ARYA TRIADI517739

ARCHITECTUREDESIGNSTUDIO

AIRJOURNAL

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PART A. CASE FOR INNOVATION

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 03

DIGITAL EXPERIENCE

ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE

COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

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05

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PARAMETRIC MODELING

ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION

CONCLUSION

LEARNING OUTCOME

DESIGN FOCUS

CASE STUDIES

PROROTYPE 1

PROTOTYPE 2

TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL

LEARNING OUTCOME

CASE STUDIES

PART B. DESIGN APPROACH

PART C. PROJECT PROPOSAL

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INTRODUCTION

Hello! My name is Arya Triadi and I am 19 years old. I originally come from Indonesia and moved to Melbourne in 2009 to undertake my degree at Melbourne University. I am doing Bachelor of Environments and currently in my third year, majoring in Architecture.

I have always enjoyed drawing, especially blind drawing, whenever I have spare time. Ever since i was a kid, flora and fauna always intrigue me. Nature has always been a huge inspiration for my drawings, mainly because they are so original; no animals or vegetation that is the same, they are different in their own unique way.

Using digitial softwares is not my strong point but as I get to learn more about architecture world, I realise the importance of technologies in relation to visualising and commmunicating design concepts, especially in this modern era we live in. I am eager to learn what this subject has to offer!

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Experience in Digital Software

My first involvement in digital software was in my first year at Melbourne University under the subject Virtual Environments. Choosing a natural process, making a model out of clay, then digitise it by using Rhinoceros to form curves and surfaces that will be unfolded into strips so that it can be fabricated, were the tasks that the students had to do. The design I made represents the shape of mushroom cloud. The intention was to represent the shape through the shadow that the model casts.

Being exposed to the use of digital software as a way to communicate design concepts (not a generative tool) was the starting point to my understanding in digital architecture and its importance in the realm of architecture.

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PART ACASE FOR

INNOVATION

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A1. ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE

“Works of architecture frame our lives; we inhabit them; they define our movement through cities; they moralise and discipline, or attempt to” Richard Williams

The word Architecture is not an alien term amongst people, yet it is rather hard to define. I used to think that architecture is about constructing awe-inspiring, beautiful buildings; a form of art, without realising the functionality and the ‘story ‘ beyond those magnificent structures. Now that I have delved deeper understanding of what architecture really is, I became aware that it is not merely a form of art; there are aspects of architecture that need to take into account to fully understand the very reason of the existence of architecture itself.

Architecture ?

So what is architecture?

This query cannot realistically be answered. The purpose of the question is to provoke discussion about the subject and consequently redefine the subject and drive it to new directions. Architecture is inevitable as we encounter it in our daily basis; as Richard Williams (2005) states that “Works of architecture frame our lives, we inhabit them, … defines our movement through cities...”. It is important to see architecture as a holistic product of social, political and cultural values mediated by built environment, rather than just perceiving it merely as expressionless forms of art (Williams, 2005). This means that a building is not as simple as an enclosed space for human beings to live in, to move through, but is a product of a genius mind, personifying the building’s aesthetic value that satisfies clients’ needs; architects work within these parameters.

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Overall, perceiving architecture as a mere form of art can be seen as a misleading approach in understanding them. When one thinks about architecture, the relationship between the built environment and the surrounding is essential to consider and must question oneself; What is the purpose of the building? Why do the façade and its structure look like the way the architects designed them to be? Who is involved in this building? Who is the audience? et cetera. Williams specifically stated in his essay on Architecture and Visual Culture (2005) that interpreting architecture can be approached in two other ways besides perceiving it as artwork; understanding of it as a sign or symbol and spatial experience that architecture offers. It then becomes possible to think about architecture as something in which all aspects can participate.

Now that technologies have gathered its momentum, architecture has developed rapidly along with it. Creation of fluid-like buildings has started to appear across the world. Taking Zaha Hadid’s proposal for Beko complex as an example, the purpose of the building is to revive the spirit of modernity that Belgrade once possessed. By looking at Zaha’s work, it is clear and evident that architecture has evolved into an immortal and fluid state, continuously revitalizing and revising according to the brief given by clients; both societal and cultural value surrounding it. The meaning of a building is dependant on its relation with other things around it at the time and on what the beholder brought to it. What this implies in terms of architecture is an approach that is quite distinct from that of architecture as art. There is another meaning of building; Beko Building is a best exemplar to this perspective.

In other words, works of architecture always depend on the drivers and this what makes architecture everlasting and ever changing. It is an eternally adapting and reinventing system of communication; otherwise described by Patrik Schumacher as autopoiesis (Schumacher, 2011). Moreover, a piece of architecture influences the interactions amongst its users, it gathers participants, distinguishes and separates spaces and acts as a framework for communications (Schumacher, 2011). Building has its own symbolic value and this expanded the perspective of architectural discourse.

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“Our minds are amazingly complex

machines and our aim is to unravel some

of their mysteries in a truely memorable

fashion”

PRECEDENTS - ZAHA HADID

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BEKO MASTERPLANThe Awakening of Belgrade’s Spirit of Modernism

The BEKO complex masterplan focuses on urban regeneration of a currently inaccessible site in the capital of Serbia, Belgrade. The proposed development is a cluster of building that will accommodate a five star hotel, shopping centre, galleries and underground parking facilities for visitors and residents (Jodidio P., 2012).

What really fascinates me is the form of the building itself; asymmetrical lines, curved ground plans and oblique planes, which are the typical characteristic feature of Hadid’s architectural style. Strong connection between nature, users of the building and the region’s strong Modernist tradition are clearly delivered in the positioning and fluid form of the building itself. Public, private, indoor and outdoor spaces are fused together by flow lines, as each space is meant to seamlessly connect to one another and this immediately reflects the “complexity of twenty-first century living patterns”(Jodidio P., 2012). The flow lines give the complex a very avant-garde touch and architecturally are recognisable parametric style of the famous Zaha Hadid. As the building embeds itself into the landscape, the connection between users and the nature is enhanced by the public green spaces encapsulated within the building complex.

Figure 1.

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BEKO MASTERPLANThe Awakening of Belgrade’s Spirit of Modernism

Modern architecture is born of a common desire for change, to alter not only the land, but also living conditions for the users (Taschen L. 2010). However, progression towards modernism in Belgrade was intermittent and disrupted by a series of events in the thirties, fifties and seventies (ZHA website, 2013). Knowing the site’s history, Hadid combines her signature style of parametricism and the Modernism style that Belgrade once had, resulting in the magnificent Beko complex. This exquisite architectural form will refresh the potentials of this part of the city and will continue being appreciated as it fills and revives the Serbian capital spirit of modernism that it once possessed

The challenge is how Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) can communicate the design intention to the world, how to make people read this as a shift towards parametricism style yet in tune with the tradition of Belgrade. The Beko masterplan moves away from traditional modernist notions of urban zoning and functionalist separation, enhancing the relationships between the components of each program and creating a living fusion between public and private urbanism. Zaha stated that the design intention is to make the building complex flow from one section to another into a series of “ever-changing topographical adjacencies producing a rich variety of uses and activities” (Schumacher P., 2008).

Meanwhile, architecture finds itself at the mid-point of an ongoing cycle of innovative adaptation – retooling the discipline and adapting the architectural and urban environment to the socio-economic in the modern era. The key issue is that avant-garde architecture should address the discourse by organizing and articulating the increased complexity of the evolving society through innovative building style. The task is to develop an architectural and urban repertoire that is geared up to create complex, polycentric urban and architectural fields that are densely layered and continuously differentiated. Zaha’s design confronts this idea of change in society. By using this fluid-form, the building will announce and communicate itself to the world that a shift towards new styles in architectural realm has arrived. It acts as a reminder to the people the evolving style of building from modernism to new style that Schumacher refers it as parametricism.

Figure 2.

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Beko building is closely related to Schumacher’s dogma of parametricism. The forms of the building is very soft, curving and moving around altogether; there is no hard changes in the structure. The forms of the building will engage communication and interaction between its users, as the zone between outside and inside are blurred. The building itself is designed in this avant-garde way not because it has to fulfill the aesthetic value, but because the nature of the parametric style it inherits. It is a shift from the rigid, repetetive and definitive structure that the preceeding architecture possessed (Schumacher P., 2011). Through Zaha’s work, it can be sad that she has set architecture free, and it will never be the same again, it is the style of Parametricism, the style ot the 21st century.

Figure 3.

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PRECEDENTS - RENZO PIANO“Architecture is not just about

making making buildings,

it is a way to tell stories and

express feelings”

Figure 4.

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TJIBAOU CULTURAL CENTREA Blend of Tradition and Modernity

Renzo Piano designed Tjibaou Cultural Centre to immortalise the assassinated leading figure in the campaign for recognition of the Kanak culture. The building also complements the tradition and climate of the region (Taschen L., 2010). Built on the island of New Caledonia in 1991, Piano nestled the buildings in the vegetation and took inspiration from a traditional Kanak village.

Harmonious relationship between contemporary architecture and the surrounding nature is achieved through the utilisation of traditional materials; wood and stone and modern materials; aluminium and steel (Taschen L., 2010). The cultural centre consists of 10 units, as Piano refers it as cases and they rise from the bush in a series of tall curved wooden structures. Arranged into three clusters with one tall hut in each cluster, they represent the indigenous forms of the Kanak’s “Great Houses”.

Piano fashioned a series of open sided towers whose crisply cut finger components emulate the halfway stage in the centuries-old Kanak technique of raising their conical palm sapling hut roofs. Instead of binding the ends together to form a peak, Piano left them pointing to the sky, symbolising the continuation of growth of the culture (Cattermole P., 2007).

Figure 5.

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"...to create a symbol ...a cultural centre devoted to Kanak civilization, the place that would represent them to foreigners that would pass on their memory to their

grand children". Richard Williams

Aside from representing the strong cultural sense, Piano also laminated the building with African teak or iroko ribs and stainless steel to ventilate the adjoining low-lying structures, prevailing breeze passing over their slanting roofs creating currents that draw fresh air through the interior. Conveying not only the aesthetic value of the building, functionality of the structures is also emphasised. The ribs are not merely a decorational element but it is there for the purpose of ventilation in response to the region’s climate (Taschen L., 2010). As the cultural centre is engulfed in the original vegetation that surrounds it, meandering trails exist to connect these “modern huts”. These pathways are reminiscent of the ceremonial alley of the traditional Kanak village. Understanding Kanak’s culture and utilising the conditions of the region, Piano managed to create something powerful out of it. The culture of Kanak will continue being expressed for as long as the building exists. This completes Piano’s main argument on how architecture is not just making beautiful building, but to convey stories behind it.

Figure 6.

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TJIBAOU CULTURAL CENTRERenzo Piano and architectural discourse

The issues raised from the architectural discourse lead to the questions of whether technologies will remove the existence of traditional culture, whether or not architecture will reach the state of equilibrium between traditions and technologies, whether or not the built environment will create harmonious relationship with social environment. Piano seems to be able to tackle these issues in his architectural work. Holding on to his principle of creating building as a medium to convey stories to its audience has successfully made him a master in producing powerful buildings. It is not merely a form of art; it is something that people can and will continue to celebrate.

Furthermore, Piano did not disregard the functionality of the building; it functions as cultural centre of New Caledonia with an objective to ensure that the Kanak culture would not lose touch with its historical roots. Looking from both cultural and economical perspectives, this building has successfully created such powerful relationship between social, cultural, economical and built environment.

Figure 7.

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Computer aided design programs play significant role in the process of designing Tjibaou Cultural Centre. Through these CAD programs, Piano was able to visualise how the buildings will sit and interact respectively to its surrounding enviornment. Furthermore, CAD had helped the architects involved in the construction of the Cultural Centre to fully understand and test out the outcome of his design by creating scaled prototype fabricated from digital drawings (Cattermole P., 2007). Using computers to calculate the angle of the roofs, required strength of the joints, to predict the direction of the sunlight and the flow and current of the wind, has resulted in a very precise, strong building without forgetting about its aesthetic and functional value. Despite the fact that technologies have played major role in the design process, Piano manages to approach the issues regarding the balance of technological and traditional value by emphasising the traditional, vernacular architecture through the use of building materials and the shape of the building.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

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Figure 10.

Figure 11.

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A2. COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

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The use of technologies has been widely used in architectural world especially in this modern era we live in. With the development of numerous Computer Aided Design and other software packages, the variety of design processes available to architects is greater than ever. Computer software has enabled architects to conceive and construct designs that would be very difficult to develop using traditional methods.

Digital architecture can be defined as the application of digital media into any phase of design concept and development in architecture. There are numbers of benefits of using computer programs in architectural design process.

What is digital architecture?

Accuracy & Time efficiency

The translation of computer-generated data is not a one-way street; the initial benefit of computer design principally related to its suitability for repetitive work, as it facilitated the use of ‘copy’, ‘cut’, ‘paste’, ‘undo’ and ‘redo’ commands. This enables architects to very quickly add, reposition parts of a drawing, compared to the traditional technique, which requires one to erase the drawings manually with eraser. This results in rapid construction and transformation of designs through simple stages. Computers allow design development and refinement a lot easier due to its automating ability to produce accurate drawings. This means that digital programs offer greater flexibility in terms of modifying and experimenting with designs that can be achieved more easily in a time-efficient manner.

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Visualisation,Communication & Liberation of forms

Another important feature of digital software is its ability to develop complex curvilinear geometries that is relatively difficult to do using traditional design. Computer manipulation can help designers to fully visualize the unimaginable complex situations in designing process. Since technologies and architecture became inseparable, shapes and forms are now more liberated and avant-garde. This is the result of experimentations with surfaces that still continues in the present time, as architects explore the nature of facades as “fluid skins” (works of Zaha Hadid is the best exemplar regarding “fluidity” of building skins, as described previously on the precedents section). This extensive use of curvilinear geometry have led to further innovation and investigation which then leads to the emergence of more and more complex geometries. The aid of the computer will then assist architects or any other users to communicate to clients.

Ability to “Blobify” - Birth of “BLOBitecture”

Before digital technologies, curved surfaces and forms were the products of approximations using tangents to “circular arcs and straight line segments” (Dunn N., Digital Fabrication in Architecture, 2012). In freeing the designer from the constraints of Cartesian space, digital modeling programs typically use the topological geometry of continuous curves and surfaces, also known as “rubber sheet” geometry- NURBS, Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (Kolarevic B., Architecture in Digital Age, 2003). The curves and surfaces produced by NURBS provide a high degree of control by the users through the use of control points thus it is easy to imagine how the resultant formation or deformation is affected if one modifies certain points. These organic, curvy, BLOBBY forms became feasible as technologies developed.

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The needs of suitable mechanisms, by which architects may control design appearance and performance, became apparent with the vast possibilities of forms that technologies offer. This is where the role of computer software comes to the fore, as it affords the designer a level of command over creative ideas. This might include how the building may sit and reacts to its surrounding environments, to test whether the lighting and shadow that the building casts will actually work based on design intentions, etc. Being able to predict the design outcome is one of the most significant points regarding computational architecture.

Ability to predict design outcome & consequences

Vast possibillities... When do we finish?

Despite the fact that technologies have gathered its momentum and aided architecture, not everyone is enamored by computational design or the promises that it offers. There are numbers of disadvantages that are worth to consider;

With the ability of technologies that allows architects/ designers to further investigate, manipulate and revise design, sometime it is hard to know whether the design is finished. It is very possible that a designer or architect keeps manipulating the model until one reaches the ‘satisfaction’ point. It is also possible that one moves too far from the design intention and come up with something entirely different to the initial concept (Dunn N., 2012).

Time efficient or time consuming?

Parametric-design process is initially very time-consuming, particularly for the inexperienced. Getting to know how the program works require a lot of time. Perhaps, an even greater challenge is the shift in mindset it requires, as Robert Woodbury (2010) explains ‘Parametric design depends on defining relationships and the willingness or ability of the designer to consider the relationship definition phase as an integral part of broader design process..’. This process of relationship creation requires a formal notation and introduces additional concepts that have not previously been considered as part of the “design thinking” itself.

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Understanding of computational architecture

These benefits in using computational design are evident in the two projects discussed earlier. In the case of Piano’s Cultural Centre, the architects gain benefits of computer programs to produce scaled prototype generated from digital media. This ensures architects in terms of precision of the building and to test the strength of the building; safety. It also enables the architects to see and calculate the threshold of the joints in terms of strength. Zaha’s Beko complex shows the exploration of new form; blobby form. It is the resultant of the advancement of these technologies that made architects able to explore new possibilities of forms that emerges with technologies.

Figure 12.

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One must be mindful that design concepts itself come from designers’ or architects’ creative mind, it is not a product of generative tools. Computers are to generate forms and outcomes and follow the instructions given, they are not able to solve the design problems. Human’s ability to solve architectural problems, combined with computer’s ability to generate accurate results will create a powerful design system.

Figure 13. Figure 14.

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A3. PARAMETRIC MODELING

While these words are one way to describe what parametric design is, Schumacher defines the term as a design method where the output is generated by a set of mathematical rules, algorithm. Wilson, Robert and Frank (1999) define algorithm as a list of operations applied mechanically and systematically to virtual machines; computers.

Parametric design enables the designer to define relationships between elements or groups of elements, and to assign values or expressions to organise and control those definitions. In this generative approach, the practitioners direct time and effort in making the system that will subsequently reiterate designs. This is the reason why most architects nowadays utilize parametric modeling; this is also what Mark Burry means by the term “ Designing the design” (Burry M., 2003, Between Intuition and Process, in Kolarevic B., 2003).

Parametric design focuses on the direct interactions of the users with design elements - adding, subtracting, copying, etc. Architects may at any time alter the values or equations that form the relationship between elements and the effects of these changes will be incorporated into the system, which reflects them visually (Dunn N., 2012). This means that the relationships are subsequently edited as the architect observes the effects of revisions, as the connected system of elements evolves and the desired results are chosen based on relevant ‘performative’ and aesthetic criteria.

Generative /Computational

/ Digital /

Computer Aided/ Input/

Output/ Variables

What is Parametric Design?

Figure 15.

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Figure 16.

Parametric design is another tool that enables architects to visualise and construct innovative building designs with high precision. As avant-garde architectural styles begin to emerge, more intricate forms are introduced to architectural world. Thanks to the ability of digital software to analyse and reconstruct design criteria, it makes what once seemed impossible, possible

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PARAMETRIC DESIGN, THINKING AND SCRIPTING CULTURE

Considering algorithms and their use as medium through which we may generate and develop architectural design ideas, we need to understand that this requires an elemental shift in the way we use computers. Architects have shifted to now utilize a ‘scripting’ language to enable practitioners to directly access the computational ability of the computer (Woodbury R., 2010). Indeed, algorithms communicate the creative intentions of the designer to the computer by acting as a mediator between the two. Scripting can also be the antidote to standardization forced by an ambition to lower production cost, rather than any more sophisticated motivation; the previously elusive opportunities for the multiple versioning and bespoke production can now be considered more seriously through the use of scripting. The main reason the parametric modeling and scripting remains paramount is its speed and precision, its ability to create, evaluate, and then choose the most suitable solutions as a result of a series of calculations (Woodbury R., 2010). Parametric modeling also aims to address the limitation of the conventional design tools where altering one element of the design requires further adjustments of other parts. Here parametric offers the independent changing method by manipulating only the desired part without affecting others (Woodbury R., 2010). In order to consider scripting as architectural discourse, considering the potential shortcomings of scripting is crucial. Architects and other practitioners must be aware that there are also weaknesses in parametric modeling. As discussed in the previous chapter, time efficiency will be applied only to those who have mastered these tools; otherwise it will require a large amount of time at the getting-to-know-stage. Furthermore, Woodbury (2010) stated that concerns about designs that it might become unoriginal and repetitive, which is considered as a ‘taboo’ in Schumacher’s principles of parametricism. This is due to the nature of scripting; it is learnt through the practice of sharing codes via web or open network source. Other practitioners might use other’s designs and further manipulate them to create their own design and take full credit out of it (Woodbury R., 2010). Given that the practitioners are the ones who give inputs and commands to generate models, drivers of the design, it is hard to share parametric modeling in a collaborative working environment without the presence of the ‘driver’. Despite its negative points, I personally believe that parametric modeling has gained position in the ever-changing architectural realm, as it is a powerful tool of communication medium between the built and societal environments. In having deeper understanding of the utilization of parametric modeling, two precedents will be discussed in the next chapter.

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ICD/ ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION

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The Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) built the Research Pavilion in Stuttgart University, Germany, in 2011. The pavilion is a product of computer-generated programs that explores the architectural transfer of biological principles of the sea urchin’s plate skeleton (University of Stuttgart website, 2011). A particular innovation consists in the possibility of effectively extending the recognized bionic principles and related performance to a range of different geometries through computational processes, which is demonstrated by the fact that the complex morphology of the pavilion could be built exclusively with 6.5-millimeter thin sheets of plywood. The research pavilion celebrates the opportunity that parametric modeling has explored and applied as this is a best-suited example in using algorithmic exploration in architectural realm. The threshold of the stresses and strength of the very thin plywood is input as the parameters on digital media so that it has control over the size of each ‘cell’ of the pavilion. It is also through this digitalization process, that the fabrication is made possible with high accuracy. This process would not be able to be done in traditional way, as it will result in inaccuracy and high cost of production.

Figure 18. Figure 19.

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Figure 20.

Figure 21. Figure 22.

The parametric modeling make use of repitition patterning for the facade which really intrigues me. All the cells that make up the structures are carefully calculated. They are not randomly put together, otherwise the structure will not be able to stand. These process of calculating the size of the cells are done in ‘algorithmically’. Such advantage of using parametric modeling is clearly delivered throughout the process of the pavillion.

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SERPENTINE PAVILIONBY TOYO ITO

Toyo Ito, collaborated with Cecil Balmond, constructed the Serpentine Pavilion in London, 2002. This is another project by renowned architect that has applied parametric modeling / algorithmic architecture. Similar to ICD/ITKE’s Research Pavilion in Stuttgart. This pavilion uses the irregular shapes that encapsulate the building’s roofs and walls. These irregular shapes, however, is thought carefully using digital program to create the pattern. A list of simple operations applied mechanically and systematically using computers to a set of object configurations; the initial shape of the building is square, and this basic shape is repeated and rotated several times to form the what seemed to be an irregular pattern. This gives a sense of control over the decision making of which form is void and which form is solid. The inner and outer zoning is somewhat blurred by the patterned walls.

Figure 23.

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Figure 26.

Figure 24.

Toyo Ito explained in an interview in 2006 that the algorithm plays major role in creating something new and more dynamic situation than some random lines. And in order to get rid of arbitrary decisions, it is necessary to set up the rules and get the result automatically. This is some advantage of parametric modeling as an architect can modify and see the outcome result instantly; direct interaction between practitioner and computer. It is clear that mathematical function makes explicit the governing rules between cause and effect. It is this characteristic that made the abstract concept of a function into one of the essential rationales of modern mathematics offers a better understanding of such process of transfer of formal mathematical concepts into architectural discourse.The acquisition of digital methods into the design process has opened up a path along which mathematical methods of investigation from fields like topology,differential geometry,or complexity theory can diffuse into architecture.s

Figure 25.

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ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION

Although it is a very simple command that I used in Grasshopper, I see the correlation between the Voronoi 3D command and the Serpentine Pavilion by Toyo Ito. It gives me clues of how achitects use digital software to help them visualise their design idea better.

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CONCLUSION

In order for one to fully understand what the term architecture is, one has to go beyond its surface. One must aware that architecture is not merely a form of art. Architecture exists because they engage and gather its social environment to tell stories, to explain why the building looks a certain way. This what makes architecture can be interpreted as immortal; they continuously engage relationship between built and social environments, architecture adapts and changes according to societal demands. As we are progressively moving towards a more and more modern era, more intricate and avant-garde forms begin to emerge. The emergence of these somewhat “new” architectural typologies is because of the help of computational programs. Despite the fact that many others see the advancement of technologies as negative values, it is important to consider that this last 25 -40 years of new architectural style is still in its transition state. Who knows what will happen in the next 50 years? What the architectural styles are… It is very possible that digital technologies will stand out and become common aiding tool used in architectural realm as it already has.

I personally believe that parametric modeling/ scripting will continue being used by architects or students as it is a great aid in visualizing, representing, communicating design intents to clients or any societal environments, so that humans will not perceive architecture as mere form of art, rather, they will see and understand architecture as a deep, meaningful object that communicates architects’ idea. Hence, this will ultimately expand architectural discourse regardless of the time or era we live in. As such novice designers will often find using algorithms and scripting languages time-consuming and difficult to begin with, perseverance will reap the benefits of this approach. Furthermore, i think it is the most suitable method in responding to the case of Wyndham City Project.

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LEARNING OUTCOME

It is through this subject that I have broadened my knowledge in architecture. It has changed my perspective about architectural realm. I begin to perceive architecture not only from its aesthetic value, but also as a holistic value; that is considering the social, economics, and political point of view.

It has also broadened my knowledge in terms of digital architecture and how it affects the development of architecture in this modern era. I started questioning myself whether digital architecture is an appropriate approach in architecture. Personally, I believe that parametric design plays major role in the swift development of architecture. By analyzing precedents that I have chosen and doing the readings provided, I believe that parametric design or any other computational design has helped many architects in communicating their design ideas to the world, given that there are also limitations to computer-related programs.

In the case of Wyndham City Project, I think digital design is the most suitable way as it offers a wide range of possibilities, and it is a very good medium to communicate design ideas in the future.

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PART BDESIGN

APPROACH

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Area of interest

Repetition of similar or even identical elements have always peaked my interest. I believe by combining these identical shapes together can produce a whole new element that is bolder and stronger in performance - something that stands out. Such case is evident even in nature. What makes peacock feather beautiful lays in its circular pattern that repeats itself. Combination of hexagonal shapes in beehive that seem to go infinitely creates something interesting. Stacks of plastic cups with different heights create an undulating surface – something intriguing that is read as a holistic form. This is not the case if the stated elements are to be placed alone.

B1. DESIGN FOCUS

Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29.

Figure 32.Figure 31.Figure 30.

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What has this to do in architecture ?

With digital architecture ?

In architecture realm, the use of repetition of elements where size does not matter, when the same part repeats and there are underlying patterns that bear witness to the deeper connections between things can be said as tessellation technique (Burry, 2010). Tessellations are used extensively in architecture, both two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Tessellations are easy to use in architecture, especially in two-dimensional, because even the simplest repeating pattern can look astonishing when it covers a large area.

Tessellation technique is a difficult principle to master, but digital architecture has taken its momentum, making this possible and feasible to construct logically by designers/architects. I personally believe that even if architecture is less concerned with generalizability than with mathematics, tessellation is closely related to satisfying the industrial thirst for regular components. It is the expressive potential of sheer possibilities and imperfection, and of breaking rules often exploited in built work what makes tessellation as an interesting field to develop and work on. Using the help of technology, algorithmic exploration is the main key; determining or mapping the distribution of shapes, experimenting and warping of shapes to create unexpected yet structured outcomes and predicting the appropriate construction methods in mathematical manner are the challenges to work on as architects/designers.

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Tessellation - Why?

After having discussion with my group member, we both decided to approach the Wyndham City gateway Project by using tessellation technique as we are both interested in what tessellation technique has to offer. We believe that this technique is most appropriate because:

1. We believe that tessellation by its nature is unpredictable due to the never-ending repetition of elements, offering visual and aesthetic sustenance.

2. Given the nature of tessellation; how iteration of similar or even identical shapes that encapsulate a form or surface, we believe that this will emphasise and further define the surface so that it stands out.

3. Tessellation, with the aid of digital technologies, challenges the exploration of spatial, tactile and material possibilities. These can be seen from chosen works by renown architects/designers that will be discussed in the next section.

B1. DESIGN FOCUS - GROUP ARGUMENTS

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DIGITAL APPROACH

SKYLAR TIBBITS - VoltaDom

When analyzing the VoltaDom precedent, the first thing that came to mind is how the complex repetitive elements can be assembled. Of course, this piece of art is constructed through the aid of computation. It is evident in how the cut dome shapes are placed as if they are interlocking yet connected on all sides. This tells us how carefully thought and experimented each element is prior to fabricating (ie. Determining the gaps between elements, positions and allocating these elements altogether in algorithmic manner so that it is logical to construct physically). Elements are fitted together, iterative shapes are manipulated and experimented; these are the assistance offered by parametric modeling that acts as controller through the use of variable/ parameters.

PRECE

Figure 33.Figure 34.

Figure 35.

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FORM FINDINGDENTS

PETER EISENMAN -

In this work, Eisenman plays around with placement and arrangement of concrete stelae to create and define a space where the audience can experience feelings of wonderment and somewhat guilt; a place for contemplation and self reflection. He intends to create a space where it tells histories hence it is more than just a piece of art/architecture. Aside from the monument’s purpose, I am also interested in how Eisenman’s work can be translated as a ‘transformation of form’, a change from rigid to dynamic. How? The arrangement of concrete stelae creates a forest of columns that form undulating surface, a wave-like pattern when seen at a certain perspective. It can be seen from this architectural piece that repetition of the same element results in a strong holistic form, which is closely related to the idea of tessellation.

Berlin Memorial Holocaust

Figure 36.

Figure 38.Figure 37

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DIGITAL APPROACH

PEKA TYNKKYNEN & LEAD -

According to a number of sources (Dragon Skin project and Archdaily websites), a computer programmed 3D master model generated the cutting files for those pieces in a file-to-factory process: algorithmic procedures were scripted to give every rectangular component their “precisely calculated slots for the sliding joints”, all in gradually shifting positions and angles to give the final assembled pavilion its curved form. This is a best exemplar of the utilization of technologies in terms of precision and time efficiency as discussed in the previous section of this journal. The project also emphasizes on the production of an overall shape resulting from a repetitive framework of the rectangular panels.

Dragon Skin Pavilion

PRECE

Figure 39. Figure 40 Figure 41.

Figure 42.

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FORM FINDING

KISHO KUROKAWA- Capsule TowerBuilt in 1972, the Capsule Tower was the first capsule architecture design. The module was created with the intention of housing traveling businessmen that worked in central Tokyo during the week. There is this idea of changeability and recyclability; It is not something that ‘adapts’ to the demands and usage of the users, rather than it being a fixed, permanent building, as each module can be plugged in to the central core and replaced or exchanged when necessary. A total of 140 capsules are stacked and rotated at varying angles around a central core, standing 14-stories high. The technology developed by Kurokawa allowed each unit to be installed to the concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts, which keeps the units replaceable (Cattermole, 2007).

DENTS

Figure 43.

Figure 45.Figure 44.

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B1. DESIGN FOCUS - PICKING UP THE ESSENCE

So what have I learnt / picked up from the masters?

From Berlin Memorial Holocaust

We are interested in applying the creation of undulating surface resulting from a combination of repetition of identical shapes that vary in height. Also, we would like to have a design that symbolises the idea of development, idea of change that are represented throught the applied ‘pattern’. We are interested in achieving how our future design can produce such feelings, something that tries to unfold story or in this case, expressing the idea of change and development of Wyndham city, how Wyndham can be recognised by people.

From Kurokawa’s Capsule Tower

What I have picked up from Kurokawa’s Capsule Tower is in terms of the design’s constructability of the future art installation project. If components of the design are to be stacked or placed together/ conjoined together, using high tensile bolts might be the appropriate way of constructing the art installation. What I have also picked up is, again, the idea of how combination of repeating elements can create such elegant structure when placed and thought carefully.

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From Tibbit’s VoltaDom

The VoltaDom project gives us idea of how to construct complicated elements. This also gives us idea on how to treat digital modeling tools as a controller to determine the threshold of materials. The cut conical shapes also inspires us on how lighting might be filtered/ funelled through the structure.

From Tynkkynen’s Dragon Skin Pavilion

The Dragon Skin Pavilion is an architectural art installation that challenges and explores the spatial, tactile, and material possibilities architecture is offered today by revolutions in digital fabrication and manufacturing technology. The emerging patterns and “rhythms” of the pavilion challenge the perception of structure versus structurally defined ornament. From here, the idea of having iteration of element as a structure that is self-supporting interests our group. We would like to apply the tessellated pattern as structure instead of using it merely as decorative elements or ornamentation.

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B2. CASE STUDY 1.0

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After looking at stated precedents and learning from the masters, picking up the key features and essence that interest our group, we decided to explore VoltaDom.

This exploration focuses on applying pattern onto a surface, trying to find out how these applied patterns can later be used for and how it could create effects such as shadow it produces, undulating surface as a resultant of combination of iterative patterns.

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+

= ?or or From the given definition of the VoltaDom project, our group grasp the important portion of the project; that is to experiment and explore on what shapes are possible to be applied on a surface so that it creates something different. I think that this project emphasises on how individual element if placed alone will be read differently by people than if iteration of the same element is placed together. From this point, we tried to use pyramid, box and cut cone as the elements to be applied on a surface.

Image above shows the base surface that we created by using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper and is ready to be experimented on.

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First experiment was using box as our basic geometry. This is done by setting a box on an XY plane and orient the geometry to the surface in Grasshopper. This experiment produces an interesting outcome, undulating surface filled with boxes fitted together. The problem is that some boxes are placed at an angle so that it is hard for other adjoining boxes to be attached on. Hence, there will be problems in constructing the physical model. What our group could have done to this experiment is to play around with diffferent height of the boxes, which will make it more interesting.

Another problem is that some of the geometries are intersecting with each other. This closed ‘ceiling’ of the surface will block natural light and will make a dark space underneath. Artificial light might tackle this problem, but it is better to have natural light penetrating through as it will also cast shadow.

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The second experiment was using pyramidal geometry that was applied on the same curved surface. Number slider was manipulated in Grasshopper to reduce the number of geometries applied. This is done in response to the previous problem that our group faced; too many geometries applied resulting in a very densed pattern that intersects with one another. Having a model this way will still filter natural light but not blocking it totally.

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This experiment uses the given basic geometry in the VoltaDom definition; sliced cone. We increased the number of geometries and flipped the originally facing-outward cones inwards to produce smoother skin for the surface. We believe this way is more logical in terms of constuction method as the base of each geometry is connected to another.

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B2. CASE STUDY 1.0 - EXPLORATION ANALYSIS

By doing experiments for case study 1.0, I was able to see what the possible outcomes might be and what effects the model could create. Few things that I highlighted were in regards to its construction method, interesting shadow that is could cast, framing view that users could experience and most importantly, how the singular element could create a stronger, bolder structure.

I begin to understand and have achieved what I wanted for my design to be; a self supporting structure. The applied pattern are not merely an ornament to enhance the aesthetic value of the design. Being able to self-support is one of the advantages of this outcome that I might incorporate to future project.

The applied cones act as an ‘exaggerating’ element that make up the whole structure. The cones will naturally funnel sunlight that penetrates through the holes. Moreover, the nature of the conical shape will filter and enhance the sounds that goes in/out the structure.

The users will be able to see glimpse of the surrounding environments, which creates a feeling of wonderment, an idea of curiousity of what is next to see. I believe this is an important key to what architecture is. It creates relationships between the audience, the art installation itself and its surrounding environments.

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Although the final outcome is not similar to theVoltaDom project, I believe by doing this reversed engineer exploration, I am able to see the intention of the project; that is to proof how computational architecture plays major role in constructing and designing in modern era. It is through computer-aided design that architects/designers can manipulate bits and pieces of the elements, to test materiality (e.g the threshold of materials that is set in parameters) and to make complex structure possible to be assembled by predicting the possible outcomes.

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B3. CASE STUDY 2.0

Case Study 2.0 focuses on trying to imitate what Peter Eisenman has done in Berlin Memorial Holocaust using the aid of parametric design tools. It is mainly to proof how basic form (rigid) can create something dynamic. One way to approach this is to repeat the same rigid form and manipulate the height of the rigid element (mainly exploring on Box form). Instead of manually change the height of each box, we use curve that is set as Point Attractor, which will affect and alter the height of boxes near the curve.

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Diagrams on the right show the difference of height of the boxes. The nearer the boxes are to the curve attractor means the shorter they are. This is represented through the colour gradient used in Grasshopper. Yellow, orange and red colours represent the nearer, far and farthest. The curve attractor automatically adjust the boxes’ height which result in an fluid, dynamic collective form of the boxes.

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B3. CASE STUDY 2.0 - DESIGN OUTCOME

What if the number of boxes is increased?

Since this experiment is done in computer, I have control over what I want to change, and see what the result is. In the previous models, we begin to see the movement of the surface, the fluidity of the structure is more emphasised when the number of boxes is increased.

Curve attractor is still the main driver of the changes. Instead if having one curve, I tried to use two curves as the drivers and see what the possibilities are. Image above is one of the outcomes generated using the same method.

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What if the gaps between boxes are reduced?

As the number of boxes increased, I figured that the undulating surface or the fluidity of the structure can be further emphasised if the gap between boxes are reduced. This is done in increasing the size of the boxes . This is the final outcome that I wish to continue to work on as my interest and design intention is achieved. Again, this is an evidence of how rigid form can ‘transform’ into a dynamic form when the core element is iterated.

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B3. CASE STUDY 2.0 - DESIGN OUTCOME

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B4. DEVELOPMENT - THE MATRIX

1 2 3 4 5

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6 7 8 9 10

6262

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B5. PROTOTYPE 1

We are interested in trying to find the construction method much like the Dragon Skin Pavillion, by using notches. We managed to build the prototype without failing. This, however, can only be applicable to light-weight materials. We picked up what is important from the VoltaDom project, building a structure that is self-supporting. This will result in low construction method. This might be the solution to having a low construction cost yet maintaining the aesthetic value of the structure.

6465

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B5. PROTOTYPE 2

After doing some form finding using Grasshopper, our group likes this model better than the previous one. This model is a proof of how rigid forms can create undulating surfaces when combined together at varying height. The strong point of this model is because the ‘boxes’ are placed at different height, this automatically alters the ‘ceiling’of the tunnel surface. So we are able to create undulating surface both on the surface of the tunnel, which will be read and experienced by motorists before entering the tunnel, and from underneath the tunnel itself creates the sense of wonderment which I find satisfying.

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B6. TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL

The City of Wyndham is a local government in Victoria, located in the outer south-western suburbs of Melbourne. Wyndham city is seeking responses from design professionals for the design and documentation of an exciting, eye catching installation that represents the development of Wyndham city. The purpose of the installation is to inspire and enrich the municipality, an installation that would make Wyndham city recognisable.

Since the art installation is located on the highway and it will be read by motorists travelling at high speed, we believe tessellation is the most appropriate technique because:

1. The resulting effect of tessellation will create a holistic form that is stronger and bolder in terms of expressing its meaning. This can be achieved through the application of tessellated pattern because we believe repetitive pattern will further define the structure. Furthermore, the audience of this installation is mainly motorists travelling at high speed and they would not have time to look at every single detail to read the aesthetic of the object, instead, the overall form of the object becomes the focal point.

2. We want the art installation to be a representation of the idea of development of Wyndham City, an idea of change, change of perspective towards the city of Wydnham. Tessellation technique offers numerous possibilities that can be experimented through the help of parametric design tools. If this is successfully achieved, it will then help to communicate the design intention of the built environments to societal environments.

The Gateway Project

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Determining the shape

In trying to figure out the form of the proposed gateway,I started listing down the main differences between Melbourne City and Wyndahm City. I also thought making diagram based on each characteristics would help me in determining the shape of the gateway. I made an outline sketch for both Melbourne and Wyndahm, focusing mainly on the height of buildings (as shown above). From the two outlines, it is clear that Melbourne city is more compex than Wyndham. It is also from the graph/diagram above I could apply my idea of undulating surface. The fluidity of the shape will be done by using tessellation. I intend not to apply forms as ornaments that undulate, but to use rigid form that is repeatedly placed with varying height as the structure of the installation so that it creates smooth, wave-like pattern.

Low densityLow-rise buildingsSimplicityRigid

High densityHigh-rise buildings

Complecity/ IntricateDynamic

Figure 46. Figure 47.

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GROUND LINE

SIMPLICITY//RIGID

COMPLEX//DYNAMIC

WYNDHAM OUTLINE

CITY OUTLINE

GATEWAY AS TRANSITIION

GATEWAY AS TRANSITIION

WYNDHAM OUTLINE

CITY OUTLINE

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Determining the shape

The goal of our group is to achieve undulating surface through a repetition of rigid shapes. After doing some form finding, we are interested in developing the model shown on the right. The design satisfies our goal as it is consisted of boxes varying in height that result in fluidity in

form.

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Why us?

Through many experimentations in form finding, our group has achieved the essence of tessellation technique by having identical elements repeated numerous times until we found the satisfying model for the gateway project. Some of our strong points include :

1. Experience that the design offers.We believe that the strongest point of our design is the experience that the design offers. Motorists travelling to or leaving from Wyndham will be able to read the gateway in two ways; One is where users translate the structure as a fluid structure before actually going through the tunnel. The second experience is when motorists have entered the tunnel, where they will see how the structures hung on the ceiling at different heights, creating a sense of wonderment.

2. Fluidity and holistic form of the design.The design sucessfully proof the undulation of surface that is achieved by the tessellation technique that our group has chosen to use. As this monument is to be translated by motorists traveling at high speed, the design immediately ‘express’ itself through its overall form.

3. Structure and construction method.As the structure consists of ‘boxes’ stacked together and they are in direct contact with one another, this will ease up the construction method. No complicated connections are needed. Similar to Kurokawa’s Capsule Tower, high tension bolts might be appropriate to hold up most materials together. So this tackles the materiality issue, whether the elements are to be made of light-weight material such as polycarbonate or heavy-weight material such as pre-cast concrete panels.

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B6. LEARNING OUTCOME

Feedbacks & Improvement

The important advice that we received from the mid semester presentation is in terms of making the structure more undulating, more scattered so that it does not seem to be too constraint in expressing its fluidity.

The next improvement that our group should consider is in terms of lighting. At the moment, the design that we have is a closed ceiling surface due to the placement of the ‘boxes’. This will require artificial light which might reduce the aesthetic value of the design; it will create a dark space, where if natural light is introduced, it will drastically enhance the aesthetic of the design through the interesting shadow that the model cast. This will result require us some refinement in determining how the natural light will be introduced to our design.

Overall, the most important thing is that I have broaden my knowledge in digital architecture. This stage of exploration and experimentation in the field of digital architecture plays major role in realising how important the role of digital tools are. As much as I am still struggling in mastering the parametric tools, I have realised that it is so much easier for us to communicate our ideas to others as drawing complex geometries in a perspective turns out to be really hard to do so. Furthermore, by doing form finding for our matrices, I have realised that it is not merely trying to generate interesting shapes, we have to fully understand what we are trying to achieve, hence we can fully use the parameters as the control to our design.

The other problem that I face is when doing reverse engineering. As it is stated before in the first part of this journal; where sharing files might give certain advantages, I think figuring out what the other person has done in their definition is the main problem. Yes, it is great to have other people start off the design process, but not knowing each component is used as creates bigger problem and originality of people’s works become blurred. This is because the files that are accessible by people where people can steal copyrights.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blanko K., 2003, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, (New York: Spoon Press).

Burry, M., 2011, Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming, (Chichester: Wiley).

Cattermole P., 2007, Bizzare Buildings, (United States: Firefly Books Ltd.).

Dunn N., 2012, Digital Fabrication In Architecture, (London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd.).

Interview with Toyo Ito, 2006, Emergent Grid; A conversation with Toyo Ito, (Peter Macapia).

Jodidio P., 2012, Zaha Hadid: The Explosion Reforming Space, (Germany: Florian Kobler, Cologne).

Lynn G., 1998, Why Tectonics is Square and Topology is Groovy, (Bruxells: La Lettre Volee).

Schumacher P., 2011, Introduction: Architecture as Autopoietic System, in The Autopoiesis of Architecture,(Chichester: J. Wiley).

Taschen L., 2010, Modern Architeture A-Z, (Cambridge: First Edition Translations Ltd.)

University of Stuttgart, Institute of Computational Design Website, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=6553 (Accessed on MArch 31, 2013).

Williams R., 2005, Architecture and Visual Culture, in Exploring Visual Culture, definitions, concepts and contexts edited by Matthew Rampley, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

Woodbury, R. , 2010, Elements of Parametric Design, (London:Routledge).

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