Stored Grain Losses

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PS1-5 – 6225

Study on farm grain storage in China

L. Shengbin1

1 No.95 Huangpaifang Street, Chengdu Grain Storage Research Institute, Chengdu, P.R China 610031, E-mail:

lanshengbin@163.com

Abstract

In China, farm grain storage cover about 60percent of grain yield. While, the grain loss of farmstorage was serious resulting from bad grain storagecondition there. The grain loss of farm storage wasabout 5 %. This paper particularly introduced aseries of work for reduction of loss of stored grains,which was carried out by some science andtechnology research institutes organized by StateGrain Administration, just like Chengdu GrainStorage Research Institute from 2004, and alsointroduced the fruits obtained already including 10sorts of new storage facilities exploited for farmstorage of different cereal varieties such as paddy,wheat and corn in different areas of China.Meanwhile, the paper introduced the techniquereconstruction measures for present grain bin incountryside, pesticide fit to prevent from insectscontaminant in countryside grain storage andconstruction of technology demonstration district in11 provinces, also stated the main model and statusof farm storage in China.

Key words: study, farm storage, grain loss.

Situation of farm storage of grain

Chinese government have invested great fund toestablish some state grain depot with international

advanced level since 1998. Some technology ongrain monitoring, circumfluence ventilation, cerealcooling and machine ventilation have been extendedand applied widely. Meanwhile, low temperaturegrain storage and CO2 controlled atmosphere grainstorage also make great progress. Now greenstorage techniques with Chinese unique charactersare developing, and grain loss had been controlledless than 0.2 %. On the other hand, there are 0.24billion farmer families in Chinese countryside, andfarm storage of grain cover 60 percent of total grainyield in whole country. Since storage of grain incountryside is dispersive and poor in storagecondition, grain loss, mainly damaged by rodent, isrelatively serious with 8 % grain loss rate. Rodentdamage in North of China is heavier than South,while insect in South areas is heavier than Northareas.

In China, grains are mainly produced in 3 plainssuch as northeast plain, plain in north of China andplain in middle & lower reaches of Yangtse river.North-east plain mainly produce corn, and cornstorage is priority of farm storage. Plain in north ofChina mainly produce wheat, wheat storage ispriority of farm storage. The plain in middle & lowerreaches of Yangtse river mainly produce paddy, andtake paddy storage as priority of farm storage.

According to the ecological condition of grainstorage, China can be divided into 7 grain storageecology areas showed in Figure 1.

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Achievements of farm storage ofgrain in China

Since 1995, some granaries for farm storage havebeen built in China under support of FAO, whichhave active effect on reduction of grain loss in farmstorage. State Grain Administration have organized5 science and technology units including ChengduGrain Storage Research Institute(CSR) and HenanUniversity of Technology to make overall study onsafe farm grain storage, and have got significantachievements.

Have developed a series of new equipmentsand facilities for farm storage

Equipments and facilities are major factorsaffecting safe grain storage. And then, in terms ofstorage properties of paddy, wheat and corncombined with weather characters of different areas

and storage tradition, experts have developed aseries of new equipments and facilities for farmstorage and already distributed widely. Thesefacilities included:

(a) Metal silo( showed in Figure 2)This silo has some advantages. It take up small

area, easily installing, have beautiful appearance andis able to prevent from the damage of rodents,insects and molds efficiently.

Metal silo is made from galvanization armor plateor color steel plate with 0.5mm thickness. Thediameter and height of layer can been added orreduced according to the different demand. Themetal silo can been rotated by 180 angle and itsupper, middle and lower layers can been folded to0.6m height when it is not in use( showed as Figure2). Meanwhile, the folded silo can store other goods,not only save space to maximum degree but alsoincrease the usage efficiency of facilities.

Figure 1. The map of China grain storage areas.Notes:

1 Qinghai-Tibet frigid and dry grainstorage ecology areas 2. Mongolia-Xinjiang dry and cold grainstorage ecology

areas 3. North-east cold and wet grainstorage ecology areas 4. North of China dry and hot grainstorage ecology areas

5. East of China hot and wet grainstorage ecology areas 6. South-west mesotherm and low humidity grainstorage

ecology areas 7. South of China highly hot and highly wet grainstorage areas.

Stored Grain Losses

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outfitted special openings to take in and take outgrains, meanwhile ensuring air-tightness. In addition,the empty bin is easy to kept.

This kind bin has 1,000 ~ 1,500 kg capacity, isespecially fit to store wheat, but is relatively poor toprevent from rodents.

(c) Under-ground binUnder-ground bin include inside bin and outside

ortbleat’sce,der-y,nce to

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(b) Airtight bin with double PVC surface(showed in Figure 3)

Airtight bin with double PVC surface (ABDPVC) is able to been folded, convenient to uwell moistureproof and air-proof, it has propertto prevent from insect pest. ABD-PVC has be

Figure 2. Metal silo.

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Figure 3. Airtight bin with double PVC surface.

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bin. Storage of grain with under-ground bin is a sof ideal method, is able to keep grain quality staand also prevent from insects and rodents. Whmore, it is low cost consumption, never cover spaso is easy to been accepted by farmers. In unground bin for farm storage with little capacitpacking storage is proper because of convenieof grain convey. Under-ground bin outside needadd moistureproof layer around bin, increase heof openings and use plastic film liner to insure drynof bin and good drain around. There is region resto build under-ground bin, it is fit to been built areas with low water level. The plain of northChina posses condition to build under-ground b

(d) Concrete bin( showed in Figure 4)This kind of bin has been designed referenc

Figure 4. Concrete bin.

9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection

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the requirements of state depot building, can bbuilt near to 3 walls, also 2 walls or only 1 wall. Tlength, width and height can been confirmaccording to specific conditions and demand. Tdoor of bin has been designed double layers,the doorframe and door outside has been wrapwith sheet aluminum to prevent rodents. Bottombin has 10-20 cm distance from ground, combiwith concrete plate( 1.0m length, 0.5m width a0.05 m thickness) above bricks, and treated wdampproof felt, finally laid with concrete. For thside near to wall, pitch should be used to calayer there, besides, felt can be used to proof wbefore building with bricks.

New concrete bin is firm and bearabcorresponding with house as well as prevent frrats, insects, proof moisture. It has 9-13 m3 volumeand 3,000-6,000 kg capacity.

(e) Bin under stair (showed in Figure 5)Bin under stair( BS) is a kind of simple grain s

by making use of space under stair, uses stebin roof to form a right-angled container. The Bhas capacity range from 2,000 kg to 4,000 kg.make good use of space of house, correspondhouse, is a economics and efficient style for fastorage with good effect on preventing from rode

Figure 5. Bin under stair.

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and moisture. This kind of bin is suggested to bdesign when building house.

(f) Steel net bin(showed in Figure 6)Steel net bin posses function of natural aera

drying, is especially fit to corn storage, meet to tfunctions of fringe storage and whole kernel storaIn position that corn is susceptible to molds, thare vertical and circle horizontal ventilation pipinstalled for natural ventilation as well as machventilation in high temperature reason. The equipmis surrounded by metal net with 6 x 6 mm apertand the top and bottom of bin are enclosed by mnet with 3 x 3 mm aperture, then the problemrodent damage has been resolved.

(g) Ventilation drying silo made fromprefabricated straw board

This kind of silo is of 2 m height, 2 m diametert capacity for corn (Figure 7). The silo body is joinwith 6 piece of prefabricated straw board by siz1 x 2 m. There are galvanization sheet iron as cabove and air-ducting on ground outfitting 1 kfan in bottom of silo. The characters of this silo good temperature preservation and tightness. kind of silo is suitable to storage and drying of paand corn with low moisture content, and meefunctions of storage as well as drying.

Figure 6. Steel net bin.

Stored Grain Losses

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Since 2005, there have been a series of books,

Have developed special pesticides for farmgrain storage

Insects is another major factor lead to grain l

Figure 7. Ventilation drying silo made fromprefabricated straw board.

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of storage. Since the bin of farm storage are generin house, prevention of insects are more difficult ththat of state depot. In China, state depots commouse Aluminium Phosphate fumigation to prevent froinsects, while this method is not fit to farmers duethey are living in house. At the base oMicroencapsulation Technology, Chengdu GraStorage Research Institute has developed Bao LiLin (a kind of special pesticide for farm storage, components are Fenitrothior and Deltomathrin). Thkind of pesticide made the period of validity lasto 2 years by adopting controlled releasmicroencapsulation technology. It has wide asignificant function for killing insects, is safe anconvenient to use, needn’t airproof or other specsafeguard. It need to be mixed with raw cereals cereal product by the ratio 1:2,500 to come toppm concentration.

Have developed INTERNET editionprofessional farm grain storage consultationsystem , provide consultation service forfarmers

In order to establish convenient path fknowledge dissemination of farm grain storage,internet edition professional farm grain storageconsultation system( PFGSCS) has beendeveloped, which reached the goal to run consultation system in www.grainstorage.net ansearch information by free. PFGSCS include 8 psuch as consultation of storage equipments, sinspection of grain quality, consultation of grain storagapproach, consultation of feed storage approachconsultation of insects identification, consultationinsects control, consultation of rodent identificatioconsultation of rodent control, involving identificatioand control of main insect, moth, mite and rodenfarm grain storage. Since PFGSCS started to ruJune 2005, there have been 65,000 persons brin website by now. PFGSCS is expected to plamore and more important role in disseminationknowledge of scientific grain storage.

Have held variety of technology distributionactivities

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TV, DVD etc. disseminating materials. Somebooks,‘ paddy safe storage technology’, ‘wheat safestorage technology’ and ‘corn safe storagetechnology’ are all good examples. In order to extendthe technology of farm grain storage as soon aspossible, the demonstration areas had been set in11 provinces of 3 large plains, 3,644 demonstrationfamilies had been set, 1.2 million set of materialshad also been sent to farmers by free, 0.4 millionbag of preservative had been sent to farmers, and166 thousand of farmers had been trained aboutgrain storage technique. In May 2006, State GrainAdministration held ‘2006 activities week of grainscience and technology’, held 13 set of propagandaactivities on science and technology of farm grainstorage in 11 mainly grain-producing provinces ofChina, trained 26 thousand of farmer families. Theseseries of work has greatly promoted the

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dissemination and spread of farm grain stortechnology.

Development trend of farm grainstorage in China

Application of farm grain storage technology madjust measures to local conditions. It’s needeconsiderate the design of grain bin when buildhouse, to blend the grain silo construction intowhole design of house layout, or to promoapplication of storage equipment flexibly outfitte

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While, farm grain storage should only aim at storof grains for own family consumption becausefacilities limit of condition and storage technoloetc.. The residue grains of family’s should been to special grain storage enterprises to store, wcan reduce the cost of storage greatly.

It’s perhaps the direction accord with thdevelopment of future farm storage in Chinaestablish some grain accepting storehouse for grain storage and to adopt the ‘grain bank’ moAt present, there have been some special gstorage enterprises especially storing residue gfor farmers.