K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM

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K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM

Table of content

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S.No CONTENT

1 Foundry industry

2 Company profile

3 Owner profile

4 Name of the items produced

5 Raw material

6 Procedure

7 Transportation

8 Name of the customer

9 Quality Factor

10 Safety to Employees

11 Employees benefits

12 Competitors

13 Advantages

14 Disadvantages

15 Bibliography

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Small Business

A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and

relatively low volume of sales.

What is small scale industry?

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Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and

whose investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs.1 crore.”

Registration to SSI is given by the District Industries Center (DIC).

Foundry Industry

The Indian Metal casting (Foundry Industry) is well established. According to the recent World Census

of Castings by Modern Castings, USA India Ranks as 2nd largest casting producer producing estimated

7.44 Million MT of various grades of Castings as per International standards.

The various types of castings which are produced are ferrous, on ferrous,Aluminium Alloy, graded cast

iron, ductile iron, Steel etc for application in Automobiles, Railways, Pumps Compressors & Valves,

Diesel Engines, Cement/Electrical/Textile Machinery, Aero & Sanitary pipes & Fittings etc & Castings

for special applications.However,Grey iron castings is the major share approx 70 % of total castings

produced.

There are approx 4500 units out of which 80% can be classified as Small Scale units & 10% each as

Medium & Large Scale units. Approx 500 units are having International Quality Accreditation. The

large foundries are modern & globally competitive & are working at nearly full capacity. Most foundries

use cupolas using LAM Coke. There is growing awareness about environment & many foundries are

switching over to induction furnaces & some units in Agra are changing over to coke less cupolas.

Indian Foundries.com brings together all the major players involved in the Indian Foundry industry. i.e.

The foundry manufacturers and exporters, the producers, suppliers and importers of raw materials,

machinery and equipment, the agents, quality controllers and other service providers, the federations and

institutions. 

Facility to post casting requirements and tradefair, Foundry materials, Coimbatore foundries, Indian

foundries, foundry job seekers and foundry machineries.

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Company Profile

• Name of the company: Harsha Enterprise Or Harsha Metals

• It's a sole proprietary firm.

• Products manufactured: C I Graded Casting (Cast Iron )

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• Company situated in “Macchhe Industrial Area” in area of 900 sq.meters.

• Capital invested at the beginning of the commencement of the company Rs.27 Lakhs in the year 1997

• No of workers : 12 person

• Time:10-2 and 3-5

OWNERS PROFILE

• Name of the owner : Mr. Channabasappa C.Hondadkatti

• Qualification: B.E.( Associate Member of Institution of Engineers)

, Mechanical, (1979-1983), Completed degree in B.V.B

Engineering college Hubli.

• Worked in Bangalore for 4 years in company called Rajamane

Industries Pvt Ltd.

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• Now presently supplying our goods to the same company (Rajamane Industries Pvt Ltd

• Joint Secretary of the Belgaum Small Scale Industries Association (BSSIA).

• It is a association with KASSIA(Karnataka small scale Industries association (Bangalore)

• Life member of the Indian institute of Foundry men(ITF)

• It is registered in Delhi and Head office is also in Delhi.

• It’s regional office is in Bangalore

Name of the Items produced

• Motor Body

• Coolant pump body

• Dumbbell plates (GYM Equipments)

• Impellers & impeller casing etc

Motor body

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The company specializes in manufacturing of MOTOR BODY PART CASTING which are made up with high quality raw material so that make them durable and longs lasting. These Hastelloy Castings are designed and developed at our advanced equipments equipped manufacturing unit under the supervision of experts. All the castings are properly checked before final delivery to ensure international standards maintained during the manufacturing process.

We are manufacturer & supplier of MOTOR BODY PART CASTING. These machine parts are manufactured from excellent quality raw materials. Our machine parts can be custorized as per our customer requirements and it can be availed at industrial leading price.

Coolant Pump

A distinguished range of coolant pumps can be purchased from us within competitive prices. These are

fabricated using superior grade metals, which have high tensile strength and greater resistance to corrosion. This

pump is used in coolant technology around the world and it is certified by the top quality certification body of

the country

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Plate Type Dumbbells

We are manufacturer and exporter of Plate type dumbbells which is extensively used for body building and

fitness purposes. These are fabricated from superlative quality material using hi-tech process which ensures its

flawless functioning. It can also fabricated as per the mentioned requirements of any individual as well as

commercial sector. A well established Plate type dumbbells manufacturer brings forth for you enormous

exercise equipments at market leading price.

Impeller with Casing (RKG)

Empowered with our rich industrial expertise and experience, we have

emerged as one of the noted manufacturers, exporters and suppliers of

Impeller With Casing (RKG), which is used for increasing the pressure and

flow of a fluid. This engineered following stringent quality control measures

and is acclaimed in the market for its high operational efficiency and reliable

service life. Further, it is also easy to install and requires less maintenance.

Our portfolio includes all types of pump spares like shaft , sleeve, impeller,

casing, stuffing box and others.

 

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Features:

High efficiency

Better performance

Robustdesig

We provide customized solutions on our decorative castings on the following parameters:

Design

Material of construction

Size

RAW MATERIAL

1) Sand:

1) Green Sand (base sand):-Greensand or Green sand is either a sand or sandstone, which has a greenish

color. This term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment that contains noticeable quantities of

rounded greenish grains. These grains are called glauconies and consist of a mixture of mixed-layer clay

minerals, such as smectite and glauconitic mica. Greensand is also loosely applied to any glauconitic

sedimen

2) Bentonite (binder):- Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially

impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after

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the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium(Al).

Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite

usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water

3) Patterns and moulding box : For preparation of the moulds.

2) Metal composition:

1. Cast iron or pig iron (form of an iron ore): It is imported from Goa from the company called Sesa Goa this is the main composition to produce casting.

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2. Coke: It is generally called as coal .Which helps to ignite fire and increase the temperature of the furnace which results in the melting of the pig iron.

3. It is imported from Ahmadabad its from the company called Balaji Coke

4. .Lime stone: It act as a flux, whose application is to separate the pure metal from impurities .

Casting

Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a

hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting,

which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or

various cold setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples

are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be

otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods.

Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.

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Pig iron

pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel such as coke, usually

with limestone as a flux. Charcoal andanthracite have also been used as fuel.

Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.5–4.5%, which makes it

very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.

The traditional shape of the molds used for these ingots was a branching

structure formed in sand, with many individual ingots at right angles to a

central channel or runner. Such a configuration is similar in appearance to a

litter of piglets suckling on a sow. When the metal had cooled and hardened,

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the smaller ingots (the pigs) were simply broken from the much thinner runner (the sow), hence the name pig

iron. As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of

sand caused only insignificant problems considering the ease of casting and handling them.

Cupola furnace

A cupola or cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, ni-resist

iron and some bronzes. The cupola can be made almost any practical size. The

size of a cupola is expressed in diameters and can range from 1.5 to 13 feet (0.5

to 4.0 m).[1] The overall shape is cylindrical and the equipment is arranged

vertically, usually supported by four legs. The overall look is similar to a

large smokestack.

The bottom of the cylinder is fitted with doors which swing down and out to

'drop bottom'. The top where gases escape can be open or fitted with a cap to

prevent rain from entering the cupola. To control emissions a cupola may be fitted with a cap that is designed to

pull the gases into a device to cool the gasses and remove particulate matter.

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The shell of the cupola, being usually made of steel, has refractory brick and refractory patching material lining

it. The bottom is lined in a similar manner but often a clay and sand mixture ("bod") may be used, as this lining

is temporary.Finely divided coal ("sea coal") can be mixed with the clay lining so when heated the coal

decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the opening up of the tap holes. The bottom lining is

compressed or 'rammed' against the bottom doors. Some cupolas are fitted with cooling jackets to keep the sides

cool and with oxygen injection to make the coke fire burn hotter.

Air blower machine

A device that produces a continuous flow of air

Ladle Refining Furnaces

Ladle refining furnaces (LRFs) are used to desulfurize steels, remove other impurities and hold the molten steel for casting operations. 

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Without LRFs, higher tap temperatures are normally required from steel making furnaces due to heat losses during refining with conventional ladles. 

Costs of extended furnace time, refractory wear and power or fuel consumption can all be reduced using LRFs to perform holding and refining. 

Reduced scrap melting capacity in basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) is another disadvantage of higher tap temperatures. 

The ladle refining furnace also acts as a buffer between the steel making furnace (either BOF or electric 

Arc furnace (EAF)) and the continuous caster, reducing casting costs and allowing greater flexibility in steel making operations.

Application and Benefits: 

Ladle refining furnaces are used to increase productivity in steel-

making operations. By allowing the steel making furnaces to be

used exclusively as melting units, tap-to-tap times are decreased,

increasing the production capacity and decreasing overhead costs

per ton of steel produced. Flexible scheduling can result with LRFs,

steel can be held at the proper temperature while waiting for casting

availability

Sand Casting

Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as

the mold material.

It is relatively cheap and sufficiently refractory even for steel foundry use. A suitable bonding agent (usually

clay) is mixed or occurs with the sand. The mixture is moistened with water to develop strength and plasticity of

the clay and to make the aggregate suitable for molding. The term "sand casting" can also refer to an object

produced via the sand casting process. Sand castings are produced in specialized factories called foundries.

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Over 70% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process

Basic Process

There are six steps in this process:

1. Place a pattern in sand to create a mold.

2. Incorporate the pattern and sand in a gating system.

3. Remove the pattern.

4. Fill the mold cavity with molten metal.

5. Allow the metal to cool.

6. Break away the sand mold and remove the casting

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Components Patterns

Pattern (casting)

From the design, provided by an engineer or designer, a skilled pattern maker builds a pattern of the object to

be produced, using wood, metal, or a plastic such as expanded polystyrene. Sand can be ground, swept or

strickled into shape. The metal to be cast will contract during solidification, and this may be non-uniform due to

uneven cooling. Therefore, the pattern must be slightly larger than the finished product, a difference known

as contraction allowance. Pattern-makers are able to produce suitable patterns using 'Contraction rules' (these

are sometimes called "shrink allowance rulers" where the ruled markings are deliberately made to a larger

spacing according to the percentage of extra length needed). Different scaled rules are used for different metals

because each metal and alloy contracts by an amount distinct from all others. Patterns also have core prints that

create registers within the molds into which are placed sand cores. Such cores, sometimes reinforced by wires,

are used to create under cut profiles and cavities which cannot be molded with the cope and drag, such as the

interior passages of valves or cooling passages in engine blocks.

Paths for the entrance of metal into the mold cavity constitute the runner system and include the  sprue, various

feeders which maintain a good metal 'feed', and in-gates which attach the runner system to the casting cavity.

Gas and steam generated during casting exit through the permeable sand or via risers, which are added either in

the pattern itself, or as separate pieces.

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Molding box and materials

A multi-part molding box (known as a casting flask, the top and bottom halves of which are known respectively

as the cope and drag) is prepared to receive the pattern. Molding boxes are made in segments that may be

latched to each other and to end closures. For a simple object—flat on one side—the lower portion of the box,

closed at the bottom, will be filled with molding sand. The sand is packed in through a vibratory process called

ramming and, in this case, periodically screeded level. The surface of the sand may then be stabilized with a

sizing compound. The pattern is placed on the sand and another molding box segment is added. Additional sand

is rammed over and around the pattern. Finally a cover is placed on the box and it is turned and unlatched, so

that the halves of the mold may be parted and the pattern with its sprue and vent patterns removed. Additional

sizing may be added and any defects introduced by the removal of the pattern are corrected. The box is closed

again. This forms a "green" mold which must be dried to receive the hot metal. If the mold is not sufficiently

dried a steam explosion can occur that can throw molten metal about. In some cases, the sand may be oiled

instead of moistened, which makes possible casting without waiting for the sand to dry. Sand may also be

bonded by chemical binders, such as furane resins or amine-hardened resins.

Chills:-

To control the solidification structure of the metal, it is possible to place metal plates,  chills, in the mold. The

associated rapid local cooling will form a finer-grained structure and may form a somewhat harder metal at

these locations. In ferrous castings the effect is similar to quenching metals in forge work. The inner diameter of

an engine cylinder is made hard by a chilling core. In other metals chills may be used to promote directional

solidification of the casting. In controlling the way a casting freezes it is possible to prevent internal voids or

porosity inside castings.

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Cores:-

To produce cavities within the casting—such as for liquid cooling

in engine blocks and cylinder heads—negative forms are used to

produce cores. Usually sand-molded, cores are inserted into the casting box

after removal of the pattern. Whenever possible, designs are made that avoid

the use of cores, due to the additional set-up time and thus greater cost.

Two sets of castings (bronze and aluminum) from the above sand mold

With a completed mold at the appropriate moisture content, the box containing the sand mold is then positioned

for filling with molten metal—typically iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminium, magnesium alloys, or various pot

metal alloys, which often include lead, tin, and zinc. After filling with liquid metal the box is set aside until the

metal is sufficiently cool to be strong. The sand is then removed revealing a rough casting that, in the case of

iron or steel, may still be glowing red. When casting with metals like iron or lead, which are significantly

heavier than the casting sand, the casting flask is often covered with a heavy plate to prevent a problem known

as floating the mold. Floating the mold occurs when the pressure of the metal pushes the sand above the mold

cavity out of shape, causing the casting to fail.

Left: Core box, with resulting (wire reinforced) cores directly below. Right:- Pattern (used with the core) and

the resulting casting below (the wires are from the remains of the core)

After casting, the cores are broken up by rods or shot and removed from the

casting. The metal from the sprue and risers is cut from the rough casting.

Various heat treatments may be applied to relieve stresses from the initial

cooling and to add hardness—in the case of steel or iron, by treatment—

like shot penning—that adds resistance to tensile cracking and smooth’s the

rough surface.

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Design requirements:-

The part to be made and its pattern must be designed to accommodate each stage of the process, as it must be

possible to remove the pattern without disturbing the molding sand and to have proper locations to receive and

position the cores. A slight taper, known as draft, must be used on surfaces perpendicular to the parting line, in

order to be able to remove the pattern from the mold. This requirement also applies to cores, as they must be

removed from the core box in which they are formed. The sprue and risers must be arranged to allow a proper

flow of metal and gasses within the mold in order to avoid an incomplete casting. Should a piece of core or

mold become dislodged it may be embedded in the final casting, forming a sand pit, which may render the

casting unusable. Gas pockets can cause internal voids. These may be immediately visible or may only be

revealed after extensive machining has been performed. For critical applications, or where the cost of wasted

effort is a factor, non-destructive testing methods may be applied before further work is performed.

Procedure

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A desired ratio from pig iron, coke and lime stone i.e.; 75% of Pig iron , 20 % of coke and 5% of lime

stone

Will be introduced in the furnace called (Cupola Furnace),and hot air will be blown to it

Due to the presence of coke and fire, the temperature will be increased up to 1400 deg C.

Resulting in the melting in the pig iron, the pure molten metal is collected from an outlet in a bucket

shaped contained called “laddle”

And the molten metal is poured in the moulds previously prepared using sand and patterns.

After solidification of the molten metal we get a desired shaped and sized casting..

Which will be later machined and transported to the customers

In general, we can distinguish between two methods of sand casting; the first one using green sand and the

second being the air set method.

Green sand:-

These expendable molds are made of wet sands that are used to make the mold's shape. The name comes from

the fact that wet sands are used in the molding process. Green sand is not green in color, but "green" in the

sense that it is used in a wet state (akin to green wood). Unlike the name suggests, "green sand" is not a type of

sand on its own, but is rather a mixture of:

Silica sand (SiO2), or chromite sand (FeCr2O), or zircon sand (ZrSiO4), 75 to 85%, or olivine, or staurolite,

or graphite.

bentonite (clay), 5 to 11%

water, 2 to 4%

inert sludge 3 to 5%

Anthracite  (0 to 1%)

There are many recipes for the proportion of clay, but they all strike different balances between moldability,

surface finish, and ability of the hot molten metal to degas. The coal, typically referred to in foundries as sea-

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coal, which is present at a ratio of less than 5%, partially combusts in the presence of the molten metal leading

to offgassing of organic vapors. Green Sand for non-ferrous metals do not use coal additives since the CO

created is not effective to prevent oxidation. Green Sand for aluminum typically uses olivine sand (a mixture of

the minerals forsterite and fayalite which are made by crushing dunite rock). The choice of sand has a lot to do

with the temperature that the metal is poured. At the temperatures that copper and iron are poured, the clay gets

inactivated by the heat in that the montmorillonite is converted to illite, which is a non-expanding clay. Most

foundries do not have the very expensive equipment to remove the burned out clay and substitute new clay, so

instead, those that pour iron typically work with silica sand that is inexpensive compared to the other sands. As

the clay is burned out, newly mixed sand is added and some of the old sand is discarded or recycled into other

uses. Silica is the least desirable of the sands since metamorphic grains of silica sand have a tendency to

explode to form sub-micron sized particles when thermally shocked during pouring of the molds. These

particles are picked up by Brownian motion and can lead to silicosis in the workers. Iron foundries spend a lot

of energy on aggressive dust collection to capture that fine silica. The sand also has the dimensional instability

associated with the conversion of quartz from alpha quartz to beta quartz at 1250 degrees F. Often additives

such as wood flour are added to create a space for the grains to expand without deforming the mold. Olivine,

Chromite, etc. are used because they do not have a phase conversion that causes rapid expansion of the grains

plus they offer greater density which cools the metal faster and produces finer grain structures in the metal.

Since they are not metamorphic minerals, they do not have the polycrystals and subsequently do not form sub-

micron sized grains that are a health hazard.

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The "air set" method

The air set method uses dry sand bonded with materials other than clay, using a fast curing adhesive. The latter

may also be referred to as no bake mold casting. When these are used, they are collectively called "air set" sand

castings to distinguish them from "green sand" castings. Two types of molding sand are natural bonded (bank

sand) and synthetic (lake sand); the latter is generally preferred due to its more consistent composition.

With both methods, the sand mixture is packed around a pattern, forming a mold cavity. If necessary, a

temporary plug is placed in the sand and touching the pattern in order to later form a channel into which the

casting fluid can be poured. Air-set molds are often formed with the help of a two-part mold having a top and

bottom part, termed the cope and drag. The sand mixture is tamped down as it is added around the pattern, and

the final mold assembly is sometimes vibrated to compact the sand and fill any unwanted voids in the mold.

Then the pattern is removed along with the channel plug, leaving the mold cavity. The casting liquid (typically

molten metal) is then poured into the mold cavity. After the metal has solidified and cooled, the casting is

separated from the sand mold. There is typically no mold release agent, and the mold is generally destroyed in

the removal process.[2]

The accuracy of the casting is limited by the type of sand and the molding process. Sand castings made from

coarse green sand impart a rough texture to the surface, and this makes them easy to identify. Castings made

from fine green sand can shine as cast but are limited by the depth to width ratio of pockets in the pattern. Air-

set molds can produce castings with smoother surfaces than coarse green sand but this method is primarily

chosen when deep narrow pockets in the pattern are necessary, due to the expense of the plastic used in the

process. Air-set castings can typically be easily identified by the burnt color on the surface. The castings are

typically shot blasted to remove that burnt color. Surfaces can also be later ground and polished, for example

when making a large bell. After molding, the casting is covered with a residue of oxides, silicates and other

compounds. This residue can be removed by various means, such as grinding, or shot blasting.

During casting, some of the components of the sand mixture are lost in the thermal casting process. Green sand

can be reused after adjusting its composition to replenish the lost moisture and additives. The pattern itself can

be reused indefinitely to produce new sand molds. The sand molding process has been used for many centuries

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to produce castings manually. Since 1950, partially automated casting processes have been developed for

production lines.

Cold box:-

Uses organic and inorganic binders that strengthen the mold by chemically adhering to the sand. This type of

mold gets its name from not being baked in an oven like other sand mold types. This type of mold is more

accurate dimensionally than green-sand molds but is more expensive. Thus it is used only in applications that

necessitate it.

No bake molds:-

No bake molds are expendable sand molds, similar to typical sand molds, except they also contain a quick-

setting liquid resin and catalyst. Rather than being rammed, the molding sand is poured into the flask and held

until the resin solidifies, which occurs at room temperature. This type of molding also produces a better surface

finish than other types of sand molds.[3] Because no heat is involved it is called a cold-setting process. Common

flask materials that are used are wood, metal, and plastic. Common metals cast into no bake molds are brass,

iron ferrous, and aluminum alloys.

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Transportation

• Usually goods were transportated through Trucks and lories.

• Beside the goods should be supplied in the local city using Auto carrier.

Name of the customers

• Supply goods to various companies like:-

1) Rajamane industries Pvt.Ltd,Bangalore

2) Kirloskar Electric Company, Hubli.

3) NGEF (New Government Electrical factory)Ltd,Hubli

4) Position Engineering Corporation ,Belgaum

Again they supply the Gym equipments(Dumbbells and plates) to the leading sports outlet in Belgaum

and other cities like:-

5) Aurora sports,Bgm

6) Hanuman sports,Bgm

7) Dalvi sports,Bgm

8) Hira sports, Hubli

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Future plan

• As the business scale is increasing, the orders are increasing, demands an needs of the customers are

also increasing .

• Therefore their planning is to increase the rate of production in future by increasing and maintaining the

quality of the products.

• Planning to install new machines an Equipments

• To renovate the infrastructure of the company

• Planning to advertise the industry to the world by entering in to the multimedia like internet by opening

their official website etc.

Quality factor

Quality factor is a major factor of any small Scale Industry which will decide impression of the

Company.

They maintain all the records regarding the quality and try to improve and maintain the same in future

All the mechanical properties such as Hardness,Brittleness,Roughness will be tested and recorded in the

quality test sheet

SAFETY TO EMPLOYEES

BUSINESS AWARENESS -II

K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM

• Safety Gogal

• Safety Gogal Welding.

• Face shild.

• Safety shoes.

• Hand Gloves(Leather)

• Hand Gloves(Rubber)

• Affron

Employees benefit

1) They have made certain amount of savings in the bank in the name of the Employee Inividually , which

will be given to them at the time of retiring from the company along with the interest

2) E.S.I (Employees State Insurance)is made on each and every employees which is very helpful to the

employees.

E.S.I

Employees’ State Insurance Scheme of India, is a multidimensional social security system tailored to

provide socio-economic protection to worker population and their dependants covered under the

scheme. Besides full medical care for self and dependants, that is admissible from day one of insurable

employment, the insured persons are also entitled to a variety of cash benefits in times of physical

distress due to sickness, temporary or permanent disablement etc. resulting in loss of earning capacity,

the confinement in respect of insured women, dependants of insured persons who die in industrial

accidents or because of employment injury or occupational hazard are entitled to a monthly pension

called the dependants benefit.

Competitors

BUSINESS AWARENESS -II

K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM

• As belgaum is one of the leading producers of castings in India, then obviously there are lot of

companies including in such a kind of business.

• Therefore there is a lot of Competition in this business .

Some of them re:-

VLS Metals Kudale Iron Works Abhishek Alloys Sai Alloys Venketesh Iron works Lakshmi Iron works etc

Advantage

• Quality of Product.

• Take care of labours

• Take care of their safety etc.

Disadvantage

• Labours Problem

• Raw material shortage

• Electricity etc

Biblography

BUSINESS AWARENESS -II

K.L.E SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LINGRAJ COLLEGE, BELGAUM

www.google.com

By the Company Manual.

BUSINESS AWARENESS -II