[ Int. Revueges.Hydrobio1. I 76 I 1991 I 1 I 121-135 1

BAZYLI CZECZUGA

Department of General Biology, Medical Academy, 15-230 Biatystok, ul. Kililiskiego 1, Poland

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XVIII. Aquatic Fungi in Lake Sniardwy and Eighteen

Neighbouring Lakes

key words: lakes, hydrochemistry, mycology, fungus, aquatic fungi

Abstract

The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora of Lake Sniardwy and eighteen adjacent lakes.

Samples of water were collected once a month (1984-1987) for hydrochemical analysis and stu- dies of the fungi content.

Forty species of fungi were found in lake Sniardwy and 60 in other lakes. The following fungi unknown from Poland were found in these lakes: Olpidiurn endogenum, Olpidium granulatum, Dictyomorpha dioica, Phlyctochytriurn aureliae, Rhizophydium planktonicum, Zygorhizidiurn melosirae, Cladochytrium polystomum, Blastocladia rostrata, Oipidiopsis achlyue, Olpidiopsis pythii, Lagenidium rabenhorstii, Pythiella vernalis, Achlya rodrigueziana, Anguillospora gigantea. Dirnorphospora foliicola and Mycocentrospora aquadca.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 2. Study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3. Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

4.1. Characteristics of lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.2. Mycoflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

1. Introduction

Of all the many lakes in the Masurian Lake District, Lake hiardwy belongs to the most distinctive ones. This lake is noteworthy for at least two properties; firstly, it is the largest lake in Poland and, secondly, despite its huge area, it is so shallow that in summer thermic stratification cannot be observed. On account of the large open surface even slight winds are capable of moving the whole mass of this water body. These limnologi- cal properties of the lake create characteristic bioto s for the development of both flora

of big and small lakes with a wide range of physicochemical properties and trophic potentials.

During our studies of the various aquatic fungi species in the north-eastem region of

and fauna in the water. Furthermore, around Lake !r niardwy there exists a large number

122 B. CZECZUGA

Poland (CZECZUGA et al. 1989), it was of course essential that this specific area of water together with the adjacent lakes should be included in the investigations. The data obtain- ed not only considerably enrich our knowledge of the hydromycoflora of this region but also contribute certain elements to hydromycology in general.

2. Study Area

Main morphological features of the lakes investigated are presented in Table 1. At Lake hiardwy, three characteristic sites were selected (Fig. 1):

Figure 1. Sampling sites at Lake Sniardwy (1-111)

Morphological characteristics of the investigated lakes Table 1.

Lake Area Maximum in ha depth, in m

Beldany Brzozolasek Druglin Guber Kocid tawki Mikdajskie Nidzkie Ot6w orzysz Pogubie Mate Pogubie Wielkie Rod Ryriskie Sniardwy Tatty Taltowisko Wiartel

793.6 159.4 460.3 111.7 307.0 72.2 448.0 1502.09 83.2

1273.2 32.4 38.6

1956.0 1130.0 10524.43 783.0 344.18 152.77

46.0 18.0 3.0 30.0 26.0 15.0 35.0 23.7 35.0 29.0 1.5 1.5 32.0 47.0 23.0 51.0 39.5 29.0

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XVIII. 123

Sire I - in the tuknajno locality where Lake tuknajno is connected with Lake Sniardwy by a stream. The bed at this site is silty and the shore is without vegetation.

Site ZZ - at the Okartowo locality, the shore is overgrown with reeds and the bed is silty.

Sire IZZ - at the Nowe Guty locality on the eastern shore, where the predominating western winds constantly move the water. The shore and bed are sandy without any vegetation.

In the other eighteen lakes the samples were collected over a period of two years from each lake at one and the same site (on the bank, depth 0.25-0.50 m), chosen because it was typical of the given lake.

3. Material and Methods

Samples of water were collected once a month (1984-1987) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the fungi content. In addition to water from the bed, these samples contained bits of wood, stones and fallen leaves.

The water was collected in a 5-litre Rutmer bucket from the depth at which the bucket was immersed. In the water, the temperature was measured and following parameters were determined: pH, 02, COz. chemical oxygen demand (COD Mn-Method), alkalinity, hardness ammonium, organic nitrogen, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, iron, manganese, sulphate, total dissolved and suspended solids.

For determinations of the different chemical elements in the water the Standard Methods of GOLTERMAN and Clymo (1969) were employed; for details see CZECZUGA and PR&A (1980).

The fungi in the water were studied by a method based on direct microscopic examination of

Chemical composition of the water of Lake Sniardwy (1984-1987) (in mg 1-1) Table 2. (n - 42)

Specification Sites

I (tuknajno) I1 (Okartowo)

Temperature OC PH 0 2

COD co2 Alkalinity in CaC03* N(NHJ N(N02) N(N03) PO4 c1 Total hardness in Ca Total hardness in Mg

Fe Mn Dry residue Dissolved solids Suspended solids

in mvall-I

BOD,

so4

10.64 f 7.34 7.97 f 0.16

15.49 f 5.07 7.48 f 4.44 8.76 f 2.37 8.09 f 3.30 2.76 f 0.34 0.31 f 0.29 0.006f 0.00 0.02 f 0.03 0.33 f 0.19

21.86 f 5.09 36.56 f 8.51 16.23 f 4.02 30.65 f10.48 0.19 f 0.51 0.06 f 0.03

273.7 f50.1 239.0 f50.7 34.7 f21.2

10.9 f 7.21 8.32 f 0.19

14.9 f 3.02 4.3 f 1.84 8.11 f 2.53 2.7 f 1.32 3.2 f 0.51 0.29 * 0.32 0.005f 0.00 0.002f 0.03 0.52 f 0.21

28.8 f 6.02 45.81 k 9.34 21.1 f 6.04 27.62 * 8.71 0.10 f 0.08 0.03 f 0.02

329.7 f72.4 298.7 f52.8 31.0 218.4

III (Nowe Guty)

11.0 f 7.45 8.09 f 0.33

16.32 f 3.17 7.18 f 4.56 8.35 f 2.78 5.42 f 3.69 2.81 f 0.43 0.29 f 0.38 0.007f 0.00 0.06 f 0.11 0.25 f 0.16

17.69 f 5.48 31.70 f 10.86 16.97 f 8.19 25.54 f 6.89 0.17 f 0.29 0.05 f 0.10

284.3 f152.0 207.7 f 47.7 76.6 f 38.3

Table 3. Chemical composition of the water of investigated lakes (in mg 1-1)

(mean value from 5 determinations) ~~~ ~ ~- __ ~ -~ ~

Lake

1" 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Specification

~ ~~ _~ ~ ~~

Temperature "C 10.2 11.4 11.2 10.6 11.2 10.4 13.2 12.4 10.2 8.5 7.5 8.1 8.1 7.0 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.5

12.4 16.2 15.0 12.8 13.6 14.9 12.6 13.3 12.4 PH 0 2 BODS 2.2 3.1 2.0 3.2 2.8 3.6 2.4 5.7 2.4 COD 6.6 10.0 5.9 9.2 26.0 7.5 7.0 7.8 4.4 co2 2.8 13.2 6.6 4.4 17.6 4.4 7.3 4.6 2.6 Alkalinity inCaC03') 3.0 3.0 2.2 3.5 3.6 2.8 3.6 2.9 2.4 N(NHJ 0.1 0.02 0.23 0.75 3.47 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.21 N(NOz) 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.02 0.005 0.002 0.006 0.008 NNO3) 0.05 0.0 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.003 0.09 PO4 0.89 0.35 0.22 0.26 1.46 0.45 0.32 0.71 0.17 c1 21.0 47.0 16.0 27.0 21.0 23.9 43.6 26.3 17.5 Total hardnessinca 46.8 51.1 34.9 11.5 87.1 38.2 44.4 43.3 36.0 Total hardness in Mg 10.3 12.9 7.3 43.0 21.9 12.8 25.2 14.2 7.7 so4 22.6 23.0 18.7 21.0 124.2 21.8 41.3 30.3 15.6 Fe 0.55 0.10 0.20 0.0 0.25 0.08 0.09 0.15 0.4 Mn 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 Dry residue 220.0 242.0 235.0 330.0 575.0 257.0 359.0 272.7 160.0 Dissolved solids 197.0 236.0 197.5 326.0 513.0 206.0 346.3 250.8 133.0 Suspended solids 23.0 6.0 37.0 14.0 68.5 51.0 12.7 26.3 27.0

Lake

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Specification

Temperature "C PH 0 2

COD COZ Alkalinity in CaCO,' N!NHJ N ( N 0 3 N(N03) PO4 c1 Total hardness in Ca Total hardness in Mg so4 Fe Mn Dry residue Dissolved solids Suspended solids

BODS

10.2 10.0 11.8 12.0 10.2 9.8 10.2 10.4 7.4 8.1 7.8 7.7 8.0 7.8 8.0 7.3

16.2 13.9 15.2 18.0 12.4 13.6 15.6 14.6 3.6 3.4 9.6 15.2 2.9 3.2 4.9 4.2 7.9 7.4 16.1 16.2 6.8 8.8 8.2 9.2 8.8 5.8 8.6 13.2 4.3 12.1 6.8 12.1 2.6 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.7 3.5 3.0 3.4 0.02 0.24 0.82 2.23 0.28 0.19 0.35 0.02 0.001 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.03 0.01 0.002 0.35 0.40 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.28 0.35 0.18 0.11 0.41 0.56 0.99 1.11

36.0 22.7 20.0 23.5 24.8 26.5 29.0 50.2 43.2 36.2 37.4 24.7 37.4 44.3 44.0 62.6 11.6 19.6 23.9 10.1 12.5 15.7 15.2 12.9 14.0 28.2 17.1 19.1 22.9 30.2 32.0 30.1 0.1 0.08 0.22 0.25 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.1 0.01 0.0 ' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.0

336 369 245 270 214 270.5 303.5 299 195 253 183 205 181 260.0 258.3 285 85 115.7 77 65 32.5 10.5 45.2 20

11.6 8.1

15.2 6.4 5.8 5.5 2.2 0.17 0.007 0.02 0.17

16.0 31.0 12.9 20.6 0.20 0.05

168.5 148.5 26.0

' in mval 1-1 ** 1-Beldany. 2-Bezimieme, 3-BrzozoIasek, 4-Druglin. 5-Guber. 6-Kocid. 7-tawki, 8-

Mikdajskie, 9-Nidzkie, 10-Ot6w, 1 1-Orzysz, 12-Pogubie Male, 13-Pogubie Wielkie, 14- RoS, 15-RyIfskie, I6-Talty, 17-Taltowisko and 18-Wiartel.

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XVIII.

Table 4. Aquatic fungi found in particular sites of Lake Sniardwy

125

Site

I II III (tuknajno) (Okartowo) (Nowe Guty)

Species

Chytridiomycetes Rhizophydium carpophilum (ZOPF) RSCH Rhizophydium keratinophilum KARLING Polyctochytrium aureliae AJULO Chytridium xylophilum COUNU Karlingia polonica HASSAN Polychytrium aggregatum AJ\JELLO Nowakowskiella elegans (NOWAK.) SCHR. Nowakowskiella macrospora KARLING

Rozellopsis inflata (BUTLER) KARLING Olpidiopsis aphanomycis CORNU Olpidiopsis saprolegniae (BRAUN) CORNU Aphanomyces parasiticus COKER Achlya apiculata DE BARY Achlya papillosa HUMPHREY Achlya polyandra HILDEBRAND Achlya rodrigueziana F. F. WOLF Isoachlya anisospora (DE BARY) COKER Saprolegnia ferar (Gr.) THURNET Saprolegnia hypogyna (PRINGSH.) DE BARY Saprolegnia monoica PRINGSHEIM Dictyuchw monosporw LEITGEB Pythiogeton nigricans BATKO Pythium debaryanum HESSE Pythium monospermum PRINGSHEIM Pythium artotrogus DE BARY Zoophagus insidians SOMMER.

Candida tropicah (ROBIN.) BERKH. Trichosporon cutaneum (DE BEURMANN) Ota

Fusarium aquaeductum (mD. et RAB.) LAGERHEIM Bacillospora aquatica NUSON Anguillospora curvula IQBAL Anguillospora gigantea RANZONI Anguillospora longissima (SCOT et SYD.) INGOLD Arthrobotrys oligospora FRESENNS Tetracladium marchalianum DE WILDEMAN Tricladium angulatum INGOLD Lemonniera aquatica DE WILDEMAN Lemonniera terrestris TUBAKI Robillarda phragmitis CU"EL Dimorphospora foliicola TUBAKI

Oomycetes

Endomycetes

Hyphomycetes

X

X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X X

Number of species 19 17 24

126 B. CZECZUGA

materials collected from the water as well as the bait method (onion skin, hemp-seeds and clover- seeds) applied in environmental studies and in the laboratory. These methods were described in detail in CZECZUGA et al. (1986). In addition, the foam collected from the surface of eddies in running water or at the edges of stagnant water was examined directly under a microscope (ARNOLD 1968).

4. Results

4.1. Characteristics of the lakes

The results of the chemical analysis of the water of Lake Sniardwy found during the study period (1984-1987) are presented in Table 2 and those obtained from the other eighteen lakes in the years 1986-1.987 are given in Table 3. The parameters studied differed at the various sites of Lake Sniardwy and in the water of the other lakes.

Here o j y the COD values as well as nitrogen and phosphorus contents are described: In Lake Sniardwy the minimum COD was noticed at Site II (Okartowo) whereas the maximum was observed at Site I (tuknajno). As regards the various forms of nitrogen, the minimum mean value was also noticed at Site 11 and the maximum mean value of ammonium nitrogen was noticed at Site I, whereas the highest values of the other two forms of nitrogen were observed at Site I11 (Nowe Guty). The lowest mean phosphorus content on the other hand was found at Site 111 and the highest at Site 11.

Table 5. Aquatic fungi found at site I (tuknajno) of Lake Sniardwy in particular seasons and years (s-spring, su-summer and a-autumn)

Species 1984 1985 1986 1987

s s u a s s u a s s u a s s u a

Chytndiomycetes Rhizophydium carpophilum (ZOPF) FISCH Chytridium xylophilum CORNU Nowakowskiella elegans (NOWAK.) SCHR. Nowakowskiella macrospora KARLING

Rozellopsis inflata (BUTLER) KARLING Olpidiopsis aphanomycis CORN Aphanomyces parasiticus COKER Achlya apiculata DE BARY Isoachlya anisospora (DE BARY) COKER Saprolegnia ferar (GR.) R~URNET Dictyuchus monosporus LEITGEB Pythiogeton nigricans BATKO Pythium debaryanum WSE Pythium monospermum PRINGSHEIM Zoophagus insidians SOMMER.

Candida tropicalis (ROBIN.) BERKH.

Anguillospora gigantea WZOM Anguillospora longissima (SCOT. et SYD.) INGOLD Robillarda phragmitis CUNNU

Oomycetes

Endom ycetes

Hyphomycetes

X X x x

X X X X

X X x x

X x x

x x x x x x x x x x x X X X X X X

X

X

x x x x

X

X X

X X x x X

Number of species 6 1 8 7 1 6 5 - 4 3 2 3

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XVIII. 127

In the other eighteen lakes, the mean COD was lowest in Lake Nidzkie and highest in Lake Guber. The ammonium nitrogen content was lowest in Lakes Bezimienne, Q6w and Taltowisko and highest in Lake Guber and Lake Pogubie Wielkie. Minimum amounts of nitrogen-N02 were found in Lakes Ot6w and tawki, whereas the largest amounts were noticed in Lakes Guber and Taltowisko. Nitrogen-NO,, on the other hand, was not found at all in Lake Bezimienne and in such lakes as Orzysz and Mikdajskie it occurred in minimum amounts. The highest content of this form of nitrogen occurred in Lake Pogubie Mal e and Lake Pogubie Wielkie.

As regards phosphorus, the lowest concentration was found in Lakes Pogubie Wielkie and Nidzkie and Wiartel: the highest concentration was contained in the water of Lakes Guber, Taltowisko and Tatty.

4.2. Mycojlora

Over a period of four years 40 aquatic fungi species (Table 4) were found at 3 sites of Lake Sniardwy. Most of them species often found in various types of water bodies. On the other hand, Phlyctochytrium aureliae, Achlya rodrigueziana, Anguillospora gigantea, Anguillospora curvula and Dimorphospora foliicola have either never been noticed in Polish waters or have, at least some of them, been found only of odd sites. Most of these aquatic fungi species were noticed at the Nowe Guty site, whereas the site at Okartowo contained the smallest number of species. In all of the years of these studies and at all three sites, the greatest number of species were found in spring and autumn, whereas the smallest number in this lake was noticed in summer (Tables 5-7).

Table 6. Aquatic fungi found at site Il (Okartowo) of Lake Sniardwy in particular seasons and years (s-spring, su-summer and a-autumn)

1985 1986 1987 Species

s su a s su a s su a

Chytridiomycetes Rhizophydium keratinophilum WING Chytridium xylophilum CORNU Polychytrium aggregatum AJELLO Nowakowskiella elegans (NOWAK.) SCHR.

Rozellopsis infuta (BUTLER) KARLING Olpidiopsis saprolegniae (BRAUN) CORNU Achlya rodrigueziana F. T. WOLF Saprolegnia ferax (Gr.) THW Saprolegnia monoica PRINGSHEIM Dictyuchus monosporus LEITGEB Pythium artotrogus DE BARY

Fusarium aquaeductum (RAD. et RAB.) LAGERHEIM Anguillospora curvula IQBAL Anguillospora longissima (SCOT. et SYD.) INGOLD Arthrobotrys oligospora FREsENIUS Lemonniera aquatica DE WILDEMAN Robillarda phragmitis Cu"EL

Oomycetes

Endom ycetes

X X X X X

X X X X x x x

X x x x X X X

x x x x x x x x x x

X

X X X

X

x x x x x X X

X X

X

X X

Number of species 3 1 7 9 2 1 1 4 2 7

128 B. CZECZUGA

Table 7. Aquatic fungi found at site III (Nowe Guty) of Lake Sniardwy in particular seasons and years (s-spring, su-summer and a-autumn)

1984 1985 1986 1987

s s u a s s u a s s u a s s u a Species

Chytridiomycetes Phlyctochytrium aureliae AJELLO x x x Chytridium xylophilum CORNU x x x Karlingia polonica HASSAN X X X Polychytrium aggregatum AJELLO x x X X Nowakowskiella elegans (NOWAK.) SCHR. x x x

Rozellopsis infrata (BUTLER) KARLING x x x x x x x x Olpidiopsis saprolegniae (BRAUN) CORNU x x x x Achlya papillosa HUMPHREY x x X Achlya polyandra HILDEBRANDT x x lsoachlya anisosporu (DE BARY) COKER Saprolegnia ferux (GR.) THURNET X x x x x x x x x x x Saprolegnia hypogyna (PRMGSH.) DE BARY Dictyuchus monosporus LEITGEB X Pythiogeton nigricans BATKO x x x x x x x x

Candida tropicalis (ROBIN.) BERM. x x

Bacillospora aquatica NUSON X Anguillospora gigantea RANZONI X X Anguillospora longissima (SCOT. et SYD.) INGOLD Tetracladiurn marchalianum DE WILDEMAN X x x TricIadium angulatum INGEAL X Lemonniera aquatica DE WILDEMAN X Lemonniera terrestris TUBAKI X Dimorphospora foliicola TUBAKI X

X

Oomycetes

X

X

Endomycetes

Trichosporon cutaneum (DE BEURMANN) OTA x H yphomycetes

X

Number of species 6 3 9 6 2 6 8 4 1 0 5 3 8

The aquatic fungi found in the neighbouring 18 lakes are presented in Table 8. In these lakes, 60 fungi species were determined: 16 Chytridiomycetes, 26 Oomycetes, 1 species of Endomycetes, and 17 Hyphomycetes. Of particular interest is the discovery of Olpidium grunulutum (Lakes Ryriskie, Tatty and Tat towisko), Zygorhizidium melosirue (Lake Taltowisko), Blustocludiu rostrutu (Lake Mikd ajskie), Olpidiopsis uchlyue (Lakes Mikdajskie and RoS), Olpidiopsis pyrhii (Lake Mikdajskie), Sommerstofliu spinosu (Lake Tat ty), Achlyu rodrigueziuna (Lake Mikd ajskie), Anguillospora gigantea (Lakes Bet dany and Mikd ajskie) and Mycocentrosporu uquuticu (Lakes Be1 dany).The number of aquatic fungi species found in the lakes adjoining Lake Sniardwy varied from 6 (Lake BezimieMe and others) to 15 species (Lakes Kocid and Tatty).

5 . Discussion

Of the aquatic fungi species found in lake Sniardwy and the 18 adjoining lakes, 16 were new to the Polish hydromicoflora and 4 are very rare in the waters of this country. The new species were (Fig. 2): Olpidium endogenum, Olpidium grunulutum, Dictyomor-

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XVIII. 129

C .

-I.

H -7. K. 4.

N. 0. 4.

Figure 2. Aquatic fungi: A - Olpidium endogenum - sporangium (24-32 p) in algae cell and zoospore

B - Olpidium granulatum - sporangium (16-28 p) C - Dictyomorpha dioica - spore ( 13-1 8 p) and zoospore

D - Rhizophydium planktonicum - at Asterionella cell E - Phlyctochytrium aureliae - sporangium (14-38 p)

F - Zygorhizidium melosirae - sporangium (16-14x 5-9 p) G - Cladochytrium polystomum - sporangium (10-20 p)

H - Blastocladia rostrata - sporangium (15-38 x 40-90 p) I - Ofpidiopsis achlyae - spores (21.5-120 p)

K - Olpidiopsis pythii - spore ( 18-28 p) L - Lagenidium rabenhorstii - zoosporangium (10-20 p) and zoospore

M - Pythiella vernalis - sporangium (12-32 p) and zoospore N - Achlya rodrigueziana - gametangy (zoospore - 20-40 p)

0 - Anguillospom gigantea - conidia (200-740 x 5 4 p) P - Dimorphospora foliicola (conidia-white)

R - Mycocentrospora aquarica - conidia (70-125 x 2.5-3 p) 9 I ~ L Revue ges. Hydmbiol. 76 (1991) I

130 B. CZECZUGA

Table 8. Aquatic fungi in particular Lakes (s-spring and a-autumn) -

Lake Species -

1*2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 1415 1617 18

Chytridiomycetes Olpidium endogenum (BRAUN) SCHROETER a Olpidium granulatum KARLmG Dicfyomorpha dioica (COUCH) MULLINS Rhizophydium carpophilum (LOPF) FISCH Rhizophydium keratinophilum KARLING Rhimphidium planktonicum CANTER Rhizidium chitinophilum Sparrow Chytridium xylophilum CORNU Zygorhizidium melosirae CANTER Karlingia polonica HASSAN Cladochytrium polystomum ZOPF Polychytrium aggregatum ASELLO Nowakowskiella elegans (NOWAK.) SCHROETER Nowakowskiella macrospora KARLING Blastocladia globosa KANOUSE Blastocladia rostrata MINDEN

Rozellopsis infratu (BUTLER) KARLING Olpidiopsis achlyae MCLARIY Olpidiopsis pythii (BUTLER) KARLING Lagenidium rabenhorstii ZOPF Myzocytium proliferum SCHENK Aphanomyces irregularis S C O T Pythiella vernalis COUCH Sommerstofla spinosa ARNAUWV Achlya jlagellata COKER Achlya megasperma HUMPHREY Achlya papillosa HUMPHREY Achlya polyandra HILDEBRANDT Achlya recurva C O W Achlva rodriaueziana WOLF

Oomycetes

a

Isoachlya an%ospora (DE BARY) COKER Isoachlya toruloides KAUFFMA” et COKER Saprolegnia diclina HUMPHREY sa Saprolegnia ferax (GR.) THURNET Saprolegnia hypogyna (~UNGSH.) DE BARY

a a a

a

a S

a

sa

sa

a a a sa

a

sa

a

sa

s S S

a

a a

S sa

sa sa

s s a s a a s a a

Dictyuchus monosporus LEITGEB a s a s a a s a Leptomitus lacteus (ROTH) AGARDH S sa Pythiogeton nigricans BATKO Pythium artotrogus DE BARY a Pythium ultimum TROW a S Pvthium undulatum PETERSEN

sa sa a sa a

sa a

a s a s a a

a sa sa sa a sa

S

sa a sa s a S

sa S

a

S a

S

sa sa sa

sa a sa sa a sa

sa sa sa a sa

sa

S a a a a

sa Zbophagus insidians SOMMERSMRFF sa sa a

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XWI. 131 Continued Table 8

Species Lake ~

1*2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18

Endomycetes

Hyphomycetes Candida tropicalis (ROBIN) BERKH.

Alatospora acuminata INGOLD Arthrobotrys oligospora FRESENIUS Anguillospora gigantea RANZONI Anguillospora longissima (SCOT. et SYD.) INGOLD Bacillospora aquatica NUSON Camposporium aquaticum DUDKA Dactylaria brochopaga DRECHSLER Fusarium aquaeductum (RAD. et RAB.) LAGERHEIM Lemmoniera aquatica DE WILDEMAN Mycocentrospora aquatica IQBAL Robillarda phragrnitis C u m Tetracladium marchalianurn

Tetracladium setigerum (GROVE) INGOLD Tricladium angulatum INGOLD Tricladium anomalum INGOLD Tricladium gracile INGOLD Triscelophorus monosporus INGOLD

DE WILDEMAN

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Number of species 9 6 7 6 6 1 5 7 1 4 8 6 7 8 9 1 3 1 1 1 5 8 9

1 -Bddany, Z-Bezimienne, 3-Brzozolasek, 4-Druglin. 5-Guber, 6-Kocioh 7- tawki, 8 -Mikolajskie, g-Nidzkie, 10-0&6w, 1 1 -0rzysz. 12-Pogubie Mate, 13-Pogubie Wielkie, 14-Ro6, 15-Ryriskie, 16- Tatty, 17-Taltowisko and 18-Wiartel.

pha dioica, Phlyctochytrium aureliae, Rhizophydium planktonicum, Zygorhizidium melosirae, Cladochytrium polystomum, Blastocladia rostrata, Olpidiopsis achlyae, Olpidiopsis pythii, Achlya rodrigueziana, Lagenidium rabenhorstii, Pythiella vernalis, Anguillospora gigantea, Dimorphospora folicola and Mycocentrospora aquatica. Sommerstoma spinosa, and Anguillospora curvula are rare species and the lakes studied constitute the second site at which they have been found in Poland.

Olpidium endogenum is a parasite of Spirogyra genus and of Desmidiaceae. It was found only in autumn in Lake Bezimienne.

Olpidium granulatum is known to be an egg parasite of some species of rotifers (BATKO 1975). In our case, it was found only in autumn in Lakes Ryr5skie Tahy and Tat towisko. Dictyomorpha dioica is a parasite of the fungi genus Achlya. This fungus was found only in Lake tawki in autumn. Phlyctochyfrium aureliae is a saprophyte living on the remains of p1,ants and various aquatic arthropods. It was found in spring, summer and autumn in Lake Sniardwy, but only in 1984 at the Nowe Guty site. Rhizophydium plank- tonicum is a parasite of algae of the Asterionella genus (Diatomeae). It was found only in Lake tawki in autumn. Zygorhizidium melosirae, on the other hand, is a parasite of the genus Melosira (Diatomeae). It was found in Lake Tattowisko in autumn. As regards Cladochytrium polystomum, it is an aquatic saprophyte which is found on dead Spiro- gyra, Oedogonium and Coleochuete thalli. It was found only in Lake Bezimienne in 9.

132 B. CZECZIJGA

autumn. The next fungus new to Polish hydromycoflora, Blastocladia rostrata, is a plant saprophyte and was noticed in spring and autumn in Lake Mikdajskie. The two species of Olpidiopsis are parasites of other aquatic fungi species. Olpidiopsis achlyae is a parasite of the spawn of various species of Achlya, whereas Olpidiopsis pythii is a parasite of the spawn of some Pythium species. Olpidiopsis achlyae was found in spring in Lake Mikd ajskie and Lake RoS. Olpidiopsis pyfhii also occurred in Lake Mikdajskie in spring. Lagenidium rabenhorstii is a parasite of Spirogyra, Zygonema and Oedogonium genera. It was found only in Lake Guber in autumn. Pythiella vernalis is known to be a parasite of fungi of the Pythium genera. In our case, it was found only in autumn also in Lake Guber.

The next new species, Achlya rodrigueziana, is an aquatic and soil saprophyte. We found it in spring 1986 at the Okartowo site in Lake Sniardwy and in spring in Lake Mikd ajki.

Several species new to the water bodies of Poland are parasites of algae; there are too, Olpidium endogenum and Rhizophydium planktonicum which found in lakes of a com- paratively low degree of eutrophication (Lakes Bezimienne and tawki), whereas such species as Zygorhizidium melosirae and Lagenidium rabenhorstii occurred in lakes in which the eutrophication processes were comparatively well advanced (Lakes Guber and Taltowisko). Lake Guber is characterized by a comparatively high content of all forms of nitrogen and phosphorus while Tal towisko has a particularly high phosphorus content. Furthermore, all four of these species were found in autumn. The occurrence of these species depends on a number of ecological factors, above all, on the abundance of algae forming substrates for these parasites (SEN 1988).

In the case of Rhizophydium planktonicum the extent to which this fungus invades Asferionellu also depends on the light factor, for example, darkness is conductive to such an invasion (CANTER and JAWORSKI 1981).

The most noteworthy finding as regards rare species is that of Sommerstoma spinosu found in Lake Tatty during autumn.

It is known as a parasite of rotifers, particularly of the Lepodella genus. This is the second site where the species has been found in Poland and the fifth site in the world. It had previously been noticed only in the water of River TuroSIanka in summer and autumn (CZECZUGA et al. 1984/85, CZECZUGA and PR6BA, 1980, 1987). First it was described by A R N A ~ W (1923a, b) in Bulgaria, where it was found in rotifer cultures. Then it was reported from North America (SPARROW 1929, KARLIN 1952) and Great Britain (PROWSE 1954). In recent years a paper on the biological-physiological aspects of Sommerstotfia spinosa on the islands of Japan was published (SAIKAWA 1986). The fmd- ing of this fungus in Lake Tatty is the first report of its occurrence in a lake since, up till now, it has been reported only in small water bodies or rivers.

A noteworthy finding, too, was that of Candida tropicalis in Lakes Mikdajskie and hiardwy (in 1984). In the past year a paper on the ecological aspects of Candida trop i- calis in the lakes of Estonia was published (SOLNTZEVA and VINOGRADOVA 1989).

From the Hyphomycetes found in these studies, Dimorphospora foliicola is new to the hydromycoflora of Poland, whereas the other two species, Anguillospora gigantea and Mycocentrospora aquatica, have been found in Polish waters. They are, nevertheless, rare species of aquatic fungi. The first report on Dimorphospora foliicola came from Japan where it was found on decaying leaves in water (TKJBAKI 1958). It was next found in Great Britain, again in water on decaying leaves of various species of trees (INGOLD 1958) and in Sweden (NUSON 1962). East Germany (CASPER 1965). in Tanganyika (NILSSON 1964), in Sierra-Leone (LE'-JoHN 1965) and in a few water bodies in the USSR (DUDKA 1974). In our studies, Dimorphospora foliicola was noticed in autumn 1986 at the Nowe Guty site on Lake Sniardwy. The species Anguillospora gigantea was found at the site tuknajno in spring and autumn 1985 and at Nowe Guty in Lake Sniardwy also in

Studies of Aquatic Fungi. XWI. 133

spring and autumn, but in 1984. It was also present in spring in Lakes Beidany and Mikdajskie. This fungus was frrst described by RANZONI (1951) in the USA, where it was noticed on decaying popular leaves in water. Later it was encountered in water in Hawaii (ANASTASIOU 1964) and in Cuba (MmvmOvA,and MARVAN 1969). As regards Polish waters, this fungi species was observed in Lake Sniardwy and, at more or less the same time, in the neighbouring Lake Luknajno (CZECZUGA et al. 1989a).

The third and last of the rare Hyphomycetes species, Mycocentrospora aquatica, occurred in Lake Beidany in spring and autumn. This species was first described by IQBAL (1971), who found it on leaves decaying in a water body in Great Britain. It was later reported in Uzbekistan and Armenia (KIRGIZBAJEVA and SAGDULLAEVA 1977, DUDKA 1985). The water of Lake Betdany is the fourth site in the world where this fungus has been found.

During the four years of study, all the sites of Lake Sniardwy contained the greatest number of fungi species in spring and autumn whereas in summer only single species occurred. A similar observation has quite often been made in our investigations of the mycoflora of springs (CZECZUGA et al. 1 9 8 9 ~ ) ~ woodland streams (CZECZUGA et al. 1986), rivers (CZECZUGA and FWBA 1987) and ponds (CZECZUGA et al. 1988). In recent years a paper on the seasonal occurrence of Hyphomycetes in River Kelvin has been published (GALLOWAY and ELLIOTT 1988). Therefore, the results would not be represen- tative, if the samples were taken only once a year.

6. Summary

Within four years (19861987) the author investigated the mycoflora and the environ- mental factors in Lake Sniardwy (3 stations) and eighteen neighbouring lakes (1 station in each): Beldany, Bezimienne, Brzozolasek. Druglin, Guber, Kocid, tawki, Mikdaj- skie, Nidzkie, 016w, Orzysz, Pogubie Male, Pogubie Wielkie, RoS, Rydskie, Tatty, Tat towisko and Wiartel.

The environmental factors were collected: temperature, pH, Olr COD, BOD5, COz, alkalinity, NH,, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, sulphates, C1, hardness calculated in terms Ca and Mg, iron, manganese, dry residue, substances dissolved in the water and water suspensions.

At the stations investigated at Lake Sniardwy the presence of 40 and at the other lakes 60 aquatic fungi species was noticed. The following fungi unknown from Poland were found at the stations investigated: Olpidium endogenum (Lake Bezimienne), Olpidium granularum (Lakes Ryriskie, Tahy and Tat towisko), Dictyomorpha dioica (Lake Lawki), Plyctochytrium aureliae (lake Sniardwy), Rhizophydium planktonicum (Lake tawki), Zygorhizidium melosirae (lake Tat towisko), Cladochytrium polystomum (lake Bezi- mienne), Blastocladia rostrata (Lake Mikdajskie), Olpidiopsis achlyae (Lakes Mikd ajskie and RoS), Olpidiopsis pythii (Lake Mikd ajski), Lagenidium rabenhorstii (Lake Guber), Pythiella vernalis (Lake Guber), Achlya rodrigueziana (Lakes Sniardwy and Mikd ajskie), Anguillospora gigantea (Lakes Sniardwy and Mikd ajskie), Dimor- phospora foliicola (Lake hiardwy) and Mycocentrospora aquatica (Lake Bet dany). The greatest number of species of aquatic fungi were found at site 111 (Nowe Guty) of Lake Sniardwy (24 species), the least were found in Lake Bezimienne and Lake Druglin (6 species). During the four years of study, all the Lake sites contained the greatest number of fungi species in spring and autumn whereas in summer only single species occurred.

134 B. CZECZUGA

7. Acknowledgements I thank Dr. KRYSTYNA BRZOZ~WSKA, Dr. HALINA CHOMUT~WSKA and Mgr LUCYNA WORONOWICZ

for help in these investigations.

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prof. Dr. B. CZECZUGA Department of General Biology Medical Academy Kilihkiego 1 15-230 Biatystok 8, Poland

Manuscript accepted: June 15th, 1990