sugar, microbes and health · genetics of over or under-eating . ... h2 = 30-60% . what is the...
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Tim Spector @timspector
Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology
Kings College London
www.twinsuk.ac.uk
Sugar, Microbes and Health
Heritability of environmental Traits
Physical activity
Alcohol intake
Smoking persistence
Junk food preferences
Garlic and spicy food eating
Vegetarianism
Sweet vs savoury
Blood lead levels
Voting conservative/Le Pen
Voting BREXIT
Personality
Religious belief
Sense of humour
H2 = 30-60%
What is the microbiome?
• 100 trillion bacteria and archaea • 500 trillion viruses (phages) • Plus fungi and protists
)
Amercian/British gut (2016) Xu Z, Knight R.Br J Nutr. 2015 Jan;113 Suppl:S1-5
Plant diversity = Microbial diversity
• Obesity • Diabetes • IBS • allergy • Colitis • RA • Parkinson's • Depression • Autism
Diversity matters
Fat and sugar
Fibre
Diversity
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pre-binge Post-binge
%
Ba
cte
ria
l
Div
ers
ity
40% Decrease in diversity
1,200 Types of Bacteria lost
ASBs
Frankenfeld CL Ann epidemiol 2015 Oct;25(10):736-742.e4. (humans)
Bian X Plos One 2017 june (mice)
Suez J .Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):181-6.mice and humans
Payne AN Obes Review 2012 – Xylitol
Chassaing B,Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):92-6. emulsifiers
Artificial Sweeteners, emulsifiers and preservatives- Friend or Foe? Stevia ? Sugar alcohols?
High Polyphenol Foods
• Numerous observational studies show that regular intake of high PP foods associated with good health outcomes
• Some contain natural sugars
• Few Human RCTs • Polyphenols act as
energy source for microbes
Polyphenols
Akkermansia
High Fat
Diet Reduced Weight Gain
Li S-H et al meta-analysis of grape polyphenols and BP Plos one 2015 Roopchand et al. 2015. Diabetes 64(8): 2827 – 2858, Anhê et al. Gut 2015;64:6 872-883
Koenig JE Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4578-85.
Ley RE. Nature. 2015 Feb 26;518(7540):S7
Goodrich J et al; Cell 2014
Beaumont M Genome Biology 2016
TwinsUK Study- 3000 twins followed for 20 years
• Lean individuals have more anti-fat bacteria (Christensenella)
• Christensenella is able to reduce weight gain in mice transplanted with an obese microbiota.
• Our new data also shows Akkermansia protects against obesity
Goodrich JK et al. Cell. 2014 Nov 6;159(4):789-99
Beaumont M. Et al;Genome Med 2016.
Christensenella • Anti-fat bacteria
• Reduced weight gain
after transplantation
into mice
Akkermansia
Microbial Metabolites: Novel Markers e.g Yogurt Intake and visceral fat
Using Mass spec platform of ~1000 metabolites the MMS
database can show what other methods have failed to show
in humans
Faecal metabolites
Treat Foods as chemicals
Test all new foods and additives against gut microbes
We have Unique Soil
Regular Natural Fertilizer
(Fibre Prebiotics)
Regular Seeds (Probiotics)
Vary and Experiment with Natural Nutrients
Avoid Heavily Processed foods, antibiotics &
pesticides
Stop demonising food groups and Encourage Diversity!