study on effect of bacterial in bagasse ash …bacteria and sugarcane bagasse ash concrete. a s...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp.

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication

STUDY ON EFFECT OF BACTERIAL IN

BAGASSE ASH CONCRETE

P.Sangeetha

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of E

Professor & Head, Department of Civil

ABSTRACT

This research evaluates the suitability of

a partial replacement for cement in

after passing the residual through 45

cement (OPC). It was then used to replace OPC by weight in ratio o

20%. Total of twenty seven concrete

were casted with 0%, 10% and 20% of bacteria along with the water. The specimens

were cured for 28 days. The RCPT and SEM analysis were carried out to study the

durability of concrete. It was concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash is a low weight

material and 10% and 20% replacement of bagasse ash

bacteria improves the durability of the concrete

gives the chloride permeability rate as very low for all the bagasse ash bacterial

concrete specimens.

Key words: Bagasse ash,

Cite this Article: P.Sangeetha, R.Vijayalakshmi and S. Ramanagopal Study On Effect

Of Bacterial In Bagasse Ash Concrete

Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

1. INTRODUCTION

Micro - cracks are the major cause to structural failure. One way to circumvent costly manual

maintenance and repair is to incorporate an autonomous self

One such an alternative repair mechanism is currently being studied,

- mineralization of bacteria in concrete. The

concrete improves the strength and durability of concrete.

precipitation on parameters affecting the transport processes and durabi

mortar were studied. The results indicated the presence of a newly formed layer on the surface

IJCIET/index.asp 45 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp. 45–52, Article ID: IJCIET_08_06_006

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=6

6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed



P.Sangeetha and R.Vijayalakshmi

Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of E

Kalavakkam, Chennai.

S. Ramanagopal

Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of E

Kalavakkam, Chennai.

This research evaluates the suitability of Bacteria and Sugarcane Bagasse ash

a partial replacement for cement in concrete. A Sugarcane Bagasse ash

after passing the residual through 45µm sieve, standard size of ordinary portland

cement (OPC). It was then used to replace OPC by weight in ratio of 0%, 10%

twenty seven concrete cubes with M25 grade were prepared. The cube

10% and 20% of bacteria along with the water. The specimens


It was concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash is a low weight

and 10% and 20% replacement of bagasse ash in the concrete along with

bacteria improves the durability of the concrete. The rapid chloride penetration test


Bacteria, durability, SEM analysis, RCPT

P.Sangeetha, R.Vijayalakshmi and S. Ramanagopal Study On Effect

Of Bacterial In Bagasse Ash Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

, 8(6), 2017, pp. 45–52.

aeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

cause to structural failure. One way to circumvent costly manual

maintenance and repair is to incorporate an autonomous self - healing mechanism in concrete.

One such an alternative repair mechanism is currently being studied, by the application of bio

mineralization of bacteria in concrete. The application of mineral precipitating bacteria

improves the strength and durability of concrete. The effects of bacterial CaCO

precipitation on parameters affecting the transport processes and durability of concrete and


[email protected]

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=6



Department of Civil Engineering, SSN College of Engineering,

Engineering, SSN College of Engineering,

Sugarcane Bagasse ash as

ugarcane Bagasse ash was obtained

m sieve, standard size of ordinary portland

cement (OPC). It was then used to replace OPC by weight in ratio of 0%, 10% and

were prepared. The cubes

10% and 20% of bacteria along with the water. The specimens


It was concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash is a low weight

in the concrete along with

. The rapid chloride penetration test


P.Sangeetha, R.Vijayalakshmi and S. Ramanagopal Study On Effect

International Journal of Civil Engineering and

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

cause to structural failure. One way to circumvent costly manual

healing mechanism in concrete.

the application of bio

mineral precipitating bacteria in

The effects of bacterial CaCO3

lity of concrete and


P.Sangeetha, R.Vijayalakshmi and S. Ramanagopal

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 46 [email protected]

of the mortar specimens, consisting mainly of calcite. Bacterial deposition of a layer of calcite

on the surface of the specimens resulted in a decrease of capillary water uptake and

permeability towards gas (De Muynck, W.et.al, 2007). Bacillus as self-healing agent in

concrete and found the calcium carbonate minerals deposition as new layer on the surface of

concrete (Henk M, Jonkers et al, 2010).Addition of ureolytic bacterium such as Bacillus

sphaericus in concrete is able to precipitate CaCO3 in their micro-environment by conversion

of urea into carbonate. The bacterial degradation of urea promotes microbial deposition of

carbonate as calcium carbonate in calcium rich environments and fills the cracks (Kim Van

Tittelboom et al, 2010).The usage of the bacteria, S. pasteurii improves strength and

durability of normal and fly ash concrete through self-healing effect (Rafat et al, 2011). The

characteristics of microbiological precipitation of calcium carbonate on normal and

lightweight by two types of bacteria, Sporosarcina pasteurii and Bacillus sphaericus and found

that B. sphaericus precipitated denser calcium carbonate crystals than S. pasteurii.(H. K. Kim

et al ,2013). Incorporation of spore forming bacteria of the species Bacillus sphaericus will

not negatively affect the compressive and split tensile strength of the cement concrete (C. C.

Gavimath et al, 2013). Permeation properties of concrete made with fly-ash and silica fume

with the influence of ureolytic bacteria (Sporosarcina pasteurii) improves the permeability of

concrete by improving its pore structure (Navneet Chahal et al, 2013).

2. MATERIALS

The following materials were used in the preparation of the specimen: OPC (Ordinary

Portland Cement) confirming to Indian Standard IS 8112 – 1995 was used. Graded river sand

passing through 1.18 mm sieve with a fineness modulus of 2.85 and specific gravity of 2.48

was used as fine aggregate. A Sugarcane Bagasse ash was obtained after passing the residual

through 45µm sieve. The Bacillus sphaericus bacteria were added in the concrete as self

healing material in the concrete along with the water. Table 1 shows the description of the

specimens and its mix proportion. Figure 1 shows the specimens before testing.

Table 1 Specimen Description and Mix proportion

Sl.No Specimen

Identification

Bagasse

Ash

%

Bacteria

%

Cement

kg

Ash

kg

Sand

kg

Gravel

kg

Water

litre

Bacteria

litre

1 S0%B 0 0 7.70 0 11.55 23.10 2.76 0

2 S10%B 0 10 7.70 0 11.55 23.10 2.76 0.28

3 S20%B 0 20 7.70 0 11.55 23.10 2.76 0.56

4 10%A0%B 10 0 6.93 0.77 11.55 23.10 3.11 0

5 10%A10%B 10 10 6.93 0.77 11.55 23.10 3.11 0.28

6 10%A20%B 10 20 6.93 0.77 11.55 23.10 3.11 0.56

7 20%A0%B 20 0 6.16 1.54 12.98 25.99 2.76 0

8 20%A10%B 20 10 6.16 1.54 12.98 25.99 2.76 0.28

9 20%A20%B 20 20 6.16 1.54 12.98 25.99 2.76 0.56

Study On Effect of Bacterial in Bagasse Ash Concrete


Figure 1 Specimens before curing

3. TEST METHODS

3.1. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test

A permeable concrete is more susceptible to ion penetration (which can lead to corrosion of

metals—usually steel reinforcement), to stresses that are induced by the expansion of water as

it freezes, and to chemical attack (leaching, efflorescence, sulphate attack). If properly cured,

most concretes become significantly less permeable with time. Therefore, it is important to

specify the age at which the permeability is measured. There is no universally accepted

standard test method for measuring the permeation properties of concrete. Permeation

procedures may be categorized by their respective transport mechanisms as given below.

1. Water absorption

2. Water permeability (flow)

3. Ionic flow (Rapid Chloride Permeability Test).

The RCPT method is the fastest method of those mentioned and is often used for

specification and quality control purposes. The digital LED display indicates the voltage

available across the concrete specimen under test as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 RCPT set up

The diffusion cell consists of two chambers. NaCl solution concentration 2.4M and NaOH

solution concentration 0.3 M are prepared. NaCl solution concentration 2.4M is filled in one

chamber and in another chamber 0.3 M NaOH solution is taken. The chloride ions were

forced to migrate through the centrally placed vacuum saturated concrete specimen under an



impressed DC voltage of 60 Volts. Figure 3 shows the top view of Rapid Chloride

Permeability Test Setup.

The procedure of this test method for measuring the resistance of concrete to chloride ion

penetration has no bias because the value of this resistance can be defined only in terms of a

test method. The method relies on the results from a test in which electrical current passes

through a concrete sample during a six-hour exposure period. The interpretation is that the

larger the Coulomb number or the charge transferred during the test, the greater the

permeability of the sample. The more permeable the concrete, the higher the coulombs; the

less permeable the concrete, the lower the coulombs . This method has shown good

correlation with chloride tests. The following formula, based on the trapezoidal rule can be

used to calculate the average current flowing through one cell.

Q = 900(I0+2I30+2I60+2I90+2I120+…+2I300+2I330+I360)

Where, Q = current flowing through one cell (coulombs)

I0= Current reading in amperes immediately after voltage is applied, and

It = Current reading in amperes at t minutes after voltage is applied

The table 2 shows the rating of chloride permeability according to ASTM C 1202-97.

Table 2 Chloride permeability rating of concrete as per code

Figure 3 RCPT Apparatus

3.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a powerful instrument which permits the

characterization of heterogeneous materials and surfaces. Samples were completely dried at

room temperature, and then examined at accelerating voltages ranging from 30 to 35 kV by a

SEM (Zeiss EVO50). The concrete samples treated with and without bacteria were analyzed

using this technique and SEM pictures are shown. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of

distinct calcite crystals in the concrete samples. The high calcium amounts in all the bacterial

samples confirmed that calcite was present in the form of calcium carbonate. Scanning

electron microscope is used to examine the control concrete and Bagasse ash concrete with or

without bacteria. Figure 4 shows the Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis set up used in

the study.



Figure 4 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis Set up

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The presence of crystalline calcite associated with bacteria indicated that bacteria served as

nucleation sites during mineralization process. The RCPT values for different specimens were

plotted and shown in the figure 5. From the graph it was observed that the RCPT values

increases from 0 to 10 % bacteria sample and get decreases from 10 to 20 % bagasse ash

concrete sample. Figure 6 and 7 shows the SEM images of concrete without and with bagasse

ash along with bacteria. From the images it was clearly observed there were calcite

precipitations because of the presence of bacteria in the bagasse ash concrete.

Figure 5 RCPT values for tested specimens

Table 3 gives the chloride permeability rating of the specimen.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

RC

PT

Val

ues

in C

oulo

mbs

Specimen ID

Charge passing in

coulombs

Chloride permeability

rating

> 4000 High

2001 - 4000 Moderate

1001 - 2000 Low

100 - 1000 Very low

< 100 Negligible



Table 3 RCPT Values and chloride permeability rating of concrete

S10%B

S20%B

Figure 6 SEM images of bacterial cement paste without bagasse ash

Sl.No Specimen

Number

RCPT

Values

coulombs

Chloride

permeability

rating

1 S0%B 972 Very low

2 S10%B 1025 Low

3 S20%B 948 Very low

4 10%A0%B 549 Very low

5 10%A10%B 599 Very low

6 10%A20%B 535 Very low

7 20%A0%B 296 Very low

8 20%A10%B 337 Very low

9 20%A20%B 279 Very low



Figure 7 SEM image of bacterial cement paste with bagasse ash

The spherical particles in the SEM images show the presence of calcite. The calcite

produced by the bacteria is responsible for filling the pores in the cement- bagasse ash

composite. Thus increases the strength and durability of the concrete.

5. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper the performance of concrete prepared with bagasse ash and bacteria were

studied. The main conclusions are presented as follows.

1. There is significant reduction in chloride ion penetration in Bagasse Ash replaced concrete

than the control concrete.

2. Chloride ion penetration was very low in 20 % of cement replaced by ash concrete and the

charges passed were 296, 337 and 279 Coulombs.



3. Concrete – immobilised spores of such bacteria may be able to seal cracks by biomineral

formation after being revived by water and growth nutrients entering freshly formed cracks,

hence the application of bacteria will improve the strength and durability of bagasse ash

cement paste concrete.

REFERENCES

[1] W De Muynck, N De Belie & W Verstraete, “Improvement of Concrete Durability with

the aid of Bacteria”, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Self Healing

Materials, 18-20 April 2007, Netherlands .

[2] Henk M Jonkers, Arjan Thijssen, Gerard Muyzer, “Application of bacteria as self-healing

agent for the development of sustainable concrete”, Ecological Engineering 2010; 36:230-

235.

[3] Kim Van Tittelboom, Nele De Belie, William De Muynck. Use of Bacteria to repair

cracks in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2010; 40:157 – 166.

[4] Rafat Siddique and Navneet Kaur Chahal, “Effect of Ureolytic Bacteria on concrete

properties”, Construction and Building materials 2011; 25:3791-3801.

[5] H K Kim, S J Park, J I Han, H K Lee, “Microbially mediated calcium carbonate

precipitation on normal and lightweight concrete, Construction and building materials

2013; 38:1072-1083.

[6] K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar, A Comprehensive

Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Rice Husk Ash &

Stone Dust, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp.

163–172.

[7] Gavimath, Mali, Hooli, Mallpur, Patil, Gaddi, Ternikar & Ravishankere, “Potential

application of bacteria to improve the strength of cement concrete”, International Journal

of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 2013; 3:541-544.

[8] Navneet Chahal and Rafat Siddique, “Permeation properties of concrete made with fly ash

and silica fume: Influence of ureolytic bacteria”, Construction and building materials

2013; 49:161-174.

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