Course: New Headway(summary) Teacher : M.Harraqi

Level: 1std year of engineering school ( Enim) Academic Year: 2013-2014 -Modified Version-- Language : Gerund or Infinitive

I) Verbs followed by Gerunds

Spend / waste (time) - finish like enjoy- detest- dislike- avoid- risk- deny- postpone- imagine- mind- consider-miss1)- Adjectives+ prepositions always take the gerund.

For e.g: - Im fond of singing

- Theyre keen on learning Spanish.

- Shes fed up with working eight hours a day.

2)- Most phrasal verbs also take the gerund.

For e.g: - He kept on talking even if nobody was interested.

- She apologized for being late.

3)- Other expression which take the gerund are: Cant risk- cant stand- cant bear- cant help- cant resist- feel like- look forward to its no

use- its no good- get used to- be used to- .. For e.g: - She tried to be serious but she couldnt help laughing.

- Its no use advising him. He wont listen!! II) Verbs followed by infinitive=1) Infinitive WithTo

Would like want - promise encourage - warn- remind- decide- agree- refuse offer- help- manage- tend- hope- deserve- attempt.... 2) Infinitive Without To

Let- help- lets - should may- might- can- could- will- must- should- shall- had better

For e.g: - Can you help me move this table?

Let me do it myself. III) Verbs followed with both( Gerund or Infinitive with to)continue- begin start- intend love- hate like- prefer- remember- bother ..

Examples:

1- She prefers to get a job or prefers getting a job.Will and Going to

-Use Be Going To to talk about future plans and intentions: Professor Fox is going to attend a conference next week.

-Use Will when you decide something at the moment of speaking:

A: Professor Fox is speaking at noon.

B: Oh! I think Ill go to his talk.

Have to and Must-Use Have To to express obligation thats being imposed on you by an external factor: Its raining. I have to get my umbrella before going out.-Use Must to express obligation that you impose on yourself: I want to be well ranked. I must study hard this semester.The Past Perfect vs. The Past Perfect Continuous

Form: P. Participle: had + past participle of the verb

P. Participle Continuous: had + past participle + vingI) 1)Form: Had+past participle.2)Use :the past perfect to contrast the timing of two events: earlier and later past.

Adverbs: already ,by the time+ simple past ,ever, never, before, after, when, as soon as, once, till, until.

Decide which is the action that happened first and which one happened second. Put the 1st action in past perfect and 2nd in simple past .

1-The man died at 10h00. Then the ambulance arrived at 10h30.

When the ambulance arrived ,the man had already died.

2- I closed the door. I went to sleep.

I had closed the door before I went to sleep/ I went to sleep after I had closed the door.

3- I (eat) the sandwich which I (prepare)

II) Form : Had been+verb+ing.

We use it with these adverbs : for, since, the whole day, all day

A- to insist on the duration or process of an action of the 1st action:

When Safaa came to Meknes, she had been living in Casa for 9 years.

B- to explain a past effect or result. Why?

Mariam achieved her dreams because she had been working hard.

Yesterday he (be)..tired (why?) as he (work?).in the garden all day.

Future Perfect Simple: The future perfect refers to a completed action

ModalsFunctional meaning of modals:

must: certainty, obligation, ( 100% necessary to do something.)

mustnt: prohibition ( 100% necessary not to do something.)

may: possibility probability ( its about 50% possible )

might: possibility ( less than 50% possible )

neednt: ( lack of necessity )

should: advice ( its a good idea )

shouldnt: ( its a bad idea )

cant : impossibility

1She must be sick.

Here, I am 95% sure that she is (not 100%)2She may be sick.Here, I am 50% sure that she is

3She might be sick.

Here, I am less than 50% sure that she is

4She could be sick.

Here, I am stating a mere guess. This is a very weak degree of certaintyThe NegativeForming such sentences in the negative can be confusing. Read these sentences

Maria is not hungry.

I am 100% sure that she is not hungry.I don't know why Maria is not eating with us. She may not (or might not) be hungry.I am 50% or less certain that she is not hungry.

May not/ might not Maria cannot be hungry. She has just had dinner.

Here, I believe that there is no possibility that Maria is hungry, but I am not 100% sure.Maria is not eating. She must not be hungry.

Here, I am expressing a logical conclusion, a best guess.

Modal verb + have + past participle

Examples

Maria didnt attend the meeting. She must have been sick

Maria doesnt attend the meeting. She must be sick

Could in the past

Could is used to express ability in the past. Here it is

For example: My friend could lift the desk, but I could not.

--- This means that my friend was able to lift the desk, but I was unable to.

I could play football when I was a kid.

The Passive Voice:

TenseActivePassiveRules

Present simpleAli writes a letterA letter is written by Alisubject+is/are+p.p

Present cont.Ali is writing a letterA letter is being writtensubject..+is/are+being+p.p

Past SimpleAli wrote a letterA letter was written by Alisubject..+was/were+p.p

Past continuousAli was writing a letterA letter was being writtensubject..+was/were+being+p.p

Present perfectAli has written a letterA letter has been writtensubject..+has/have+been+p.p

Past perfectAli had written a letterA letter had been writtensubject. +had+been+p.p

Future simpleAli will write a letterA letter will be writtensubject..+will+be+p.p

Be going to+verbAli is going to write a letter.A letter is going to be writtensubject..+is/are+lettergoing to be+p.p

Future perfect

Ali will have written aletter.A letter will have been writtensubject. +will have been+p.p

The Passive with modals

Subject + Modal + Be. + Past Participle

Ali should write a letter. A letter should be written subject .+modal+ be +p.pAll literary booksshouldreturnedto the library before 1st July

The articlemustbeword-processednow

Ahmedcan

may

mightcalleda genius

Examples:

You must switch off the computer after use.

The computer must be switched off after use.

You must keep medicines out of the reach of children.

Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children.

You must sign the visa application.

The visa application must be signed.

You can fill it out in Arabic, too.

It can be filled in Arabic, too.

You may send it by post or e-mail it.

It may be sent by post or e-mailed.

We could inform you about your visa application either by e-mail or phone.

You could be informed about your visa either by e-mail or by phone.

We speak Arabic in Morocco.

Arabic is spoken in Morocco.

Reported speech1- Affirmative and negative forms

Definition: Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When We use reported speech, We are usually talking about the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).

a-)The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

Present simple

Im a teacher Past simple

He said ( that ) he was a teacher

Present continuous

Im having lunch with my parents Past continuous

He said ( that) he was having lunch with his parents

Present perfect simple

I have been to France three times. Past perfect simple

He said ( that) he had been to France three times.

Present perfect continuous

I have been working very hard. Past perfect continuous

He said (that) he had been working very hard.

Past simple

I bought a new car. Past perfect

He said (that) he had bought a new car

Past continuous

It was raining earlier. Past perfect continuous

He said (that) it had been raining earlier

Future arrangement

Im going to clean my room.

She is going to clean my room.

They are going to clean my room (Be) Should be in the past

He said (that) he was going to clean his room.

He said (that) she was going to clean his room.

He said (that) they were going to clean his room.

b) Modals :Will

I will come and see you soon. Would

He said (that) he would come and see me soon.

Can

I can travel alone. Could

He said (that) he could travel alone.

Must/ Have to Has to

All tickets must be bought in advance. Had to

He said (that) all tickets had to be bought in advance

Shall

We shall talk about a new subject Should

He said (that) we should talk about a new subject.

May

I may be asked to write an essay Might

He said (that) he might be asked to write an essay.

Change in Time and place references:

- Now - then

- Today - That day

- Here - There

- This - That

- This (week / morning / month..) - That (week/ morning/month)

- Yesterday - The previous day

- Ago - Previously

- Last (week / morning / month) - The previous ( week/ morning / month)

- Tonight - That night

- Tomorrow - The following day

- Next (week / morning / month) - The following (week/ morning/ month)

Phrasal Verbs

1-bump up:(of prices/temperatures) to increase or raise- to go up.

2-finish up: to finish something up: to use/drink/eat what remains of something.

3-cheer up: be happy /be cheerful.

4-come down:(of prices/temperatures): to become less/lower-to decrease.

5-tone down:of volume/sound/voice): to make the volume less /to minimize.

6-liven up: to liven up a place or a person: to make a place/person more lively /active.

7-get (a person) down: to make a person feel depressed/unhappy/annoyed.

8-calm down: of a person: to become very calm-especially after being angry.

9-put (something) down: to stop /to suppress it. Stop down your doubts.

10-look up: to become better/to improve-the situation will look up soon.

11-fade away: of a voice-to become less and less-to disappear gradually/to become weaker.

12-turn out: to empty something.

13-ease off: to become less strong/less intense or less severe.

14-look ahead: to think of what will happen in the future/to look to the future events/plans

15-look forward to: to expect s.thing with pleasure/to be eager for s.thing that one expects to happen.

16-date back to: to exist since.-this song by Fouith dates back to the early 1950s.

17-leave something behind: to leave something to others especially after ones death.

18-look back: to think about something of the past.

19-come along: to appear.

20-fall behind with s.b/s.thing:to fail to keep level with something/somebody. to be behind others

21-sail through: to pass an examination or a test without difficulty.

22-keep on: go ahead/continue/dont stop.

23-join in: to take part/participate with others in an activity or task.

24-work around: to approach a topic or subject.

25-put aside: ignore/forget/disregard something.

26-laugh off a person: to show that one doesnt care about somebody or something/regards it as unimportant.

27-get together: to meet together.

28-rally together: to come together especially for a certain purpose/to support somebody or something.

29-pair up: to work in pairs to do a certain activity or work.

30-put an idea across: to say an idea to a person clearly and successfully.

31-get through to a person: to contact/communicate with them.

32-come over: to arrive /to appear.

33-pass between people: to happen.

Indeed, the courses in which you are going to be examined in are

Reading comprehension and vocabulary.

Tenses

Future forms ( will and be going to)

Active and passive voice

Reported speech

Modals ( must and have to)

Phrasal verbs

Verb patterns ( to do, doing, do)

.Good luck.PAGE 7