study on foundry industry project report @ doms

Slno. Content Page no.

1. Overview of Foundry Industry 2

2. An introduction to Sujay Enterprise 7

3. Foundry Industry Process 9

4. Facilities available with Sujay Enterprises 10

5. Clients OF Sujay Enterprises 16

6. Background of the Entrepreneur 18

7. Entrepreneurial Competencies 21

8. Milestones of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti 24

10. Project Formulation 26

11. Financing of Enterprises 33

12. Establishing the Enterprise 37

13. Future plans of Sujay Enterprises 39

14. Role of Entrepreneurship

in Economic Development 40

15. Recurring problems of Entrepreneurship 41

16. Dairy Farming 44

Study on Foundry Industry,

Overview of Foundry Industry

The Indian Foundry Industry occupies a special place in shaping the country’s economy. India is

currently among the 10 largest producers of ferrous and non-ferrous castings and has over 6500

foundries in the small, medium, and large scale sectors. And is the fifth largest producer in terms

of total casting production in the world, after US, China, Russia, and Germany. Approximately

90% are in the small scale. India exports annually above Rs.700/- crores worth of castings to

countries like USA, U.K., Canada, Germany etc.

Foundry Industry in figures

ProductionGrey Iron castings

Steel castings

Malleable ans SG Iron

non ferrous castings

3 millions tonnes2.36 million tonnes

400 000 tonnes

268 000 tonnes

20 000 tonnes

5th producer in the world

Number of plants 5000 (estimated)

500 medium to large scale

1


Modernisation:

Basic technologies have not undergone much change but the emphasis has changed. The world

has become more environmentally conscious and technologies have to conform to more and

more stringent environment norms. The U.S. foundry population has declined by about one-third

over the last 20 years largely due to the cost of legislative compliance. This has given the Indian

producers a good opportunity for export market. But then a reemergence in the developed world

would be with cleaner technology. A study conducted by EXIM bank has shown that in the last

10 years the exports of castings from India have increased seven-fold.

However, there is a still lot need to be done. Even with these improvements the export of

castings from India amounted to only one percent of the world requirement. In the near future

there will be ample scope for the Indian foundry Industry to forge strategic alliances with their

counterparts in the developed countries which are on the verge of closure primarily due to three

major reasons: waste disposal and highly stringent pollution control regulations, high manpower

costs, and acute shortage of trained personnel to work in foundries. This is where Indian

foundries can make their presence felt in the international market by approaching foreign

foundries to source castings from India at more economical prices and thus enhance their market

share. In order to do this, Indian foundries have to equip themselves with the latest technologies

such as Automation, Casting Simulation etc. Indian foundry industries can not afford to ignore

environmental implications which will also become stringent in terms of implementation of

compliance. The industries also have to strive to adopt ecofriendly technologies.

With the Indian government taking the path of de-regulation, open economy & globalization,

many new green field foundries were set up, with modern equipment like High pressure molding

2


technology, automatic sand plant and latest in NDT like spectrometer, magnetic particle testing,

ultrasonic & X-ray examination.

Entry of many multinational units post 1992 particularly in automotive sector helped the shift

from small scale single owner driven foundry to medium / large sector with professionals

inducted even at departmental levels like molding, & methoding, melting, production etc.

Assimilation of modern technology like simulation software, 3-D modeling of the drawing, use

of computers in solidification simulation, has brought the Industry at par with the best in the

world. Due to the intrinsic better understanding of the drawings, modern equipment, lower labor

costs etc, has made the Indian Casting Industry globally competitive.

Competitiveness of Indian Foundries

After the initial phase of increases in installed capacity, due to domestic recession which lasted

almost till 2001-2002, came the period of shake out, with weaker units either folding up or

getting merged with the stronger players. Now, since the domestic demand has picked up since

last 6 months, the better units are now working almost to 85-90% of installed capacity. This lean

period forced the better foundries to downsize, and increase the productivity, to fight the

diminishing margins. This has made those who survived a fitter & stronger foundry highly

competitive in the world market.

Unlike the Chinese growth in export markets (which in volume / tonnage terms is far greater than

the Indian one), Indian export growth has come in high end cast products, higher technology &

complicated shaped castings, serving the Industries like auto components, pump & valve

Industry, mining & minerals & earthmoving machinery etc.

India has perhaps the largest pool of engineering manpower, with 95% able to speak &

understand English, offshore product development activity is possible. With about 4-5 hours of

time zone difference actually helps in working virtually in real-time. With very low machining

3


costs, (and matching facilities like heat treatment, plating and painting operations) India is fast

emerging as a hub for purchase of ready to use components (instead of mere casting) or at least a

semi-finished component, with only finishing operations done in Europe.

Additional area where Indian foundry Industry has made a mark is in the area of value

engineering, and cost reduction, like conversion from Steel casting to ductile SG Iron casting,

from Malleable iron casting to ductile iron casting, from forging to casting etc.

In the last few years, large MNCs like GM, Ford, DaimlerCrysler GE Cummins, Caterpillar etc

have opened their international sourcing & strategic buying offices in India to take the advantage

of lower cost, good quality castings from India.

With the entry of multiple auto companies since then, the Industry has modernized itself, with

forging press as the main equipment. Steam hammers have given way to pneumatic & hydraulic

powered hammers, allowing closer tolerance control in hot forged condition, reducing the cut

weight of the job, and reducing the component cost.

This was supplemented through the latest in tooling technology through Japanese collaborations /

outright purchase of technology, making Indian forgings at par in quality with the latest

European technology. This was also supplemented through establishment of cold forging and

warm forging units, for very close dimensional control, catering to a niche area of precision

forging used mainly in automotive field.

.

4


An Introduction

Sujay Enterprises is involved for the manufacturing and supplying of castings of Cast and S. G.

Iron to automobile and allied industries The company was incorporated in the year 1982 by

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti, The company exists for 23 years and has full infrastructure to

manufacture Graded C.I. Casting & S.G (Internationally known as Ductile Iron) Iron Casting

along with satisfactory machining setup and have latest testing facilities in laboratory. Today the

company is engaged in the manufacturing of all grades of Gray Iron Casting & S.G. Iron Casting

to the entire satisfaction of their valued customers. The company is equipped with all the latest

equipments and such highly qualified technical personnel whose performance are backed by their

years of rich experience.

Vision Statement

To be the foundry of choice within the industry. Be efficient, therefore

profitable for our customers & meet or exceed all their expectations, so

as to foster an atmosphere of employee pride and mutual respect

Mission Statement

Our goal is to meet our customer's requirements by delivering high quality,

competitively priced products, on time with excellent service so as to give

them a superior part for the best value.

Statement of Values

Concern for the well-being and security of employees.

Produce the highest quality product and provide the best customer service.

5


Continue our tradition of strong customer and supplier relationships.

Maintain a strong financial base and continue to reinvest profits in our Company.

Sujay Enterprises always satisfies their customers by supplying quality castings.

Good Surface Finish

Accurate shape and dimensional control

Freedom from defects

Metallurgical control (Hardness, micro structure)

Group Companies

1. Associated Castings & Components

2. Airotek Pollu Control Projects & Equipments.

3. Airotek Private Limited

4. Airo Sales & Services

5. S-tec Systems (I) Pvt. Ltd.

6. Refricon Magic Systems

Range of Casting Products

Sujay Enterprises is serving a broad industrial base with their casting products, which are the part

of a wide range of most of the well-established engineering brands. We manufacture components

for Hydraulic mechanism for tractors; Water pump and oil pump body for trucks; Clutches &

pressure plates, brake drum insert ring and covers for two wheelers; Cylinder head piston and

valve plate for compressors; Castings components for weighing scales, etc Castings are produced

to IS, BS, DIN, AFNOR, EN, ASTM, UNI and other international standards. The castings is

offered in a weight range of 50 grams to 90 kilograms per piece and is supplied in machined,

semi machined and as cast condition with surface treatment as per customer's need.

6


Foundry Production Process

7


Facilities available with Sujay Enterprises

Melting Shop

Cupola furnace 36'' diameter for duplexing

Pouring Trolley with laddle

Electric hoist, 2 ton capacity

Moulding Shop

Moulding Machines

Sand Mullers & Mixture

Sand Grinding Machines

Sand Testing Equipment

Compressor Set

Core Shop

Shell Moulding Machine

Shell Core Shooter

Electric Core Room

Compressor Set

Grey Cast Iron Products: -

Grey Cast Iron Castings & Components are manufactured up to a tensile strength of 300 N/mm2

Housings Brackets

Chain Sprockets Impellors

Adaptors Water Pump & Oil Pump Bodies

8


Trolley Wheels Roller Wheels

Brake Drums. Manual & Hydraulic Jacks

Foundry Division: -

The foundry has a capacity of producing 4000 MT of castings annually. In a molding area of

3100 meters2 (33790 feet2), molding is done on Jolt & Squeeze machines & manually. Mould

box size is up to 600 x 600 mm. Intricate inner profiles of casting are managed on Hot Box shell

cores. One 32 inches diameter cupola is used for melting the metal. Sand regeneration is through

a semi- automatic process involving sand handling up to molding machines, knock out, sieving,

magnetic separation and then sand mixing for green sand molding.The chemistry, microstructure

and temperature of the melt are controlled to desired level by the use of instant Carbon Silicon

Analyzer .The product quality is systematically controlled right from Raw Material input stage to

the final finished product stage.

Machining Division: -

Initially castings are pre machined on conventional machine tools. Finish turning operations for a

maximum turning dia of 350 mm are done on Lathe Machines to achieve higher dimensional

accuracies up to 20 microns and surface finish up to 1.6 Ra.Complete geometrical parameters

are controlled to the desired specifications. Milling, boring, Multiple drilling, reaming and

tapping operations are done on vertical machining center with a capacity 760 x 510 x 510 mm.

Broaching and Honing operations are done on conventional machine tools.

9


Testing Facilities:

BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER

Beginning with drawing study, methoding on

computer software, sand testing for cores and

moulds, chemistry and microstructure control

of melt through online analyzer, finished

products are checked as per laid down

systems and procedures for hardness,

microstructure, tensile, elongation and

compressive strength.

MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS & UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

10


ULTRASONIC THICKNESS TESTING

Fully equipped in house Standards Room with

complete methodology and qualified personnel

are available to ensure high integrity of the

quality delivery systems and procedures.

Calibration & Validation Systems are in place

for various instruments, gauges and jigs &

Fixtures.

Foundry Division: -

Core Making

11

Chemical & metallurgical analysis is further

carried out to ensure that the product quality

conforms to the customer's

requirement. CAD/CAM facilities are used to

manufacture components requiring reverse

engineering.


Moulding Conveyor &Knock Out System

12


Machining Division: -

Housings Brackets

13


Impellors Adaptors

Chain Sprockets Water Pump Bodies

SATISFIED REPUTED CLIENTS OF SUJAY ENTERPRISES

14


INTRODUCTION

Definition of an Entrepreneur:

15


Entrepreneur is an individual who starts his/her own business. He a person who assumes the risk

to start a business with the idea of making a profit.

Entrepreneur is one who recognizes opportunities and organizes resources to take advantage of

the opportunity.

Entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurship is a process through which individuals and groups pursue opportunity, leverage

resources, and initiate change to create value. Thus, an entrepreneur is one who creates and

manages change by pursuing opportunity, acting with passion for a purpose, living proactively,

and leveraging resources to create value.

Background of the Entrepreneur

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti born on 25th May 1953 in a village called Biranagaddi in Gokak Taluk is

one among the successful entrepreneurs in Belgaum District.

He completed his primary education in Biranagaddi and his graduation (B.A) in Gokak.

16


He lost at a very young age and thus had no support to go for further studies.

He completed his graduation in the year 1974 and started looking for job. On 12 th December

1974, he joined DURGA AUTO SERVICES at Belgaum as a petrol boy under the management

of Mr.Parulekar (Proprietor). He was paid Rs.100 per month. He went under quality service

training for a week and used to serve the customers to the best.

One fine day, a gentleman Mr.Ashok Kamat drove in his car to the petrol pump. The hard work

and good service of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti inspired him, and he enquired about his

qualification. After knowing that Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti is a BA graduate, he immediately

offered him an administrative job in his factory, ALLIED FOUNDARIES.Thus, after completing

one and a half years in DURGA AUTO SERVICES, he joined ALLIED FOUNDARIES and was

earning Rs. 125 per month.

Since, he was earning Rs. 125, it was not sufficient for his livelihood. So, he started a part time

job as a paperboy. He delivered newspapers and Milk door to door early in the morning and rest

of the day worked in ALLIED FOUNDARIES.

Later, in 1976-1977, he went to Dhamne ,a small village about 12kms from Belgaum.He stayed

in the house of Mr.Yellappa Balikundri and taught tuitions to the children of Balikundri family

and traveled to Belgaum daily to work in the foundry (ALLIED FOUNDARIES).

In the year 1978, he got married to Mrs.Vidya Iti.She was a teacher by profession and both of

them started earning to live their life.

In the year 1982, he decided to start his own enterprise with full support and cooperation of his

wife. He took loan of Rs.16, 000 from K.S.F.C and started his own business with a single lathe

machine in a small rented shed .He worked for ALLIED FOUNDARIES for the whole day and

worked alone in his enterprise from evening to late mid night. Thus, he day and night with lost of

dedication and determination.

17


In the year 1984, there was government self employment scheme which provided loan up to

Rs.25, 000 with low rate of interest for the people who desire to start their own enterprises or to

become entrepreneurs. With this amount, he installed another lathe machine and a drilling

machine. This was the first step of his business expansion.

In the year 1985,he went to Pune in search for his potential customers for his business. He met a

generous person Mr.T.P.Vartak in Pune who offered him lift in his vehicle. He asked

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti about his profession and realized that Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti could be a

good supplier of raw materials .He immediately took Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti to his factory named

LAKEZONE.His company was in need of winding machine spares and thus, provided a good

opportunity to Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti by placing a bulk order of winding machine spares within

eight days of time.

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti worked day and night and supplied the required quantity & quality

winding machine spares to Mr.T.P.Vartak within eight days. Mr.T.P.Vartak was inspired by the

work of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti and placed regular orders, which helped Mr. Chandrashekhar

Iti’s business, run in full swing.

In the year 1987, due to change in government policies LAKEZONE Company had to windup.

Thus, Sujay Enterprise lost potential customer and the payments were held for a year. This year

it was a great loss and completely a slack season for Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti.

In the year 1988, there was a flow of bulk orders from many companies such as Kirloskar Oil

Engines, Kirloskar Filters and Star Volkman Company etc.This year was again a boom to Sujay

Enterprises.

18


In the year 1991, Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti went for further expansion of Sujay Enterprises by

installing two more lathe machines, two more drilling machines and a milling machine.

In the year 1994, he set up his own foundry by taking a loan of Rs.3, 84,000 which was the

highest loan he had ever made.

Thus, in the subsequent years, Sujay Enterprises is providing quality and quantity assurance its

customers. Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti cleared all his loans and debts year after year by working

hard with complete dedication to his work and determination to achieve goals.

Entrepreneurial Competencies

The underlying characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur, which result in superior

performance, are called entrepreneurial competencies.

Competencies possessed by Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti

19


The competencies listed below are identified during the course of study through interaction with

the entrepreneur.

These competencies are explained with real facts in the life of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti

as examples.

1. Initiative

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti himself took his decision to launch his enterprise in the

year 1982 with a single lathe machine.

2. Seeking and Acting on Opportunities

He always seeks for opportunities and acts accordingly as it happened in the

year 1984 when the government provided an opportunity to expand his

enterprise by installing another lathe machine

3. Persistence

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti was persistent as it is seen in the year 1987 ,his

business was completely shattered ,when he lost a major contract with a Pune

based LAKEZONE Company and his payments were held for more than a year.

He never lost hopes after this tragedy, instead he was confident enough to

recover his losses and he proved it within the next two years when he got

orders from many reputed companies.

4. Information Seeker

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is a good information seeker. Though he is an arts

graduate, he has a lot of knowledge and information about machinery.

It was when he was working for ALLIED FOUNDARIES as a supervisor he

collected every bit of information about the business, machinery and even

learnt different skills.Mr.Ashok Kamat ,Director ALLIED FOUNDARIES

has been a potential source of information to Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti.

5. Quality Conscious

20


Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is very quality conscious .He never compromises

quality with price. Because of his quality products and service, reputed

companies like Kirloskar Oil Engines, Kirloskar Filters, LAKEZONE

Equipments, Nexus Engines, Airotech, etc. are his prominent customers.

6. Commitment towards Work

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti does every sacrifice to get the task completed. It was in

the year 1985 when Mr. T.P.Vartak, Proprietor, LAKEZONE Company of

Pune placed an order to supply winding machine spares within eight days.

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti himself along with his employees worked day and

night, and supplied the winding machine spares to Mr. T.P.Vartak within eight

days.

7. Efficiency Oriented

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti makes always-tenacious efforts to get the task

completed within minimum cost and time. He and his son (Mr.Sujay Iti) work

along with their employees to bring out the required efficiency.

8. Good Planner

Mr. Chandrashekhar formulates realistic and proper plans, and then executes

the plans rigorously to accomplish the task. Whenever he receives certain

orders ,he estimates the cost of production ,time required, combination of raw

materials available ,and then goes in for manufacturing the ordered quantity.

9. Problem Solver

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti always tries to find out ways and means to tide over

the difficulties. Whenever he faces problems he consults his role model,

Mr.Ashok Kamat, he interacts with his employees, he consults other experts

and applies best solution to his problems.

10. Self Confidence

Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is a strong believer in his strength and abilities.

21


Before he used to purchase castings from others, and then manufacture the

products. In the year 1994,with full confidence, he installed his own foundry

and produced his own castings instead of purchasing from outsiders.

Milestones of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti

1974 - Completed his graduation as Bachelor of Arts from Karnatak University, Dharwad.

1974 – Was employed as a petrol boy in DURGA AUTO SERVICES, Belgaum.

1978 - He was married to Mrs.Vidya Chandrashekhar Iti

1982 – Established his own enterprise with a lathe machine.

22


1984 – First step of business expansion by installing two more lathe machines, two

drilling machines.

1985 – Obtained a major supplying contract with LAKEZONE Company of Pune.

1991 - Further expansion of his enterprise by installing two more lathe machines, two

more drilling machines and a milling machine.

1994 – He set up his own foundry.

How to Identify & Select Goods Business Opportunities

Factors to be considered while identifying and selecting a business opportunity.

Educational Qualification.

Work experiences in and/or exposure to any industry or business.

Financial resources.

Technical skills.

Preferences for particular industrial sector or sub-sector.

Expectations about returns from the business.

Reasons for setting up an enterprise.

Attitude to a particular industry.

23


How Mr Chandrashekar identified & selected this particulars business

Mr Chandrashekar worked for Allied Foundries for more than five years. He had enough

knowledge about the complete in and out of the business, he had learnt technical skills, and he

had a lot of support from his co-workers who helped him start his enterprise. Mr Chandrashekar

follows the footsteps od Mr Ashok Kamat Prop. Allied Foundries as his role model. Mr Ashok

Kamat helped Mr Chandrashekar in building contacts with customers and suppliers of raw

material.

Thus it is the work experience in Allied foundaries Technical skills , contact in industry and

financial sector and the sincere help from his co-workes and Mr Ashok Kamat made Mr

Chandrashekar to identify & select this particular business.

Project Formulation

The first step of an entrepreneur to establish an enterprise is to formulate a project report. A

report or business plan is a written statement of what an entrepreneur proposes to take up. It is a

kind of guide frost or course of action what the entrepreneur hopes to achieve in his business and

how’s he going to achieve.

Contents of Project Report.

General Information on product profile and product details.

Promoter : His/her Qualification, work experience, project related experience.

Location of the project, lease or free hold , location advantage.

Land & Building.

Plant & Machinery details .

24


Description of production process.

Utilities & sources of utilities like water, power, steam etc.

Transport & Communication.

Raw Material details.

Man power Requirements.

Market Analysis.

Requirements of working capital.

Requirements of funds.

B.E.P.

Schedule of Implementation.

Preliminary Project Report Perfoma.

1.0 General

Name of Entreprenuer____________________________________________

Date of Birth________________ Age ________

Project ________________________________________________________

Location _______________________________________________________

Type of organization______________________________________________

Name of firm ___________________________________________________

Address ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

1.1 Educational Qualification:

25


Qualification Institute Major Sub. Yr of passing

SSLC,or below

Degree/Diploma

1.2 Special Traning

Training in Institute Duration Achievements

1.3 Work Experiences

Organisation Position Nature of work Duration

2.0 Details of Proposal Project ( Manufacturing/servicing )

2.1 Machinery/ Equipment

S.no Description Qty

required

price Total

Value

Name & Address of

suppliers

1.

26


2.

3.

Total

2.2 Production Programme

S.no Item/Product Total Qty per

yr

Sale Revenue per

year

Capacity

Utilization

1.

2.

3.

Total

2.3 Raw Materials

S.no Items Total Annual

Quantity

Requirement

Value (rs)

Source

1.

2.

3.

Total

2.4 Utilities

S.no Particulars Annual

Requirement

Total Annual

Exp. (Rs)

Remarks

27


1. Electricity

2. Water

3. Coal/Oil

4. Any other

Total

2.5 Man Power

S.no Particulars No Total wages &

salary (rs/yr)

Remarks

1. Skilled

2. Semiskilled

3. Unskilled

4. Office Staff

Total

3.0 Cost of the Project

3.1 Fixed Capital

S.no Items Value

1. Land & Building

2. Machinery/Equipment

3. Furniture & Fixtures

Total

3.2 Working Capital

S.no Items Duration Quality Value ( Rs )

28


1. Raw material stock

2. Semi-finished goods stock

3. Finished goods stock

4. One month production exp.

Total

3.3 Total Cost of Project

S.no Particulars Value

1. Fixed capital

2. Working Capital

3. Preliminary & pre-operative exp.

Total

3.4 Means of Finance

S.no Particulars Value ( Rs ) Value ( Rs )

1. Term loan

2. Working capital loan

3. Own Investment

4. Subsidy

Total

3.5 Project Profitability Analysis

29


S.no Description Value

1. Sales revenue

2. Manufacturing Expenses

(2.3+2.4+2.5)

3. Selling & Distribution exp.

4. Administrative exp.

5. Interest

6. Depreciation

7. Gross Profit

8. Income Tax

9. Net profit

Total

4.0 Supplementary Details

4.1 Do you own house / property, etc

4.2 Own Insurances policy

4.3 Any Interest in other firms

4.4 You belong to SC/ST/ OBC/General

4.5 Present Monthiy Income ( Rs )

5.0 References

S.no Name Address Occupation

Date

Place

30


Signature

Financing of Enterprises

Having prepared the project report, the time comes when the entrepreneur needs to decide on the

need for and sources of finance as per his/her prosecutions made in the project report.

Finance is one of the important prerequisites to start an enterprise. In fact, it is the availability of

finance that facilitates an entrepreneur to bring together land, labour, machinery and raw material

to combine them to produce goods.

The various sources from which an enterprise can raise to required funds could broadly be

classified in to two sources these are:

31


1. Internal Sources.

2. External Sources.

1. Internal Sources

Internal sources of funds include the following:

- Own savings and investments

- Personal loans from provident fund (pf) / Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) / Co-

operative Bank etc.

- Personal Borrowings from relatives and friends.

- Money raised through mortgage of personal assets like shares, land, buildings etc.

- Profit earned or transferred from existing business/ Investment or trade.

2. External Sources

External sources of funds include the following:

- Terms loan / Long-term loan.

- Short-term loan.

- Plant Leasing

- Hire purchase

- Working capital loan.

Sources from which Mr. Chandrashekar raised the required funds to establish his enterprise

32


In the year 1982 when Mr. Chandrashekar established his enterprise with a single leath

machine, he had personal savings of Rs. 4,000/- and obtained loan from KSFC of Rs.

16,000/-.

Problems faced by Mr. Chandrashekar to raise funds for his

enterprise

In the year 1982 Mr. Chandrashekar had a personal savings of Rs. 4,000/- only. So he had to

borrow amount of Rs. 16,000/- from others sources. He applied for loan at KSFC but could not

get the loan since loan was provided to people who were Government employees or income tax

payer or one who had a guarantee of a well-known person.

Mr. Chandrashekar was neither a Government employee nor an income tax payer nor he had any

person for guarantee. In such a harsh position he approached his friend Mr. Daulat Kangralkar to

33


be guarantee. Mr. Daulat Kangralkar was confident on Mr. Chandrashekar’s ability to repay the

loan and immediately helped Mr. Chandrashekar to avail the loan from KSFC.

Mr. Chandrashekar made proper use of the funds establish his enterprise and repay the loan

within the specified time to KSFC.

Legal Formalities

Before an entrepreneur establishes his enterprise, he has to undergo certain legal formality as

such.

- An entrepreneur should avail corporation license from Municipal Corporation.

- An entrepreneur should avail provisional certificate from District Industrial Center (DIC).

- An entrepreneur should apply for electricity sanction from KPTCL.

34


- An entrepreneur should go in for sales tax registration.

- An entrepreneur should have ‘No objection certificate’ (NOC) from the pollution

control board.

Establishing the Enterprise

An entrepreneur should consider the following important steps in establishing an enterprise.

1. Select the right location for the enterprise.

An entrepreneur before selecting a location for the project one must weigh its advantages and

disadvantages in relation to the project. By doing so one can avoid future problems.

2. Selection the right infrastructure.

35


Entrepreneurs need appropriate and adequate infrastructure facilities to run their enterprises

smoothly. These include land, building, utilities like power and water, transportation,

communication facilities, local taxes, zoning restrictions etc.

3. Buying Machinery.

For purchasing machinery certain guidelines should be followed like analyzing the specifications

of machinery (technical specifications), approach only established manufacturers whose brand

names have a reputation in the market, go through various option of machinery minutely,

including technical specifications details of taxes, cost of transport, forwarding, installation, etc.,

and even check the resale value of the machinery.

4. Sources & Evaluation of raw materials.

An entrepreneur should identify all types of sources of raw materials, select the best raw material

suppliers by evaluating the price discounts, duality, transportation costs, time of delivery, mode

of payments, credit terms etc.

5. Recruitment, selection & training of personnel.

There is a growing realization of the urgent necessity of specialized manpower stills for industry

and that success or failure of a business firm is largely dependence upon its human resources,

which constitute one of its most important aspects. Hence, proper attention has to be given to

manpower planning recruitment, selection and training by an entrepreneur.

6. Marketing Management.

36


The entrepreneur reaches to the stage when production has to start. Before any produce is offered

for sale to market, several decisions need to be taken in regard to its marketing for example the

price of the product has to be determined, the methods of marketing has to be identified and the

channels of distribution have to be worked out. Marketing encompasses different activities like

research, planning, branding, pricing, distribution, selling, packing, merchandizing, warehousing,

after sales service, sales promotion, advertising, credit policy etc.

Future plans of Sujay Enterprises

Mr. Chandrashekar has future plans for his enterprises and as well for his business

diversification.

37


- Mr. Chandrashekar is planning to start automobile casting and shell moulding casting due

to existing demand. He is facing certain technical difficulties to implement Automobile & shell

moulding casting and he is working different strategies to over come these technical

difficulties.

- Mr. Chandrashekar has plans to diversify in to plantation and milk dairy in the coming

years. He has already owned a piece of land for plantation and even has a preliminary

knowledge of milk dairy since he keeps himself busy with his work he has not been able to

concentrate much on diversification, but sooner or later Mr. Chandrashekar will start his own

plantation & a milk dairy.

Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

1. Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation by mobilizing the idle savings of the public.

38


2. It provides immediate large-scale employment. Thus, it helps reduce the unemployment

problem in the country.

3. It promotes balanced regional development.

4. It helps reduce the concentration of economic power.

5. It stimulates the equitable redistribution of wealth, income and even political power in the

interest of the country.

6. It encourages effective resource mobilization of capital and skill, which might otherwise

remain unutilized.

7. It also induces backward and forward linkages, which stimulate the process of economic

development in the country.

8. Last but not the least, it also promotes country’s export trade i.e. an important ingredient

to economic development.

Recurring problems of Entrepreneurship

1. Today’s entrepreneurs are falling short of trained and skilled laborers. Entrepreneurs are

even facing a lot of labour turnover because of competitor policies.

2. Frequent power failure is hampering the smooth running of the business.

39


3. Financial institutes don’t provide immediate loans to meet emergencies.

4. Large-scale industries are dominating over small-scale industries run by entrepreneurs.

5. There are no technical training centers for unskilled entrepreneurs.

6. There is no parental industry near by Belgaum city, thus Entrepreneurs running ancillary

industries are dependent on the parental industries based in Pune bearing a lot of

transportation costs.

7. Pollution control boards often harass entrepreneurs running small-scale industries.

8. Entrepreneurs find it hard to obtain a corporation license, sales tax registration, building

permissions, FWM and KPTCL permissions, etc due to severe corruption.

9. Small-scale units particularly in Belgaum have been completely neglected by the

Government due to border disputes between Karnataka and Maharashtra.

Charms of being an Entrepreneur

1. An Entrepreneur is an independent being. Entrepreneurship provides an opportunity for

self-expression and the realization of one’s passion for doing something new and

different.

40


2. There are numerous opportunities for self-development.

3. An Entrepreneur can make his/her own decisions.

4. Monetary rewards can be more commensurate with ones capacity and capabilities.

5. An Entrepreneur with generates employment for others.

6. An Entrepreneur fulfills and realizes goals both individual as well as that of the society.

Tips on being a successful Entrepreneur

1. Do not start an Enterprise without acquiring all the required knowledge about it.

2. Do not expect early and easy returns from your enterprise.

3. Be prepared for delegation whenever needed

4. Take calculated and moderate risks in the start.

5. Be a systematic planner.

41


6. Manage time effectively for maximum utilization.

7. Do not avoid problems anticipate them and try to solve them.

8. Be cost and quality conscious.

9. Upgrade continuously about your competitors.

10. Be assertive, direct and honest. Have commitment to work.

11. Do not hesitate to consult experts when in need.

12. Take decisions after evaluating and weighing all the implications.

DAIRY FARMING

MILK IS HEALTH – HEALTH IS WEALTH

About 70% of India's population is living in villages and majority of them are engaged in

agriculture and allied activities. With the green revolution in early 70s, the country became

surplus in food grain production. Northern belt of India comprising of Punjab, Haryana, U.P. and

Rajasthan has immensely benefited by the green revolution. However, due to excessive use of

fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and over exploitation of ground water resources, per acre

42


productivity is coming down every year. As a result, crop farming is no more economical.

Therefore, in the present circumstances, it has become imperative to find out alternative avenues

to boost the net income of farmers/villagers.

Dairying plays a dynamic role in India's agro based economy. Our country's Dairy Industry is

one of the fastest expanding in the world. Ten years ago only 5% of the milk produced came into

the dairies. Today, it is 10%, and this figure will keep increasing. Today India ranks second only

to the US in terms of milk production and it is expected that at the present rate of growth, it will

soon overtake the US.

According to a recent report prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, the dairy industry has the

potential to offer about 4.2 crore jobs a year. Today there are barely 50,000 - 60,000 trained

professionals in this field. Given the proper thrust, dairying could in the years ahead, become one

of the largest business sectors of the economy, even overtaking the industrial sector.

Why do Dairy Farming?

Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural

labourers. The manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil

fertility and crop yields. The gober gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as

also for running engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-

products are gainfully utilized for feeding the animals. Almost all-draught power for farm

operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there

is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy

farming. Thus, dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of

dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers. A farmer can earn a gross

surplus of about Rs. 12,000 per year from a unit consisting of 2 milking buffaloes. The capital

investment required for purchase of 2 buffaloes is Rs. 18,223/-. Even after paying a sum of Rs.

4294/- per annum towards repayment of the loan and interest the farmer can earn a net surplus of

Rs. 6000 - 9000/- approximately per year. Even more profits can be earned depending upon the

breed of animal, managerial skills and marketing potential.

According to World Bank estimates about 75 per cent of India's 940 million people are in 5.87

million villages, cultivating over 145 million hectares of cropland. Average farm size is about

43


1.66 hectares. Among 70 million rural households, 42 per cent operate up to 2 hectares and 37

per cent are landless households. These landless and small farmers have in their possession 53

per cent of the animals and produce 51 per cent of the milk. Thus, small/marginal farmers and

land less agricultural labourers play a very important role in milk production of the country.

Dairy farming can also be taken up as a main occupation around big urban centers where the

demand for milk is high.

Scope for Dairy Farming and its National Importance.

The total milk production in the country for the year 1996-97 was estimated at 68.6 million

metric tonnes. At this production, the per capita availability was to be 201 grams per day against

the minimum requirement of 250 grams per day as recommended by ICMR. Thus, there is a

tremendous scope/potential for increasing the milk production. The population of breeding cows

and buffaloes in milk over 3 years of age was 62.6 million and 42.4 million, respectively (1992

census)

Central and State Governments are giving considerable financial assistance for creating

infrastructure facilities for milk production. The eighth plan outlay on Animal Husbandry and

Dairying was Rs. 1300 crores. During the VIII plan (92-93 to 96-97) average growth of 3.7%

p.a. was envisaged in milk production.

Market size and opportunities

Market size for milk (sold in loose/ packaged form) is estimated to be 36mn MT valued at Rs.

470 bn. The market is currently growing at round 4% p.a. in volume terms. The milk surplus

slates in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashira, Andhra

Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing of milk products is concentrated in

these milk surplus States, The top 6 stales viz. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat together account for 58% of national production. About 75%

of milk is consumed at the household level which is not a part of commercial dairy industry.

44


Loose milk has a larger market in India as it is perceived to be fresh by most consumers. In

reality, however, ii poses a higher risk of adulteration and contamination. Over the past 35 years,

dairy farming has grown from this largely unorganized - if complex - activity, into a vast

organized industry, that encompasses not only increased production of milk and milk products,

but also the breeding of higher yielding cattle, and the scientific rearing of cattle and production

of cattle feeds. This has proportionately increased the demand for trained manpower in this

sector. The liberalization of the Indian economy has created a rethinking on public policy

strategies regarding food security and food self-sufficiency. It would appear that a rapidly

modernizing and internationalizing India would direct its productive resources into areas where it

has greater competitive and comparative advantages. There is evidence that these policy changes

are already underway. The dairy industry has been deregulated and this has resulted in greater

private sector participation. It seems inevitable that further reduction of barriers to market entry

would ensue. Therefore, India seems 10 offer excellent medium-term opportunities for

international dairy marketers.

If the advertisements are to be believed and it really takes one glass of milk to produce one slice

of cheese, one can only imagine how many glasses of milk are needed, not only to provide the

thousands of slices of cheese that are being readily gobbled up by India's yuppy children, but

also for regular consumption and alt the other milk derived goodies. The demand for milk is

tremendous, and is growing not only in cities but also in small towns and rural areas.

Dairy farming is a safe business for the following reasons:

It is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental pollution as compared to other

industries

Requirement of skilled labour is relatively.

Dairy product market is active round the year.

Minimum investment on inventory. (No need to stock raw materials in huge quantities.)

Entire establishment can be shifted to a new location (if need arises c e fire, floods etc.)

45


One can insure animals.

Less energy requirement. Biogas plant fed with cow dung can supply maximum energy to

meet day to day requirement of farms. Decomposed slurry of such plant can also be

effectively used as organic manure.

How to start a dairy farming unit

One needs to decide first on the aims and objective of the farm. Every year there should

be a progressive aim for breeding (including number of animals to be maintained) and

production.

You can visit dairy farms that run on commercial basis and have a discussion with

experienced farm owners, analyze every event logically and, if needed, consult with local

Veterinarians for more information.

If you plan to manage the farm on your own, look for opportunities to work for an

existing farm for a minimum period of six months.

Develop interest and study feed and fodder market in your region, its difficulties in

relation to seasons.

Manage a good team of labourers. You need to choose hardworking, reliable persons

preferably with some experience. You can also train them for specific jobs.

Visit the cattle market occasionally. Observe animals on sale and talk with persons

engaged with purchasing of animals.

Read magazines on dairy industry and keep yourself informed.

Middle class health-conscious Indian families prefer low fat milk for consumption as liquid milk.

Therefore, a commercial farm of mixed type (Cross breed cows and buffaloes kept in separate

rows under one shed) should be prefered. Thorough study of the immediate market for marketing

of milk should be made. You can mix milk from both type of animals and sell as per the need of

the market. Hotels and some general customers (can be around 30%) prefer pure buffalo milk.

Hospitals, sanitariums etc. prefer cow's milk.

Infrastructure and manpower requirements

46


Building a dairy farm involves infrastructures like barns, sheds and stores for teed and

medication. Cattle sheds not only facilitate livestock management but they also provide shade

from rain and sun, providing a condusive environment for hygenic milk production. The sheds

should also have facilities for watering and feeding the livestock. Detailed attention is required in

the selection and construction of the cattle sheds and barns to facilitate:-

Health and comfort of the livestock

Security for the livestock

Effective management

Avoid pollution and other disturbances

Production of quality, hygenic and fresh milk

Important factors to be considered in the infrastructure construction like cattle sheds: -

Supporting beams and building materials should be erect, strong and safe

Sheds should have good ventilation and maintain a cool environment in the building

despite the hot tropical conditions. Roof-top water sprinklers may assist cooling.

Roofs should be sloped so as not to trap rain-water. Zinc and asbestos may be used due to

their durability and should exceed 3.5 meters in height to facilitate ventilation.

Shed/barn flooring should be concrete, non-slippery, easy to clean and rapidly dried with

a slight slope to the drains. Floors should be at least 10cm thick. Perimeter drains with

3cm: 1 meter slopes are required to dram water to retention ponds. The floors and drains

should be constructed at the same time.

Feeding throughs, when used, should be big enough to contain sufficient grass. Water

may be supplied in pails or special containers. For cattle sheds/ barns without feed

throughs, there should be sufficiently large space between sheds for the passage of

tractors or trolleys which deliver the feed.

Special enclosures for calves, stores for concentrates and other supplies should be

available. Structures should facilitate future expansion.

47


Sufficient fenced open spaces near or with in the sheds are very useful for heat detection

in female cattle.

Facilities to control livestock are required. Neck crushes for milking or treatment and

artificial insemination. Structures and ropes to tie animals outside the sheds must be

available.

Milking sheds should be constructed to control cows during milking. Facilities for

milking and cleaning of milk containers should be made available.

All cattle shed should have electricity and clean water supplies

Technical Feasibility - this would briefly include -

1. Nearness of the selected area to veterinary, breeding and milk collection centre and the

financing bank's branch.

2. Availability of good quality animals in nearby livestock market. The distribution of

important breeds of cattle and buffaloes are given in Annexure II. The reproductive and

productive performance of cattle and buffalo breeds is given in Annexure III.

3. Availability of training facilities.

4. Availability of good grazing ground/lands.

5. Green/dry fodder, concentrate feed, medicines etc.

6. Availability of veterinary aid/breeding centres and milk marketing facilities near the

scheme area.

Economic Viability - this would briefly include -

1. Unit Cost - The average unit cost of dairy animals for some of the States is given in

Annexure IV.

2. Input cost for feeds and fodders, veterinary aid, breeding of animals, insurance, labour

and other overheads.

3. Output costs i.e. sale price of milk, manure, gunny bags, male/female calves, other

miscellaneous items etc.

48


4. Income-expenditure statement and annual gross surplus.

5. Cash flow analysis.

6. Repayment schedule (i.e. repayment of principal loan amount and interest).

Package of Common Management Practices Recommended for Dariy Farmers

Modern and well-established scientific principles, practices and skills should be used to obtain

maximum economic benefits from dairy farming. Some of the major norms and recommended

practices are as follows:

I. Housing:

1. Construct shed on dry, properly raised ground.

2. Avoid waterlogging, marshy and heavy rainfall areas.

3. The walls of the sheds should be 1.5 to 2 meters high.

4. The walls should be plastered to make them damp proof.

5. The roof should be 3-4 meters high.

6. The cattle shed should be well ventilated.

7. The floor should be pucca/hard, even non-slippery impervious, well sloped (3 cm per

meter) and properly drained to remain dry and clean.

8. Provide 0.25 meter broad, pucca drain at the rear of the standing space.

9. A standing space of 2 x 1.05 meter for each animal is needed.

10. The manger space should be 1.05 meter with front height of 0.5 meter and depth of 0.25

meter.

11. The corners in mangers, troughs, drain and walls should be rounded for easy cleaning.

12. Provide 5-10 sq. meter loaf space for each animal.

13. Provide proper shade and cool drinking water in summer.

49


14. In winter keep animals indoor during night and rain.

15. Provide individual bedding daily.

16. Maintain sanitary condition around shed.

17. Control external parasites (ticks, flies etc.) by spraying the pens, sheds with Malathion or

Copper sulphate solution.

18. Drain urine into collection pits and then to the field through irrigation channels.

19. Dispose of dung and urine properly. A gobar gas plant will be an ideal way. Where gobar

gas plant is not constructed, convert the dung alongwith bedding material and other farm

wastes into compost.

20. Give adequate space for the animals. (The housing space requirement of crossbred cattle

in various categories/age-groups is given in Annexure-VII).

Selection of Animal:

1. Immediately after release of the loan purchase the stock from a reliable breeder or from

nearest livestock market.

2. Select healthy, high yielding animals with the help of bank's technical officer,

veterinary/animal husbandry officer of State government/ Zilla Parishad, etc.

3. Purchase freshly calved animals in their second/third lactation.

4. Before purchasing, ascertain actual milk yield by milking the animal three times

consecutively.

5. Identify the newly purchased animal by giving suitable identification mark (ear tagging

or tattooing).

6. Vaccinate the newly purchased animal against disease.

7. Keep the newly purchased animal under observation for a period of about two weeks and

then mix with the general herd.

8. Purchase a minimum economical unit of two milch animals.

50


9. Purchase the second animal/second batch after 5-6 months from the purchase of first

animal.

10. As buffaloes are seasonal calvers purchase them during July to February.

11. As far as possible purchase the second animal when the first animal is in its late stage of

lactation and is about to become dry, thereby maintaining continuity in milk production

vis-à-vis income. This will ensure availability of adequate funds for maintaining the dry

animals.

12. Follow judicious culling and replacement of animals in a herd.

13. Cull the old animals after 6-7 lactations.

Feeding of Milch Animals

1. Feed the animals with best feeds and fodders. (Feeding schedule is given in Annexure

VIII).

2. Give adequate green fodder in the ration.

3. As far as possible, grow green fodder on your land wherever available.

4. Cut the fodder at the right stage of their growth.

5. Chaff roughage before feeding.

6. Crush the grains and concentrates.

7. The oil cakes should be flaky and crumbly.

8. Moisten the concentrate mixture before feeding.

9. Provide adequate vitamins and minerals. Provide salt licks besides addition of mineral

mixture to the concentrate ration.

10. Provide adequate and clean water.

51


11. Give adequate exercise to the animals. Buffaloes should be taken for wallowing daily. In

case this is not possible sprinkle sufficient water more particularly during summer

months.

12. To estimate the daily feed requirement remember that the animals consume about 2.5 to

3.0 percent of their body weight on dry matter basis.

Milking of Animals

1. Milk the animals two to three times a day.

2. Milk at fixed times.

3. Milk in one sitting within eight minutes.

4. As far as possible, the same person should do milking regularly.

5. Milk the animal in a clean place.

6. Wash the udder and teat with antiseptic lotions/luke-warm water and dry before milking.

7. Milker should be free from any contagious diseases and should wash his hands with

antiseptic lotion before each milking.

8. Milking should be done with full hands, quickly and completely followed by stripping.

9. Sick cows/buffaloes should be milked at the end to prevent spread of infection.

Protection against Diseases

1. Be on the alert for signs of illness such as reduced feed intake, fever, abnormal discharge

or unusual behaviour.

2. Consult the nearest veterinary aid center for help if illness is suspected.

3. Protect the animals against common diseases.

4. In case of outbreak of contagious disease, immediately segregate the sick, in contact and

the healthy animals and take necessary disease control measures. (Vaccination schedule

is given in Annexure IX).

5. Conduct periodic tests for Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Johne's disease, and Mastitis etc.

52


6. Deworm the animals regularly.

7. Examine the faeces of adult animals to detect eggs of internal parasites and treat the

animals with suitable drugs.

8. Wash the animals from time to time to promote sanitation.

Breeding Care

1. Observe the animal closely and keep specific record of its coming in heat, duration of

heat, insemination, conception and calving.

2. Breed the animals in time.

3. The onset of oestrous will be within 60 to 80 days after calving.

4. Timely breeding will help achieving conception within 2 to 3 months of calving.

5. Breed the animals when it is in peak heat period (i.e. 12 to 24 hours of heat).

6. Use high quality semen preferably frozen semen of proven sires/bulls.

Marketing of Milk

1. Marketing milk immediately after it is drawn keeping the time between production and

marketing of the milk to the minimum.

2. Use clean utensils and handle milk in hygienic way.

3. Wash milk pails/cans/utensils thoroughly with detergent and finally rinse with chloride

solution.

4. Avoid too much agitation of milk during transit.

Care of Calves

1. Take care of newborn calf.

2. Treat/disinfect the navel cord with tincutre of iodine as soon as it is cut with a sharp

knife.

3. Feed colostrums to calf.

53


4. Assist the calf to suckle if it is too weak to suckle on its own within 30 minutes of

calving.

5. In case it is desired to wean the calf immediately after birth, then feed the colostrums in

bucket.

6. Keep the calf separately from birth till two months of age in a dry clean and well

ventilated place.

7. Protect the calves against extreme weather conditions, particularly during the first two

months.

8. Group the calves according to their size.

9. Vaccinate calves.

10. Dehorn the calves around 4 to 5 days of age for easy management when they grow.

11. Dispose of extra calves not to be reared/maintained for any specific purpose as early as

possible, particularly the male calves.

Reproduction performance

Most of the buffaloes are considered to be seasonal breeds with maximum calving taking place

from July in November in almost all breeds. Buffaloes come in oestrous in cold month and are

sub-fertile during hot month.

Sub-fertility: due to poor thermo-regulation in buffaloes and

Poor nutrition: poor heat symptom-low heat detection (only lignocelluloses material straw/dry

roughages)

Minimum economic size to start a dairy farm?

Under Indian conditions a commercial dairy farm should consist of minimum 20 animals (10

cows, 10 buffaloes) and this strength can easily go up to 100 animals in proportion of 50:50 or

40:60. After this, however, you need to review your strength and market potential before you

chose to go for expansion.

54


Dairy farming is a safe business for the following reasons:

It is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental pollution as compared to other

industries

Requirement of skilled labour is relatively.

Dairy product market is active round the year.

Minimum investment on inventory. (No need to stock raw materials in huge quantities.)

Entire establishment can be shifted to a new location (if need arises c e fire, floods etc.)

One can insure animals.

Less energy requirement. Biogas plant fed with cow dung can supply maximum energy to

meet day-to-day requirement of farms. Decomposed slurry of such plant can also be

effectively used as organic manure.

Limitations and constraints in dairy farming

Breeding of animals and getting expected milk yield is a biological phenomenon, which

depends upon various factors.

Dairy farming, besides good planning, requires hardworking, reliable and alert manager.

In India, usually persons from the family take the responsibility.

Inadequate management of feeding, herd health and lack of quality control in various stage of

production can cause major loss, affecting the profitability of the entire venture.

Professional training institutes for dairy farming techniques

Opportunities for (raining are available with most of the:

Agricultural/Veterinary universities of various slates

Krishi Vigyan Kendras

State department of Animal Husbandry

55


You can also choose to inquire with national level organization like: National Dairy

Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) - for training on rearing of dairy animals

and manufacture of milk products.

Alternately, you can also look for training facilities of non-governmental organizations

that are active in farming sectors.

Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes

Sr.No Breed Age at first calving (months)

Calving interval (months)

Lactation yield (kg.)

Lactation length (days)

Dry period (days)

Milk yield kg/day

i) Cattle Indian breeds

1 Dangi 54 17 600 300 210 2.0

2 Deogir 48 15 1,500 300 150 5.0

3 Deoni 53 14 810 270 150 3.0

4 Gir 48 16 1,350 270 210 5.0

5 Gaolao 46 16 600 300 180 2.0

6 Hallikar 46 20 600 300 300 2.0

7 Hariana 58 13 1,200 240 150 5.0

8 Kangayam 44 16 600 240 240 2.5

9 Kankrej 48 17 1,800 360 150 5.0

10 Khilari 52 16 240 240 240 1.0

11 Ongole 40 19 630 210 360 3.0

12 Rathi 40 19 1,815 330 240 5.5

13 Red Sindhi 42 14 1,620 270 150 6.0

14 Sahiwal 40 14 1,620 270 150 6.0

15 Tharparkar 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0

16 Umblachery 46 17 360 240 270 1.5

17 Non-descript 60 19 405 270 300 1.5

TECHNO ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

56


i) No.of milch animals 2

ii) Cost of milch animals 8,200

iii) Lactation period (days) 280

iv) Dry period (days) 150

v) Milk yield (lts./day) 7

vi) Sale price of milk (Rs./lt) 7.75

vii) Sale of manure/animal/year (Rs.) 300

viii) Insurance premium for five years (%) 8.4

ix) Veterinary aid/animal/year (Rs.) 150

x) Labour (Rs.) Family labour

xi) Cost of electricity & water (Rs./animal) 100

xii) Interest rate (%) 12

xiii Repayment period (years) 5

MODEL PROJECT FOR TEN BUFFALOES UNIT

Annexure - VIII

Feeding Schedules for Dairy Animals

57

S.No. Items Specifications Phy.units Unit Cost (Rs./unit)

Total Cost (Rs.)

1 Cost of animals 10 8,200 8,200

2 Transportation cost of animals

10 300 3,000

3 Cost of construction of shed

Sq.ft. 650 55 35,750

4 Cost of Store cum office

Sq.ft. 200 100 20,000

5 Equipments (chaff cutter, milking pails, cans, technicians

10 500 5,000

6 Insurance 10 328 3,280

7 Fodder raising expenses @ Rs.3000/acre

2 3,000 6,000

8 Total cost 155,030

9 Margin money

(15% of total cost)Say 23255

23330

10 Bank loan (85% of total cost)

Say 131776

131700


(Quantity in Kgs.)

S.No. Type of animal Feeding during Green Fodder

Dry Fodder Concentrate

(A) CROSSBRED COW

a) 6 to 7 litres milk per day Lactation days

Dry days

20 to 25

15 to 20

5 to 6

6 to 7

3.0 to 3.5

0.5 to 1.0

b) 8 to 10 litres milk per day Lactation days

Dry days

25 to 30

20 to 25

4 to 5

6 to 7

4.0 to 4.5

0.5 to 1.0

(B) BUFFALOES

a) Murrah (7 to 8 litres milk per day)

Lactation days

Dry days

25 to 30

20 to 25

4 to 5

5 to 6

3.5 to 4.0

0.5 to 1.0

b) Mehasana (6 to 7 litres milk per day)

Lactation days Dry days

15 to 20

10 to 15

4 to 5

5 to 6

3.0 to 3.5

0.5 to 1.0

c) Surti (5 to 6 litrs milk per day)

Lactation days

Dry days

10 to 15

5 to 10

4 to 5

5 to 6

2.5 to 3.0

0.5 to 1.0

Programme for vaccination of farm animals against contagious diseases

Sr.

No.

Name of disease Type of vaccine

Type of vaccination

Duration of immunity

Remarks

1 Anthrax (Gorhi) Spore vaccine Once in an year One season -

58


premonsoon vaccination

2 Black Quarter (Sujab) Killed vaccine - do - - do - -

3 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (Galghotu)

Ocladjuvant vaccine

- do - - do - -

4 Brucellosis (Contagious abortion)

Cotton strain 19 (live bacteria)

At about 6 months of age

3 or 4 calvings

To be done only in infected herds

5 Foot and Mouth disease (Muhkhar)

Polyvalent tissue culture vaccine

At about 6 months of age with booster dose 4 months later

One season After vaccination repeat vaccination every year in Oct./Nov.

6 Rinderpest (Mata) Lapinised avianised vaccine for exotic and crossbred catte, caprinised vaccine for zebu cattle.

At about 6 months of age

Life long It is better to repeat after 3 to 4 years

Selecting the animal to farm with - Cows v/s. Buffaloes

Cows Buffaloes

Good quality cows are available in the market

and it cost around Rs.1200 to Rs. 1500 per liter

of milk production per day. (e.g. Cost of a cow

producing 10 liter of milk per day will be

between Rs. 12,000 to Rs. 15,000).

In India, we have good buffalo breeds like

Murrah and Mehsana, which are suitable for

commercial' dairy farm.

If proper care is given, cows breed regularly

giving one calf every 13-14 month interval.

Buffalo milk has more demand for making

butter and butter oil (Ghee), as fat percentage

59


in milk is higher than cow milk. Buffalo milk

is also preferred for making tea.

They are more docile and can be handled easily.

Good milk yielding cross breeds (Holstein and

Jersey crosses) has well adapted to Indian

climate.

Buffaloes can be maintained on more fibrous

crop residues, hence, scope for reducing feed

cost.

The fat percentage of cow's milk varies from 3-

5.5% and is lower than Buffaloes.

Buffaloes largely mature late and give birth to

calves at 16 to 18 months interval. Male

calves fetch little value.

Buffaloes need cooling facility e.g. wallowing

tank or showers/foggers with fan.

Breeds of buffaloes of Indian origin and breeding tracts

Group Breed Breeding tract

Murrah type Murrah Nili Ravi Rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani, Sonepat (Haryana) Ferozepur

(Punjab)

Gujarat Surti Jaffarabadi

Mehsana

Kaira and Baoda, Kutch, Jungarh & Jamnagar dist Mehsana,

Sabarkantha, Banaskantha Dist.

Uttar Pradesh Bhadawari Tarai Bhadawari estate, Beh Tehsil in Agra, Gwalior & Etawah dist.

Taarai region of U. P.

Central India Nagpuri Pandharpuri Nagpur, Akola, Amravati dist. (South Maharashtra), West A.

60


Kalahandi Sambalpur P., North Karnataka Hilly region of Andra Pradesh and Orissa

Bilaspur dist.

South India Toda South Kanara Nilgiri Hills, West coast in Kerela

61

study on foundry industry project report @ doms

Documents

indian foundry industry

indian foundry industries

indian casting industry

overview of foundry

foundry industry process

indian producers

export of castings

foundry population