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Supplementary Information
Porous ultrathin carbon nanobubbles formed carbon nanofiber
webs for high-performance flexible supercapacitors
Lei Wang,a Guanhua Zhang,*b Xiaojia Zhang,a Huimin Shi,a Wei Zeng,c
Hang Zhang,c Qing Liu,a Chengchao Li,d Quanhui Liua and Huigao
Duan*b
a School of Physics and Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
b State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
c College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan 410082，P. R. China
d School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 523000, P. R. China
* E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
10 nm
(e)
10 nm
(f)
(a)
2 μm
(b)
2 μm
(c) (d)
100 nm 100 nm
Fig. S1 (a,b) SEM images of the CNFWs-500-5 and the CNFWs-700-2, respectively,
(c,e) and (d,f) corresponding TEM images of the CNFWs-500-5 and the CNFWs-700-
2, respectively.
In order to demonstrate the thickness of the carbonaceous coating layer can be
well controlled by tuning catalytic conversion temperature or time, the corresponding
control experiments were carried out. From the TEM images of the CNFWs-500-5
and CNFWs-700-2 and the TEM images of the CNFWs (Fig. 4 and Fig. S5) in the
following measurement, different thickness of the carbon walls with about 8 nm, 5 nm
and 3 nm were obtain, exhibiting the accurate controllability of the thickness of the
carbon layer by our method.
(a)
800 nm
(b)
200 nm
Fig. S2 (a,b) SEM images of the products dried in a conventional vacuum oven after
ZnO@C NFWs being immersed in 1 M HCl aqueous solution for 10 h.
(a) (b)
400 nm
Fig. S3 (a) Digital photograph and (b) SEM image of the ZnO@C NFWs.
(a) (b)ZnO
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Raman Shift (cm-1)
ZnO ZnO@C
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
2D
G
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Raman Shift (cm-1)
D
Fig. S4 Raman spectra of (a) ZnO NFWs (black), ZnO@C NFWs (red), and (b)
CNFWs.
10 nm 10 nm
(a) (b)
Fig. S5 (a,b) HRTEM images of hollow carbon nanobubbles showing with the
ultrathin walls less than 10 layers.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 40 A g-1
50 A g-1
60 A g-1
10 A g-1
15 A g-1
20 A g-1
30 A g-1
Pote
ntia
l (V)
Time (s)
70 A g-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Pote
ntia
l (V)
Time (s)
0.5 A g-1
1 A g-1
2 A g-1
3 A g-1
5 A g-1
(a) (b)
Fig. S6 (a,b) The GCD curves of the CNFWs electrode at various current densities
measured using a three-electrode system in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
Curr
ent (
A)
Potential (V)
CNFWs CNFWs-700-2 CNFWs-500-5
(a) (b)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Spec
ific c
apac
itanc
e (F
g-1 )
Current Density (A g-1)
CNFWs CNFWs-700-2 CNFWs-500-5
Fig. S7 Comparison of electrochemical performance of the carbon electrodes with
different carbon wall thickness in a three-electrode system. (a) CV curves of the
CNFWs, CNFWs-700-2 and CNFWs-500-5 at the scan rate of 100 mV s−1, and (b) the
specific capacitances of the CNFWs, CNFWs-700-2 and CNFWs-500-5 at various
discharge current densities.
2 μm 50 nm
(a) (b)
Fig. S8 (a,b) SEM images of the CNFWs electrode after 35,000 cycles at the current
density of 10 A g−1 under three-electrode testing.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06 3500 mV s-1 2500 mV s-1
3000 mV s-1 1500 mV s-1
2000 mV s-1
Curr
ent (
A)
Voltage (V)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Volta
ge (V
)
Time (s)
0.5 A g-1
1 A g-1
3 A g-1
5 A g-1
7 A g-1
10 A g-1
15 A g-1
25 A g-1
35 A g-1
(a) (b)
Fig. S9 (a) CV curves with the scan rates from 1,500 to 3,500 mV s−1 and (b) GCD
curves at various current densities of the symmetric SCs.
Table S1. The comparison of the electrochemical performance of our CNFWs with
that of one-dimensional carbon-based web electrodes in the previous literatures.
Materials Electrolyte Test cellCapacitance
(F g−1)Cycling
performanceReference
3-electrode 155 at 10 A g−135,000 at 10 A g−1
(94.1%)CNFWs 1 M H2SO4
2-electrode 85 at 10 A g−115,000 at 5 A g−1
(80%)
This work
3-electrode 176 at 2 A g−15,000 at 1 A g−1
(99%)Nitrogen-enrichedmeso-macroporos
carbon fiber network
1 M H2SO4
2-electrode 98 at 100 mV s−1 _
1
Mesoporous carbon nanofibers
6 M KOH 2-electrode 103 at 1 A g−1 4,250 at 150 mV s−1 2
3-electrode 140 at 0.75 A g−1 -single-walled carbon
nanotube films1 M LiClO4
2-electrode 35 at 0.75 A g−1 -
3
Functionalizing few-walled
carbon nanotube film
0.1 M KOH 3-electrode 133 at 10 mV s−1 100 at 10 mV s−1 4
3-electrode 67 at 10 mV s−1 -
Hybrid nanomembranes
of carbon nanotube sheets coated with poly
(3,4-ethylenedioxythio
phene)
1 M H2SO4
2-electrode -5,000 at 500 mV s−1
(94%)
5
3-electrode 110 at 5 mV s−1 -Active carbon wrapped carbon
nanotube buckypaper
6 M KOH
2-electrode -4,000 at 5 A g−1
(98%)
6
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