study guide - security council

7/30/2019 Study Guide - Security Council

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STUDYGUIDESECURITYCOUNCIL 1


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2 STUDYGUIDESECURITYCOUNCIL

ContentPage

BackgroundontheSecurityCouncil 4

FunctionandFunctioningoftheCouncil 5

Korea 6

SuccessoftheCommittee 16

NorthKoreasNuclear,SpaceandMissileProgram 17

TheNorthKoreanRocketLaunch 21

SanctionsandEscalationoftheCrisis 22

Countrybycountrystances 25

Bibliography 32


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DearDelegates,

AsthechairpersonoftheSecurityCouncil,itismypleasuretowelcomeyoutooneofthemost

challengingcommitteessimulatedattheHeritageModelUnitedNationsConference.Asstated

before-themainresponsibilityoftheSecurityCouncilistomaintaininternationalpeaceand

security.UndertheCharterallmemberstatesareobligatedtocomplywithcouncildecisions.

Now,thispurposehasbeenputtotestbythelaunchofNorthKoreanBallisticmissile,forthe

secondtimeonthe12thofDecember,in2012.NorthKoreahadclaimedthatthemainpurpose

ofthislaunchwasforscientificandgeologicalobjectives.WhereasUSA,SouthKoreaand

JapanbelievethatitsacoverfortestingMissileTechnology.

Now,althoughtheotherrespectivecountriesbelievethattherocketlaunchwasformilitary

purposesandtotestmissiletechnology-theyhaveslightlydifferentviewsonhowthesituation

hastobehandled.Therehavebeenpeacetalksbetweenthepowersofthepacificatthe

pentagon,andUSAhasaskedChinatoinfluenceNorthKoreasosuchfurtheractionsdont

impedethepeaceamongstnations.ChinabelievesthatNorthKoreahaseveryrighttodevelop

andexpandtheirspaceprogrammewhereastheyalsoexpressedacertainregretaswell.

IndiahasnodirectdisputewithNorthKorea.IndiasinterestinNorthKoreasnuclearandmissileprogrammescomefromthereportedclandestineco-operationbetweenNorthKorea,

PakistanandIraninthisregard.However,Indiaisapartinternationalcommunityandmust

supportinternationalactionsandcondemnandrestrictcountriesthatactinanunacceptable

mannertotherestoftheworld.JapanisanothercountrythatcondemnsNorthKoreasMissile

Programme,asitisalsoaverycloseallyoftheUS,andJapanandNorthKoreadonot

recognizeeachother,anddonotshareandiplomaticrelationshipswhatsoever.Soeach

countryhastheirrespectiveviewpointandforeignpoliciestolookafter.Thismeansthatthe

eventswhicharementionedintheStudyGuideandtheeventswhichwilltakeplacein

committee,afterthisdatearehypothetical.Thedeadlinefortherealeventsforthe

committeeisthe20thofDecember,2012.Thus,yourresearchshouldonlybelimitedto

realeventsuntiltheaforementioneddate,andeventsthereaftercanonlybestudied

fromthisGuide,andtackledbytheuseofquickthinking.

Astheconferenceapproaches,Ihopethatasdelegates-youhavestartedpreparingforthe

committee,whichwillbeanintensivebalanceforresearchandcreativityofsolutions.

Committeewillbediscussingthisissueingreatdetail,soeveryoneisexpectedtobeverywell

prepared.Hencetheexecutiveboardhasbeenresearchingextensivelytoputtogetherthis

studyguide.However,assaidbefore,pleasedonotlimityourresearchtothestudyguide.

Widenyourmindtoallofthepossibilitiesandinformationatyourdisposal.Alsodelegates

pleasenote,thatthinkingononesfeetandthecapabilitytocomposedistinctive,and

noteworthysolutionstothesituationathandwillstandyouingoodstead.Ifyouhaveany

furtherqueriesorquestions-donothesitatetocontactme,ortherestofyourexecutiveboard.

Goodluckwithyourresearch!Wehopetoseeyouallsoon.

Untilthen,

UpasanaRoy

Chairperson-SecurityCouncil


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TheSecurityCouncil

TheSecurityCouncilhasprimaryresponsibilitiesunderthecharterforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.Itisorganizedas

tobeabletofunctioncontinuouslyandarepresentativeofeachofitsmembersmustbepresentatalltimesatUnitedNationsheadquarters.

On31stJanuary1992thefirstevertheministersoftheforeignaffairsoftheremainingtwoconvenedsummitmeetingattheheadquartersattendedbyheadsofstatesandgovernmentof13ofits15membersand.Whenacomplaintconcerningathreattopeaceisbroughtbeforeit,thecouncilsfirstactionisusuallytoadvocatetothepartiestotrytoreachanagreementbyamicablemeans.Insomecases,SecurityCouncilundertakesinvestigationandmediation.Itmaysetforthprinciplesfora

peacefulsettlement.Whenadisputeleadstofighting,thecouncilsfirstconcernistobringittoanendassoonaspossible.

Assaidinarticle33oftheUnitedNationscharter,

Thepartiestoanydispute,thecontinuanceofwhichislikelytoendangerthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,shall,first

ofall,seekasolutionbynegotiationenquiry,mediation,conciliation,

arbitration,judicialsettlement,resortregionalagenciesorarrangements

orotherpeacefulmeansoftheirownchoice.

TheSecurityCouncilshall,whenitdeemsnecessary,calluponthe

partiestosettletheirdisputebysuchmeans.

Thecouncilcomprises15members,5ofwhomarepermanentmembersandtheremaining10arenon-permanentmembers,10ofthenon-permanentmemberselectedbythegeneralassemblyfortwo-yeartermsandnotillegibleforimmediatere-election.5permanentmembers,ortheP5nations,aretheUnitedStatesofAmerica,UnitedKingdom,France,TheRussianFederation,andthePeoplesRepublicof

China.Eachcouncilmemberhasonevote.Decisionsonproceduralmattersaremadebyanaffirmativevoteofatleast9ofthe15members.Thepermanentmembersenjoyanegativevote,orveto.Theymayabstainfromvotingalso.


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FunctionsandPoweroftheSecurityCouncil

ThefunctionsandthepoweroftheSecurityCouncilhavebeenmentionedinArticles24,25and26oftheCharteroftheUnitedNations.

Article24Responsibilityforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity

(1) InordertoensurepromptandeffectiveactionbytheUnitedNations,itsMembersconferontheSecurityCouncilprimaryresponsibilitiesforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andagreethatincarryingoutitsdutiesunderthisresponsibilitytheSecurityCouncilactsontheirbehalf.

(2) IndischargingthesedutiestheSecurityCouncilshallactinaccordancewiththePurposesandPrinciplesoftheUnitedNations.ThespecificpowersgrantedtotheSecurityCouncilforthedischargeofthesedutiesarelaiddowninChaptersVI,VII,VIII,andXII.

(3) TheSecurityCouncilshallsubmitannualand,whennecessary,specialreportstotheGeneralAssemblyforitsconsideration.

Article25AgreementtoacceptandcarryoutthedecisionsoftheSecurityCouncil

TheMembersoftheUnitedNationsagreetoacceptandcarryoutthedecisionsoftheSecurityCouncilinaccordancewiththepresentcharter.

Article26Regulationofarmaments

Inordertopromotetheestablishmentandmaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecuritywiththeleastdiversionofarmamentsoftheworldshumanandeconomicresources,theSecurityCouncilshallberesponsibleforformulating,withtheassistanceoftheMilitaryStaffCommitteereferredtoinArticle47,planstobesubmittedtothe

MembersoftheUnitedNationsfortheestablishmentofasystemfortheregulationofarmaments.


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Korea

DivisionofKorea

In1945,theSecondWorldWarendedwithanalliedvictory.AmongthedefeatedwasJapan,asmostwouldrememberfromthebombingsofHiroshimaandNagasaki,whichbroughtapromptendtothewar.Beforethewar,KoreaasawholewasunderthecolonialruleofJapanforabout35years.So,thealliesdecidedtotemporarilyoccupyKoreaasatrusteeship.TheSovietUnionquicklyinfiltratedandoccupiedthenorth.

ThisactofhasteontheSovietUnionspartthreatenedtheUSAastheyfearedacommunisttakeoverofKoreaandtheywereforcedtoquicklysendtwoyoungofficers(DeanRuskandCharlesBonesteel)toKoreaonAugust10,1945tosettletheboundariesofSovietandAmericanoccupationofKorea.Workingatextremelyshort

noticeandcompletelyunprepared,theyusedaNationalGeographicmaptodecideonthe38thparallel.TheychoseitbecauseitdividedthecountryapproximatelyinhalfbutwouldleavethecapitalSeoulunderAmericancontrol.NoexpertsonKoreawereconsulted.

Thoughelectionswerescheduled,theSovietUnionrefusedtocooperatewithUnitedNationsplanstoholdgeneralandfreeelectionsinthetwoKoreas,andasaresult,aCommuniststatewaspermanentlyestablishedunderSovietauspicesinthenorth,alsoknownastheDPRK,andapro-Westernstatewassetupinthesouth.Thetwosuperpowersbackeddifferentleadersandtwostateswereeffectivelyestablished,eachofwhichclaimedsovereigntyoverthewholeKoreanpeninsula.

ThisdivisionofKorea,aftermorethanamillenniumofbeingunified,wasseenasunacceptableandtemporarybybothregimes.From1948untilthestartofthecivilwaronJune25,1950,thearmedforcesofeachsideengagedinaseriesofbloodyconflictsalongtheborder.In1950,theseconflictsescalateddramaticallywhenNorthKoreanforcesinvadedSouthKorea,triggeringtheKoreanWar.TheKoreanArmisticeAgreementwassignedthreeyearslaterendinghostilitiesandeffectivelymakingthedivisionpermanent.Thetwostateswerenowdividedalongthedemarcationlineandthetwosidesagreedtocreateafour-kilometerwidebufferzonebetweenthestates,wherenobodywouldenter.ThisareacametobeknownastheDemilitarizedZoneorDMZ.


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Thedivisioncanbeunderstoodbetterbyexaminingthismap:

RelationBetweenthetwoKoreas

ManystillbelievethattheKoreasarestillinastateofwarandallthemembersin

theinternationalcommunityshouldbeontheirtoes.ThiswasshowntobeespeciallytrueaftertheattackofROKSCheonansinking(TheROKSCheonansinkingoccurredon26March2010,whentheCheonan,aRepublicofKoreaNavyshipcarrying104personnel,sankoffthecountry'swestcoastnearBaengnyeongIslandintheYellowSea,killing46seamen.ASouthKorean-ledofficialinvestigationcarriedoutbyateamofinternationalexpertsfromSouthKorea,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,Canada,Australia,andSwedenpresentedasummaryofitsinvestigationon20May2010,concludingthatthewarshiphadbeensunkbyaNorthKoreantorpedofiredbyamidgetsubmarine.),theworldhastheireyesonNorthKorea'snextmove,andtwoKoreas'tensionhasflaredsincethen.Theincidentchilledinter-Koreanrelationsandseemedtofreezeallexchangesbetween

thetwoKoreas.AssoonastheinvestigationteamrevealedthatCheonanwassunkbyNorthKorea,PresidentLeeimplementedcountermeasurescalledtheMay24Measures.TheSouthKoreangovernmentsuspendedallinter-KoreanexchangesandcooperationwiththeNorthexceptthebusinessoperationintheGaeseongIndustrialComplexandthepurehumanitarianaidfortheunderprivilegedpeopleinNorthKorea.


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ThereislotsofskeptismaboutNorth-SouthKorearelationships.Intheeconomicfield,thereisamisunderstandingofallegationthatSouthisjustgivingawayeverythingtotheNorthwithoutreceivinganythinginreturn.However,eitherincomparisonwiththepreviousSouthKoreangovernmentortheformerWestGermanaidtoEastGermany,theKimDaeJunggovernment'sassistancetoNorth

Koreahasbeenratherminuscule.Forexample,theaidtoNorthKoreaintheyear2000wasonly.017percentofSouthKorea'sGDPwhichislessthanone-fourthoftheformerWestGermany'sannualaidtoEastGermany.

OnJuly7,1988,withtheannouncementofthePresidentialDeclarationforNationalSelf-esteemUnificationandProsperity,SouthandNorthKoreaofficiallypromotedinter-Koreanexchangesandcooperation.Inter-KoreanexchangesandcooperationstoppedtemporarilywhenNorthKoreawithdrewfromtheNPTinMarchof1993,butiteventuallyresumeditscourseandremainsineffectuntilnow.Upuntil1989,onlyonepersoncrossedtheborderbutthatnumberhasincreasedovertheyearsandnowstandsat130,000.Inter-Koreantraderecorded19millionUSdollarsin

1989butitreached1.9billionUSdollarsin2010.Additionally,thetotalamountofhumanitarianaidfrom1995tolate2010equalsapproximately2.9billionUSdollars.

ForeignRelationsofNorthKorea

TheforeignrelationsthatdefinetheplaceofNorthKoreaintheworldcommunitytodayareproductofthetrajectories.Startingwiththe1936nationbuildingprocessNorthKoreahasalliedwithChinaandRussia.HoweverwiththeincreasingprosperityofChinaanditspowerintheinternationalsociety,NorthKoreahaslimitedpowerinChina.

China

SinoNorthKoreanrelationsarebilateralbetweenthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)andtheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea(NorthKorea).

ChinaandNorthKoreahavehistoricallyenjoyedclosediplomaticrelations.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeengrowingconcerninChinaoverissuessuchasNorthKorea'snuclearweaponsprogram,theirallegedsinkingoftheROKSCheonanandtheirbombardmentofYeonpyeong.AfterNorthKoreaconducteditsfirstnucleartestin2006,theChinesegovernmentstatedthattheywere"resolutelyopposedtoit"andvotedforUnitedNationssanctionsagainstNorthKorea.

ChinaandNorthKoreasharea1,416-kilometerlongborderthatcorrespondsbroadlyspeakingtothecourseoftheYaluandTumenrivers.Thecountrieshavesixbordercrossingsbetweenthem.InNovember2003,ChinareportedlytransferredresponsibilityforsecuringitsborderwithNorthKoreafromthepolicetoitsarmy.

In2006,Chinabuilta20-kilometerlongfencealongitsborderwithNorthKorea.ItislocatedprimarilyalongareaswheretheYaluRiverdividingthetwocountriesis


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narrowandtheriverbankslow.MuchofChinastradewiththeDPRKgoesthroughtheportofDandongontheYaluRiver.

InFebruary1997,theaccesstoforeignandChinesetravelersandtouristsoftheTumenRiverBridgeatWonjong-QuanheontheDPRK-Chinaborderwasallowed.Thisledtoaphenomenalincreaseincross-bordertrafficandbusinesswithinoneyear;fromlessthan1,000passengersin1996,toover100,000in1997.

InMay2012,ChinaandNorthKoreasignedanagreementontheconstructionandmanagementofthecross-borderbridgebetweenManpointheJagangProvinceofNorthKoreaandJianinChina.

ChinapermittedtheYanbianKoreanEthnicGroupAutonomousPrefecturetoconductbordertradewiththeDPRKinAugust1954.AbartercontractbetweenChinaandtheDPRKwasofficiallysignedthesameyear.Thecontractstipulatesthefollowing:

1. Thetwosidesshallbarterintheformofmutualexchangeofmaterials.2. ThetwosidesshallsettletheaccountswithChineserenminbi.

3. ThesitesofbartershallbeintheChinesecityofTumenandintheKorean

citiesofNamyang,Hoeryeong,Khyongwon,andMusan.

DuringtheKoreanWarfrom195053,ChinaassistedNorthKorea,sendingasmanyas500,000soldierstosupportNorthKoreanforces.Sincethen,thetwostateshavecloselycooperatedinsecurityanddefenseissues.In1975,KimIlSungvisitedBeijinginafailedattempttosolicitsupportfromChinaforamilitaryinvasionofSouthKorea.OnNovember23,2009,ChineseDefenseMinisterLiangGuanglievisitedPyongyang,thefirstdefensechieftovisitsince2006.

Atimelinewithkeyevents:

In1950,ChinaenteredtheKoreanWarinsupportofNorthKorea.

In1961,thetwocountriessignedtheSino-NorthKoreanMutualAidandCooperationFriendshipTreaty,wherebyChinapledgedtoimmediatelyrendermilitaryandotherassistancebyallmeanstoitsallyagainstanyoutsideattack.Thistreatywasprolongedtwice,in1981and2001,withvaliditytill2021.

Since2003,thePRChasbeenaparticipantinsix-partytalksaimedatresolvingtheissueofNorthKorea'snuclearweaponsprogram.

In2006,whentheDPRKtest-firedaseriesofballisticmissiles,afterChinahadurgeditnottodoso,Chineseauthoritiespubliclyrebukedtheirneighbor,andsupportedtheUNSecurityCouncilResolution1718,whichimposedsanctionsonNorthKorea.Atothertimeshowever,ChinahasblockedUnitedNationsresolutionsthreateningsanctionsagainstNorthKorea.


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On1stJanuary2009,ChinesePresidentHuJintaoandNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-Ilexchangedgreetingsanddeclared2009astheyearofChina-DPRKfriendship,marking60yearsofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.

OnNovember28,2010,aspartoftheUnitedStatesdiplomaticcablesleak,WikiLeaksandmediapartnerssuchasTheGuardianpublisheddetailsofcommunicationsinwhichChineseofficialsreferredtoNorthKoreaasa"spoiledchild"anditsnuclearprogramas"athreattothewholeworld'ssecurity".TwounnamedChineseofficialsalsoallegedlytoldofgrowingsupportinBeijingforKoreanreunificationundertheSouth'sgovernment.

UnitedStatesofAmerica

NorthKoreaUnitedStatesrelationsdevelopedprimarilyduringtheKoreanWar,butinrecentyearshavebeenlargelydefinedbytheUnitedStates'suspicionsregardingNorthKorea'snuclearprogramsandNorthKorea'sstateddesiretonormalizerelationswiththeU.SA,temperedbyastatedperceptionofanimminentU.S.attack.

AlthoughhostilitybetweenthetwocountriesremainslargelyaproductofColdWarpolitics,therewereearlierconflictsandanimositybetweentheU.S.andKorea.Inthemid-19thcenturyKoreacloseditsborderstoWesterntrade.IntheGeneralShermanincident,KoreanforcesattackedaU.S.gunboatsenttonegotiateatradetreatyandkilleditscrew,afterfirefrombothsidesbecauseitdefiedinstructionsfromKoreanofficials.AU.S.retributionattack,theShinmiyangyo,followed.

KoreaandtheU.S.ultimatelyestablishedtraderelationsin1882.RelationssouredagainwhentheU.S.negotiatedpeaceintheRusso-JapaneseWar.Japanpersuaded

theU.S.toacceptKoreaaspartofJapan'ssphereofinfluence,andtheUnitedStatesdidnotprotestwhenJapanannexedKoreafiveyearslater.KoreannationalistsunsuccessfullypetitionedtheUnitedStatestosupporttheircauseattheVersaillesTreatyconferenceunderWoodrowWilson'sprincipleofnationalself-determination.

TheUnitedNationsdividedKoreaafterWorldWarIIalongthe38thparallel,intendingitasatemporarymeasure.However,thebreakdownofrelationsbetweentheU.S.andUSSRpreventedareunification.DuringtheU.S.occupationofSouthKorea,relationsbetweentheU.S.andNorthKoreawereconductedthroughtheSovietmilitarygovernmentintheNorth.BecauseofNorthKorea'ssubmissionto

Sovietpressures,andbecauseofmassoppositiontothelenientU.S.occupationofthemortalenemyJapan,NorthKoreansinthisperioddenouncedtheUnitedStatesandbegantoformanegativeviewoftheU.S.However,severalAmericanministersandmissionariesremainedactiveinthisperiod,remindingKoreans,beforetheywereuprootedbythecommunistregime,thatAmericanindividualscouldbeveryhelpfultothecauseofKoreanindependence.


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1

OnSeptember9,1948,KimIl-sungdeclaredtheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea;hepromptlyreceiveddiplomaticrecognitionfromtheSovietUnion,butnottheUnitedStates.TheU.S.didnotextend,andhasneverextended,diplomaticrecognitiontotheDPRK.After1948,thewithdrawalofmostAmericantroopsfromthepeninsulaactuallyintensifiedKimIlSung'santi-Americanrhetoric,often

assertingthattheU.S.wasanimperialistsuccessortoJapan,aviewthecountrystillholdstoday.InDecember1950,theUnitedStatesinitiatedeconomicsanctionsagainsttheDPRKundertheTradingwiththeEnemyAct,whichlasteduntil2008.

NorthKoreanshadtheirclosestencounterwiththeUnitedStatesduringtheUS/UNoccupationofNorthKoreainthetwomonthsaftertheInchonlanding.WithhelpfromtheROKArmy,theUnitedStates'military,underthecommandofGeneralDouglasMacArthur,movedtosetupaciviladministrationforNorthKoreainthewakeofthepresumeddestructionoftheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea.MacArthurplannedtofindNorthKoreangenerals,especiallyKimIl-Sung,andtrythemaswarcriminals.

StartinginlateAugust2008,NorthKoreaallegedlyresumeditsnuclearactivitiesattheYongbyonnuclearfacility,apparentlymovingequipmentandnuclearsuppliesbackontothefacilitygrounds.Sincethen,NorthKoreanactivityatthefacilityhassteadilyincreased,withNorthKoreathreateningYongbyon'spossiblereactivation.

NorthKoreahasarguedthattheU.S.hasfailedtofulfillitspromisesinthedisarmamentprocess,havingnotremovedthecountryfromits"StateSponsorsofTerrorism"listorsentthepromisedaidtothecountry.TheU.S.hasrecentlystatedthatitwillnotremovetheNorthfromitslistuntilithasaffirmedthatNorthKoreawillpushforwardwithitscontinueddisarmament.NorthKoreahassincebarredIAEAinspectorsfromtheYongbyonsite,andtheSouthhasclaimedthattheNorthis

pushingforthemanufactureofanuclearwarhead.TheNorthhasrecentlyconductedtestsonshort-rangemissiles.TheU.S.isencouragingtheresumptionofsix-partytalks.

OnOctober11,2008,theU.S.andNorthKoreasecuredanagreementinwhichNorthKoreaagreedtoresumedisarmamentofitsnuclearprogramandonceagainallowedinspectorstoconductforensictestsofitsavailablenuclearmaterials.TheNorthalsoagreedtoprovidefulldetailsonitslong-rumoreduraniumprogram.TheselatestdevelopmentsculminatedinNorthKorea'slong-awaitedremovalfromAmerica's"StateSponsorsofTerrorism"listonthesameday.

OnMay25,2009,American-NorthKoreanrelationsfurtherdeterioratedwhenNorthKoreaconductedyetanothernucleartest,thefirstsincethe2006test.ThetestwasonceagainconductedundergroundandexplodedwithayieldcomparabletotheLittleBoyandFatManbombsthatdestroyedHiroshimaandNagasaki,respectively.TheUnitedStateswasalsopleasedwithChinaandRussia'smove,whocondemnedNorthKorea'sactionseventhoughtheyarebothstrongalliesofNorthKorea.TheU.S.,alongwithallothermembersofthestalledsix-partytalks,stronglycondemnedthetestandsaidthatNorthKoreawould"payapriceforitsactions."


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TheU.S.alsostronglycondemnedthesubsequentseriesofshort-rangemissileteststhathavefollowedthedetonation.

Russia

NorthKoreaandRussiafirstestablisheddiplomaticrelationsonOctober12,1948shortlyaftertheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKoreawasproclaimed.ThoughthetwowereclosealliesduringtheColdWar,relationsbetweenthemhavecooleddownsincethebreakupoftheSovietUnion.Therelationshipgainedsomeimportanceagainduringthe2000s(decade).

Russiahassunkconsiderableamountsofcapitalintonumerouslarge-scale,long-terminternationalinfrastructureprojectsinvolvingtheKoreanpeninsula,suchasoilandgaspipelinesandTrans-KoreanandTrans-Siberianrailroadsjunctions.TheseprojectsareofcrucialimportancetotheeconomicrevitalizationoftheRussianFarEast,andinthecaseofanewKoreanWar,theseprojectsandRussianeconomicinterestswouldbeseverelydamaged.ThetwostatesshareaborderalongthelowerTumenRiver,whichis17kilometers(11mi)longandwasformedonlyin1860whentheTsarboughtlandsfromChina.

Japan

AlegacyofbitternessexistsinJapan'srelationswithNorthKorea,stemmingfromJapanesecolonialruleoverKoreafrom1910to1945.Currently,JapandoesnotrecognizeNorthKorea,andneithercountryhasanydiplomaticrelations.BilaterallyandthroughtheSix-PartyTalks,NorthKoreaandJapancontinuetodiscussissuessurroundingthefateofJapanesecitizensabductedbyNorthKoreainthe1970sand1980s.

Recently,NorthKoreaexpectedtohavepositiverelationshipwithJapanwhenDemocraticPartyofJapanwontheelection.However,primeministerthenHatoyamaYukiomaintainedtheoriginalpositiontowardNorthKorea.Yeonpyeongbombing,ROKSCheonansinkinghavealsocontributedtothecontinuingexacerbationoftherelationship.

UnitedKingdom

FollowinginitialprogressinNorthKoreaSouthKorearelations,NorthKoreaandtheUnitedKingdomestablisheddiplomaticrelationsonDecember12,2000,

openingresidentembassiesinLondonandPyongyang.TheUnitedKingdomprovidesEnglishlanguageandhumanrightstrainingtoDPRKofficials,urgingtheNorthKoreangovernmenttoallowavisitbytheUNSpecialRapporteurforHumanRights,anditoverseesbilateralhumanitarianprojectsinNorthKorea.

TomarkthetenthanniversaryofNorthKorea'srelationswiththeUnitedKingdom,aneditedversionofthe2002filmBendItLikeBeckhamwasbroadcastonNorthKoreanstatetelevisionon26December2010.TheBritishAmbassadortoSouth


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Korea,MartinUden,postedonTwitterthatitwasthe"1steverWestern-madefilmtoaironTV"inNorthKorea.

Goodrelationsbetweenthetwonationshavebeeninexistenceasfarbackas1966whentheNorthKoreanfootballteamplayedinthe1966WorldCupinEngland.TheNorthKoreanteambecametheadoptedteamofMiddleborough,whichwaswheretheyplayedtheirgroupgamesduringthecompetition.MiddleboroughfanswentontosupporttheNorthKoreanteaminthenextroundofthetournament,withmanytravelingtoLiverpooltowatchtheteamagainstPortugal.In2002,membersoftheNorthKoreanteamreturnedtoMiddleboroughforanofficialvisit.

France

RelationsbetweentheFrenchRepublicandtheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKoreaareofficiallynon-existent.FranceisoneofonlytwoEuropeanUnionmembersnottomaintaindiplomaticrelationswithNorthKorea,theotherbeingEstonia.ThereisnoFrenchembassy,noranyothertypeofFrenchdiplomaticrepresentation,inPyongyang,andnoDPRKembassyinParis,althoughaNorthKoreandiplomaticofficeislocatedinnearbyNeuillysurSeine.

France'sofficialpositionisthatitwillconsiderestablishingdiplomaticrelationswithDPRKifandwhenthelatterabandonsitsnuclearweaponsprogramandimprovesitshumanrightsrecord.

India

IndiawasappointedasChairmanofthe9-memberUNCommissiontoholdelectionsinKoreain1947;AftertheKoreanwarof1950-53,Indiaplayedanimportantrole

astheChairmanoftheNNRC(NeutralNationsRepatriationCommission);ConsularrelationswithDPRKweresetuponMarch1,1962;anddiplomaticrelationsbetweenthetwocountrieswereestablishedonDecember10,1973RelationsbetweenIndiaandDPRKhavebeengenerallycharacterizedbyfriendship,cooperationandunderstanding.AsmembersoftheNon-AlignedMovement,thereisacommonalityofviewsbetweenthetwoonmanyinternationalissues,e.g.Disarmament,South-SouthCooperation,etc.Bothsidescontinuetoworkcloselyattheinternationalforandsupporteachotheronvariousissuesofbilateralandinternationalinterests.IndiahadwelcomedtheSouth-NorthJointDeclarationofJune15,2000andfavorsreductionoftensionintheKoreanpeninsulaandreunificationofthetwoKoreasthroughpeacefulmeansandthroughdirectdialogue

betweenthem.IndiaandDPRKhavebeencooperatingintheUNandotherinternationalorganizations.Regularandmeaningfulexchangeofviewsonbilateralissuesofmutualinterestandconcern,wereconductedthroughmechanismofFOC.InMarch2011,IndiaprovidedNorthKoreawithassistanceinfoodbyprovidingsuppliesworthalmost$1millionthroughtheWorldFoodProgram,whichwasmuchappreciatedbytheGovernmentoftheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea.ManyNorthKoreannationalsreceivetraininginIndiaincludinginthefieldsofIT


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andscienceandtechnology.IndiahasabilateraltradeofaroundhalfabilliondollarswithNorthKorea.Also,IndiaisincreasinglybeingaskedbytheUSAtomediateintheKoreanpeninsuladuetoitsstrengtheningrelationswithbothNorthKoreaandSouthKorea.

PakistanPakistanmaintainswarmdiplomaticandtraderelationswithNorthKorea.Thestartofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesemergedsometimeinthe1970sduringtheruleofPakistaniPrimeMinisterZulfikarAliBhutto.NorthKoreamaintainsanembassyinIslamabad.Relationsbetweenthetwocountriesarereportedtobestronginbothcivilianandmilitaryspheres.NorthKoreahassuppliedmissiletechnologytoPakistan.

Vietnam

StudentsfromNorthVietnambegangoingtoNorthKoreatostudyasearlyasthe1960s,evenbeforetheformalestablishmentofKorean-languageeducationintheircountry.TheformerVietnameseambassadortoSouthKoreaisagraduateofNorthKorea'sKimIl-sungUniversity.ThesonofaformerstaffmemberintheVietnameseembassyinPyongyang,whoalsoattendedKimIl-sungUniversitybetween1998and2002,gaveaninterviewin2004withSouthKoreannewspaperTheChosunIlboabouttheexperienceshehadwhilelivingthere.

BothNorthandSouthKorealentmaterialandmanpowersupporttotheirrespectiveideologicalalliesduringtheVietnamWar,thoughthenumberofSouthKoreantroopsonthegroundwaslarger.AsaresultofadecisionoftheKoreanWorkers'PartyinOctober1966,inearly1967NorthKoreasentafightersquadron

toNorthVietnamtobackuptheNorthVietnamese921stand923rdfightersquadronsdefendingHanoi.Theystayedthrough1968;200pilotswerereportedtohaveserved.Inaddition,atleasttwoanti-aircraftartilleryregimentsweresentaswell.NorthKoreaalsosentweapons,ammunitionandtwomillionsetsofuniformstotheircomradesinNorthVietnam.KimIl-sungisreportedtohavetoldhispilotsto"fightinthewarasiftheVietnameseskyweretheirown".

Israel

NorthKoreadoesnotrecognizethestateofIsrael;instead,itrecognizesthesovereigntyofthePalestinianNationalAuthorityovertheterritoryheldbyIsrael.

Overtheyears,NorthKoreahassuppliedmissiletechnologytoIsrael'srivals,includingPakistan,Iran,Syria,Libya,andEgypt.Syria,whichhasahistoryofconfrontationswithIsrael,haslongmaintainedarelationshipwithNorthKoreabasedonthecooperationbetweentheirrespectivenuclearprograms.NorthKoreahascriticizedIsraelforinvadingSyrianairspaceandforitsactionsintheGazaWar.


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5

Australia

AustraliaandNorthKoreamaintaindiplomaticrelations.

InJanuary2008,NorthKoreacloseditsembassyinCanberra,citingfinancial

difficulties.EmbassyspokesmanPakMyongGukexplained:"Wenowhavetoclose[ourembassy]becauseoffinancialissues.ItisverydifficulttosendmoneyfromNorthKoreatoAustralia."

Ina2003eventdubbedthe"PongSuincident",Australianofficials,strengtheningAustralias,seizedaNorthKoreancargoshipallegedlyattemptingtosmuggleheroinintoAustraliaandtheUnitedStatessuspicionsthatPyongyangengagesininternationaldrugsmuggling.TheNorthKoreangovernmentdeniedanyinvolvement.

Germany

TheformerGermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR)maintaineddiplomaticrelationswithNorthKoreafrom1949onwardsandwasoneofthecountrysmostimportantpartnersintheEasternbloc.AfterGermanreunification,amissiontorepresenttheinterestsoftheFederalRepublicofGermanywasopenedonthepremisesoftheformerGDREmbassyinPyongyangin1991,withSwedenactingasprotectingpower.Atthesametime,theformerNorthKoreanEmbassyinEastBerlinwasturnedintoanofficetosafeguardtheinterestsofNorthKoreaundertheprotectorshipofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.

GermanyandNorthKoreaestablishedfulldiplomaticrelationson1March2001.Accordingtotheagreementreachedinthisconnection,diplomaticrelationsare

aimedatsecuringthenon-proliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction,advancinginner-KoreandialogueandimprovingthehumanrightssituationinNorthKorea.

Iran

Iran-NorthKorearelationsaredescribedasbeingpositivebyofficialnewsagenciesofthetwocountries.IranandNorthKoreahavepledgedcooperationineducational,scientific,andculturalspheres.


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SuccessoftheCommitteeTheysuccessofthecommitteeistheultimategoalthathastobeattainedandachieved.Thecrisisathandhastobesolvedpeacefully

withapracticalsolution.PleasedonotcometoanonviableconsensussuchasmakingpeacewiththeideaofNorthKorealaunchingballisticmissiles.Thisishighlyunlikelytohappen-andthedraftdirectiveortheresolutionsthatwillbeintroducedincommitteehavetobepragmaticandsensible.Also,thefactsofthesituationhavetobetakenintoaccount.Suchas-NorthKoreawithdrawingherplanscannotbefeasiblesinceshehasalreadylaunchedaballisticmissileonthe12 thofDecember.Sobasically,thesituationshouldbehandledinapeacefulway,andtheperspectivesofeachcountryshouldbeinculcatedintothepaperworkofthecommittee.TheP-5nationshavetheprivilegeof

usingtheirvetopowerincaseofformalvoting.Itismyourhonestrequestthatyouuseyourdiscretionandvoteinafairmanner,andkeepinmindyourcountrysforeignpoliciesanddiplomaticrelations.

Theultimategoalthathastobeachievedisthattheissueathandisresolvedwithbusinesslikeapproach.Theexecutiveboardlooksforwardtotheinnovativesolutionsthatdelegatesofvariouscountriescomeupwith.Thecommitteemustnotfailunderanycircumstances.Allyourresearchanddebating,isonlytoachievethisfinalgoal-andthatis

thesuccessofthecommittee.Allthebestdelegates.


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7

NorthKoreasNuclear,SpaceandMissileProgram

NorthKoreahasbeenisolatedfromtheinternationalspherefromquitesometime.

ThemainreasonforthishasbeenthecollapseofCommunisminRussiaandEastEurope.Asaresult,NorthKorealostsignificantallies.Addtothis,itsnemesisSouthKoreaandtheircloserelationshipwithanationarmedwithnuclearweapons,USA,whichNorthKoreaseesasathreat.Fromthis,wecanseewhyNorthKoreafeelstheneedtopossesshort,mediumandlongrangeballisticmissiles,sothatitcantargetitsadversaries,whicharetraditionallyacceptedasUSA,JapanandSouthKorea.

NorthKoreasfirstmissilescamefromtheSovietUnionin1969.Lateron,in1976,EgyptshippedScudmissilestotheNorthKoreans.ScudswereaseriesofmissilesdevelopedbytheSovietUnionandshippedtovariouscountries,Egyptbeingoneofthem.Thereon,NorthKoreabegandevelopingandtestingitsownmissile

technology.Bythemiddleofthedecadefrom1980to1990,NorthKoreawasbuildingitsownshortrangeScuds,theHwasong-5andHwasong-6,witharangeof300and500kilometersrespectively.Italsodevelopedmiddlerangemissiles,theNodong-1andtheNodong-2,whichhavearangeof1000kilometers.TheNodongscouldbeusedasaweaponagainstJapan.ThefactthattheNodongsarenotveryaccurateonlyaddstothefearthattheymightcausedamagetothecivilianpopulationofJapan,eveniftheNorthKoreanswishtotargetUSmilitarybasesinJapan.

Alongwiththesemissiles,theNorthKoreanmilitaryarsenalalsoboatstheMusudan-1.Thisisanintermediateormiddle(theexactrangeofthemissileisunknown,thereforetheclassificationisunclear)rangemissile,whichalsogoesbythenameofTaepodongXorNodong-B.Thismissilehasneverbeentestedsoitsexactrangeremainsunknown.Thelowerlimit,givenbytheIsraeliintelligenceisat2,500kilometers,whileattheupperlimit,byothersourcesisat4,000kilometers.TheUSMissiledefenseAgencygivesarangeof3,200kilometers.Atitsmaximumpredictedrange,thismissilecouldhitislandsinthePacific.

NextinitscollectionareTaepodong1and2missiles.TheTaepodong-1missileismadeupoftwostages(parts),thefirstbeingaHwasong-6andthesecondaNodongmissile.ThismissilewassupposedtoputasatelliteintotheEarthsorbit;howeveritdidnotmanagetoputanysatelliteintospace.Itistobenotedthattheproblemwasonlyinputtingthesatelliteinspace;therocketflewwithoutanyproblemsduringitstestinAugust,1998.Itsrangeisestimatedtobearound2,200kilometresbutitsaccuracyisconsideredtobelesserthanthatoftheNodongs.

Finally,NorthKoreawantedtoaddlong-rangeballisticmissiletoitsarsenalofweapondeliverysystems.Torealisethisambition,ittestedtheTaepodong-2.TheTaepodong-2wastestedthreetimesuntilbeforeDecember2012.Thefirsttimewas


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in2006,whentherocketexplodedwithinaminuteofitslaunch.Twiceafterwards,onein2009andonceearlierinApril2012,themissiletestfailedagain.

TheTaepodong-2aimstoplaceasatelliteintheorbit,whichNorthKoreaclaimsisforscientificpurposestomonitorweather,cropsandforestation.ThisistheNorthKoreanspaceprogram,whichitreferstoasUnha,theKoreanwordforgalaxy.Japan,SouthKoreaandUSA,however,accuseNorthKoreaoftryingtouseUnhaasacoverfortestingalong-rangemissile.

Thebasictechnologyforspacelaunchesandrocketlaunchesisthesame,withsomeminordifferences.TheTaepodong-2ifusedtodevelopballisticmissiletechnologyisestimatedtohavearangeanywherebetween5,000to15,000kilometres.TheupperlimitplacestheUSAunderitsreach.TheCentreforNon-ProliferationStudiesestimatesthatthisvalueis6,000kilometres.BelowisamapshowingtherangesofthevariousNorthKoreanmissiles.ThemapisfromtheCouncilofForeignRelations,asfoundonwww.bbc.co.uk.


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9

Delegatescanrefertothiskeytoknowabouttheclassificationofmissiles.

Shortrange:1,000kmorless

Mediumrange:1,000-3,000km

Intermediaterange:3,000-5,500km

Intercontinental:Greaterthan5,500km

Delegatesmustunderstandthatthesemissilesareonlydeliverysystems;therealthreatliesintheNorthKoreanstockpileofWeaponsofMassDestruction(WMDs)andconventionalweapons.Theseweaponscanbetransportedtodesiredtargetsusingthesemissiles.Below,delegatesareprovidedwithabriefoutlineofNorthKoreasnuclearweaponsandprograms,whichareitsmostdangerousmilitaryasset.

TheintroductionofnuclearweaponsintotheKoreanpeninsuladatesbackto1957whenPresidentEisenhowerofUSAagreedtodeploynuclearweaponstoSouthKoreainordertoeachthen-rivals,ChinaandtheUSSR.HonestJohnmissilesarmedwithnuclearweaponsand280mmatomiccannonsweredeployedinSouthKoreain1958,followedbytheMatadorCruisemissilesin1959.Thiswasagainstparagraph13(d)oftheKoreanArmisticeAgreement,which,asquotedfromwikisourcereads:

(d) Cease the introduction into Korea of reinforcing combat aircraft, armored vehicles,weapons, and ammunition; provided however, that combat aircraft, armoured vehicles,

weapons, and ammunition which are destroyed, damaged, worn out, or used up duringthe period of the armistice may be replaced on the basis piece-for-piece of the same

effectiveness and the same type. Such combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and

ammunition shall be introduced into Korea only through the ports of entry enumerated inparagraph 43 hereof. In order to justify the requirements for combat aircraft, armoredvehicles, weapons, and ammunition to be introduced into Korea for replacement

purposes, reports concerning every incoming shipment of these items shall be made tothe MAC and the NNSC; such reports shall include statements regarding the dispositionof the items being replaced. Items to be replace which are removed from Korea shall be

removed only through the ports of entry enumerated in paragraph 43 hereof. The NNSC,

through its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, shall conduct supervision and inspectionof the replacement of combat aircraft, armoured vehicles, weapons, and ammunition

authorized above, at the ports of entry enumerated in paragraph 43 hereof.

Thisparagraphcanbesummarizedtosaythatnonewkindsofweaponsweretobe

introducedintotheKoreas,whichincludedthenuclearweapons.TheUnitedStateshoweverviolatedthissectionoftheagreementandUSAhadinformedNorthKoreathatitdidnotconsideritselfboundbyparagraph13(d)ofthearmisticeanylonger.

Underthissituation,NorthKoreabeganconsideringobtainingnuclearweaponsitself.NorthKoreawasrefusedhelpbyboththeUSSRandChinatodevelopnuclearweapons,thoughtheUSSRagreedtoprovideNorthKoreaassistancewithaciviliannuclearenergyprogram.


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AfterthecollapseoftheUSSR,NorthKoreacameunderincreasingpressuretodevelopamilitaryprogram.TheNorthKoreanauthoritieshoweverdidtrytoengagetheAmericansindiplomacybycallingforbilateraltalksbetweenNorthKoreaandtheUSA,whichtheUSArefusedinfavourofsix-partytalksinvolvingChina,Japan,SouthKoreaandRussia.NorthKoreawouldonlyconsenttobilateral

talks,whiletheAmericansarguedthatNorthKoreahadviolatedbilateralagreementsbeforeandthatNorthKoreasaccountabilitywasnottrustworthy.Thus,thetensionsbetweenthecountriesfurtherincreasedandtherewasadiplomaticimpassebetweenNorthKoreaandtheUSA.

AllthesefactorscanbesaidtohaveledtotheNorthKoreannuclearprogram.TheprogramstartedwithNorthKoreasfirstnucleartest,whichitannouncedon9thOctober,2006.JapanandSouthKoreadetectedseismicmovementswhichwerenotnaturaloccurrences,confirmingthattheNorthKoreanclaimwasindeedtrue.Furthermore,NorthKoreacarriedoutasecondundergroundnucleartestonMay25,2009,whichwasequallycriticizedbytheinternationalcommunity.

Evenitsclosestally,China,criticizedNorthKoreasnucleartestalmostunanimously.TheSecurityCouncilpassedResolution1874againstNorthKoreaon12thJune,2009.Allthe15membersoftheSecurityCouncilagreedupontheResolutionunanimouslyatthattime.

DelegatesareadvisedtokeepacopyoftheResolution1874withthemduring

committeeasitisanimportantdocumentrelatingtothecrisis,andhasgreater

valueattachedtoitbyvirtueofitbeinganofficialUNResolution.Theycanfindthe

resolutionhere:http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/sc9679.doc.htm


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1

TheCrisis

TheNorthKoreanRocketLaunch

12thDecember2012,NorthKoreaconductsarocketlaunch.Therocket,calledUnha-

3(unhaistheKoreanworkforgalaxy),isthesecondattemptbyNorthKoreatoplaceanobjectintoorbitin2012.ThisisaftertheirfirstattempttosendarocketintospacefailedonApril13th.ThesecondrocketlaunchwasaroaringsuccesswiththeUnha-3successfullyplacinganobjectintoorbit.

Priortothelaunch,allmajorcountries,includingChinawhoisakeyallyofNorthKoreashowedconcernovertherocketlaunch.Infact,ChinawasoneofthefirstnationstocomeontheinternationalstageandexpressdeepconcernoverNorthKoreasimpendingrocketlaunch,indicatingthesofteningofChinasstance.ChinaisseentobethenationwiththehighestinfluenceoverNorthKorea.Evenso,ChinadidnothingtostoptherocketlaunchsinceasanallyofNorthKorea;itwasitsduty

tosupportitsviewsandcausenoobstructionsinitsadvancements.

AccordingtoNorthKorea,theobjectplacedinorbitisanEarthobservationsatellite,whichwillbeusedonlyforpurposessuchasweatherforecasts,forestationsurveysandothergeologicalandscientificpurposes.

But,SouthKorea,JapanandUSAconsidertherocketlaunchtobeacoverfortestingmissiletechnology.TheyimmediatelycondemnedtherocketlaunchasaviolationofinternationalsanctionsandUNresolutionsagainstNorthKorea.SouthKorea,Japan,USAandothercountriesbelievethatNorthKoreaistryingtodevelopanintercontinentalballisticmissile(ICBM),whichwouldcompleteitsarsenalof

ballisticmissiles,asitalreadypossessesshort,midandintermediaterangeballisticmissiletechnology.TheybelievethatNorthKoreaultimatelywantstomountanuclearwarheadonanICBMandhaveaveryrealandpotentnuclearweaponintheirhands.

Afterthelaunch,thereisageneraloutcryforstrictactionagainsttheNorthKoreans.Thelaunchdefiedinternationalwarningsandwascalleda"clearviolation"oftheUNresolutionbyUNSecretaryGeneralBanKi-moon.JapansleadingcandidatefortheofficeforPrimeMinister,ShinzoAbecalledontheUnitedNationsSecurityCounciltoadoptaresolution"stronglycriticizing"Pyongyang.AmericacalleditahighlyprovocativeactthatviolatedUnitedNationsresolutions."TheinternationalcommunitymustworkinaconcertedfashiontosendNorthKoreaaclearmessagethatitsviolationsofUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilresolutionshaveconsequences,"theWhiteHousesaidinastatement.AsenioradvisertoSouthKorea'spresidentsaidlastweekitwasunlikelytherewouldbeactionfromtheUnitedNationsandSeoulwouldexpectitsalliestotightensanctionsunilaterally.

TheUSAhasaskedChinatoexertitsinfluenceonNorthKoreasoastopreventanyfurtherdisruptiveactions.TheUnitedStatesraisedNorthKorea'slaunchasan


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issueasLieutenantGeneralQiJianguo,deputychiefofthegeneralstaffofthePeople'sLiberationArmy,visitedthePentagononWednesdayforannualdefensetalksbetweenthePacificpowers.JimMiller,theundersecretaryofdefenseforpolicy,toldQithatNorthKorea'slaunchwasaclearviolationofUNSecurityCouncilresolutions,thePentagonsaidinastatement.HeurgedChinatoworkwith

theUnitedStatesandtheinternationalcommunitytoinsistthatNorthKorealiveuptoitscommitments,adheretoitsinternationalobligationsanddealpeacefullywithitsneighbors.

ChinaontheotherhandinsiststhatNorthKoreahastherighttodevelopaspaceprogrambutexpressesregretoverthelaunch.Theycallformoderateactionbutnothingtooharsh.

"Weexpressregretat(NorthKorea's)launchinspiteoftheextensiveconcernsoftheinternationalcommunity,"ForeignMinistryspokesmanHongLeitoldreporters.HeaddedthatChina"believesUNSecurityCouncilreactionshouldbeprudentandmoderateandconducivetomaintainingstabilityandavoidingescalationofthesituation."Mr.Hongsaiddialogueandnegotiationsarethewayforward.

NorthKorea'sForeignMinistryaccusedtheUSofoverreactingtothelaunch"outofhostilefeelings."

"Wehopethatallcountriesconcernedwillusereasonandremaincoolsoastopreventthesituationfromdevelopingtoundesirabledirection,"theofficialKoreanCentralNewsAgencyquotedaministryspokesmanassaying.Thespokesmansaidthecountrywill"continuetoexerciseourlegitimaterighttolaunchsatellites."

ButNorthKoreaalsodefendsitsneedtobuildnuclearweapons,citingtheUS

militarythreatintheregion,androckettestsareseenascrucialtoadvancingitstechnology.

BruceKlingner,aKoreaexpertattheHeritageFoundation,said:"ChinahasbeenthestumblingblocktofirmerU.N.actionandwe'llhavetoseeifthenewleadershipisanydifferentthanitspredecessors."(ReferringtotheChinesecommunistpartyschangeinleadership)

EscalationoftheCrisis

On21stDecember,2012,theUnitedStatesannouncedthatitisconsideringtakingmoreconcreteactionsagainstNorthKoreacitingthefactthatprevioussanctions

againstNorthKoreahaveprovedfutile.TheUSstatementcameinlightofthefactthatsanctionshaveneitherdeterredNorthKoreafromtestingmissiletechnology,norhavetheydissuadedNorthKoreafromitsnuclearprogram.TheUnitedStateshoweverdidnotclarifyastowhatthesemoreconcreteactionscouldbe.

Soonafterwards,theUnitedStatesregionalally,SouthKoreaaffirmeditssupportforanystepthattheUnitedStateswouldtaketohaltcontinuousviolationsof


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3

UnitedNationsResolutionsandinternationallawbyNorthKorea.TheJapaneseMinistryofForeignAffairslaunchedasimilarstatement.

AftertheJapanese,AmericanandSouthKoreanstatements,theChineseForeignMinister,YangJiechi,inapublicstatementon26thDecember2012urgedtheUnitedStates,SouthKoreaandJapantoconsidertheimplicationsofanyunthought-ofactionontheirpart.Inhisstatement,JiechisaidthatChinawasneitherinfavorofimposingharshersanctionsonNorthKorea,norsupportedanyofthemoreconcreteactionsthattheUnitedStatesandothernationswerespeakingof.HesaidthatanysuchactionwillfurtherisolateNorthKoreafromtheinternationalpoliticalarena,andmaketheresolutionofthecrisisevenmoredifficult.

AsareactiontotheChineseforeignministersstatement,theAmericanSecretaryofState,HillaryClintonissuedapublicstatementsayingthatnoneofUSAsactionswereunthought-of,andthatitisChinasmoralobligationtoensurethatNorthKoreaabandonitsnuclearandmissileprograms.ThismarkedtheriseoftensionsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.

On29thDecember,theJapanesePrimeMinister,YoshihokoNodaandtheSouthKoreanPresident,LeeMyung-BakarrivedinWashingtontomeetwiththeUSPresident,BarrackObamaanddiscussthesituationinlightoftheNorthKoreanrocketlaunchandtheChinesestanceregardingtheissue.ThisisinsharpcontrasttopreviouscrisesregardingNorthKorea,whereNorthKoreaandChinawereincludedinthetalks.

NeitherNorthKorea,norChinalookedupontheirexclusionfromthetalksfavorably.TherewerespeculationsregardingthesubjectofthetrilateraltalksbetweenUSA,theRepublicofKorea(RoK)andJapan,includingthatofjointmilitary

actionagainstNorthKorea.Thepremiersofthesenationsneitherconfirmed,nordeniedanysuchrumorsaftertheirmeeting.

TheSupremeLeaderofNorthKorea,KimJong-un,inastatementdefendingtherocketlaunchsaidthatNorthKoreahadfullrighttolauncharocketforplacingthesatelliteintotheorbitandthiswasdonestrictlyforcivilianpurposes.TheSupremeLeaderaddedthatUSAanditsallies,uptillthisveryday,borehatredforNorthKoreaandthiswasastepfurtherintheAmericandeterminationtodeterNorthKoreaninterests.

ChinasresponsetothetrilateraltalkswassummedupinthePremier,WenJiababosstatement:ChinaseesthismeetingbetweenU.S.A,JapanandSouthKoreaasadeliberateattempttokeepChinaoutofanaffairinwhichitplaysanintegralpart;itseemsthattheUnitedStatesdoesnotacknowledgeChinasimportanceintheregionorintheissue.Chinaalsowarnsnationsnottotakeanysteps,whichmighthurtinternationalpeace.Thisincludescollectivemilitaryaction.ChinafirmlystandsbyitsearliercommitmentofpursuingdiplomacytodissuadeNorthKoreafromitsmissileandnuclearprograms,insteadofresortingtomilitaryaction.


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TheAmericanSecretaryofState,HillaryClintonrespondedtotheChinesestatementbysayingthattheUnitedStatesisreadytoworkonlywiththosenationswhoarereadytoprosecuteNorthKoreaforitsrocketlaunchandtheUnitedStatesstandsunitedwithitsalliesintheregion.ThisstatementwasinterpretedbysomesourcestomeanthattheUSdoesnotconsideritselfandChinatobeonthesamesideofthe

argumentanymore.

TheUnitedKingdom,France,IndiaandRussia,ontheotherhandurgedU.S.A,JapanandRoKtoincludeChinaintothetalks,andtoresolvethedeadlock,sothatasolutiontotheNorthKoreancrisiscanbereached.Asaresultoftheirintervention,theUnitedStatesfinallyinvitedChinatojointalksinWashingtononthe20thofJanuary.However,Chinasaidthatithadbeeninsultedenoughandnow,thecrisiswillbediscussedonlyintheSecurityCouncil.

Thisishowthesituationstandsatpresentandnofurtherdevelopmentshavetakenplaceafterthe20thofJanuary,untilthe28th,whentheSecurityCouncilmeetstodiscussthecrisis.


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5

StancesoftheCountries

CommonwealthofAustralia

AustraliaisclassifiedbytheUnitedStatesasamajornon-

NATOally.Furthermore,theupperestimatedrangeoftheTaepodong-2wouldbringAustraliawithinitsrange.TheAustralianforeignminister,BobCarrhasbeenquotedtohavesaid,NorthKoreasnuclearandlong-rangemissileprogramspresentarealandcrediblethreattothesecurityoftheregion,andtoAustralia.

Assuch,AustraliasstanceontheissueisfavourabletowardstheUnitedStates,JapanandRoK.ItislikelytosupporttoughmeasuresincludingmilitaryinterventionagainstNorthKorea.

DemocraticPeoplesRepublicofKorea(NorthKorea) Frombeforetherocketlaunch,NorthKoreacontinuestomaintainthatitisinfullrighttolaunchrocketsandplacesatellitesintotheorbit.Timeandtimeagain,theNorthKoreanauthoritieshaveassuredtheinternationalcommunitythatthepurposeoftherocketlaunchwasnevertotestanymissiletechnologyandthatanyonesuggestingotherwisewasonlytryingtodisreputeNorthKorea.Furthermore,NorthKoreaisoftheopinionthatUSAandherfriendsaremerelyusingtherocketlaunchasanexcusetothreatenNorthKorea,astheyhavealwaystriedto

dobecauseoftheirhostilefeelingstowardstheDPRK.

NorthKoreaissuspiciousofthetrilateraltalksthatwereheldinWashingtonandhasappealedtotheresponsiblenationsoftheworldtocomeforwardandcounterthisbullyingthatRoK,USAandJapanareplanningbehindcloseddoorsinWashington.

Whenaskedaboutfurthermissileandnucleartests,NorthKoreanauthoritiesrespondedthatNorthKoreaisasovereignnationthatisfreetopursueanyprogramthatwillleadtoitsdevelopment.Ofsanctions,NorthKorearequestedallnationsnottosupportthisgrossviolationofNorthKoreasrightsasafreenation.

AtthismomentbeforetheSecurityCouncilmeets,NorthKoreasrelationswithJapan,theUnitedStatesandSouthKoreaareextremelytensed.NorthKoreaisindesperateneedofsupportamongothernations.


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FederalRepublicofGermany

GermanyalsoechoestheFrenchpositionwithregardtothecrisis.TheGermangovernmentremainsopposedtotheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch,butnorhasitstronglyspokenin

favorofmilitaryaggressionagainstNorthKorea.

GermanChancellorAngelaMerkel,onastatementonNewYearsDaysaidthatGermanywouldnotpassanyresolutionwhichcallsforexerciseofmilitaryforces,butatthesametime,wouldliketostressthatGermanymostdefinitelydoesnotsupporttherocketlaunchandwouldpasssanctionsagainstNorthKoreatoensurethatitcomplieswithinternationalpressure.

IslamicRepublicofIran

IranandNorthKoreahavetraditionallyhadgoodrelations,andthetwonationstradehasextendedtoarmsandammunitionsaswell.Iran,alongwithNorthKoreawasamemberofagroupofthreenationsthatGeorgeBush,theformerpresidentoftheUnitedStatestermedastheAxisofEvil.IranisoneofthefewnationswhodidnotcondemntherocketlaunchbyNorthKorea.IranisalsoopposedtoanysanctionsoranysortofactionagainstNorthKorea.Iransaysthatasafreenation,NorthKoreaisfreetopursueitsownpolicyregardingrocketlaunches.DelegatesareremindedthatIranhasbeensubjecttoUSandEUledsanctionsitself,regardingitsallegednuclearweaponsprogram.

Hence,IranisoneoftheclosestalliesofNorthKoreaandisgoingtobeitsstrongestsupporterincommittee.

IslamicRepublicofPakistan

PakistanisinaprecariouspositionwithregardtotheNorthKoreanlaunch.ItisaverycloseallyofChinaanditissupposedtobetheUnitedStatesallyinthelattersWaronTerror.However,therelationshipwiththeUnitedStatesisgrowingweakerduetoseveralreasonsincludingOsamabinLadenbeingfoundonPakistanisoilandNATOforceskillingPakistanitroopsontheAfghanborder.Furthermore,USofficialhaveclaimedthatPakistanhadaidedNorthKoreainacquiringitsnucleartechnology.Ontheotherhand,PakistanandChinasharearatherhealthyrelationship.Theybothhaveacommonrivalintheregion,whichisIndia.Afterthetrilateraltalks,PakistanhadvoicedconcernoverChinasexclusionfromthetalksandaseniorPakistanidiplomatcommented,Americasintentionsdonotseemverygood.Thusthe


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7

PakistanistancecanbesaidtobesimilartoChinas.PeoplesRepublicofChina

Initially,theChinesestanceonthecrisiswascriticismoftheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch.However,theUnitedStatesand

itsalliesdeemedtheChinesereactiontonotbestrongenoughandsaidtheyweredisappointedinChina.Despitethis,ChinamaintainedthatitdidnotsupportstrictactionagainstNorthKorea.TheChineseargumentwasbasedontheirassumptionthatharsherdiplomacyormilitaryactionwouldfurtherinstigateandisolateNorthKorea.ChinasstancetowardstheJapanese,SouthKoreansandAmericanswasfurtherhardenedduetoitsisolationfromthetrilateraltalksheldinWashingtontodiscussthecrisis.ItseemsthatChinaisundertheimpressionthatJapan,RoKandtheUSAareconsideringforminganalliancetocounterNorthKorea,andbyexcludingChina

fromtheirtalks,theyaretryingtoundermineChineseinfluence.

Oflate,theChinesereactiondoesnotspeakmuchofNorthKoreasrocketlaunch,butrathercriticizesstepsbeingconsideredbyRoK,USAandJapanagainstNorthKorea.ItremainstobeseenastowhatstepstheChineseauthoritiesaresuggestingwithregardtoNorthKoreanow.

RepublicofFrance

TheFrenchForeignMinistry,likemanyotherscondemnedtheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch.ItlabeledtheNorthKoreanactionasa

provocation.Onannouncementoftherocketlaunch,FrancehadsaidthatNorthKoreamustabandonitsplan.

However,onemustrememberthatFrancehaddenouncedtheinvasionofIraqbyheralliesandUSin2003andislikelytogoagainstanymilitaryactionthattheUnitedStatesanditsalliestakemighttakethistime.FrancealsoplayedapivotalroleinconvincingtheUnitedStatestoinviteChinaintothetalks.

Thus,Francesroleisalsoofutmostimportance,asitisnotstronglyalignedtowardsanyofthetwosides.Furthermore,asapermanentmemberoftheSecurityCouncilwiththevetopower,Francesvotehasamajorimpactonthecommitteesdecision.


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RepublicofIndia

TheIndianforeignministryissuedastatementsayingthat,Indiaexpressesitsconcernatthelaunchofarocket...inviolationofUnitedNations

SecurityCouncilResolution1874.IndiacallsonDPRKtorefrainfromsuchactions.Hence,theIndiangovernmentdoesnotseemtobeinsupportoftherocketlaunch.Alongwiththat,IndiasrelationswithNorthKoreasallies,ChinaandPakistanarerathertense.

Ontheotherhandhowever,IndiaseemskeentoavoidanymilitaryconfrontationintheKoreanpeninsula.Indiawasoneofthenations,whichpersuadedtheUnitedStatesandtheotherstoinviteChinatojointalksregardingNorthKorea,despiteIndiahavinglong-standingissueswithChina.

ItseemsthatIndiawilloptforthemostpeacefulsolution.Atpresent,nobloccancountIndiasvoteastheirsandasaneutralcountry,Indiawillbeamongthosenationswhodecidethefateofthecommittee.

RepublicofKorea(SouthKorea)

NorthKoreascontinuousmissileandnucleartestshaveledSouthKoreatosuspenditsSunshinePolicy,whichithadadopteduntil2009towardstheNorth.TheSunshinePolicywasapolicy,whichwasbasedonfriendshipbetweenthetwoKoreas.

TheRepublicofKoreaakaSouthKoreaisstronglyopposedtoNorthKoreasrocketlaunch.Itisfullyconvincedthattherocketlaunchwasacoverfortestinglong-rangeballisticmissiletechnologyandisapprehensiveaboutNorthKoreaseverincreasingnuclearandmissilearsenal.SouthKoreaisinfullsupportofallkindsofmeasurestohaltNorthKoreasadvancingmissileprogram.Tothiseffect,itsleadershiphasconfirmedfullsupporttotheUnitedStatesinanyactionittakesagainstNorthKorea.

SouthKoreahasnotdeniedthepossibilityofarmedactionagainstNorthKorea.However,atitspresentcapacitySouthKoreawoulddefinitelyneedUSaidto

achieveanykindofsuccesswithsuchanaction.ThisisbecauseSouthKoreaisnotequippedwithnuclearweapons,somethingthatbothNorthKoreaandtheUnitedStateshave.

SouthKoreaisalsocriticalaboutthesoftstancetakenbytheChineseagainsttheNorthKorea,andtheSouthKoreanPresident,addressingapressconferenceinWashingtonafterthetrilateraltalkssaid,Chinasresponseontheissuehasbeendiscouraging.Wewereexpectingastrongerreaction.


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9

Withthisismind,theSouthKoreanstancecanbesummarizedtosaythatitisinsupportoftheUnitedStatesandJapanandremainsfirmlyopposedtotheNorthKoreanUnha-3.

RussianFederation

Russiaplaysacriticalroleinthecommittee.RussiaisapermanentmemberoftheSecurityCouncilandisnotstronglyalignedtoanyofthetwosides.RussiahadaskedNorthKoreanottogoaheadwithitsrocketlaunchandhadexpresseddeepregretwhenitdidso.However,accordingtoTheGuardian,expertsbelievethatitisunlikelythatRussiawouldallowanyresolutionagainstNorthKorea.Russiawasamemberofthesix-partytalksthatweretakingplacetodiscussthedenuclearizationoftheKoreanpeninsula,butitwasnotincludedinthetrilateral

talks,somethingwhichRussiadidnotlookonattoofavorably.However,RussiadidnotraisethisissueandinsteadrequestedforChinasinclusionintothetalks.

TheRussianFederationclaimsthatitsstanceisneutralatpresent.Aministryspokespersonwasreportedtohavesaid,onJanuary23rd,2013,RussiamostdefinitelydoesnotsupporttheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch,butneitherdoesitsupportanyarmedactionintheKoreanpeninsula.Russiacallsforpeacefulresolutionofthecrisis.

WhenaskedtocommentaboutwhatkindofresolutionsRussiawouldvotefororvetointheSecurityCouncilsessionscheduledforthe28thand29thofJanuary,thespokespersonsaid,Wewilldecidethisonthebasisofthemeritspresentedin

Committee.Ourgovernmentisnotalignedtoanyofthetwosidesintheargument.

SocialistRepublicofVietnam

AsacommunistnationandatraditionallyofNorthKorea,VietnamdidnotcomeoutverystronglyagainsttheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch.TheVietnamesepositionagreeswiththeChineseoneaskingformoderatereactiontothelaunch.VietnamreiteratesthenecessityofstrictlyabidingbytheresolutionsoftheUnitedNationSecurityCouncil

especiallytheResolution1874forregionalandglobalpeaceandstability,saidMr.Ngh,aspokesperson.


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StateofIsrael

NorthKoreadoesnotrecognizetheexistenceofthestateofIsrael;instead,itrecognizesPalestineasasovereignnation.Besidesthis,NorthKoreahas

traditionallyhadaverycloserelationshipwithalotofIsraelsrivals,includingPakistanandIran.Ontheotherhand,theUSAhastraditionallybeenaverycloseallyofIsrael.

Withregardtothis,itisonlynaturalthatIsraelopposesNorthKoreasrocketlaunchandislikelytosupportanyactiontheUSAtakeswithregardtoNorthKorea.

StateofJapan

Japan,asthethirdnationinthetrilateraltalksheldinWashingtonisagainopposedtoNorthKoreasrocketlaunch.JapanandtheUnitedStateshavebeenworkingcloselyeversinceWorldWarIIanditseemslikelythatJapanandtheUnitedStateswillfollowasimilarpathofactionwithregardtoNorthKorea.

OnekeydifferencebetweenJapananditssupportersi.e.theUSAandtheRoKisthattheJapaneseConstitutionprohibitstheJapanesestatefromdeclaringwaragainstanynation,whichrulesoutanymilitaryaggressionagainstNorthKorea,onJapans

part.Thisarticlereads:

ARTICLE9:Aspiringsincerelytoaninternationalpeacebasedonjusticeandorder,theJapanesepeopleforeverrenouncewarasasovereignrightofthenationandthethreatoruseofforceasmeansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.(2)Toaccomplishtheaimoftheprecedingparagraph,land,sea,andairforces,aswellasotherwarpotential,willneverbemaintained.Therightofbelligerencyofthestatewillnotbe

recognized.

However,somepoliticiansoftheLiberalDemocraticParty,whichpolledthemaximumvotesin2012GeneralElections,havesuggestedamendingthisarticle,whichwouldallowJapantotakeamoreaggressivestancetowardsNorthKorea,in

lightofitslaunchofUnha-3on12thDecember.


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1

UnitedKingdom

TheUnitedKingdom,likesitsNATOally,USAremainsstronglyopposedtotheNorthKoreanrocketlaunch.ThoughtheUnitedKingdomdid

notattendthetrilateraltalksatWashington,HerMajestysGovernmenthavesaidthattheyshowsolidarityandsupporttowardstheirally,theUnitedStates.Theirnon-involvementinthetalkswasmainlybecauseonlytheregionalpowersattendedthetalk.

TheUnitedKingdomislikelytosupportstrictsanctionsandifnecessary,militaryinterventionwithregardtoNorthKorea.

UnitedStatesofAmerica

TheAmericanpositiononthecrisisbearsastrongresemblancetotheSouthKoreanpositionbecauseoftheirsimilarityinaims.TheUnitedStateshadtermsthelaunchasprovocativeandsaysitisabreachofUNregulations.TheWhiteHousesaid,TheinternationalcommunitymustworkinaconcertedfashiontosendNorthKoreaaclearmessagethatitsviolationsofUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilresolutionshaveconsequences.

TheU.S.Acameoutinfullsupportofthetrilateraltalks,asisevidentfromtheSecretaryofStatesstatementsayingthattheUnitedStatesisreadytoworkonly

withthosenationswhoarereadytoprosecuteNorthKoreaforitsrocketlaunch.ThisstatementwasinterpretedtobetargetedtowardsChina.TheinvitationsenttoChinalaterontojointhetalkswasunderinternationalpressure,andinanycase,wasrefusedbyChina.ChinasrefusaltojointhetalksfurthertensedtheU.S.-Chinarelations.

Asapossessorofnuclearweapons,theUnitedStateshasthecapacitytocountertheill-equippedNorthKoreanmilitary.However,itremainstobeseenwhethertheUSAisplanningonanykindofmilitaryaction.TheAmericanauthoritiesneitherdenied,norconfirmedanyrumorsregardingthis.


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