STUDY GUIDE FOR MODERN HISTORY OF EUROPE (PSCI 2520 & HIST 3150)

Instructor: Hafiz Zakariya, Ph.D.

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Table of ContentsTopic PagePart One: Topics’ Objectives 2-5Part Two: Key Terms 5-8Part Three: Study Questions 9-15

PART ONE: LECTURES/TOPICS OBJECTIVES

Introductory Lecture : Conceptual Discussion: What is Modern Europe? & Social Life in 18th Century EuropeLearning Objectives

1) To come up with a working definition of Europe2) To be aware of the basic geography of Europe (map test)3) To understand the contested views and major arguments of the

beginning of modern Europe

French Revolution1) To understand the meanings of revolution2) To comprehend the roles of some of the key players of the revolution:

Robespierre, Abbe Sieyes, Danton, Marat.3) To understand the background of France before the revolution as the

preconditions for the revolution4) To understand the key arguments concerning the nature and causes of

the revolutions.5) To be able to discern the basic chronologies of the revolutions6) To understand the legacies of the FR: liberal & radical periods7) To be able to understand the significance, reform and impact of FR in

modern Europe.

Napoleonic Europe1) Understanding Napoleon’s career, his rise to power & the impact of

his rule on Europe2) To examine whether Napoleon represented continuation or betrayal of

the legacies of the French revolution

The Congress of Vienna(CV)

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1) basic understanding of the objectives, key participants of the CV.2) To examine the positive and negative aspects of CV

The Industrial “Revolution”1) to critically examine whether the term “revolution” can really be

applied to the Industrial “revolution”2) to understand the factors that led to IR3) to acquire a basic understanding of the effects of IR on people’s life;

in particular living standards and work environments in Britain.4) To analyze the positive and negative outcomes of the IR

Ideologies in the Early 19 th Century 1) Understanding the basic concepts and evolution of the early/utopian

socialism as formulated by Owen, Fourier and Saint de Simon2) Basic understanding of Romanticism –a cultural/arts trend in modern

Europe in terms of its key characteristics & orientations and in what way it differs or resembles classicism(Enlightenment)

3) Basic understanding of Marxist version of Socialism

Changing Life & Social Realities in 19 th Century Europe 1) to acquire basic understanding of how 19th century industrialized

European cities coped with the changing conditions of the urban society

2) To enable us to explain the significance of advances in public health and improvement in public transportation systems in the European cities.

3) To understand the basic social problems confronting Europe and the factors responsible for them

Ideologies 21) To be able to summarize Darwin’s theory of natural selection and its

impact on social sciences2) To acquire basic understanding of Comte’s positivism and the

meanings of realism in 19th century European literature and arts. 3) To acquire understanding of the key principles of major ideologies:

Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Conservatism and so on.

The Age of Nationalism1. To have a basic understanding of the meanings of nationalism.

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2. To be able to explain how nationalism became a powerful force in many European states

3. To be able to explain the unification of Italy and Germany & the destruction of the Hapsburg Empire.

4. To examine both the positive and negative effects of nationalism.

World War One1) to be able to explain the major factors responsible for WW12) To have a basic understanding of the impacts of WW13) To analyze the terms of the Treaty of Versailles –whether it was a just

or unjust peace settlements.

The Russian Revolution1) Basic understanding of the factors responsible for the collapse of the

Romanov dynasty in Russia2) To have a general understanding of the Bolshevik success in taking

over the power from the liberal-dominated Provisional Government3) To examine the reasons for Bolsheviks victory in the civil war.

The Rise of Dictatorship: Nazi Germany1) to understand how unsolved problems after WW1 facilitated the

emergence of some of the dictators (Mussolini in Italy and Hitler).2) To be able to trace Hitler’s rise to power, the importance of the Great

Depression in raising support for the Nazis, and some of the factors for Hitler’s popularity among his own people.

3) To examine Hitler’s attitudes and treatments of the Jews4) To be able to compare and contrast the various dictators.

World War 2

1) To understand the causes/origins of WW2 and its impact.2) To examine how unsolved problems that lingered after WW1 helped ignited another international war.3) to analyze how the Allies were able to defeat the Axis powers.

The Cold War & Social Transformations, 1945-1970s1) To acquire a basic meaning of the Cold War, its forms of

“war”/conflict, and major scholarly debates on the origins of the Cold War.

2) To explain why the US emerged as the major power in the West?

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3) To be able to explain what led the USSR and US into the Cold War.4) To be able to summarize the social consequences of post-war

prosperity in the West including greater social mobility, expansion of welfare state, emergence of mass consumer society and mass leisure.

PART TWO: KEY TERMS/NAMES/EVENTS

KEY TERMSWhat is Europe? Renaissance & Luther’s ReformationWhat is Europe? Europe is similar to Western countries. Definition varies according to contexts. In our course, those countries located on the European “continent”. Etymology of Europe- Greek mythology- Europa- Greek mythological princess/queen. Later Europa stood for mainland Greece and by 500 BC the term extended to the land in the north.When is the beginning of modern Europe? (three major views) i)Age of Discovery 1490sii)Renaissance (ca.,15th century) transition to a modern period iii)Muslim- 1453 Turks finally defeated & crushed the Byzantine. To reconcile these views, it is safe to accept that the second half of the 15th century represents the beginning of Modern Europe.

The French Revolution Review Sheet

Louis XV ruled 1715-74 Louis XVI ruled 1774-1792 (executed 1793) Three Periodsi)Liberal Revolution 1789-1792 (4 major stages/revolutions during the first phase)-Estates General (EG)- Nat. Assem. - Nat. Const. Assem - -Legislative Assembly ii)Radical Revolution 1792-1794- The Convention - + Comm. Pub. Safety iii)Thermidorean Reaction 1794-1799Lead Up to Revolution The Fiscal Crisis Aristocrat rebellion against the King as a prelude to FRThe Calling of the EG = how to meet & vote?Start of the Revolution - 1788-1789 Abbé Sieyes: What is the Third Estate? 3rd estate boycott of the Estates General & declared itself National Assembly - June 17th Tennis Court Oath - June 20th 1789 July 1789 - The Great Fear in the countryside Fall of the Bastille - July 14th 1789 August 4th Laws - abolish "feudalism" Declaration of the Rights of Man - August 27th 1789 Radicalization 1791-1792 The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) Parties: The Jacobins, Girondists/ The Sans Culottes [those who do not wear "culottes" - ie fashionable leggings. Ordinary citizens "] WAR against foreign states on many fronts- Austria, Prussia, G .Britain

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Counter revolution in FranceSeptember 1792 [September Massacres] rumors of royalist conspiracy to regain powerThe Convention - 1792-95 meets September 21 1792 - France declared a republic.Sep 1792, Monarchy was abolished King was imprisonedGirondin (moderate) vs. Mountain/Jacobin(radicals)July1793, supported by the Sans Culottes The Jacobin took over the power of the Convention.The emergency government of CPS was set up. Liberty, constitution etc were suspended.Why? The revolution was in danger from various threats. To ensure the continuity of FR implemented dictatorship.Institutions of Terror: Revolutionary Tribunals Watch Committees set up in every area, Guillotine was most active more than 1200 heads were guillotined. The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794King executed 21 Jan 1793Committee of Public Safety /Reign of Terror July 1793-July 1794Maximilien RobespierreDantonReaction to Revolution AbroadMost Intellectuals and philosophes praised it: Adam Smith, Thomas Paine, Beethoven --Conservatives opposed it Impacts & Legacies

Darwinism, Positivism & Realism1. Charles Darwin 2.Christian cosmology 3.Origins of Species 4.Descent of Man 5.Theory of Evolution 6.“Principle of Natural Selection” 7.“Struggle for Existence” 8.Survival of the Fittest 9. Social Darwinism 10.Positivism 11. Whitemen’s Burden 12.Civilizing mission 13.Auguste Comte 14. Positivism(Scientism) 15. The Law of the Three stages 16.Hegel’s dialectic theory (everything evolves & changes in history due to the clash of opposing forces) 17. Realism

PARTIAL LIST OF KEY TERMS/NAMES Unification of ItalyDivision of Italy before Unification ca. 18151.South-Bourbon king ruled the Two Sicilies2.Popes-papal states in central Italy3.Hapsburg Empire-Lombardy & Venetia in the North4.Hapsburg princes ruled Tuscany, Parma & Modena5.Piedmont & Sardinia by Italian dynasty- House of Savoya)Carbonari b)Mazzini c)The Young Italy d)Risorgimento (lit. revival) e)Cavour f)The Pact of Plombieres, 1858 with France g)Garibaldi The Red-Shirts

Unification of Germany

Frankfurt Assembly Confederation of German states Zollverein Bismarck Junker realpolitik

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War with Denmark, 1864. Schleswig & Holstein dispute 1866 Prussia-Austria war northern German Confederation Prussia-Franco war 1870 Kaiser Wilhelm or William

TERMS/NAMES WW1 & Russian RevolutionWhy WW1 happened? Immediate cause Root Cause (what is the difference b/w the two?)Immediate cause –assassination of the Austrian Crown PrinceBut Euro had survived many assassinations (no major continental war-why the assassination in 1914 by a Black Hand member triggered a chain reaction leading to WW1?Origins of WW1- Fisher’s thesis-Germany fault, its aim to be the world power-waiting for a chance to provoke a world war.-This view has been heavily condemned & is very biased.A Balanced assessment of WW1: James Joll’s WW1 occurred as a result of a series of inter-related factors e.g. arm race, the alliance system, imperial rivalry, the destructive impact of nationalism, social imperialism(war to divert public’s view), and importantly, the mood of 1914 that welcome the war-war as celebration.Versailles Peace Conference & Impact of WW1

Russian Revolution1.Romanov Dynasty 2. Tsar/rina 3. Tsar Nicholas 4. Rasputin 4. February Revolution of 1917 6. Russian Marxist formed Social Democratic Labor Party divided into i)Bolshevik and ii) Mensheviks 8. October/Bolshevik Revolution 9. Lenin 10. Trotsky 11. Cheka 12. Red Army 13. Civil War (the Whites versus the Reds) 14. War Communism 15. New Economic Policy 16. Is Authoritarian the logical outcome of the Russian Marxism? 17. Why Russia became an authoritarian state? 17. Scholarly debates: Was the Bolshevik revolution a popular uprising or military coup. Robert Pipes vs. others

STALIN1.How the underdog came to power?-abilities, work ethics, complex power politics2. Power Struggle 1. Trotsky (Jew) vs. Stalin & allies Zivoniev & Kamenev (both Jewish)cutting ties with both after defeating Trotsky

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3. Power Play 2. Stalin + Bukharin vs. Trotsky+ Zivoniev & Kamenev Results: Stalin woncutting ties with Bukharin after defeating Trotsky & the gang4. How Stalin managed to hold on to power?5. Trotsky 6. Five years Plan- objective industrialization 7. Industrialization8.Collectivization of Agriculture 9.The Great Purge 10.Kirov’s murder11. Zivoniez 12. Kemenez 13.Bukharin14. Gulag Kulak- dekulakization15.Did Stalin represent continuation of Lenin or betrayal?-Richard Pipes vs. Stephen Cohen

HITLER & The Third ReichKarl Luegervon LiebenfelsDAP NSDAPMein KampfWeimar Republic1923 Failed armed uprising (Beer Hall Putsch) SA or the Brown-shirtsPresident HindenburgThe Third Reich (The Third Reich=Empire) The German word 'reich' means 'empire', although it can also be translated as government. In 1930's Germany the Nazi party identified their rule as a third Reich, and in doing so gave English speakers around the world a new, and wholly negative, connotation to the word.The First Reich: The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 - 1806)The Second Reich: The German Empire (1871 - 1918) From Unification to WW1The Third Reich: Nazi Germany (1930s - 1945)Gestapo: the name of the official secret police force of Nazi Germany Reichstag Fire the Enabling ActThe Night of the Long KnivesSS Nazi Elite guard World War 2Appeasement Axis Powers Grand Alliance Lebensraum German Rearmament remilitarization of the Rhineland Annexation of Austria, Conquest of Czech/Slovakia Invasion of PolandThe Cold WarIron Curtain Soviet Satellite States Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Containtment Cuban Missiles Crisis NATO Warsaw Pact Stalin Nikita Krushev Camberlain Eisenhower Roosevelt J.F. Kennedy détente Collapse of the Berlin Wall

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PART THREE: REVIEW/STUDY QUESTIONS

The Age of Enlightenment 1. What is meant by the Enlightenment? Where did the Enlightenment begin, and

what contributed to its spread? 2. Why did Christianity come under attack by deists, skeptics, and freethinkers?

What criticism did they advance? 3. What were the essential characteristics of the political thought of Hobbes, Locke,

Montesquieu, and Rousseau? What are the similarities and differences between their ideas?

4. What was Locke's theory of learning, and what was its significance for the Enlightenment?

5. What made the High Enlightenment different than what preceded it? How did the Encyclopedia exemplify the High Enlightenment?

6. What were the major military conflicts of the eighteenth century? What was the significance of each?

7. In what ways was the American Revolution based on Enlightenment principles? 8. In what ways was the Enlightenment the pivotal period in the shaping of the

modern mentality?

The French Revolution 1. What privileges did clergy and nobility enjoy in the Old Regime? 2. What were the grievances of the bourgeoisie, the peasantry, and the urban laborers? 3. Why was France in financial difficulty? 4. Why do some historians regard the French Revolution as a bourgeois revolution? How do revisionists dispute this view? 5. Identify and explain the significance of the following: the formation of the National Assembly; the storming of the Bastille, the Great Fear, and the October Days. 6. What was the nature and significance of the reforms passed by the National Assembly? 7. What were the grievances of the sans-culottes? 8. Identify and explain the significance of the following: the flight of Louis XVI, the Brunswick manifesto, and the September Massacres. 9.What were the principal differences between the Jacobins and Girondins? 10.What were the accomplishments of the Jacobins? 11. How did Robespierre justify the Terror? What meaning can you ascribe to the Terror? 12. Why was the French Revolution a decisive period in the shaping of the West?

Napoleon 1.How did Napoleon gain power in France? 2.What principles underlay Napoleon's domestic reforms?

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3.How did Napoleon both preserve and destroy the ideals of the French Revolution? 4.What were Napoleon's greatest achievements and greatest failures? 5.Do you consider Napoleon as the preserver or the destroyer of the legacies of the French Revolutions? Elaborate any four major issues to support your view.

The Industrial Revolution 1. Why did England industrialize before the rest of Europe? How did political and social factors influence English industrialization? 2. How did political and social factors promote or delay industrialization in France, the German states, and the Netherlands? 3. How did changes in European agriculture in the early 1800s reflect the impact of capitalism and industrialization? 4. What factors promoted the growth of cities between 1800 and 1860? 5. To what extent was industrialization a slow process? To what extent did industrialization between 1750 and 1850 revolutionize European industry, commerce and society? 6. In nineteenth century Europe, what groups comprised the middle class, and of what groups was the working class composed? Why did contemporaries and some historians make the terms plural? 7. How did the role of organized religion change in lives of working-class people between 1800 and 1850? 8.What aspects of working-class life and culture did the middle class try to change in the nineteenth century? 9. How did the law discriminate against and punish the working class during the early stages of industrialization? How did it try to protect this class?

Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century 1. In what ways was the Romantic movement a reaction against the dominant ideas of the Enlightenment? 2. What was the significance of the Romantic movement? 3. What were the attitudes of the conservatives toward the philosophes and the French Revolution? 4. What did conservatives reject the philosophy of natural rights? 5. What were the sources of liberalism? 6. Contrast the views of early nineteenth-century liberals and conservatives regarding the individual's relationship to society. 7. What was that fundamental difference between French radicals and liberals? 8. What basic liberal-capitalist doctrines were attacked by early socialists? 9. Why are Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen regarded as early socialists? 10. How did the French Revolution and romanticism contribute to the rise of modern nationalism? 11. What was the relationship between liberalism and nationalism? 12. What is the great appeal of nationalism?

C of Vienna1. What was Metternich's attitude toward the French Revolution and Napoleon? 2. What were the accomplishments and failures of the Congress of Vienna?

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Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

1. How did realism differ from romanticism? 2.How did realism and naturalism reflect attitudes of mind shaped by science, industrialism, and secularism? 3. What was the relationship between positivism and science? 4. What was Comte's "law of the three stages"? 5. Why were the basic tenets of Social Darwinism, and why were those theories so popular? 6.What did Marx's philosophy of history owe to Hegel's? How did it diverge from Hegel's? 7.What relationship did Marx see between economics and politics? What relationship did he see between economics and thought? 8. Why was Marx convinced that capitalism was doomed? How would its destruction happen?

The Surge of Nationalism 1. What forces worked for and against Italian unity? 2. Mazzini was the soul, Cavour the brains, and Garibaldi the sword in the struggle for the unification of Italy. Discuss this statement. 3. Why is it significant that Prussia rather than the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848 served as the agent of German unification? 4. Discuss the process of the unification of Germany5. What was the significance of the Franco-Prussian war for European history? 6. In the Hapsburg Empire, nationalism was a force of disunity. Discuss this statement. 7. What was the appeal of Volkish thought?

Western Imperialism 1. How did industrialization change European's relations with China, India, and Japan? 2. Why did imperialism grow after 1880? What rationalizations for European expansion were offered at the end of the nineteenth century? 3. What examples are there of successful resistance to Western imperialism? 4. How did imperialism fit with the European alliance system? How did it cause it? How did imperialism undermine European stability under the alliance system? 5. What were the obstacles preventing Indian independence? 6. Why were Japan and China able to withstand imperialist expansion? 7. Why was Africa divided up in such a brief time? 8. How did imperialism threaten world peace in the early twentieth century?

World War I 1. How did the nationality problems in Austria-Hungary contribute to the outbreak of World War I? 2. What were the principal purposes of Bismarck's alliance system? 3. What condition led to the formation of the Triple Entente? How did Germany respond to it?

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4. After the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, what policies were pursued by Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia? 5. Was World War I inevitable? 6. In assessing responsibility for the war, what arguments have been advanced by historians for each of the countries involved? 7. Why did many Europeans welcome the war? 8. What battle plans did Germany and France implement in 1914? What prevented Germany from reaching Paris in 1914? 9. Why did the United States enter the war? 10. What was Wilson's peace program? What obstacles did he face? 11. What happened to Austria-Hungary as a result of the war and the peace settlement? 12. Why did the tsarist(Romanov) regime collapse in Russia in March 1917?13. Why The Bolsheviks managed to seize power from the Provincial Government in October 1917? 14. Why did the Provisional Government and liberal democracy fail in Russia in 1917? 15. How did World War I transform the consciousness of Europeans?

An Era of Dictatorship

1. How do you explain the fact that the Communist/Bolshevik regime was far more ruthless in its methods of governments than the tsarist regime? Which regime made Russian more powerful? Why? 2. What do you think of the Leninist view that what was accomplished by voluntary cooperation in the West had t be achieved by compulsion in Russia?3.What motivated Stalin to make terror a government policy? 4. What motivated Communist bureaucrats to participate in Stalin's inhumanities? 5. How did fascist principles "stand for the sheer, categorical, definitive antithesis to the world of democracy . . . to the world which still abides by the fundamental principles laid down in 1789"? 6. Why did some Italians support Mussolini? 7. In what ways was Mussolini less effective than Hitler in establishing a totalitarian state? 8. How was Hitler's outlook shaped by his experiences in Vienna? 9. What was the significance of the Munich putsch of 1923? 10. What were Hitler's attitudes toward democracy, the masses, war, the Jews, and propaganda? 11. What made Hitler's views attractive to Germans? 12. How was Hitler able to gain power? How did the Nazis extend their control over Germany? 13. In what ways did Nazism conflict with the core values of Christianity?14. What was the general policy of the Nazis toward the churches? 15. Why did the German churches generally fail to take a stand against the Nazi regime? 16. What was the purpose of the giant rallies? 17. By 1939, most Germans were enthusiastic about the Nazi regime. Explain this statement. 18. What lessons might democratic societies draw from the experience of fascist totalitarianism?

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19. After World War I, in country after country, parliamentary democracy collapsed and authoritarian leaders came to power. Explain.

World War II

1.What efforts promoted international reconciliation during the 1920s? How did these efforts foster only an illusion of peace? 2. What were Hitler's foreign policy aims? 3. Why did Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement? 4. Why did France fall to Germany so quickly? 5. What problems did the German army face in Russia? 6. Describe the New Order imposed by the Nazis on Europe7. Discuss the origins and causes of WW2.8. Who should take the major responsibility for the outbreak of WW2?

Europe After World War II 1. What were the origins of the cold war? Could it have been avoided? 2.Some people call the cold war the "third world war." Would you agree? 3. What would you consider the biggest changes that have taken place in Western Europe after 1945? 4.What was the postwar role of the United States in Western Europe? How did it contribute to the present strength of those European countries? 5. How do you assess Stalin's accomplishments in rebuilding the Soviet Union after the end of World War II?

The Troubled Present 1. Why was the "revolution" of 1989 in Eastern Europe a relatively peaceful one? 2. What effects did the end of the cold war have on global politics? 3. After the election of December 1993, a Russian patriot said, "Universal suffrage, dumped

on Russia like the other fruits of European liberties, does not work in Russia." Discuss this statement in the light of Russian history, the conditions of the country, and the attitude of its peoples.

4. What are the main problems facing the European Union in the next five years? 5. Terrorism has been frequently called "the dark side of globalization." What does this

phrase mean?

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Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Dictatorship1. What factors contributed to the mood of pessimism in the period after World War I? 2. What signs of decay did Spengler see in Western civilization? 3. In what way did Kafka grasp the dilemma of the modern age? Do his insights still apply

today? 4. In The Magic Mountain, Mann reflected on the decomposition of bourgeois European

civilization. Discuss this statement. 5. What was D. H. Lawrence's attitude toward industrial society? 6. In what ways were both Dada and surrealism an expression of their times? 7. How did art and literature express social conscience during the 1920s and 1930s? 8. Why did many intellectuals embrace communism in the 1930s? How does Koestler represent

communism in Darkness at Noon? 9. How did Toynbee interpret nationalism and Nazism? 10. What did Ortega mean by the "mass man"? What dangers did this figure pose? 11. Why did Brenda entitle his book The Treason of the Intellectuals? 12. What was Cassirer's

attitude toward the Enlightenment? How did he interpret Nazism? 12. How did Fromm explain the rise of Nazism? 13. What were some of the conditions that gave rise to existentialism? What are the basic

principles of this philosophy? 14. In what ways do each of the following thinkers' works express existential themes: Heidegger,

Jaspers, Sartre, Camus, and Marcel?

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Sample of Previous Semesters’ Final Examination Questions

Semester 1, 20051. What is the Enlightenment? Where did it start and what contributed to its spread?

2. Define the Industrial Revolution. Why did England experience the industrialization before the rest of Europe?

3. Discuss Karl Marx’s ideas, which provide the foundation for Marxist version of socialism.

4. “The assassination of the Austrian Crown Prince in 1914 by the Serbian ultra- nationalist group has often been considered as the immediate cause of the World War One. Europe had survived many assassinations before this without causing any major continental war. But, why the assassination in1914 led to the First World War?” Comment on this statement with special reference to the causes of World War One.

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