Pradesh
Minimum Temperature of H. P. Maximum Temperature of H. P.
Land Classification of H. P. Old Agro ecological zones (4- Zones)
(4
5. Any research or other available information of possible relevance to the WR strategy study:
a) Crop Water Requirements:
Table 9: Parameters for Cereal Crops2
Crop Season/
Month
Elevation (m) Rainfall
(mm)
Temperature (oC)
Soil Land Use
Optimum
(Mean)
Max Min
Wheat Nov-May
Apr-Oct
240 – 2500
2500 – 3300
750 - 900 15 - 25 35 4 Clay loam or
loam texture
neutral in
reaction
Cultivated
land
Rice Jun - Oct 240 – 2300
1000 -
1700
20 - 30 40 10 Clay or clay
loams best
Cultivated
land
Maize Jun - Sep 240 – 3000
600 - 1200 18 - 33
35 15 Clay loam,
Sandy loam
Cultivated
land
Barley Nov – May
Apr - Oct
240 – 2500
2500 – 3500
500 - 1000 15 – 25
35 4 Clay loam,
Sandy loam
Cultivated
land
Table 10: Parameters for Vegetable Crops2
Crop Elevation
Range
(m)
Elevation/Season Rainfall
(mm)
Temperature (oC)
Soil Land Use
Elevation Season Opt.
(Mean)
Min Max
Potato
240 – 4000
>2700 Summer
(April/May-
Sep/Oct)
>500
15 - 25
10 28 Sandy
loam
to loam
Cultivated
1500 –
2700
Summer
(April/May-
Sep/Oct)
1000 –
1500
Spring-summer
(Jan-May)
Autumn –winter
(Sep-Dec)
<1000 Spring-summer
(Jan-May);
Autumn –winter
(Sep-Dec)
Tomato
0 – 3000
>2700 Summer
(April-Oct)
400 –
1300
18 -27
(Best 25)
10 30 Loam
Cultivated
1500 –
2700
Summer
(April-Oct)
1000 –
1500
Summer
(March-July)
Summer-
rainy(April/May-
Sep/Oct)
<1000 Spring-
Summer(Feb-
May) ;
Rainy(June/July-
Sep/Oct)
Autumn-
winter(Aug/Sep-
Oct/Nov)
Cauliflower
0 – 4000
>2700 Summer
(April/May-
Sep/Oct)
600 –
1100
10 - 25
0 35 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Cultivated
1500 –
2700
Summer
(April/May-
Sep/Oct)
Silt
loam
1000 –
1500
Spring(march-
May)
Rainy(May-Aug)
Autumn(Sep-
Dec)
Winter(oct-feb)
<1000 Rainy(May-Aug)
Autumn(Sep-
Dec)
Winter(Nov-feb)
Cabbage
0 – 4000
>2700 Summer
(May-Aug/sep)
500 –
1000
15 -24
0 25 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Silt
loam
Cultivated
1500 –
2700
Summer
(May-Aug/sep)
1000 –
1500
Spring(march-
May)
Rainy(May-Aug)
Autumn(Sep-
Dec)
Winter(oct-feb)
<1000 Autumn(Sep-
Dec)
Winter(Nov-feb)
Peas
0 – 4000
>2700 Summer
(April/May-
Sep/oct)
800 –
1200
10 -24
5 22 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Silt
loam
Cultivated
1500 –
2700
Summer
(April/May-
Sep/oct)
1000 –
1500
Autumn –
Winter(sep-Dec)
Winter-
Spring(Nov-
march/April)
<1000 Autumn –
Winter(Sep-Dec)
Winter-
spring(Nov-
March)
Ginger
0 – 1000
1000 –
1500
Summer
(April-Dec)
1400 –
3000
19 - 29
0
35
Loam,
Clay
loam,
Silt
loam
Cultivated
<1000 Summer
(April-Dec)
>2700 Summer
(May-Sep)
1500 –
2700
Summer
(May-Sep)
Garlic
0 – 1500
1000 –
1500
Winter
(Oct-May)
750 –
1600
18 - 30
5 25 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Silt
loam
Cultivated
<1000 Winter
(Oct-May)
>2700 Summer
(April/May-Oct)
1500 –
2700
Summer
(April/may-Oct)
Onion
0 – 3000
1000 –
1500
Winter
(Dec-May)
350 –
600
12 -25
10 30 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Cultivated
<1000 Rainy(July-Dec);
Winter(Dec-May)
Silt
loam
>2700 Summer(April-
Sep)
1500 –
2700
Summer(April-
Sep)
French
Bean
0 – 3000
1000 –
1500
Spring-Summer
(March-May)
Rainy(June-Sep)
500 –
2000
16 - 25
13 32 Loam,
Clay
loam,
Silt
loam
Cultivated
<1000 Spring-summer
(feb-may)
Autumn-Winter
(Aug/Sep-Nov)
Any other work of possible relevance (to be done):
� In the face of Climate Change crop Water requirement of crop is bound to Change/ alter high
water requirement is projected for crop in future. The crop water requirement for larger geographical
area is linked to climate parameters for soil & crop plant. The crop water requirement can be modeled
using the real time climate parameters and climatic scenarios for small watershed/ catchment of niche
area. The simple water balance techniques entail the total water requirements of crop and further using
the information of irrigation efficiencies calculation of specific watershed can help to work out the exact
WR of crops of any region. The crop water requirement Nutrient loss etc can also be worked using
Geographical user interface model. SWAT-Soil Water Assessment Tool for any hydrological regions or unit
or watershed area. SWAT is a tool which uses DEM, Soil types, land cover and climatic parameters. This
tool has been successfully used in Brahmana Basin of India to workout water scenarios for 2020, 2050,
2080 under the network climate change project. The same can be replicated for pilot study in HP also.
� The comprehensive assessment of different soil and water conservation status and appraisal can be done
using the information developed under different research efforts in the water shed area.
� The information on sensitivity of climate variability/change on water output of river under three
scenarios no snow; snow or glaciers can be prepared subject to availability of hydrological parameters of
any basin/catchment area. The relevant data on major river of Satluj for last 40 years have also been
collected to realize the trends in the face of climate change, snow trends and rainfall trends in the basin.
� The water conservation practices which help in saving the crop water requirement can also be employed
to prepare the strategic plan for crops at State/district or block level based on water requirement.Crop
water requirement based on life saving irrigation is another adaptation strategies which can be employ to
harness the crop yield. Changing the crop planting window according to weather variability is another
adaptations approach and it has also been evolved from our Climate Change Studies recently completed
and accepted by ICAR Network for maize crop for different climatic zones.
Water conservation, crops and Geo-Information
Water budgeting and crop suitability is the raw materials to visualize and categorize whole agricultural
systems. The functions of evaluation of crop suitability w.r.t. water availability are multiple. First, there
will finally be a systematic, relational database (profiles) on existing relevant data (published, grey
literature, government/non-government sources) which can inform scientists and policy-makers alike.
Second, crop suitability w.r.t. water availability provides the qualitative, rich ground-truth information
needed as a corrective to GIS or rule-based modeling. Third, crop suitability w.r.t. water availability can
serve as a baseline against which changes can be measured. An Integrated Water Resources
Management Information System (IWRMIS) on GIS platform may work as spatial tool for decision making
as what is to be done and where.
References:
1. Water Storage: A Strategy for climate change adaptation in the Himalayas, ICIMOD Periodical
‘Sustainable Mountain Development’ No. 56 Winter 2009.
2. R.M.Bhagat, Sharda Singh, Virender Kumar, Vaibhav Kalia, Chitra Sood, Sushil Pradhan, Walter Immerzeel,
Basanta Shrestha“Developing Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Systems Information Files (HASIF) and Tools
for Decision Support Systems for Niche based Hill Farming”, Project Technical Report 2006
3. R.M.Bhagat, Sharda Singh, Virender Kumar, “Agro-Ecological Zonation of Himachal Pradesh-Agricultural
System Information Development at micro-level”, ”, Project Technical Report 2006
4. R.M.Bhagat, R.S.Rana, Rajinder Prasad, Harbans Lal, Vaibhav Kalia, Chitra Sood, , “Impact, Vulnerability
and Adaptation of Mountain agriculture to Climate Change” Project Technical Report 2007