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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 1
1.U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Golden,CO
2.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA
3.JetPropulsionLaboratory,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA
4..U.S.GeologicalSurvey,MenloPark,CA
5..U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Pasadena,CA
6.UniversityofTexasInstituteofGeophysics,JacksonSchoolofGeosciences,UniversityofTexas,
Austin
7.NagoyaUniversity,Japan
SupplementalmaterialtoaccompanyComplexruptureduringthe12January1
2010HaitiEarthquake2
G.P.Hayes1,R.W.Briggs1,A.Sladen2,E.J.Fielding3,C.Prentice4,K.Hudnut5,P.Mann6,3
F.W.Taylor6,A.J.Crone1,R.Gold1,T.Ito2,7,M.Simons24
5
Thissupplementdescribesthedatacollectionandprocessingtechniquesforeach6
individualcomponentofourmulti‐disciplinaryanalysisoftheruptureprocessof7
the12January2010Haitiearthquake(hereaftertermedthe2010Leogane8
earthquake).Firstwedescribedetailsofthefinitefaultmodelingtechnique,and9
resultsforsingle‐planefaultmodelsusingteleseismicdata.NextwediscussInSAR10
datasourcesanddetailedprocessing,beforepresentingdetailsofthegeological11
fielddeploymentanddatacollection.Finallywepresentalternatejointinversionsto12
ourpreferredkinematicrupturemodel(figure3),comparingthesemodelstothe13
preferredsolution,anddiscussingtherelativemeritsofeach.Wepresenttwo14
alternaterupturemodels;athree‐planemodel(figureS5)toshowtheeffectsof15
northvs.southdipforfaultB,theLeoganefault;andathree‐planemodelexploring16
theeffectsofinitiatingruptureonfaultBratherthanfaultA,theEPGF‐likestructure17
(figuresS67).18
19
1.TeleseismicBodywaveFinitefaultmodeling20
WeinvertfortheruptureprocessoftheearthquakeusingbroadbandteleseismicP‐21
andSH‐bodywaveformsrecordedatGSNstationsworldwide.Datawereselected22
baseduponquality(highsignal‐to‐noiseratios)andazimuthaldistribution.23
Waveformsarefirstconvertedtodisplacementbyremovingtheinstrument24
responseandthenusedtoconstrainthesliphistorybasedonthefinitefault25
inversionalgorithmofJietal.1.Toimproveourresolutionofruptureonset,26
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directivityeffectsandthehigh‐frequencyaspectsoftherupturehistory,weinvert27
velocitybodywaveformsinadditiontodisplacementrecords.Weadoptthesource28
parametersofthegCMTsolutionforouranalyses,modifyingthestrikeofthe29
φ=251°faultplanesuchthatitisconsistentwiththestrikeofthegeomorphic30
expressionoftheEnriquilloPlantainGardenfault(EPGF)atthesurface(figure1),31
approximately264°.Weconstraintherupturetopropagatepredominantly32
westwardfromthehypocenteroftheearthquake,favoredbythemajorityof33
aftershockslocatingtothewestofthemainshock(figure1).Suchdirectivityisalso34
suggestedbythevariationinvelocityrecordswithazimuth(figureS1).35
Furthermore,weburythetopofthemodeledfaultplaneby1kmandconstrainthe36
topcellsofthemodeltoslipnomorethan1m,toproduceamodelthatcanmatch37
geologicalobservationsofnosurfacefaultrupturealongtheEPGF(supplementary38
materialSection3).Addingtheseextraconstraintstotheinversionprocessdoes39
notsignificantlyaffectthefitofthemodeltotheinputdata.Wenotethatour40
inversionapproach1islimitedtotheuseofplanarfaults,ratherthannon‐planar41
structures;whileeffortstomodelruptureonnon‐planarstructureshavebeen42
proposed2,thesestillrequireknowledgeoffaultgeometryapriori,whichisnot43
available(norknown)inthecaseofthisearthquake.44
Resultsofthisinitialteleseismic‐data‐onlyfinitefaultmodelareshowninfigureS1.45
Inversionresultsdemonstratepeakslipof~6.0mupdipandclosetothe46
hypocenter.Significantslipextends~25‐30kmwestofthehypocenter,witha47
notabletransitiontowardsthrustmotionwithdistancealongstrikeandupdip.48
49
2.InSARanalysis50
Syntheticapertureradar(SAR)interferometryanalysispresentedhereuseddata51
acquiredbytheJapaneseAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA)AdvancedLand52
ObservationSatellite(ALOS),withitsphased‐arrayL‐bandSARinstrument53
(PALSAR)thathasaradarwavelengthof23.5cm.Thedatawasprocessedfromthe54
PALSARLevel1.0rawdatawiththeJPL/CaltechROI_pacSARinterferometry55
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package3.Allsceneswereacquiredinthefine‐beamsingle‐polarization(FBS)mode.56
Thetopographicdatausedtocalculateandremovethetopographicphasewasthe57
ShuttleRadarTopographyMission(SRTM)1‐arcsecondpostingdigitalelevation58
modelwiththedatavoidsfilledbytheASTERGDEM(R.E.Crippen,pers.comm.).59
Interferogramswereanalyzedwithaveraging(looks)of8samplesacross‐trackand60
16samplesalong‐track,andwereunwrappedwithSNAPHU4.61
ALOSPALSARdatawereprocessedfromfoursatellitepaths,threeascending62
(satellitemovingnorthward)pathsandonedescending(satellitemoving63
southward)pathasshowninTableS1.AllthePALSARdatawasacquiredwiththe64
standard34.3°lookangle(atthesatellite)thatresultsinline‐of‐sight(LOS)angles65
relativetotheverticalattheEarth’ssurfacevaryingfrom36°to41°acrossthe66
radarswath.TheLOSunitvectorfromthegroundatthecenteroftheswathtothe67
satelliteontheascendingpathsis(‐0.6080,‐0.1337,0.7826)foreast,north,andup68
components,whilethedescendingpathhasanLOSunitvectorof(0.6080,‐0.1337,69
0.7826).BecausetheLOSvectorsontheascendinganddescendingpathshave70
oppositesignsbutequalmagnitudesfortheeastcomponent,andbecausetheLOS71
doesnotchangemuchacrossthePALSARswath,wecancalculateanapproximation72
oftheeastwardgrounddisplacementsbytakingthedifferencebetweenthe73
descendingandascendingpathinterferogramvaluesateachpointanddividingby74
2*0.608(figure2).Similarly,wecansumthevaluesoftheascendingand75
descendinginterferogramsanddividebysqrt(N^2+U^2)tocalculatetheground76
displacementsinadirectionthatis83%upand17%south(figure2).77
Interferogramsweredownsampledtoabout1000pointseachusingadistribution78
ofsamplesoptimizedfordeterminingthesliponafaultsimilartothemainfault79
usedintheslipinversions5.80
81
82
83
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TableS1.ALOSPALSARpairsusedforinterferograms.84
ALOSpath Date1 Date2 Bperp.*(m)
A136 2009/09/12 2010/01/28 800–838
A137 2008/02/09 2010/02/14 ‐400–‐480
A138 2009/02/28 2010/01/16 1040–1141
D447 2009/03/09 2010/01/25 859–777
*Perpendicularcomponentofbaselineatcenterofswathfromtoptobottomof85
interferogram.86
87
3.Geologicobservationsofcoastaldeformation88
Extensivecoastaldeformationaccompaniedthe2010Leoganeearthquake.Analysis89
ofhigh‐resolutionimageryobtainedimmediatelyaftertheeventrevealeduplifted90
coralreefs,widenedbeachfaces,andextensiveshaking‐relatedlateralspreading,91
compaction,andliquefactionalongapprox.50kmofcoastlineextendingfrom92
GressiertoPortRoyal(figure2).Theseobservationswereconfirmedduringfield93
workfrom25Februaryto4March20106.Wecollecteddetailedmeasurementsof94
verticaldeformationat19sites(tableS2),andwesupplementthesemeasurements95
withqualitativeobservationsofverticaldisplacements(tableS3andfigureS2).96
97
Coralmethods98
Coralmicroatollsaresensitiverecordersofverticalfluctuationsinsealevel7and99
thismakesthemusefulinstrumentsforrecordingverticaltectonicdeformation8.100
ColoniesofSiderastreasidereaandDiploriastrigosaformthemostcommonly101
encounteredmicroatollsalongtheaffectedcoast.Severalotherspeciesthatrecord102
clearpre‐earthquakehighestlevelsofsurvival(HLS)werealsousefulforassessing103
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2010verticaldisplacement,includingMilleporacomplanata,Poritesastreoides,104
Poritesporites,Poritesfurcata,Diplorialabyrinthiformis,Montastraeaannularis,and105
Siderastrearadians.106
AtsiteswherereefsrecordupliftwesurveyedmultiplemicroatollandcoralHLS107
elevationswithrespecttosealevel.Tenormoremeasurementsfromeachcoral108
specieswerecollectedunlessfewerheadswereavailable.Wealsorecordedthe109
elevationdifferencebetweenpre‐andpost‐earthquakeHLS;ineverycasewe110
anticipatethatthiswillunderestimatethefinaldiedownoftheheadsbecausethe111
lowesttidesbetweenthetimeoftheearthquakeandourvisitoccurredmainlyat112
night.DiedownsofthefirecoralMilleporaarefrequentlyobservedandoffer113
minimumestimatesofuplift(tableS2)andqualitativeevidenceofreef114
displacement.115
BecauseHaitilackspermanenttidegauges,weestablishamodeltidalcurveto116
providetidaladatumforoursurveymeasurementsandcalibratethismodeltoa117
temporarytidegaugedeployment.Becauseofthesmalltidalrange(70‐80cm)and118
relativelysimpleshapeofthetidalcurveintheregion,wefirstgenerateaprediction119
fornearbyPort‐au‐PrinceusingtheprogramXtide120
(http://www.flaterco.com/xtide/)tocapturethegeneralshapeofthecurve.We121
thenshiftthecurveinphasetofitobservationsatGonaveisland(RogerBilham,122
personalcomm.).VisualcomparisonofthemodelcurvewiththeGonave123
observations,andcomparisonwithsealevelmeasurementscollectedateachuplift124
site,areconsistentwithlessthan5cmofmisfit,whichwesubsequentlyincorporate125
intothetotalupliftuncertainties.126
WeuseatectonicallystablesiteatIledelaGonavetoestablishhowmicroatollHLS127
relatestoannualextremelowtide(ELT)inthisregion.Gonaveappearstohave128
remainedtectonicallyinactiveforthelast125ka9,andalongperiodoftectonic129
stabilityattheIledelaGonavesitehasledtotheformationofabioerosionnotch130
andoverhangatwaterlevelthatisseveralmetersdeepalongmostofthelimestone131
coast.Wedidnotobserveanyevidenceofupliftatthesiteduetothe2010Leogane132
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earthquakerupture.AtthesiteSiderastreasiderea,Diploriastrigosa,andPorites133
astreoidessurviveonaverage6cm,8cm,2cmaboveELT,respectively.Weutilize134
thesecorrectionsinourcalculationsoftotaluplift(tableS2).135
Seasurfaceheight(SSH)anomaliescomplicateassessmentsofmicroatolluplift136
becausetheyimpartaclimaticsignaltocoralheadgrowththatmustberecognized137
andremoved.Aplotofseasurfaceanomaliesatourstudysitesasmeasuredby138
TOPEX/POSEIDONandJason‐1(figureS4)showsthatanomaliesaretypically±7139
cmaboutmeansealevel10.Alargeexcursionin2009/2010of‐15cmisrecordedon140
mostSiderastreamicroatollsasafreshdie‐downofupto8cmpriorto12January.141
BecausetheHLScreatedduringthisSSHexcursionisnottectonicanddoesnot142
representthepre‐earthquakeelevationofthemicroatolls,weusethehigherand143
older2009HLStocalculatetectonicupliftin2010.Becausetherelationship144
betweenSSHanomaliesandmicroatollgrowthappearstobecomplex(thatis,the145
SSHanomaliesdonotexactlyequalobserveddiedowns),weassignalarge146
uncertaintyof±10cmtotheSSHanomalycontributiontoourupliftcalculations.147
Atfoursitescoralsarenotavailable.Atthreeofthese(KayMirak,KayTiyout,and148
TapiondePetitAnglais;tableS2)wederiveupliftestimatesfrombeach149
geomorphicfeatures.Astormduringthenightof25Februarycausedacoarse150
stormbermtoformalongmostofthesurveyedcoast,andwemeasuredthe151
differencebetweenpre‐andpost‐earthquakestormbermsasaproxyforuplift.We152
faceadifferentchallengeatthepierinPetitGoave,wherepossibletectonic153
subsidencealongthecoastismaskedbysecondaryslidingandslumpingdueto154
groundshaking.Heretheconcretepierappearslevelandundeformed,andthereis155
nosignificantsecondarydeformationalongatransectextending1kminland.The156
15cmofsubsidencewereportatthePetitGoavepierisbasedoneyewitness157
accountsandthedepthofstandingwateradjacenttothepierinalocationthatwas158
notpreviouslyfloodedbutwasinundateddailyafter12January.Becausetheseare159
onlycrudeindicatorsofuplift,weapplyanarbitraryuncertaintyof±30%tothese160
measurements.161
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Geologicobservationsofcoseismicdeformation162
Therelativelysimpleverticaldeformationpatternindicatesabulgeofuplift163
centeredbeneaththeLeoganefandeltaandtheoceanfloortothewest(figure2164
andfigureS2).Upliftishighest(0.64±0.11m)atBelocanddecreasestothenorth165
andsouth.Attheeasternmostsurveyedsite(PassionBeachnearGressier)upliftis166
only0.07±0.07m,indicatingthatrelativelylittlefaultslipextendedbeneathand167
eastwardofthispoint.Alongtheeast‐westtrendingcoastbetweenBellevueand168
PetitGoaveupliftisgenerallylessthan0.40m.Upliftdecreasesto0.05±0.05mat169
theLaHatteseawallinPetitGoave,andthenreversesinsigntosubsidenceatthe170
PetitGoavepier.Thehingelinebetweenthesetwopointsappearstomarkthe171
westernextentofthemainrupturezone(figureS2).Asmallamountofupliftis172
observedatPortRoyalisland(0.09±0.09m),wherethereefwasunaffectedatthe173
timeofourvisit.Apparentsubsidenceof‐0.21±0.11madjacenttoPortRoyalPoint174
appearstoreflectdisplacementacrossthePortRoyalfracture,anambiguous175
featurethatmayrepresentcoseismicnormaldisplacement,motionduringan176
aftershock,ortriggeredslip.177
ComparisonofthegeologicandInSAR‐derivedmeasurementsoftectonicuplift178
alongthewesternmarginoftheLeoganefandeltaareshowninfigure2.As179
discussedinthemainmanuscript,theresultsareingeneralagreement.180
181
4.AlternativeKinematicSourceInversions182
Herewepresenttwoalternativerupturemodels,contrastingourfavouredsolution183
(figure3)with:(i)amodelevokingslipona55°south‐dippingplaneratherthanon184
anorth‐dippingblindthrust(figureS5);and(iii),amodelexploringtheeffectsof185
initiatingsliponthenorth‐dippingLeoganefaultratherthanontheEPGF‐like186
structure(figuresS67).187
Inthefirstscenario(figureS5),thealternatemodelexplainssomebutnotallofthe188
featuresofthedata,withslightlypoorerresidualsthanourpreferredsolution(an189
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increaseinmisfitof15%).However,themodeldoesnotfitthebroadsubsidence190
troughintheInSARdatasouthoftheEPGF,anddoesnotfittheleft‐lateralmotion191
identifiedbyseismology,northepatchofeastwardmotiontothenortheastofthe192
earthquakehypocenter(seemaintextfordiscussionofthesefeatures).Thismodel,193
infact,suggestsalmostentirelypurethrustmotionontheLeoganefault(figure194
S5c),apartfromasmallleft‐lateralcomponentofslipclosetothesurfaceinthebay,195
inviolationofbothseismologicalobservationsandcampaignGPSvectorsinthe196
epicentralregion11.Thepresenceofpurethrustmotionshereisanindicationthat197
themodelprefersright‐lateralmotionsonthisplane,whichourinversion198
constraints(seeMethodssection,mainmanuscript)donotallow.Thismodelalso199
includessignificantmomentreleaselaterthanobservedinseismicinversions200
(figureS1),asaresultoflargeamountsofslipoffshoreandtothewestofthe201
Leoganedelta,whereInSARandgeologicalobservationshavelittleconstraint.202
Significantslipoccursheretosatisfymatchingthemomentreleaseofthe203
earthquakeintheinversion,andbecauseInSARandgeologicalupliftdataconstrain204
welltheloweramountsofsliponthe(nowshallow)faultinthedeltaregionfurther205
east.206
WemotivateoursecondalternatemodelbyperformingCoulombstresstransfer207
calculations12,whichshowfavourablestresstransferconditionsforrupture208
initiatingontheLeoganefaultandsubsequentlytriggeringslipontheEPGF‐like209
structure(figureS6c),butunfavourableconditionsforthereversescenario210
(figuresS6ab).Therupturemodelforthisinversion(figureS7)reproduceour211
observationswell,marginallylessthanourfavouredsolution(anincreaseinmisfit212
of3%),butcannotexplainthefirstmotionsobservedfortheevent(figureS12),213
whichindicatedilatationalmotionstothenorthandnorthwestoftheepicenterina214
regionofthefocalspherewherethismodelrequirescompressionalmotion.Because215
ofthismajormisfit,wepreferasolutioninwhichtheearthquakenucleatesonthe216
EPGF‐likestructure,dynamicallytriggeringslipapproximately10kmtothenorth217
ontheLeoganefaultafterasmalltimedelay(figure3),thoughwenotethe218
ambiguityinthesesolutionsduetothecompactandcomplexnatureofthisrupture.219
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9.Mann,P.,Taylor,F.W.,Edwards,R.L.&Ku,T‐L.Activelyevolvingmicroplate244
formationbyobliquecollisionandsidewaysmotionalongstrike‐slipfaults:An245
examplefromthenortheasternCaribbeanplatemargin.Tectonophys.246,1‐69246
(1995).247
10.Leuliette,E.W,R.S.Nerem,andG.T.Mitchum.CalibrationofTOPEX/Poseidon248
andJasonaltimeterdatatoconstructacontinuousrecordofmeansealevelchange.249
MarineGeodesy,27(1‐2),79‐94(2004).250
11.Calais,E.,etal.Transpressionalruptureofanunmappedfaultduringthe2010251
Haitiearthquake.NatureGeosci.,doi:10.1038/ngeo992(inpress).252
12.Lin,J.andR.S.Stein.Stresstriggeringinthrustandsubductionearthquakes,and253
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256
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FigureCaptions256
FigureS1:2010LeoganeEarthquakeTeleseismicRuptureModel.(a)Preferred257
single‐planesourceinversionusingteleseismicbody‐wavedata.Faultmodeled258
usinganadjustedplanefromthegCMTmomenttensorsolution,withstrike,φ=264°259
anddip,∂=70°,unilateralruptureonaplaneburiedtoadepthof1km,andtapered260
slipintheshallowestsubfaults.Colorrepresentssubfaultslipmagnitude;black261
arrowsrepresentslipdirection.Contoursrepresentthepositionoftherupturefront262
withtime,plottedat5sintervals.Therateofmomentreleasewithtimeisshownin263
(b).Waveformfitsareshownin(c),bothforP‐andSH‐wavedisplacement(top)264
andvelocity(bottom)records.Relativeweightsarerepresentedbythicknessofdata265
(black)andsynthetics(red).Dashedrecordshavezeroweight.Numbersatthe266
beginningofeachrecordrepresentdistance(bottom)andazimuth(top)tostation,267
whilenumbersattheendofeachrecordrepresentthepeakamplitudeofthedata.268
269
FigureS2.Qualitativeobservationsofcoastaluplift.Zonesofuplift,subsidence,270
secondary(shaking‐related)subsidence,ornoapparentchangearedenoted.Site271
numbersarefromTableS3.Atransitionfromuplifttostabilityandapparent272
tectonicsubsidenceoccursatPetitGoave.Theobservationsarenotexhaustivebut273
areintendedtocomplementthequantitativemeasurementsofupliftpresentedin274
Figure2andTableS2.275
276
FigureS3.Multipledissolutionnotchesonlimestonerockfallblockadjacentto277
theTapionRidge.Indicatedbyarrows;theuppernotchmayrepresentsealevel278
priortoupliftduringprevious2010‐typeevents.279
280
FigureS4.Seasurfaceheight(SSH)anomalies.Anomaliesfrom1993‐2010inthe281
studyarea10,derivedfromTOPEX/POSEIDONandJason‐1altimetrydata.282
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283
FigureS5.Alternativekinematicrupturemodel1.Fromthejointinversionofall284
data,usinga45°southdippingfaultplaneinplaceofthenorth‐dipping(Leogane)285
faultmostdominantintheearthquakeruptureofourpreferredsolution.Panel(a)286
showsthemodeledslipdistribution,contouredin50cmincrements.Thickcoloured287
lines(red,blue,purple)representthetopofeachfault(A,B,C,respectively).288
Numberedbluesquaresrepresentmajorpopulationcenters:1=PortauPrince,2=289
Leogane,3=PortRoyal.Panel(b)showstherupturemodelinplanview;arrows290
representtheslipdirectiononeachsubfault,scaledbyslipamplitude.The6s291
rupturecontour(dashedlines)islabelledforreference.(c)Showsthemoment292
tensorsolution(top)andmomentratefunction(bottom)forthissolution.293
294
FigureS6.Coulombstresstransferbetweenprimaryfaults.Modelsofstatic295
stresstransfertoinvestigatethemostlikelyruptureorderforfaultA,thesteep296
lateralEPGF‐typestructure,andfaultB,theblindthruststructure(Leoganefault).297
(a)and(b)showtheCoulombstresschangeimposedby1.0mofleft‐lateralslipon298
theeasternhalfoftheEPGF‐typefault,ontothrustfaultsoriented257°/55°/90°299
(theeasternhalfofslipontheLeoganefault).(c)and(d)showtheCoulombstress300
changeimposedby1.0mofleft‐lateralslipontheeasternhalfoftheEPGF‐typefault,301
ontothrustfaultsoriented257°/55°/45°(thewesternhalfofslipontheLeogane302
fault).(e)and(f)showtheCoulombstresschangeimposedby2.0mofreverseslip303
ontheeasternhalfoftheLeoganefault,ontoleft‐lateralstrikeslipfaultsoriented304
83°/70°/0°(theeasternhalfofslipontheEPGF‐typefault).Faultsareoutlinedin305
black;surfacefaultexpressionsareshownbygreenlines.In(e),slipontheLeogane306
faultistaperedtowardsthesurfacefrom2.0‐0.0mfrom5‐0kmalongthedip‐307
directionofthefault.Bluedashedlinesin(b),(d)and(f)showthecalculation308
depthsin(a),(c)and(e).309
310
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FigureS7.Alternativekinematicrupturemodel2.Fromthejointinversionofall311
data,nucleatingruptureonthenorth‐dipping(Leogane)fault.Panel(a)showsthe312
modeledslipdistribution,contouredin50cmincrements.Thickcolouredlines(red,313
blue,purple)representthetopofeachfault(A,B,C,respectively).Numberedblue314
squaresrepresentmajorpopulationcenters:1=PortauPrince,2=Leogane,3=315
PortRoyal.Panel(b)showstherupturemodelinplanview;arrowsrepresentthe316
slipdirectiononeachsubfault,scaledbyslipamplitude.The6srupturecontour317
(dashedlines)islabelledforreference.TheviewoffaultB,theLeoganefault,is318
throughtheplane(i.e.viewedfrombelowthenorthdippingplane).(c)Showsthe319
momenttensorsolution(top)andmomentratefunction(bottom)forthissolution.320
321
FigureS8.Teleseismicwaveformfitsforproposedkinematicrupturemodel.322
Data(black)andsynthetic(red)seismogramsarealignedonthePorSHarrivals.323
Thenumberattheendofeachtraceisthepeakamplitudeofthedata.Thenumber324
abovethebeginningofeachtraceisthesourceazimuthandbelowistheepicentral325
distance.Intheinversionprocess,P‐wavesareweighted2xSH‐waves.326
327
FigureS9.InSARdatafitsforproposedkinematicrupturemodel.Modelfitsare328
shownforeachofthe4unwrappedascendinganddescending(top),andwrapped329
descending(bottom)ALOSPALSARinterferograms.Thefirstandsecondcolumns330
showthedataandmodel.Thethirdcolumndescribestheresidualbetweenthe331
modelanddata.“Ramp”describesthecorrectionappliedtotheInSARimagesto332
accountforuncertaintiesinthesignal,suchasorbitalerrors.333
334
FigureS10.Coastalupliftobservationfitsforproposedrupturemodel.335
Observations(black),comparedtopredictions(red)fromourproposedmodel,336
overlainonsurfaceprojectionofthecoseismicslipdistribution.337
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 13
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
13
338
FigureS11.AssessmentofLeoganeearthquakeWPhaseCMTsolution339
sensitivitytofaultplanedip.(a)Mechanismsconstrainedtoapuredouble‐couple.340
RMSplottedrelativetobest‐fittingnondouble‐couplesolution(star).Blue=relative341
RMSmeasure,red=absolute.In(b),weshowtheCMTsolutionsforourbest‐fitting342
rupturemodel,gCMT,theUSGSW‐Phaseinversion,andtheUSGSfirstmotion343
double‐couplesolution.344
345
FigureS12.FirstmotionfocalmechanismoftheLeoganeearthquake.Bestfitto346
teleseismicP‐wavefirst‐motions,courtesyofGeorgeChoy,USGSNEIC,andtheNEIC347
PreliminaryDeterminationofEpicentersBulletin348
(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/data/pde.php).Bluecirclesrepresent349
dilatational(negative)firstmotions,redtrianglescompressional(positive),and350
whitesquaresnodalobservations.Grayshadingrepresentsthecompressional351
quadrantsofthebestdouble‐couplesolution.Dottedlinerepresentsthebest352
double‐coupleofthegCMTmomenttensorsolution.“P”and“T”representtheP‐353
andT‐axesofeachsolution.354
14 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
(a) (b)
−14
−7
0
7
Dis
tanc
e Al
ong
Dip
(km
)
0 13 25 38 50
Distance Along Strike (km)
30
0 120 240 360 480 600cm
Dep
th (k
m)10
20
Figure S1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Mom
ent r
ate
(dyn
e.cm
/sec
)
0 2010 30Time (s)
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
KBSP 29.011
70
DAGP 31.411
64
LVZP 38.621
79
KONOP 38.132
70
OBNP 35.133
85
SUWP 36.336
78
KIEVP 33.638
83
BFOP 38.744
70
ANTOP 20.347
89
PABP 46.754
61
MACIP 27.568
51
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ASCNP 102.2109
63
RCBRP 54.6120
43
TRQAP 58.3170
57
LVCP 69.5174
41
LCOP 65.6177
47
PTCNP 33.2234
70
XMASP 45.5270
84
SLBSP 89.3285
35
POHAP 38.4286
77
TUCP 75.6299
37
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ANMOP 67.3305
34
CORP 63.3313
49
RSSDP 34.8321
36
COLAP 33.2333
67
TIXIP 23.4353
88
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
SUMGSH 156.011
57
DAGSH 65.311
64
KEVSH 64.520
76
LVZSH 70.221
79
BORGSH 200.623
57
KONOSH 91.332
70
OBNSH 75.733
85
ESKSH 143.036
63
SUWSH 124.636
78
KIEVSH 137.738
83
BFOSH 110.144
70
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ANT OSH 88.347
89
PABSH 121.954
61
MACISH 84.468
51
ASCNSH 143.8109
63
RCBRSH 89.1120
43
LVCSH 120.1174
41
PMSASH 99.7176
83
LCOSH 181.3177
47
PTCNSH 236.0234
70
XMASSH 314.9270
84
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
KIPSH 52.0289
79
TUCSH 98.6299
37
PFOSH 101.9299
41
ANMOSH 170.0305
34
CORSH 177.1313
49
RSSDSH 207.7321
36
COLASH 158.7333
67
FFCSH 169.3335
42
(c)
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
KBSP 14.511
70
DAGP 14.911
64
LVZP 20.221
79
KONOP 14.532
70
OBNP 21.133
85
SUWP 18.036
78
KIEVP 16.938
83
BFOP 16.244
70
ANTOP 11.447
89
PABP 23.254
61
MACIP 22.268
51
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ASCNP 23.3109
63
RCBRP 30.4120
43
TRQAP 21.5170
57
LVCP 24.3174
41
LCOP 26.5177
47
PTCNP 29.9234
70
XMASP 47.5270
84
SLBSP 81.6285
35
POHAP 44.4286
77
TUCP 63.8299
37
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ANMOP 55.4305
34
CORP 69.6313
49
RSSDP 42.4321
36
KDAKP 40.8325
69
COLAP 28.3333
67
TIXIP 14.6353
88
SUMGSH 44.811
57
DAGSH 21.411
64
KEVSH 24.720
76
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
SUMGSH 44.811
57
DAGSH 21.411
64
KEVSH 24.720
76
LVZSH 26.621
79
BORGSH 30.923
57
KONOSH 31.932
70
OBNSH 26.133
85
ESKSH 26.236
63
SUWSH 31.336
78
KIEVSH 39.138
83
BFOSH 22.844
70
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
ANT OSH 19.647
89
PABSH 29.254
61
MACISH 16.668
51
ASCNSH 23.9109
63
RCBRSH 17.9120
43
LVCSH 28.9174
41
PMSASH 37.9176
83
LCOSH 33.0177
47
PTCNSH 46.2234
70
XMASSH 26.6270
84
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50
s
KIPSH 17.6289
79
TUCSH 25.5299
37
PFOSH 29.9299
41
ANMOSH 31.9305
34
CORSH 32.9313
49
RSSDSH 35.7321
36
COLASH 32.8333
67
FFCSH 34.9335
42
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 15
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
9
8
76
54
3 21
63
62
61
60
3231
3 029
28
2726
1413
12
11
10
18.6
6° N
59 5857 56
55
5453
52
5150
49
484746
4544
43
4241
40
3938
3736
353433
32
2524
2322
21
20
19
1817
16
15
05
102.
5km
01
20.
5km
No
clea
r ve
rtic
al c
hang
e (<
±10
cm
)
Qua
litat
ive
obse
rvat
ions
of c
oast
al c
hang
e
see
deta
il
deta
il
Port
Roy
al
Petit
Goa
ve
Upl
ift
Subs
iden
ce
Seco
ndar
y su
bsid
ence
Gre
ssie
r
Leog
ane
Belle
vue
Gra
nd G
oave
Ile d
e la
Gon
ave
Hinge
line
18.5
° N
72.8
3°W
72.6
6°W
72.5
° W
72.9
0°W
72.8
7°W
18.4
3°N
Figure S2
16 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
Figure S3
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 17
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
Figure S4
18 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
-73.0˚ -72.5˚ -72.0˚
18.6˚
18.8˚
18.4˚
18.2˚
Slip (cm)
12
3
Slip (cm)
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
10
−20 0
0
10
200 0-20
0
106s
6s
6s
0 100 200 300 400 500
Dep
th (k
m)
(a)
(b) (c)
1
2
3
4
5
0 4 8 12 16 20
Mom
ent R
ate
(x10
18 N
-m)
Time (s)
Figure S5
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 19
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
A
B
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
X (km)
Y (k
m)
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40−30
−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
Distance(km)
Dow
n−di
p di
stan
ce (k
m)
−5−4−3−2−1012345
Cou
lom
b St
ress
Cha
nge
(bar
s)
Figure S6
A B
A
B
X (km)
Y (k
m)
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40−30
−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
Distance(km)
Dow
n−di
p di
stan
ce (k
m)
−5−4−3−2−1012345
Cou
lom
b St
ress
Cha
nge
(bar
s)A B
A
B
X (km)
Y (k
m)
−50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50−50
−40
−30
−20
−10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40−30
−25
−20
−15
−10
−5
0 A B
Distance(km)
Dow
n−di
p di
stan
ce (k
m)
−5−4−3−2−1012345
Cou
lom
b St
ress
Cha
nge
(bar
s)
20 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
-73.0˚ -72.5˚ -72.0˚
18.6˚
18.4˚
18.2˚
18.8˚
0 100 200 300 400Slip (cm)
12
3
10
20
0-20
10
−40 −20 0
0
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6s
6s
6s
Dep
th (k
m)
Slip (cm)
(a)
(b) (c)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 4 8 12 16 20
Mom
ent R
ate
(x10
18 N
-m)
Time (s)
Figure S7
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 21
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
−10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
ALEP
42.1164
SFJDP
63.01050
KBSP
32.51170
LVZP
36.72179
KONOP
42.43270
OBNP
32.83385
ESKP
50.43663
BFOP
39.74470
MACIP
27.16851
TAMP
32.77172
SACVP
41.68646
MSKUP
17.49286
ASCNP
37.910963
RCBRP
61.712043
TRISP
59.913579
HOPEP
30.915978
TRQAP
37.917057
PMSAP
39.717683
−10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
LCOP
75.517747
NNAP
125.818830
RPNP
54.221957
PTCNP
39.223470
PPTFP
27.924983
XMASP
46.327084
POHAP
43.128677
KIPP
78.928979
PFOP
63.629942
RSSDP
43.532036
KDAKP
39.132569
COLAP
35.633367
TIXIP
23.135388
ALESH
129.2164
KBSSH
80.61170
LVZSH
70.82179
OBNSH
93.53385
ESKSH
269.23663
−10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
BFOSH
163.84470
TAMSH
169.97172
SACVSH
218.18646
TRISSH
147.613579
HOPESH
82.415978
PMSASH
217.117683
LCOSH
433.117747
RPNSH
152.921957
PTCNSH
235.323470
PPTFSH
203.724983
XMASSH
117.527084
POHASH
53.428677
KIPSH
91.628979
PFOSH
366.329942
KDAKSH
293.932569
TIXISH
172.735388
Figure S8
22 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
0 10
20
Dat
a−ra
mp
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
Mod
el
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
Diff
eren
ce
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
18.0
˚
18.5
˚
19.0
˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
18.0
˚
18.5
˚
19.0
˚
010
20
Dat
a−ra
mp
0 4
812
cm
Mod
el
0 4
812
cm
Diff
eren
ce
0 4
812
cm
Figure S9(a
)
(b)
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 23
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
18.0
˚
18.5
˚
19.0
˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
-73.
0˚-7
2.5˚
18.0
˚
18.5
˚
19.0
˚
0 10
20
Dat
a−ra
mp
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
Mod
el
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
Diff
eren
ce
−60 −
30 0
30
60
cm
010
20
Dat
a−ra
mp
0 4
812
cm
Mod
el
0 4
812
cm
Diff
eren
ce
0 4
812
cm
Figure S9(c
)
(d)
24 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
010
20
Data−ramp
−60−30
030
60
cm
Mod
el
−60−30
030
60
cm
Difference
−60−30
030
60
cm
010
20
Data−ramp
0 4
812
cm
Mod
el
0 4
812
cm
Difference
0 4
812
cm
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
18.0˚
18.5˚
19.0˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
18.0˚
18.5˚
19.0˚
Figure S9(e
)
(f)
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 25
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
010
20
Data−ramp
−60−30
030
60
cm
Mod
el
−60−30
030
60
cm
Difference
−60−30
030
60
cm
010
20
Data−ramp
0 4
812
cm
Mod
el
0 4
812
cm
Difference
0 4
812
cm
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
18.0˚
18.5˚
19.0˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
-73.0˚
-72.5˚
18.0˚
18.5˚
19.0˚
Figure S9(g
)
(h)
26 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977-73.0˚
-72.5˚
18.6˚
18.4˚
Figure S10
Slip
(cm
)0
100
200
300
400
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 27
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
95
100
105
110
115
120
12545.0 60.0 75.0 90.0 75.0 60.0 45.0
45.0 60.0 75.0 90.0 75.0 60.0 45.0
North DipSouth Dip
North DipSouth Dip
Solution Fault Plane Dip[Strike = 251, Rake = 28 (gCMT)]
RM
S R
elat
ive
to B
est-F
ittin
g So
lutio
n(a)
(b)
Figure S11
New Kinematic Solution Global CMT Solution
W-Phase SolutionFirst Motion Solution
28 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
gCMT
gCMT
First Motions
CompressionalDilatationalNodal
N
E
P
P
T
T
Azimuth PlungeP-axis 37.9 5.2T-axis 131.6 35.0B-axis 300.6 54.5
P1 Strike, Dip, Rake: 270, 70, 30P2 Strike, Dip, Rake: 169, 62, 157
Azimuth PlungeP-axis 19.7 4.0T-axis 112.4 33.6B-axis 283.8 56.1
P1 Strike, Dip, Rake: 251, 70, 28P2 Strike, Dip, Rake: 151, 64, 158
Figure S12
nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 29
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi: 10.1038/ngeo977
gCMT
gCMT
First Motions
CompressionalDilatationalNodal
N
E
P
P
T
T
Azimuth PlungeP-axis 37.9 5.2T-axis 131.6 35.0B-axis 300.6 54.5
P1 Strike, Dip, Rake: 270, 70, 30P2 Strike, Dip, Rake: 169, 62, 157
Azimuth PlungeP-axis 19.7 4.0T-axis 112.4 33.6B-axis 283.8 56.1
P1 Strike, Dip, Rake: 251, 70, 28P2 Strike, Dip, Rake: 151, 64, 158
Figure S12
Table
S2.
C
oasta
l uplif
t valu
es d
ete
rmin
ed fro
m c
ora
l m
icro
ato
ll and b
each g
eom
orp
hic
measure
ments
Sit
eL
at.
Lo
n.
Date
(U
TC
)T
ime (
UT
C)
Tid
al
sta
ge
(m)1
Co
rr. to
ELT
(m)2
Ap
p.
up
lift
(m)3
Su
rviv
al
co
rrecti
on
(m)4
UP
LIF
T
(m)5
Err
or
(+/-
)6
Mille
po
ra
die
do
wn
7H
LS
to
HL
S8
Co
mm
en
ts
Belo
c18.4
79070°
-72.6
68659°
02.2
5.2
010
16:0
8:0
00.1
30.3
10.7
0.0
60.6
40.1
1n/r
0.4
5 (
Sid
.)A
bundant
Sid
. sid
ere
a m
icro
ato
lls
Cassagne (
Baussin
) 1
8.4
94491°
-72.6
63347°
02.2
5.2
010
18:3
0:0
00.1
80.3
60.5
9n/a
0.5
90.1
8n/o
n/a
Sid
. sid
ere
a w
/o c
lear
HLS
; m
in. uplif
t
Leogane
18.5
25851°
-72.6
51021°
02.2
5.2
010
20:0
2:0
00.2
60.4
40.4
50.0
60.3
90.1
1n/o
0.1
8 (
Sid
.)O
nly
surv
ivin
g p
re-E
Q S
id. sid
ere
a m
icro
ato
ll in
pla
ce a
t Leogane
Kay M
irak
18.5
39581°
-72.6
37173°
02.2
5.2
010
21:0
0:0
00.2
90.4
70.4
n/a
0.4
00.1
2n/a
n/a
Beach g
eom
orp
h
Kay T
iyout
18.5
51034°
-72.6
26712°
02.2
5.2
010
21:3
0:0
00.2
90.4
70.3
n/a
0.3
00.0
9n/a
n/a
Beach g
eom
orp
h
Tapio
n d
e P
etit A
ngla
is 1
8.4
31660°
-72.7
94754°
02.2
6.2
010
14:5
5:0
00.2
20.4
0.3
5n/a
0.3
50.1
1n/a
n/a
Beach g
eom
orp
h
Port
Royal is
land
18.4
38644°
-72.8
94166°
02.2
6.2
010
19:3
6:0
00.1
90.3
70.1
50.0
60.0
90.0
9n/o
n/a
No s
ign o
f re
ef die
-dow
n; sta
ble
or
only
slig
htly u
p
Boyer
Isla
nd
18.4
32698°
-72.7
51661°
02.2
7.2
010
14:3
9:0
00.2
10.3
90.2
50.0
20.2
30.1
10.1
2n/a
No S
id.; fro
m P
orite
s H
LS
One H
ors
e T
err
ace
18.4
31487°
-72.7
85005°
02.2
7.2
010
17:3
0:0
00.0
80.2
60.4
30.0
60.3
70.1
10.1
70.1
4 (
Sid
.)F
rom
Sid
. ra
dia
ns H
LS
; valu
e fro
m D
iplo
ria
is 4
cm
hig
her
La H
atte
18.4
43492°
-72.8
43347°
02.2
7.2
010
19:1
8:0
00.1
0.2
80.5
0.0
60.4
40.1
10.1
40.2
2 (
Sid
.)S
id. sid
ere
a m
icro
ato
lls
L'a
cul
18.4
45996°
-72.6
89605°
02.2
7.2
010
21:0
3:0
00.2
40.4
20.6
20.0
60.5
60.1
10.1
0.2
1 (
Sid
.)S
id. sid
ere
a m
icro
ato
lls
Fauche
18.4
33165°
-72.7
13084°
02.2
8.2
010
15:2
4:0
00.2
80.4
60.3
60.0
80.2
80.1
10.1
50.1
5 (
Dip
.)D
iplo
ria
mic
roato
lls
Belle
vue
18.4
37596°
-72.6
99797°
02.2
8.2
010
16:4
7:0
00.1
40.3
20.4
20.0
80.3
40.1
10.1
90.1
5 (
Dip
.)D
iplo
ria
mic
roato
lls
Gra
nd G
oave s
eaw
all
18.4
33123°
-72.7
73273°
02.2
8.2
010
18:3
1:0
00.0
30.2
10.3
0.0
80.2
20.1
10.1
6n/a
Dip
loria
mic
roato
lls
La H
atte s
eaw
all
18.4
41517°
-72.8
58818°
03.0
2.2
010
15:1
6:0
00.3
60.5
40.1
10.0
60.0
50.0
5n/o
n/o
Reef healthy; no d
ie-d
ow
n
Port
Royal poin
t 1
8.4
44990°
-72.8
93583°
03.0
2.2
010
20:4
7:0
0-0
.03
0.1
5-0
.15
0.0
6-0
.21
0.1
1n/o
n/o
Reef healthy; no d
ie-d
ow
n. A
ppare
nt subsid
ence m
ay b
e d
ue to n
orm
al
dis
pla
cem
ent acro
ss P
ort
Royal fr
actu
re featu
re.
Petit G
oave p
ier
18.4
30988°
-72.8
70051°
03.0
2.2
010
15:4
5:0
00.3
20.5
-0.1
5n/a
-0.1
50.1
5n/a
n/a
Estim
ate
fro
m u
ndefo
rmed p
ier,
sta
ndin
g w
ate
r, a
nd e
yew
itness
accounts
Passio
n B
each
18.5
45808°
-72.5
36580°
03.0
3.2
010
17:0
0:0
00.2
40.4
20.0
7n/a
0.0
70.0
70.0
7.0
3 (
P. ast.
)S
id. sid
ere
a s
how
s z
ero
uplif
t, b
ut avera
ge 7
cm
die
-dow
n o
f M
illepora
,
som
e s
tressed s
ea g
rass.
Ile d
e la G
onave
18.6
99632°
-72.8
13333°
03.0
4.2
010
15:3
8:0
00.3
10.4
90
00.0
00.1
1n/o
n/a
This
refe
rence s
ite is u
sed to e
valu
ate
HLS
wrt
ELT
and thus u
plif
t is
defined a
s z
ero
1 T
idal sta
ge a
t tim
e o
f m
easure
ment is
arb
itra
ry. T
ide m
odel is
derived fro
m p
redic
tion a
t P
ort
-au-P
rince a
dju
ste
d to fit Ile
de la G
onave tem
pora
ry d
eplo
ym
ent (R
oger
Bilh
am
, pers
onal com
munic
ation)
2 A
bsolu
te c
orr
ection to r
each E
xtr
em
e L
ow
Tid
e (
ELT
) as p
redic
ted fro
m inte
rval 2000 -
2010 (
-0.1
8 m
in this
arb
itra
ry d
atu
m).
3 A
ppare
nt uplif
t is
with r
espect to
wate
r le
vel at tim
e o
f observ
ation a
nd n
ot corr
ecte
d for
futu
re d
ie-d
ow
n4 S
urv
ival corr
ection for
expecte
d c
ora
l surv
ival above E
LT
as c
alib
rate
d b
y Ile
de la G
onave o
bserv
ations (
2 c
m for
Porite
s, 6 c
m for
Sid
era
str
ea
, 8 c
m for
Dip
loria
)5 U
plif
t is
vert
ical dis
pla
cem
ent w
ith r
espect to
pre
-eart
hquake e
levation
6 F
or
cora
l m
easure
ments
, err
or
is c
alc
ula
ted a
s r
oot of th
e s
um
of th
e s
quare
s o
f in
str
um
ent err
or
(1 c
m),
tid
e m
odel err
or
(5 c
m),
and s
ea level anom
aly
uncert
ain
ty (
10 c
m).
For
non-c
ora
l m
easure
ments
, uncert
ain
ty is a
ssum
ed to b
e 3
0%
of m
easure
d v
alu
e.
7D
iedow
n o
f M
illepora
com
pla
nata
cora
ls is a
min
imum
measure
of uplif
t. n/r
= n
ot re
cord
ed, n/o
= n
ot observ
ed
8D
iffe
rences in p
re-
and p
ost-
EQ
HLS
(H
ighest Level of S
urv
ival) a
re a
min
imum
estim
ate
of uplif
t; furt
her
die
-dow
ns a
re p
redic
ted.
Sid
. =
Sid
ere
a s
idera
str
ea, D
ip. =
Dip
loria s
trig
osa, P. ast. =
Porite
s a
ste
roid
es
30 nature geoscience | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo977
Table S3. Qualitative indicators of vertical motion
Site Lat Long Date Description
Qualitative assessment of
vertical motion
1 18.4307019 -72.71918605 24-FEB-10 3:16:06PM Reef shallow, beach widened up
2 18.4317162 -72.71681271 24-FEB-10 3:18:31PM Reef shallow, beach widened up
3 18.4333789 -72.71688446 24-FEB-10 3:24:34PM Millepora exposed up
4 18.434604 -72.71355266 24-FEB-10 3:29:36PM Reef exposed, beach widened up
5 18.4355972 -72.71106675 24-FEB-10 3:32:56PM Coral exposed and dying up
6 18.437789 -72.6981727 24-FEB-10 3:43:04PM Secondary failure of delta front 2nd down
7 18.4374697 -72.69686094 24-FEB-10 3:53:08PM Reef exposed at Beloc site up
8 18.4945245 -72.66335771 25-FEB-10 12:44:29PM Small exposed patch reef at Cassagne (Baussin) site up
9 18.5258676 -72.65101385 25-FEB-10 2:06:28PM Exposed reef at Leogane microatoll site up
10 18.5395808 -72.63717332 25-FEB-10 3:01:22PM Widened beach face at Kay Mirak site up
11 18.5510345 -72.62671195 25-FEB-10 3:35:36PM Widened beach face at Kay Tiyout site up
12 18.4316604 -72.79475385 26-FEB-10 9:14:50AM Widened beach face, exposed boulders at Tapion de Petit Anglais site up
13 18.4394314 -72.80415365 26-FEB-10 9:25:49AM Double notch in boulder - sequential uplift up
14 18.4437524 -72.83337054 26-FEB-10 9:39:52AM Clear coastal emergence from here to west up
15 18.4389291 -72.8624394 26-FEB-10 9:56:03AM Stranded stairs indicate uplift up
16 18.4300102 -72.87143754 26-FEB-10 10:09:07AM Pier stable or down; then down to west down
17 18.4252956 -72.88012362 26-FEB-10 10:16:38AM Minor subsidence, not clearly secondary down
18 18.4256964 -72.8866553 26-FEB-10 10:19:14AM Severe slumping delta front 2nd down
19 18.4282844 -72.89536167 26-FEB-10 10:23:01AM Still subs from prev. point; veg drowned; storm berm breached down
20 18.4345478 -72.89798269 26-FEB-10 10:25:47AM Still subs from prev. point; veg drowned; storm berm breached down
21 18.4387266 -72.89876162 26-FEB-10 10:28:14AM Drowned vegetation (clearly secondary on imagery) 2nd down
22 18.4460768 -72.89418644 26-FEB-10 11:34:06AM Healthy reef, no obvious uplift 0
23 18.4459045 -72.89414755 26-FEB-10 11:51:25AM Notch in reef suggests no sig. uplift 0
24 18.4381306 -72.89951683 26-FEB-10 12:43:02PM Drowned veg (clearly secondary on imagery) 2nd down
25 18.4390874 -72.89594161 26-FEB-10 3:17:10PM No clear change at Port Royal Island site 0
26 18.4329545 -72.75116058 27-FEB-10 9:04:10AM Exposed reef at Boyer Island site up
27 18.4314869 -72.78500469 27-FEB-10 10:18:28AM Exposed reef at One Horse Terrace site up
28 18.4434922 -72.84334701 27-FEB-10 1:22:21PM Exposed reef at La Hatte site up
29 18.4331645 -72.71308394 28-FEB-10 9:40:12AM Exposed reef at Fauche site up
30 18.4375957 -72.69979653 28-FEB-10 11:21:14AM Exposed reef at Bellevue site up
31 18.4331229 -72.77327296 28-FEB-10 1:18:10PM Exposed reef at Grand Goave seawall site up
32 18.4413898 -72.85838641 02-MAR-10 9:44:13AM Reef not stressed at La Hatte seawall site; beach slightly widened up
33 18.4397028 -72.86119904 02-MAR-10 10:31:54AM Stairs stranded up
34 18.4387702 -72.86210806 02-MAR-10 10:32:43AM Stairs stranded
35 18.4376805 -72.86371579 02-MAR-10 10:33:54AM Apparently stable 0
36 18.4364551 -72.86592007 02-MAR-10 10:35:28AM Canal seems stable 0
37 18.4348208 -72.86734449 02-MAR-10 10:37:44AM Berm forming on landward terrace down
38 18.4343465 -72.86846808 02-MAR-10 10:38:54AM Canal mouth flooded down
39 18.4343554 -72.86797833 02-MAR-10 10:41:22AM Accelerated cliff retreat down
40 18.4286098 -72.86775076 02-MAR-10 11:02:54AM To here from pier no prom. secondary deformation 0
41 18.4282031 -72.86874468 02-MAR-10 11:07:51AM Canal wall is stable, not displaced 0
42 18.4298827 -72.87107351 02-MAR-10 11:30:25AM Begin drowned trees to W 2nd down
43 18.429464 -72.87146646 02-MAR-10 11:31:08AM Drowned palms 2nd down
44 18.4264393 -72.87405152 02-MAR-10 11:36:30AM Base of structure inund. at 11:35 am local time 2nd down
45 18.4257852 -72.87450565 02-MAR-10 11:38:22AM Building flooded 20 cm at 11:38 am local time 2nd down
46 18.4253564 -72.87548164 02-MAR-10 11:56:58AM Canal deformed by shaking, back-rotated 2nd down
47 18.4246776 -72.87793091 02-MAR-10 12:00:09PM No obvious secondary deformation but drowned vegetation down
48 18.4247059 -72.87896289 02-MAR-10 12:01:32PM Canal flooded, only minor secondary def 2nd down
49 18.4249045 -72.88020082 02-MAR-10 12:03:12PM Palms appear in normal position wrt tide 0
50 18.4252482 -72.88198038 02-MAR-10 12:05:39PM Normal looking palms 0
51 18.4255881 -72.88687818 02-MAR-10 12:12:23PM To here from previous, normal or <20-30 cm subs 0
52 18.4271556 -72.89423229 02-MAR-10 12:17:52PM Coast appears normal 0
53 18.4296255 -72.8962214 02-MAR-10 12:20:08PM Coast appears normal 0
54 18.4318622 -72.89769779 02-MAR-10 12:22:06PM Beach face appears slightly widened up
55 18.4351176 -72.89909539 02-MAR-10 12:36:15PM Oficier: Locals say up 20 cm up
56 18.4406925 -72.89229641 02-MAR-10 1:06:07PM Mangroves not distressed - no apparent change 0
57 18.4430648 -72.89244728 02-MAR-10 1:18:16PM Stable or slightly up - no clear change 0
58 18.4431674 -72.89338698 02-MAR-10 1:32:52PM Slightly up? Dead Thalassia 0
59 18.4484779 -72.89493126 02-MAR-10 4:23:37PM Coast normal 0
60 18.5447588 -72.53769471 03-MAR-10 10:53:38AM Stressed reef at Passion Beach up
61 18.5635406 -72.59934529 03-MAR-10 12:54:38PM Coast up, secondary deformation imprint up
62 18.6934526 -72.82142314 04-MAR-10 9:30:36AM Gonave - stable with deep notch 0
63 18.4460811 -72.68968293 04-MAR-10 3:10:37PM Exposed reef at L'acul site up