the third reich, 1933-1945

19
Kidner, Ch. 27, pp. 784-791 THE THIRD REICH, 1933- 1945

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The Third Reich, 1933-1945. Kidner , Ch. 27, pp. 784-791. REVIEW: Hitler comes to power. 1924-29 : Building Nazism – vs. Bolshevism Attracted young leaders 1925-27 draw workers votes from socialism/communism 1928 won only 12 seats in Reichstag By 1929 turns toward middle classes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

Kidner, Ch. 27, pp. 784-791

THE THIRD REICH, 1933-1945

Page 2: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

REVIEW: HITLER COMES TO POWER

• 1924-29: Building Nazism – vs. Bolshevism• Attracted young leaders

• 1925-27 draw workers votes from socialism/communism

• 1928 won only 12 seats in Reichstag

• By 1929 turns toward middle classes

• 1932: Hitler runs against Hindenburg for president and loses – “make way, you old ones”• 6 mill. Unemployed, Great Depression hits Germany hard

• 1933, Hitler named as Chancellor by coalition!!!!• Reichstag Fire, 27 February 1933 - Blamed on communists –

Enacted Article 48 of constitution – Communism Party outlawed

• Nazis win 288 seats in March election

• Enabling Act: dictatorial power to Hitler

Page 3: The Third Reich, 1933-1945
Page 4: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

HEIL, HITLER!• April 1933 – German states’ power ended

• Gleichschaltung – coordination of all institutions under Nazi control

• Jews dismissed from civil service

• Concentration camps established for all opponents of regime – Dachau in southern Germany

• May 1933 – no independent labor unions, political parties, 2-day boycott of Jewish businesses

• June 1934 – Night of Long Knives• purge political dissidents

• August 1934 – complete control of the government• office of president abolished; Hitler voted “Fü

hrer of the German Reich and People”

Page 5: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

MAINTAINING THE ARYAN RACE

• Eugenics

• Sterilization

• Euthanasia

Page 6: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

NAZI PSEUDO-SCIENCE

Page 7: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

WHO IS A JEW? NUREMBERG LAWS, 1935

ARTICLE 5

(1) A Jew is an individual who is descended from at least three grandparents who were, racially, full Jews...

(2) A Jew is also an individual who is descended from two full-Jewish grandparents if:

(a) he was a member of the Jewish religious community when this law was issued, or joined the community later;

(b) when the law was issued, he was married to a person who was a Jew, or was subsequently married to a Jew;

(c) he is the issue from a marriage with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, which was contracted after the coming into effect of the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor of September 15, 1935;

(d) he is the issue of an extramarital relationship with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, and was born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936.

• September 15, 1935 – Nuremberg Laws• Defines Reich citizen

as German or related blood; forbid interracial marriage

Page 8: The Third Reich, 1933-1945
Page 9: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

KRISTALLNACHT, NOV. 9-10, 1938

• Night of Shattered Glass• At least 100 Jews killed,

30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration camps

Page 10: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

TERROR AND COERCION

• SS (Schutzstafel)• Lead by Heinrich Himmler

• started out as personal bodyguards – ended as special security units

• Controlled regular and secret police

• Concentration camps, execution squads, death camps

• Gestapo (Gehiemstaatspolizei)

• Root out “undesirables”: Jews, Roma, Slavs, socialists, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witness, feminists, disabled persons, people suffering from “genetic” illnesses

Page 11: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

NAZI DEATH TOLL OVER THE COURSE OF WWII

Page 12: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

NAZI IDEOLOGY IN THE LIVES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN

• Cross of Honor of the German Mother

• 4-5 children = bronze

• 6-7 children = silver

• 8+ = gold

• Unfit mothers faced sterilization and/or death

• For the Children

• Hitler Jugend

• Bund Deutscher Mädchen

Page 13: The Third Reich, 1933-1945
Page 14: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

NAZI ECONOMIC POLICY

• Hitler’s oppressive regime received support because he swiftly ended the Depression in Germany• Massive public works programs

• Renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles leads Hitler to appoint Hermann Gőring to undertake a four-year plan to prepare the army and economy for war

• People would sacrifice all political and civil liberty, limit private exercise of capital in order to prepare for war and aggression• Trade unions crushed and outlawed

Page 15: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

NAZI PROPAGANDA MACHINE

• Film

• Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will & 1936 Olympics

• The Eternal Jew (Der ewige Jude)

Page 16: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

RESISTANCE

• Soviet Union = 1935 mutual-aid pacts with France and Czechoslavakia

• France = Leon Blum and the Popular Front

• Cultural Responses – art and literature become more engaged in socio-political happenings

• Charlie Chaplin – The Great Dictator

• Religious Resistance

• Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Protestant)

• St. Maximillian Kolbe

• Pope Pius XII

• Youth Resistance

• White Rose

Page 17: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

THE NAZI CHALLENGE TO EUROPE• 1935, Re-militarization of

Germany

• Luftwaffe

• Re-institution of the draft

• March 1936, Occupation of the Rhineland

• How did world react? How did their reaction affect Hitler?

• Late 1936, Rome-Berlin Axis

• Later included Japan

Page 18: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

APPEASEMENT

• Why does Hitler continue to take more and more aggressive foreign policy actions?

• March 1938, annexation of Austria

• September 1938 – Munich Conference = annexation of Sudetenland

• 6 months later all of Czechoslovakia under Nazi influence

• GB and France pledge to protect Poland’s sovereignty

• Aug. 1939, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

• Non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia – Poland’s fate is sealed

Page 19: The Third Reich, 1933-1945

WAR BEGINS!

• Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany begins blitzkrieg on Poland

• Sept. 3, France and GB declare on Nazi Germany

• Click on map for video link