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http://www.cam.ac.uk/ Essex university http://www.essex

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Find the articles that you want to study more, Find the author email address :

Ecology: http://www.esajournals.org, Herbivory, growth rates, and habitat

specialization in tropical tree lineages: implications for Amazonian beta-diversity

Greg P. A. Lamarre 1,2, Christopher Baraloto 2,3

, Claire Fortunel 2, Nallarett Dávila 4,5

, Italo Mesones 5, Julio Grandez Rios 5,6

, Marcos Ríos 6, Elvis Valderrama 6, Magno Vásquez Pilco 5,7, and Paul V. A. Fine

E-mail: paulfine@berkeley.edu

Herbivory, growth rates, and habitat specialization in tropical tree lineages: implications for Amazonian beta-diversity

Greg P. A. Lamarre 1,2, Christopher Baraloto 2,3, Claire Fortunel 2, Nallarett Dávila 4,5, Italo Mesones 5, Julio Grandez Rios 5,6

, Marcos Ríos 6, Elvis Valderrama 6, Magno Vásquez Pilco 5,7, and Paul V. A. Fine 5,81Université Antilles Guyane, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana

2INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana

3Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

4Botany Graduate Program, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

5Department of Integrative Biology, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building Number 3140, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA

6Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru

7Departamento Forestal, Universidad de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru

Abstract :  Tropical plant diversity is extraordinarily high at both local and

regional scales. Many studies have demonstrated that natural enemies maintain local diversity via negative density dependence, but we know little about how natural enemies influence beta-diversity across habitats and/or regions. One way herbivores could influence plant beta-diversity is by driving allocation trade-offs that promote habitat specialization across resource gradients. We therefore predicted that increasing resource availability should be accompanied by increasing herbivory rates and decreasing plant allocation to defense. Second, relative abundances within plant lineages are predicted to reflect patterns of habitat specialization and allocation trade-offs. A phylogenetic context is vital not only to compare homologous plant traits (including defense strategies) across habitat types, but also to connect evolutionary trade-offs to patterns of species diversification in each phylogenetic lineage.

We tested these predictions for trees in white-sand, clay terra firme, and seasonally flooded forests in Peru and French Guiana that represent the range of soil fertility, forest structure, and floristic compositions found throughout the Amazon region. We established 74 0.5-ha plots in these habitats and sampled all trees. Within 12 representative plots we marked newly expanding leaves of 394 saplings representing 68 species, including the most abundant species in each plot in addition to species from five focal lineages: Swartzia and Inga (Fabaceae), Protieae (Burseracaeae), Bombacoideae (Malvaceae), and Micropholis (Sapotaceae). We measured total leaf production rates for each sapling and calculated relative herbivory impact as the ratio between herbivory rate and leaf production rate.

Herbivory rates averaged 2.1% per month, did not correlate with leaf production rate, and were similar across habitats. Relative herbivore impacts exceeded leaf production rates for most species. Leaf production rate averaged 2.8%, was significantly higher in seasonally flooded forests than the other two habitats, and exhibited significant correlations with specific leaf area. Species with high herbivory rates exhibited significantly lower relative abundances in terra firme forests. Overall, focal species within lineages present contrasting patterns regarding their herbivory rates and leaf production rate within habitats. These results highlight why a lineage-based approach is necessary when attempting to connect hypotheses regarding evolutionary trade-offs to community assembly patterns.

Key words:  Amazon rainforest, beta-diversity, forest habitat, French Guiana, herbivory, natural enemies, Peru, plant defense traits, resource availability

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Look at the web site of offering information on scholarships:

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2013 Westminster International Scholarships for Developing Countries Students in UK

2013 Call for 15 Doctoral Research Positions at University of Goettingen in Germany http://www.uni-goettingen.de

Via foundation: Wells Mountain Foundation

Scholarship for Students of Developing Countries, 2013/14

Via Proffesor : Tan Sri Dato' Seri Dr. Jeffrey Cheah Continui

ng Scholarship Tun Dr. Mahathir UPM-ELS Scholarship

Via government: www.dikti.go.id, : http://beasiswa.dikti.go.id

Kepada Yth 1. Pimpinan Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Sebagai upaya meningkatkan kualifikasi dosen, Direktorat

Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi melalui Direktorat Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan kembali membuka pendaftaran beasiswa S2/S3 luar negeri Gelombang I untuk alokasi tahun 2013. Program beasiswa ini diperuntukkan bagi dosen tetap PTN, dosen DPk dan dosen tetap yayasan (PTS) di lingkungan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan diutamakan untuk program S3 (PhD).

Bagi yang berminat melamar beasiswa tersebut, silakan mendaftar secara on-line melalui website: http://beasiswa.dikti.go.id, paling lambat tanggal 31 Oktober 2012. Melalui pendaftaran secara on-line ini, setiap pendaftar akan memperoleh nomor registrasi on-line. Namun, apabila ada pendaftar yang berkas lamarannya disampaikan lengkap sampai dengan tanggal 31 Juli 2012, ada kemungkinan peserta diberangkatkan tahun 2012.

Selanjutnya, untuk mengklarifikasi informasi yang telah disampaikan secara on-line, kami mohon pelamar

Seluruh berkas tersebut di atas dimasukkan dalam MAP HIJAU dengan menuliskan nama, alamat, serta nomor registrasi on-line pengirim, dan paling

mengirimkan berkas-berkas lamaran berupa: 1. Nomor registrasi on-line; 2. Bukti memiliki NIP/NIK dan NIDN; 3. Surat izin rektor/pimpinan perguruan tinggi; 4. Surat izin Kopertis (khusus bagi pelamar dari PTS); 5. Form-A Dikti; 6. Letter of Acceptance (LoA) dari perguruan tinggi

luar negeri yang terakreditasi; 7. Salinan ijazah S1 bagi pelamar jenjang S2 dan

ijazah S2 bagi `pelamar jenjang S3; 8. Bukti kemampuan berbahasa Inggris (TOEFL/IELTS),

Jerman, `Perancis, Jepang atau bahasa lain berstandar internasional, sesuai dengan negara tempat perguruan tinggi yang dituju (tidak lebih dari 2 tahun terakhir);

9. Surat rekomendasi (3 buah); dan 10. Proposal penelitian dalam bahasa Inggris khusus

untuk S3.

Paling lambat kami terima tanggal 14 Nopember 2012 pukul 15.00 WIB. Berkas lamaran dikirimkan ke:

Direktorat Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Ditjen Pendidikan Tinggi Kompleks Kemdiknas Gedung D Lantai 5 Jln. Jenderal Sudirman, Pintu 1 Senayan,

Jakarta 10270 Apabila terdapat pertanyaan ataupun

permasalahan berkaitan dengan pendaftaran secara on-line, mohon disampaikan melalui email: blndikti@dikti.go.id.

Find information on life on the university’ Download the 2013 Education UK guides Our reference guides are designed to help

and support international students considering UK study.

Via university that you want to study in Visit the web site, life, accommodation,

education system etc. Search Indonesian student who study there

via student care, or services in university

Study Master in Essex University Searching scholarship: IDP, World Bank Through many levels of selections English courses and tests Preparation for a board Life in Colchester: Accommodation, facilities, Education system: Master by courses, by

research, examination, dissertation or thesis.

Study Doctoral in Georg-August University of Göttingen Searching scholarship: IDP, World Bank Through many levels of selections English courses and tests Preparation for a board Life in Göttingen : Accommodation,

facilities, http://www.study-in.de

Education system: courses, research, examination,

Göttingen: A university with a city

Göttingen was first mentioned in 953. The small village was an agricultural community George II, King of England and Elector of Hannover,

decided to establish a university there, which opened its doors in 1737.

The excellent reputation of the institution not only put Göttingen on the map, it saved the city from being bombed by Allied troops in the Second World War - being put on the same level as Oxford or Cambridge.

Until reunification in 1990, Göttingen was a border town, only a stone's throw away from the 'Iron Curtain' that divided Germany into two parts for almost half a century.

Yet unlike other cities, Göttingen was never marginalized - thanks to the international connections of its university. Despite its small size, the city has a cosmopolitan flair to it. Guests from other parts of the world are nothing out of the ordinary and foreign languages can be heard everywhere.

The 'Gänseliesel' (Goose Lizzy), Photo: Tourist Info Göttingen