3

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis

instituti

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF

HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

istoriul-eTnologiuri

Ziebani

XIV

STUDIES IN HISTORY AND

ETHNOLOGY

Tbilisi – 2012

Tbilisi – 2012

4

UDC 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)

(082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XIV nomeri,

wina gamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTno-logiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.

redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori

saredaqcio kolegia:

avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori

recenzenti: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Editor in chief: Doctor of History

Khatuna Ioseliani

Editorial board:

Doctor of History Avtandil Songhulashvili

Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili

Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze

Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze

Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia © gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT

3

redaqtorisgan

“istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis” XIV tomi,

wina gamocemebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebul kvlevebs moicavs. krebulSi warmodge-

nilia rogorc fundamenturi samecniero kvlevebi,

ise polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom bolo gamocemebSi, Seqmnili viTarebisa da gamo,

axal tradicias Caeyara safuZveli _ krebulSi sis-

tematurad ibeWdeba naSromebi, sadac argumentirebu-

li pasuxebia gacemuli saqarTvelos istoriis gaya-

lbebis mcdelobebze, rasac mizanmimarTulad axor-

cieleben konfliqturi regionebis warmomadgeneli

tendenciuri “mkvlevrebi” da maTi mxardamWeri, ru-

seTis samecniero sazogadoebis zogierTi warmomad-

geneli.

es weli, samwuxaro danaklisiT aRiniSna qar-

Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis. Cven davkargeT

humanitaruli dargebis cnobili mkvlevrebi da

Cveni institutis TanamSromlebi julieta ruxaZe,

neli bregaZe, geronti gasviani, Tamaz beraZe. isini

ara mxolod kargi mecnierebi, aramed samSoblos

gulmxurvale moyvarulebi da SesaniSnavi kolegebi

iyvnen.

krebulSi kidev mravali sxva Tematikis Semcve-

li naSromia gamoqveynebuli, rac uciloblad daa-

interesebs qarTveluri dargebis mkvlevar samec-

niero sazogadoebas.

4

xaTuna ioseliani

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi

samxedro xelovnebis kvlevas yvela eris to-

riisTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Tu eris istoria

ZiriTadad iwereba misi politikuri, social-

ekonomikuri da kulturuli sferoebis monacemebis

mixedviT, samxedro xelovneba (Tavisi sxvadasxva

aspeqtebiT) yvela epoqaSi, am sferoebis ZiriTadi

Semadgeneli nawilia. samxedro xelovnebis, samxedro

moRvaweebis, laSqrisa da omebis gareSe, ar

mimdinareobda arcerTi politikuri movlena, ar

xdeboda qveynis gaZliereba, misi gasvla saerTa-

Soriso politikur arenaze, miTumetes, myari da

angariSgasawevi adgilis damkvidreba. araTu Sua-

saukuneebSi, dResac ki, mniSvnelovani politikuri

gadawyvetilebebi, aSkarad an farulad, samxedro

elitis monawileobiT miiReba.

qarTuli samxedro istoriis Sesaxeb interesi

bolo xanebSi ufro gaZlierda, Tumca misi kvlevis

precendentebi adrec gvxvdeba. pirveli mkvlevari,

vinc mecnierulad ganixilavs qarTuli laSqris

sakiTxebs, kerZod, mis sabrZolo wyobas, sadro-

Soebs, maT Semadgenlobas da a.S. gaxlavT qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,

vaxuSti bagrationi.

5

XX saukunis dasawyisidan aRniSnuli sakiTxi-

sadmi interesi matulobs da ibeWdeba sxvadasxva

gamokvlevebi (i. gedevaniSvili, l. garsiaSvili,

i. SaiSmelaSvili, T. dadeSqeliani, a. klimiaSvili...);

Semdgom periodSi isev grZeldeba kvleva sxvadasxva

kuTxiT (q. CxataraiSvili, g. akofaSvili, k. Colo-

yaSvili, a. jorjaZe, g. anCabaZe, x. ioseliani da

sxv.).

gansakuTrebiT nayofierad sabrZolo iaraRebis

arqeologiuri eqsponatebis kvleva mimdinareobda,

ramac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos

teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iaraRebis sakmaod

naTeli suraTis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli (l. saxa-

rova, k. ficxelauri, a. kaxiZe, m. kvirtaia, S. Car-

Tolani, g. gamyreliZe...).

rac Seexeba wyaroebs, unda aRiniSnos rom spe-

cifikuri TvalsazrisiT, arc Tu ise mdidaria

qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro `qarTlis cxovreba~

TiTqmis omebis istoriaa, masSi naklebad mogvepoveba

cnobebi omis warmoebis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa da

miT umetes samxedro etiketis Sesaxeb. monacemebi,

romelze dayrdnobiTac am sakiTxis met-naklebad

Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli, ZiriTadad, samarTlis

Zeglebsa da ramdenime istoriul wyaroSia gabneuli.

garkveuli masalis moZieba SesaZlebelia leqsiko-

logiur naSromebSi da literaturul wyaroebSi. am

mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve folklori, sadac

Semonaxulia unikaluri informacia xalxuri tradi-

6

ciebisa da brZolis warmoebis, orTabrZolebisa da

rac mTavaria, dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierT-

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, sadac kargad Cans rogorc

qarTuli, ise saerTo kavkasiuri mentaliteti.

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebidan, yuradRebas ga-

vamaxvilebT mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSi umaRlesi

samxedro pirebis monawileobaze, sadac dawvrilebiT

iyo TiToeuli detali gaTvaliswinebuli, da omSi

meomris qcevis im wesebze, rac qarTul samarTalSi

muxlobrivad iyo gawerili.

mefed kurTxevis ceremonia saeklesio da saero

ritualis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romelSic

orive fenis umaRlesi pirebi monawileobdnen. Tu

kaTolikosi mefes gvirgvins adgamda da amiT RvTis-

gan xeldasxma da kurTxeva gamoixateboda, samxedro

piri (an samxedro sferos wamyvani didgvarovnebi)

xmals abamdnen (gadascemdnen) mefes, rac amqveyniuri

Zalauflebis da mTavarsardlobis miRebas niSnavda.

qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi mefed kurTxe-

vis ceremoniis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari cnobebia Se-

monaxuli. wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, Tu raoden

skurpulozurad iyo gawerili TiToeuli detali am

ritualisa da ramdenad didi yuradReba eqceoda mis

tradiciuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT Catarebas.

ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro, romelic detalu-

rad mogviTxrobs “mefed kurTxevis” wesis Sesaxeb,

aris XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi nusxa xucuriT gada-

werili xelnaweri. aRniSnuli teqstis Sedgenis

drod mecnierTa mier XIII saukunea miCneuli

7

(s. kakabaZe, i. javaxiSvili ...) am xelnaweris erT-

erTi Tavi “wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa”

eZRvneba swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs. garda

amisa, mefed kurTxevis wesis rig sakiTxebTan dakav-

SirebiT cnobebi gxvdeba “qarTlis cxovrebasa” da

sxva saistorio wyaroebSi.

mefed kurTxevis wess, qarTul samefo karze,

Cans bevri cvlileba ganucdia, rasac politikuri

da social-ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebdnen.

Tumca, Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod am ceremoniaSi

samxedro pirebis monawileobisa da rolis ganxilva

warmoadgens.

wyaroTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, mefes jer gvir-

gvins daadgamdnen, Semdeg xmals Semoartyamdnen. am

misias Tavdapirvelad asrulebdnen quTaTeli mTava-

repiskoposi da “lixTimereli didgvarovnebi”, Semd-

gom gvirgvinis damdgmelad qarTlis kaTolikos-

patriarqi gvevlineba, xolo xmlis Semomrtymelad

_ amirspasalari. es cvlilebebi samefo karze Tama-

ris mefobis Semdeg Cans momxdari [12,154]. Tumca,

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am ceremo-

nialSi xmlis gadacema aucilebel elements Sead-

genda, miuxedavad imisa, vin Seasrulebda mas _ sa-

mefo karze wamyvani mdgomareobis mqone didgvarov-

nebi, Tu amirspasalari.

mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba, rome-

lic mogvepoveba, giorgi II-s Seexeba, sadac mSra-

ladaa naTqvami, rom “moiyvanes saydarsa ruissa da

akurTxes mefed” [5, 304]. aq araviTari aRweriloba

8

ar gvxvdeba. ufro srulia daviT aRmaSeneblis mier

Tavisi vaJis, demetres Tanamosaydred dasmis amsa-

xveli cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom daviTma mTlianad

Tavis Tavze aiRo mefed kurTxevis ritualis yvela

komponentis Sesruleba: Tavisi xeliT daadga gvir-

gvini, rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya

maxvili, rogorc mTavar-sardalma: “TХsiTa xeliTa

dasua saydarTa TХsTa Ze TХsi dimitri... daadga

Tavsa mSveniersa gХrgХni qvaTagan patiosanTa... da

Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxХili, eha, rabam sХanad

xmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da

tansa axovansa” [1, 363].

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi

detali: Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, magaliTad Tamar

mefes, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis mere mouwia xel-

meored mefed kurTxeva, rasac gvamcnobs qarTlis cxo-

vreba. demetre I-Tan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba arsad ar

gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia saqarTveloSi erTaderTi, unika-

luri freska, svaneTSi, sofel latalSi mdebare “macx-

variSis” eklesiisa, sadac gamosaxulia demetre I-is

mefed kurTxevis ceremonia. demetre I-s Tavze

gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen da-

savleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris var-

danis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. es eklesia demetres ga-

mefebidan 15 wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli

(TariRi freskasTanaa miTiTebuli). aq aqcenti gada-

tanilia mefed kurTxevis dros “xmlis Semortymis”

mniSvnelobaze, rac cxadia gasakviri ar unda iyos, vi-

naidan es freska svaneTSi gvxvdeba, aq, logikurad xaz-

9

gasmuli unda iyos suanTa erisTavis roli mefed

kurTxevis ceremoniaSi, rasac adasturebs kidevac

freskasTan arsebuli warwera: “demetre mefesa вrmalsa

abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [10, 77].

sayuradReboa, rom am freskas yuradReba mxo-

lod imitom eqceoda, rom erTaderTia saqarTve-

loSi, sadac mefed kurTxevis scenaa gamosaxuli da

aravis SeumCnevia mTavari _ es freska, Tavisi war-

weriTurT, garkveulwilad TiTqos movlenaTa kon-

teqstidanaa amovardnili. demetre I Tanamo-saydred

daisva da mefed akurTxa daviT aRma-Senebelma, ro-

gorc mogviTxrobs daviTis istorikosi. amis Semdeg,

demetre I-is xelmeored kurTxevis Sesaxeb, arcerT

wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba informacia.

Cveni azriT, es faqti SesaZlebelia im rTuli

movlenebis amsaxveli iyos, romelic demetre I-is

mefobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da burusiTaa moculi.

araa gamoricxuli, rom konfliqtebis Sedegad de-

metre I-s dasWirda xelmeored mefed kurTxeva

tradiciuli wesiT _ “SvidTa samefoTa” didebu-

lebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legiti-

macia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebac

arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTare-

bis ararsebobisas, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSi

freskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil ver-

sias.

SedarebiT sruladaa mocemuli Tamaris mefed

kurTxevis aRweriloba. pirvelis, roca is Ta-

10

namosaydred daiyena giorgi III-m, ufro lakonuria.

xolo meored kurTxeva ufro dawvrilebiT aris

aRwerili. giorgi III-m “... mefe yo Tamar Tanadgomi-

Ta yovelTa patriarqTa da ebizkoposTa, didebulTa

imierTa da amierTa, vazirTa da spasalarTa da spas-

petTa... daadga gХrgХni oqrosa Tavsa missa, oqrosa

mis ofazisa, aRkmuli iakinTiTa, zmirTa da smarag-

doTa mier” [2, 21]. aq saerTod araa naxsenebi xmlis

“gadacemis” faqti, Tumca samxedro pirebi da didg-

varovnebi CamoTvlilebi arian, rogorc Tanamdgomni,

anu aqtiuri monawileni da mxardamWerni. giorgi III-

is gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos didebulebma, “Se-

myrelTa SХidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa

hkadres” da Tamars moTxoves wesisa da rigis mix-

edviT mefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia

pirvelad ar iyo srulyofilad Catarebuli. amis

Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradici-

uli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politi-

kuri viTarebis sxvadasxva peripetiebi, razec yura-

dRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. cxadia, rom miuxedavad Ta-

namosa-ydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves

mefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi mo-

na-wileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa

da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa...

vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad

gХrgХnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awХes monazoni Rirsi

da madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli anto-

ni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gХrgХnisa, da calis-kerZisa

kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srul-

11

yves moвeleTa sХanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,

saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba

вrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa

Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].

ganxiluli monacemebidan Cans, Tu ramdenad di-

di mniSvneloba hqonda mefis legitimaciisTvis kur-

Txevis srulyofil ceremonias, rac mravali kompo-

nentisgan Sedgeboda. swored am kuTxiT aris mniSv-

nelovani XIII saukunis werilobiTi wyaro, romel-

Sic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefed kurTxevis yve-

la niuansi.

amrigad, mivyveT wyaros monacemebs: mefed ku-

rTxevis wina Rames, mTavarepiskoposi samefo niSnebs

(garda xmlisa) eklesiaSi miitanda da trapezze

daalagebda. im Rames locvaSi aTenebdnen eklesiaSi

mRvdelmsaxurebi da TviTon samefod gamzadebuli

piric [6, 5].

diliT, samefo sasaxleSi “juarismtvirTveli”

mTavardiakvanTan erTad “Zeli cxovels” miu-

brZanebda mefes, Tayvans scemda da dalocavda. mas am

dros axldnen umaRlesi samxedro pirebi, romelnic

monawileobdnen am ritualSi: jvarismtvirTveli

Tavmodrekili dalocavda mefes: “gakurTxen wmidao

da TviTmpyrobelo mefeo, mravalca arian welni me-

fobisa Tqvenisani”, mere “sruliad laSqarTa Tqvan”

[6, 5]. anu, jvrismtvirTvelis locvas “laS-qari”

uerTdeba, metic, maT jvrismtvirTveli iseve Tavmo-

drekili mimarTavs, rogorc mefes. cxadia, samefo

palataSi laSqari ver iqneboda moTavsebuli da aq

12

samxedro elita unda igulisxmebodes. niSandobli-

via, rom mefis mere jvrismtvirTveli swored sam-

xedro pirebs ulocavs mefis kurTxevas: “Tqvenca

gixaroden Zlierno da uZlevelno da damamxobelno

mterTa samefoTano. Jami ars winamdebrisa saqmisa

aRsrulebad” [6, 5].

ivane javaxiSvili am cnobaze Semdeg komentars

akeTebs: “Tav-modrekiloba, mimarTvis formula da Si-

naarsi sruli ueWvelobiT amtkiceben, rom mefeTa ku-

rTxevis wesi “laSqarT” “TviTmpyrobeli” mefis Tanas-

wor pativs akuTvnebda da erTi da imave mowiwebiT epy-

roboda” [12, 156].

amis Semdeg mTeli amala eklesiisken gaemarTe-

boda. am msvlelobaSi mTavari roli da adgili sam-

xedro pirebsa da atributikas ekuTvnis. mefes win

miuZRvis zari, Semdeg droSa da Subi, saxelmwifos

samxedro Zlierebis simboloebi. Semdeg midis

jvrismtvirTveli “Zeli cxovrebisaTi”, Semdeg “mefe

da laSqarni”. mefes marjvena mxares mihyveba xmal-

Semortymuli amirspasalari, amilaxvari da mejine-

beTuxucesi, aseve xmalSemortymulebi. anu, mTavari

pozicia _ mefis marjvena mxare, samxedro sferos

warmomadgenlebs uWiravT. amirspasalars xelSi me-

fisTvis Semosartymeli xmali ukavia: “da samefo

вrmli orTve вlTa zeda etvirTos” [kur. 6]. danarCe-

nebi, anu saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sfe-roebis

warmomadgenlebi, mefes marcxena mxridan mihyvebian

[6, 6].

13

sainteresoa erTi detali: mefes ukan mihyvebian

“ezoTuxucesi, CuxCarexi, meabjreTuxucesi”, romel-

Tac miaqvT samefo “fari, laxti da qarqaSi” [6, 6].

Cven ar SegviZlia vivaraudoT, im dros fari,

odnav Tu mainc atarebda “saxelmwifo niSnis, anu

gerbis” funqcias. Tumca is faqti, rom laxtTan da

qarqaSTan erTad mas mefis ukan miabrZaneben, SesaZ-

lebelia ar gamoricxavdes faris rogorc ara mxo-

lod Tavdasacavi iaraRis funqcias. aseve saintere-

soa, rom amirspasalars, rogorc Cans, “SiS-veli”,

anu uqarqaSo xmali uWiravs xelT, vinaidan qarqaSi

mefis ukan mimyolT miaqvT.

niSandoblivia, rom samefo xmali, rogorc saxelm-

wifos Zlierebis da mefis mTavarsardlobis simbolo,

am SemTxvevaSi “Zeli cxovrebis” Tanabrad gvevlineba,

eklesiaSi Sesulebs jvrismtvirTveli amirspasalars

xmals gamoarTmevs da sakurTxevelSi Seitans: “gamou-

Ros jvrismtvirTvelman amirspasalars samefo вmali

da sakurTxevlis Sina Zelsa cxovrebissa miyrdnobili

dadvas”, xolo samefo droSa da Subi sakurTxevlis

karebis iqeT-aqeT Tavsdeba: “da droSa da Subi sakurT-

xevlisa kars emWirnen imr da amr” [6, 6].

saeklesio ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, rac

mTeli rigi komponentebisgan Sedgeba, mefes daad-

gamen gvirgvins. mTeli es procesi sagaloblebis

fonze mimdinareobs, gvirgvinis dadgmisas ki “mra-

valJamiers” igalobeben: “mravalJmeul hyven RmerTo

mefeT Cveni (saxeliT) mravalJmeul hyven”. amis Sem-

deg mefes, sakurTxevlis karebidan gamosvlisas

14

amirspasalari xmals Semoartyams: “amirspasalarman

вmali Seartyas” [6, 8].

sasaxleSi misvlis Semdeg, mefes taxtze ka-

Talikozi da jvrismtvirTveli unda Sehyolodnen.

Tumca maleve samxedro pirebis milocva “laSqarTa

Tayuaniscema da ZRuenis Sewirva” iwyeboda da kaTa-

likozi da jvrismtvirTveli mefes marto tovebdnen

samxedro pirebTan.

mefed kurTxevasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi da pu-

roba sami dRe grZeldeboda. am periodSi ki mefe,

Semosili Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, taxtze ijda

da ise iRebda mimlocvelebs.

amdenad, samxedro sferos warmomadgenlebs, ro-

gorc qveynis usafrTxoebis da Zlierebis garants,

umniSvnelovanesi roli eWiraT mefed kurTxevis ce-

remoniaSic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti,

rom samefo xmali umTavres religiur simbolosTan

“Zeli cxovrebisasTan” iyo gaTanabrebuli. es albaT

meti simbolizmis matarebelia da Cveni azriT,

“RvTismier, jvrismier kurTxeul xmals” unda niS-

navdes, rac SesaZlebelia ara mxolod gamarjvebis

ideiis matarebeli, aramed ufro Sors mimavali, Su-

asaukuneebis saraindo misteriebSi dafaruli ideis

gamoxatuleba iyos. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom “maxvili

da xmali bizantiaSi samefo niSnebad ar iyo miCneu-

li, dasavleT evropaSi _ ki, saxeldobr, safran-

geTSi da britaniaSi xmal-maxvili samefo samkaulis

aucilebel kuTvnilebad iTvleboda. am mxriv maSasadame

maSindeli saqarTvelo dasavleT evropas ufro uaxlov-

15

deboda, vidre mezobelsa da misabaZavad miCneuls bizan-

tias” [12, 158].

saqarTveloSi samxedro kulturis maRal do-

neze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, garda zemoT ganxiluli

wyaroebisa, metyvelebs agreTve qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebis monacemebi, sadac muxlobrivadaa gawerili

omis dros aucilebeli qcevis normebi. es arcaa ga-

sakviri _ qveyana, romelic marad saomar mdgoma-

reobaSi imyofeboda, realurad da samarTlianad

afasebda brZolis dros, rogorc sakuTar, ise

mtris mdgomareobas. amitomac, kanoniT iyo gansa-

zRvruli, rogori qmedebis ufleba hqonda brZolis

velze meomars.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

vaxtang VI-is samarTali, vinaidan masSi muxlo-

brivadaa Camoyalibebuli brZolis velze qcevis

wesebi.

samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli 178-e muxli, brZo-

lis velze mopovebuli qonebis kuTvnilebas gan-

sazRvravs: `laSqarSi danarCunebulis kacsa da

iaraRze irCodnen~. misi sruli versia mxolod

quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi dacul

201 xelnawerSia warmodgenili. es muxli sain-

teresoa imdenad, rom fasdaudebel cnobebs Seicavs

omSi moklul mtris mimarT moqcevis wesebis

Sesaxebac. aq dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli Tu vis rCeba

moklulis an datyvevebulis iaraRi, cxeni da

tanisamosi. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba samarTlis 254-e

muxli, sadac gawerilia omSi moklulis, daWrilis,

16

an tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive es

metyvelebs Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda

brZolis dros qmedebebsa da wesebs. moklulisa da

tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba kanoniT iyo

gansazRvruli da mas veravin ver daarRvevda (Tu

arada “kanoni aqvs”, anu kanoniT daisjeboda). `Tu

kacman kaci dainarCunos cocxali, Tu an moklas,

misi cxeni, iaraRi, tanisamosi damnarCuneblisa aris;

jaWvi, zuCi, muzaradi da amgvari xelmwifisa aris,

Tvali Tu margaliti~. amasTanave, `moklul kacs

veravin ver edaveba momkvlels da da verc

gauZarcvis~ [8, 525]. anu mokluli da misi aRWur-

viloba ukve meomris sakuTrebad iTvleboda da mas

sxva xels ver axlebda.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu meomari Tavis mokluls ar

gaZarcvavda da isev gaagrZelebda brZolas, SeeZlo

vinmesTvis eTqva, es me movkali da Sen mixede mis

aRWurvilobaso, magram misTvis garkveuli wili unda

mieca: `da Tu man ar indoma gaZarcva da isev mtersa

sdevs, da sxvas uTxra eg kaci me movkali da Sen

gaZarcveo, imasac cota wili uc mis naZarcvSi misi

karkacobiT~ [8, 526].

Tu meomari Tavis mier mokluls yuradRebas ar

miaqcevda, arc arvis miabarebda da brZolas ga-

agrZelebda, maSin is mokluli visac darCeboda, imi-

si iqneboda alafic.

Tu mokluli an daWrili sacilaod gaxdeboda

mebrZolebs Soris, maSin es saqme mowmis TqmiT

gadawydeboda. xolo visac darCeboda mokluli, imas

17

mowmisTvis yvelaze saukeTeso iaraRi unda mieca:

`erTi, romelic ukeTesi iaraRi hqondes, mowmobis

gulisTvis misces~ [8, 545]. aRbuRas samarTlis

mixedviTac Tu omSi datyvevebuli an mokluli

(darCenili) kacis abjari da cxeni sacilao gaxde-

boda, mowmis da ficis meSveobiT unda garkveuliyo:

“Tu omsa Sigan darCenilsa kacsa da missa abjarsa

zeda icilebodnen, rasaca abjarsa zeda nakravi

aCndes, da anu cxensa, mas marTebs. asse rome igi

darCenili kacica gaikiTxon ficiTa” [7, 460-461]

CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 178-e muxlis

is nawili, sadac moklulisadmi qcevis garkveuli

akrZalvebia mocemuli: `agreve mokluls kacs aras-

gziT nifxavi da perangi ar gaecrcvebis da nurcavin

Ãels miyofs, Tvara kanoni aqvs da Tu vinmem

ikadros amisi qna, maTi ufrosi nu aqnevinebs~ [8,

526]. `brZolaSi Sina romelic kaci mokudes,

abjrisgan kide tansacmelsa da nifxav-perangsa,

nuvin moÃdis. krul, wyeul da SeCvenebul iyav

RvTisa piriTa~ [4, 471].

amgvarad, Cans, rom mokluli mtrisadmi qceva-

sac Tavisi wesi gaaCnda, rac kanoniT iyo gansaz-

Rvruli, ar SeiZleboda moklulis Seuracxyofa da

misi gaSiSvleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi Camdeni

kanoniT daisjeboda.

vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi aseve gawerilia omSi

naSovni alafis ganawilebis wesebi. Cans, rom omis

dros mopovebuli qonebis saukeTeso da umetesi

nawili mefes ekuTvnoda. 255-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu

18

xelmwife eswreboda brZolas alafidan saukeTeso

da mexuTedi nawili misi iyo, Tu ar iyo monawile,

mexuTedi alafisa mainc mas ekuTvnoda: `Tu an

TareSobiT naSovni iyos, Tu xelmwife iq brZanebda,

romelic eprianeba, imasac miarToms da fanjiaksac

aiRebs, Tu ar brZandeba fanjiaks mainc aiRebs~ [8,

546] (fanjiaki _ mexuTedi; amave gamocemis Tanadar-

Tuli leqsikoni, gv. 768).

im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTareSod erTad wavidnen

meomrebi da maTgan romelime carieli darCeba, sxve-

bi valdebulni arian mas nadavli gauyon: `amxanagSi

jeT Tu garigdnen, piroba misces erTmanerTs,

romelic amxanagi sul carieli darCes, wils ver

daaklebs~ [8, 546]. amave dros wilis umetesi, meaTe-

di nawili, anu `sacxenmalo~ qonebis mSovnels

ekuTvnoda [8, 546].

sainteresoa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT somxuri

samarTlis wesebi. xiTar goSis samarTlis mixedviT

Tu `laSqari da Tavadi xelmwifis brZanebiT

wavidnen rasac alags dasarbevelad, rac iq iSovnon,

naxevari xelmwifis aris, naxevari TavadTa da

jarTa~ [9, 387]. im SemTxvevaSi ki `Tu TavisTavad

wasuliyvnen, ori wili naSovnisa _ TavadTa da

jarTa da erTi wili xelmwifesa miarTvan~ [9, 387].

rac Seexeba omSi naSovn qonebas, somxuri sa-

marTlis mixedviT, is Semdegnairad nawildeboda:

`omSi naSovni oqro, Tvali, mZime zarbazi (oq-

roqsovili) vinc iSovos, xelmwifis wilia, mar-

19

galiti da vercxli Tavadebis aris da sxva ra

ginda ra naSovari jarisa aris~ [9, 388].

omSi datyvevebuli kacis da misi aRWurvilobis

ganawileba somxuri samarTliT, qarTulisagan gan-

sxvavebuli wesiT xdeboda, aq tyve, misi jaWvi da

muzaradi mefes ekuvnoda, xolo iaraRi, cxeni da

tanisamosi _ damtyvevebels: `molaSqre kacman omSi

vinc dainarCunos kaci, darComilis kacis iaraRi,

tanisamosi, cxeni vinc dainarCunos misi iyos da

kaci, jaWvi da muzaradi xelmwifis miarTvan~ [9,

388].

amrigad, saxelmwifo samarTali omSi qcevis Zi-

riTadad ramdenime aspeqts aregulirebs:

1. mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebas, saidanac

ZiriTadi wili mefes ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, mo-

nawileobs Tu ara is aRniSnul samxedro operaciaSi.

qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, somxuri samarTlis mixed-

viT, meti wili mefes ekuTvnis.

2. datyvevebuli meomris da misi aRWurvilobis

kuTvnilobis sakiTxs _ mefes aqac wili udevs _

abjari mefisa iyo, tyve, cxeni, tanisamosi da sxva

_ damtyveveblisa. somxuri samarTlis mixedviT ki

tyvec mefes ekuTvnoda; aqvea daregulirebuli mok-

lulis aRWurvilobis cilaobis viTareba, am

SemTxvevaSi mowmis sityviT gadawydeboda, vis

ekuTvnoda darCenili qoneba.

3. mokluli mtrisadmi damokidebulebas _ kano-

niT ikrZaleboda misi tanisamosisgan ganZarcva;

20

garda kanonisa, am qmedebis Camdeni eklesiisgan da-

wyevlilic iyo.

garda oficialuri kanonmdeblobisa, brZolisa

da mowinaaRmdegesTan urTierTobas xalxuri tradi-

ciebic agvarebda. arsebobda dauwereli kanoni, rac

mtrisadmi, anu Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegisadmi pativi-

scemas gulisxmobda. amis damadasturebeli magali-

TebiT savsea qarTuli folklori. ar SeiZleboda

mokluli mtris gaSiSvleba, damaxinjeba, “miwis

zemoT”, anu daumarxavad datoveba.

sainteresoa, rom ZiriTadi brZolis win zogjer

wesad yofila meTaurTa, an msurvelTa Serkineba.

zogjer brolis bedi am Serkinebis Sedegzec-ki iyo

damokidebuli [3, 345]. erTi svanuri leqsis mixedviT,

sadac aseTi brZolaa asaxuli, “TaTari” pirveli

srolis uflebas moiTxovs _ Soridan movdivar da

daRlili varo. misi es piroba ki uyoymanod sruldeba

[11, 156-157].

erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi xevsureTia, sa-

dac mokluli mtrisTvis xelis mtevnis mokveTis

wesi arsebobda. am mtevans xevsuri saxlis banze

hkidebda. es wesi, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs mokluli

mtris Seuracxyofas, aramed is xevsurTa saiqio

cxovrebaze warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. xevsuris

SexedulebiT, gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovreba iseve

grZeldeboda, rogorc am qveyanas iyo. mas iqac iseve

sWirdeba iaraRi da yvela sxva nivTi, rogorc

samzeoze, raTa icxovros da mtersac gaumklavdes.

momakvdav mamakac xevsurs: “misi axlobeli vinckia,

21

xmalze sanTels daukravs da marjvena xelSi

miscems. xmlis micemisas etyvis: “SenTvis

Semoseulsa Sens xmliTamca iSoreb”. xevsuri

xmlosania da iqac iaraRiani unda iyos” [12, 233].

swored amitom, xevsurs im qveyanaSi kidev rom

Sexvdes mis mier mokluli mteri, mas mklavi mo-

kveTili eqneba da xmals veRar gamoiyenebs. amdenad,

xevsuri, ase vTqvaT, Tadarigs iWers, rom erTxel

damarcxebuli mteri, misTvis aRar gaxdes saSiSi.

zemoT ganxiluli masalebidan Cans, Tu raoden

mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda samxedro fenas da

maT moqmedebas saqarTveloSi; isini iyvnen privile-

girebuli fena, magram miuxedavad amisa, maTi qcevis

normebi kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli,

rasac emateboda xalxuri, dauwereli samarTlis

normebi. umTavresi daskvna aseTia: samxedro saqmis

aseTi privilegirebuloba da TiTqmis yovlismom-

cveloba, saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri viTa-

rebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobiT

da xalxuri samarTliT mkacrad gansazRvrul

normebs _ saqarTvelos, rogorc maRali kulturis

mqone da kanonmdeblobiT sferoSi ganviTarebuli

qveynis Sesaxeb metyvelebs.

22

literatura

1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teq-

sti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-

xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.

2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis

cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,

Tb., 1959.

3. x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi,

“istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani”, IV, Tb., 2002.

4. kanonikuri samarTali, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,

t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

5. matiane qarTlisa, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955

6. mefis kurTxevis wesi, me-XIII sauk. dasawyiss

Sedgenili, sargis kakabaZe, tf., 1913.

7. samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,

t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni

daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

8. samarTali batoniSvilisa vaxtangisa, qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca,

gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.

doliZem, Tb., 1963.

9. samarTali somxuri (mxiTar goSis samarTali),

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi

gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.

i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.

23

10. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi

gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero

aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.

11. svanuri poezia, I, Tb., 1939.

12. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t, VII,

Tb., 1984.

13. r. xaraZe, xevsureTis saarqivo eTnografiuli

masalebi, “kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli”,

XIV, Tb., 2012.

24

Khatuna Ioseliani

Problems of the Military Etiquette

Warfare, army and armament are those foundations on which even now the strength and independence of each state is based. Military sphere had the same meaning in the Middle Ages.

Because its significance,the state traditionally regulated the rules and obligations of the military sphere representatives by the law. According to the written monuments of law the code of conduct in a war was determined: to whom the trophies were belonged, how warriors should have dealt with captured or dead warriors... For in-stance, it was forbidden to take off the cloths from a dead person. Those who did not obey the rule were punished by a certain pu-nishment and etc.

According to the written sources we also have a detailed de-scription of a ceremony of becoming a king, where the representa-tives of the military sphere had one of the main leading role and the weapon – king’s sward together with “Dzelitskhovrebisa” (the Pillar of Life) is put in the alter of the church that is significant as well. It is well known that a sword was not belonged to the attributes of king. It was peculiar only for Byzantine and Western Europe (France, Brit-ain...).

As for the folklore, there are a lot of examples of battle rules and chivalrous behavior data. For example, who and why had the right of a first shoot in one-on-one battle, was it permitted to mutilate a body of a killed warrior or not (it was strictly forbidden) and etc.

The only region in Georgia is Khevsureti where it was a rule to cut the right palm of a killed man that was determined by the reli-gious viewpoints. According to Khevsurians (old beliers) the life in the next world is the same as it is on this world. So, the enemy one-had defeated will be without right hand and if they meet each other in the next world, will be unable to oppose him.

25

giorgi mamardaSvili

afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis re-

ligiuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi

qarTul-afxazurma saomarma dapirispirebam, Sem-

dgomSi afxazeTis TviTaRiarebuli respublikis izo-

laciam, afxazuri sazogadoeba mravali problemis wi-

naSe daayena. erT-erTi mtkivneuli da saWirboroto

problema aRmoCnda religiuri sakiTxic. afxazma

samRvdeloebam ramodenimejer scada rusul Tu berZ-

nul eklesiebTan urTierToba, rac axali sta-tusis

miRebas isaxavda miznad. es moZraoba bolo dros Za-

lebs ikrebs _ 2011 wlis maisSi, axal aTonSi gai-

marTa saeklesio da saero pirebis gaerTianebuli sax-

alxo kreba, sadac afxazuri eklesiis problemuri sa-

kiTxebis gadawyvetis gzebi daisaxa.Aamas 2012 wlis

ianvarSi, afxazi samRvdeloebis msoflio patriarqTan

viziti mohyva. Tumca afxazuri eklesia jer kidev

haerSia gamokidebuli, metic, aqvs Sida dapirispirebe-

bi, romelTa ganxilvac Sors wagviyvans. qvemoT am-

jerad ganvixilavT afxazeTis mosaxleobis damo-

kidebulebas marTmadideblobis, islamisa da tra-

diciuli xalxuri religiis mimarT da SevafasebT Ta-

namedrove mecnierTa zogierT aSkarad tendenciuri

mosazrebas.

mogexsenebaT Tu raoden mwvavea dRevandeli da-

pirispireba qarTvel da afxaz xalxebs Soris. sam-

wuxarod, am dapirispirebas xels uwyobs mZlavri

ideologiuri manqana, romelic kavkasiaSi TiTqmis

26

ori saukunea muSaobs da safuZvels aclis kavka-

sielTa odindel erTobas. jer caristuli, Semdeg

bolSevikuri da dRes ukve saocrad agresi-uli da

avtoritaruli ruseTis Sesabamis uwyebebis mizanmi-

marTuli muSaoba aris mTavari mizezi im TiTqmis

isteriuli antiqarTuli ganwyobisa, romelic nel-

nela fexs ikidebs engurs gaRma darCenilTa umrav-

lesobaSi. samecniero litera-turaSi XIX saukunis

bolodan iwyeba brZola afxazeTis mosaxleobis mac-

xovrebelTa dapiris-pirebisTvis. konfliqtebisa da

dapirispireba-dana-wevrebisTvis sasafuZvlo velebi

advilad iqna napovni _ pirvel rigSi enobrivi

gansxvaveba, Sem-dgom istoria da istoriuli geo-

grafia, romelic tendenciurma mecnierebma TavianTi

interesebis mixedviT gaayalbes. SedarebiT xelux-

lebeli darCa kulturisa da yofa-cxovrebis iseTi

mniSvnelovani mxare rogoricaa religia. XIX-XX

saukunis eTnografebs azrad ar mosvliaT religiis

aspeqtSi dapirispireba eZebnaT qarTvelebsa da af-

xazebs Soris, an Segnebulad gverdi aevloT, an

sulac tendenciuri mosazrebebiT daekninebinaT qar-

Tuli elementis da gavlenis mZlavri arseboba af-

xazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiur cxo-

vrebaSi,. amis naTeli magaliTia TviT afxazeTis mo-

saxleobis bunebrivi wiaRidan gamosuli ori eTno-

grafis, solomon zvanbasa da niko janaSias sakmaod

soliduri naSromebi afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb.

dRes, rodesac qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti

faqtobrivad CixSia Sesuli da gaRrmavebis arasa-

27

surveli perspeqtivebic gaaCnia, pirveli rigis amo-

canas Cveni azriT, swored im ideologiuri sa-

fuZvlebis ganeitraleba-aRmofxvra warmoadgens ra-

sac didi xania nergaven orive xalxis ara-

keTilmosurne reJimebis msaxurni. gasakviri araa,

rom 2012 wlis dasawyisSi afxazuri eklesiis sepa-

ratistuli frTis warmomadgenloba konstanti-

nepolSi stumrobisas TavianTi eklesiisTvis avtoke-

faliis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs zveravda. delega-

ciis meTauri dorofei (doroTe) dbari, Teologiis

mecnierebis doqtori da axali aTonis taZris wi-

namZRvari avtoria ramodenime samecniero naSromisa,

romelTa dedaazri afxazuri eklesiis avtokefalu-

robis uflebis mtkicebaa. am SemTxvevaSi mama doro-

fei (doroTe) aSkarad dainteresebuli mxarea da

SesaZloa odnav mainc gagebiT moekido mis miswrafe-

bebs. gacilebiT saSiSi da yovlad miuRebelia arasa-

eklesio fenis, afxazeTTan aranairi saerTos mqone

sakmaod soliduri mecnieris aSkarad tendenciuri

naSromi, romelic rom ara es tenden-ciuroba, Se-

saZloa afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb ukanasknel

dros Seqmnil samecniero naSromebTa rigSi erT-erT

mniSvnelovan adgilze dagveyenebina. mxedvelobaSi

maqvs peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis universi-

tetis profesoris aleqsandr krilovis sqeltaniani

monografia, romelSic mimoxilulia afxazuri re-

ligiis Seswavlis, Sefasebis sakiTxebi, istoria, da

Tanamedrove afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiuri yo-

fa-cxovrebis sakiTxebi. yvela am sakiTxis mimoxil-

28

visas avtori aSkarad ten-denciuria, Tumca

umravles SemTxvevaSi ise niRbavs, nebelobiT Tu un-

eburad TviTrwmenaSi arsebul antiqarTulobas, rom

kargad gamecadinebuli Tvalis gareSe misi xrikebis

danaxva Wirs. eTnologisTvis, miTumetes imisTvis

visac Seqmnili konfliqtis gamo engurs gaRma ara-

Tu samecniero muSaobis, aramed fexis dadgmis saSu-

alebasac ar eZleva, mniSvne-lovania krilovis na-

Sromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis

religiuri cxovrebis dRe-vandelobas aRwers. kri-

lovis naSromSi aRwerilia afzuri religiis yvela

mniSvnelovani sakulto adgili, ritualebis Catare-

bis, kultmsaxurebis arCevis wesi da xalxis damo-

kidebuleba tradiciuli kultmsaxurebisadmi. kri-

lovis, romelic 1995-2003 wlebSi aqtiur savele

eTnografiul muSaobas awarmoebda afxazeTis Crdi-

lo dasavleT, e.w. bzifis afxazebs Soris, gadmoce-

miT afxazeTSi Svidi mTavari salocavia (bJiSnixa)

[5]. umTavresi didi-rifSia, romelsac moyveba lix-

nixa, lZanixa, ilirnixa, laSkendernixa, inal-kuba

da biTnix (soWTanaa da ubixur salocavad iTvleba.

meSvide sa-locavad zogi fsxu nixas, zogi aegr-

laprnixas, napranixas, geCnixas, kapba nixas miiC-

nevs).Aam Svidi samlocvelodan kultmsaxureba amJa-

mad aRdgenilia xuT adgilze. avtori maT Semdgom

aRwers Svideulis gareT mdgom, magram mniSvnelovan

jvar-xats aegr-lapirnixasa da osTa salocavs,

`iron-Zvars~, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul

29

osebs 1972 wels dauarsebiaT.A mokled SevexoT am

jvar-xatebis aRwerilobas: yvela afxazuri jvar-

xatis `wina-mZRoli~, arCeviTia. lixnixa am SemTxve-

vaSi gamona-klisia, aq kultmsaxuris mamidan Svilze

gadadis. sxvagan kultmsaxurTa gvaridan damsaxu-

rebul, sufTa bunebisa da umwikvlo reputaciis

kacs irCeven. mTavari salocavebis winamZRolobis

ufleba garkveuli gvarebis prerogativaa eseni

arian: didi-rifSSi CiCbebi, lixnixaSi goCuebi, lZa-

nixaSi Sayrilebi, aegr-laprnixaSi cimcbebi.

kultmsaxuris locvis teqstebi sakmaod msgavsia

erTmaneTis da Zi-riTadad uflisa da misi moadgi-

lebis, apaimba-rebisadmi (angelozebis) keTildReobis

gamoTxovis Sinaarsisaa. dRemde tardeba xatze gada-

cemisa da wyevlis moxsnis ritualebic, agreTve

locva kargi amindisTvis, acunixa.

sanam SevexebodeT afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi af-

xazuri tradiciuli religiis rolsa da funqcias,

krilovis mier Catarebuli anketirebis Sedegebs ga-

vecnoT: anketireba Catarda gagraSi da gudauTaSi,

sofel aWandaraSi da lixnSi. anketebis mcire na-

wili Seivso soxumSi, merxeulSi da kvitoulSi

(oCamCiris raioni). saboloo jamSi dagrovda 23

erovnebis respodentebis mier Sevsebuli 1448 anke-

ta. mizanmimarTul tendenciurobaze Semdgom ufro

vrclad visaubrebT, aq ki mxolod imas aRvni-SnavT,

rom mkvlevris im 23 erovnebis warmoma-dgenels

Soris, romlebmac anketebi Seavses 30 qarTveli, 8

megreli da 4 svanuri erovnebisaa [5, 11]. advili

30

misaxvedria, rom krilovs es `fandi~ sakuTari

kvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabe-

bis SesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis Car-

Tulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad anti-

qarTuli tendenciebi, SefarviT Tu aSkarad mis

kvlevas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa

55% Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17% muslimad, 14,6%

aTeistia, 7,4%-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Tavi-

si rwmenis mikuTvneba, 2% afxa-zuri tradiciuli

religiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3

% qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7% muslimia, 2% war-

marTad Tvlis Tavs, 1,2% ki tradiciul afxazur

religias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. Aaq cotaTi

gaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazuri

religiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa,

rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradici-

uli afxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imis

warmodgenac Tu ra krite-riumiT mijnavda krilovi

am ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTu-

metes rom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvada-

sxvaoba afxazuri religiis Sesaxeb – zogierTebi

mas aSkarad warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCneven

monoTeistur religiad, zogierTi sulac wi-

naaziuri religiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa an-

ketirebis monacemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Se-

saxeb: 73,3% qristiania, 6,7 % muslimi, 3,3 % war-

marTi [5, 16-17].Ees monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs da

albaT yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTels

afxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze gvavcelebT.M mus-

31

lim da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba marTlac

daujereblad JRers, Tumca SesaZloa gamokiTxul

30 qarTvels Soris 2 kaci muslimi da erTic war-

marTi aRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad gamokiTxulTa 6,7

da 3,3 procents udris.

krilovis mTeli kvleva mis mier Catarebuli

gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis sawina-

aRmdegoa – mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs afxazTa religiuri

identoba. afxazis religiuri identoba gviani Sua-

saukuneebis cnobebidan moyolebuli sakmaod bundo-

vania. isini qristianobis, musulmanobisa da tradi-

ciuli religiis mimdevrebi arian da ritualuri

TvalsazrisiT maT religiur qcevaSic gacilebiT

bevria warmarTuli vidre qristianuli da musulma-

nuri.

afxazebs Soris islamis gavrcelebisa da misi

qristianobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexe-

duleba aqvs XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe

s. zvanbas. igi TanamemamuleTa rwmenis Sesaxeb mokle

komentars akeTebs Tavisi erT-erTi naSromis Sesa-

valSi: `afxazeTSi qristianobis kvali mxolod Zve-

li eklesia-monastrebis nangrevebSiRa SemorCa. am

qveyanaSi mahmadianurma swavlebam WeSmariti rwmenis

sxivebi daabnela, Tumca TviTonac ver hpova did ga-

saqani xalxSi. mTavris saxleulobis garda mosax-

leobis Zalian mcire nawili iTvleba qristia-nad,

cotaa musulmanTa ricxvi, danarCenebi yvela war-

marTebi arian~ [4, 31].

32

XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli afxazuri war-

marToba da misi ritualuri mxare misi monawilisa

da masSi rwmeniTac CarTuli niko janaSias mier

TiTqmis zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili. niko janaSias gad-

mocemebi da aRwerilobani kidev erTi dasturia Tu

rogor Rrmad qonda fesvebi gadgmuli xalxSi war-

marTul religias, romelsac marTmadideblobis da

miTumetes mahmadianobis gavlenis kvali odnav, isic

saritualo da ara ideur nawilSi amCnevia.

sociologiuri gamokiTxviT am ramodenime wlis

win afxazTa samoci procenti Tavs qristianad

Tvlida, Teqvsmeti procenti mahmadianad miiCnevda

Tavs, danarCenebi ki warmarTebad da aTeistebad [2,

9]. Cvens mier gamokiTxul respodentTa umravle-

sobas religiisadmi arc Tu ise `axlobluri~ damo-

kidebuleba aqvs. `afxazebis umravlesoba qristianebi

varT, mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen Cveni soflis zemoT,

maT Turqebs veZaxdiT~ _ ambobs, oCamCireli nusia

jinjolava sofeli jgerdadan. ara da XIX saukunis

Sua wlebisTvis jgerda musulmanTa erT-erTi dasay-

rdeni punqti iyo. SesaZloa mohajirobis dros es

sofeli daicala musulmanuri mosaxleobisgan _

dRes Turqebad wodebuli xalxi SesaZloa an moha-

jirobas gadarCenili andac iqidan dabrunebuli

xalxia. naklebad savaraudoa Tumca dasaSvebia, rom

dRes Turqebad wodebuli jgerdelebi im eTnikurad

Turqebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic oCamCiresa

da soxumis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da cnobebis

mixedviT sakmao gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mo-

33

saxleobis religiur mrwamsze [6, 63] aris aseTi

mosazrebac, rom afxazi samRvdeloeba 1937 wlis

represiebis dros daxvrites (g. mamardaSvilis sa-

vele dRiuri). amave respodentis azriT, afxazebi

TiTqmis mTlianad qristianebi arian. maTi integra-

cia eklesiaSi ki imitom ar moxda, rom RvTismsaxu-

reba eklesiebSi maTTvis gaugebar enaze mimdinareob-

da. mTxrobelis mier naxsenebi enobrivi barieri af-

xazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis erT-erTi

mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. am

faqts aRniSnavs n. berZeniSvili da lakonurad aya-

libebs azrs, romliTac kargadaa axsnili afxazTa

mier qristianobis ver gaTavisebis erT-erTi mizezi:

`berZnuli qristianoba afxazeTisTvis ucxo da

Tavze moxveuli moZRvreba iyo. misi gaziareba _

SeTviseba moiTxovda: an afxazebi unda gaberZnebu-

liyvnen kulturulad, an es sarwmunoeba afxazur

enaze unda gamarTuliyo, Tu ara afxazeTSi qristia-

noba mudam zedapiruli darCeboda…~ [1, 595]. sava-

raudod afxazTa Soris qristianoba xelmisawvdomi

da advilad SesaTvisebeli iyo socialurad dawinau-

rebuli, maRali sazogadoebisTvis, romlebic kargad

flobdnen qarTul da berZnul enebs, im enebs rom-

lebzec afxazeTSi mimdinareobda RvTismsxureba.

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom afxazebSi

qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisTanave zeda-

piruloba iqca maTSi qristianobis damcrobisa da

paganizaciis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.

34

dResdReisobiT afxazeTSi qristianuli reli-

giisadmi interesis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. ar-

sebobs marTlmadidebluri afxazuri saitebi (ma-

galiTad: Abkhazian-churches.ru), sadac moTxrobilia

afxazeTSi qristianobisa da eklesia-monastrebis

istoria. cxadad SeiniSneba, rom Segnebulad aqvs

gverdi aqceuli imas, rom yovelive es qarTuli

kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca maTSi sain-

tereso informaciacaa daculi: aRsaniSnavad migvaC-

nia is faqti, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze XX sau-

kunis pirvel naxevarSi Sendeba ori didi eklesia.

soxumis sakaTedro taZari 1915 wels qalaqSi mcxo-

vreb berZenTa iniciativiT da saxsrebiT aSenebula.

TiTqmis imave periodSi berZeni berebis axali aTo-

nis samonastro kompleqsi daarsebula. amJamad

orive eklesiasTan arsebobs sasuliero saswavlebe-

li. amave saitebis informaciiT dRes soxumis saka-

Tedro taZarSi RvTismsaxureba oTx enaze: afxazu-

rad, qarTulad, Zvel rusulad da berZnulad tar-

deba.

qristianobis SesamCnevad gaaqtiurebis kvalad,

Cans rom afxazeTSi qristanobisadmi tradiciuli

afxazuri religiis safuZvlebis mimarTebis dadge-

nazec zrunaven. am mxriv sainteresoa erT-erT ru-

sul internet gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis amo-

naridebi: "Согласно опросам, большинство насе-ления

Абхазии исповедует христианскую религию. При этом

многие исследователи-абхазоведы отмечают, что

духовные ценности традиционных верований абхазов

не находятся в противоречии с православием, они

35

скорее дополняют друг друга". Aamave avtoris cnobiT

afxazeTSi oTxasamde qristianuli eklesiaa, romel-

Taganac dRes ocdaerTiRa funqcionirebs da qris-

tianobis mTavar problemad kvlav rCeba afxazuri

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gaurkveveli mdgo-

mareoba. afxazuri eklesia qarTul-afxazuri dapiri-

spirebis Semdeg qarTul eklesias Camoscilda da

jer kidev (avtoriseuli xazgasmaa) ar aris aRiare-

buli rusuli eklesiis mier, romelic afxazur ek-

lesias saqarTvelos martmadidebluri eklesiis na-

wilad miiCnevs.

Aaqve, saubaria islamzec: islamis rolis dam-

crobas muhajirobas, mahmadiani mosaxleobis Tur-

qeTSi gasaxlebas miaweren. amJamindeli `nomi-

nalurad~ musulmani afxazebi iseTive musulmanebi

arian rogorc afxazi qristianebi qristianebi: mu-

sulmani ar icnobs yurans, ar aqvs warmodgena mis

mTavar principebze, xolo qristiani ar dadis ekle-

siaSi, ar marxulobs, ar kiTxulobs biblias. albaT

amitomac, muslimTa meTauri afxazeTSi WeSmarit

musulmanTa Zalian mcire ricxvs asaxelebs. Mmisi

TqmiT, isini 200-250 kacamde arian. aqedan afxazi

(dabrunebuli muhajirebis STamoma-vlebis CaTvliT)

mxolod 25 procentia, xolo danarCenebi arian Ta-

Trebi, baSkirebi, Turqebi, Suaazielebi. 1999 wli-

dan soxumSi oficialurad arsebobs musulmanTa su-

lieri mmarTvelobis organo. afxazeTSi meCeTi ar

arsebobs, Tumca aris ori samlocvelo saxli, erTi

soxumSi, meore ki gudauTaSi.

36

am statiis Sinarsi da qveteqsti kargad Cans

mis bolo nawilSi, romelic tradiciuli afxazuri

religis funqciebs da fundamentur religiebTan

gaugebar, gaidealizirebul urTierTmimarTebis su-

raTs xatavs: `Следует особо подчеркнуть ту роль,

которую играет традиционная религия в современной

Абхазии. Распад Советского Союза, кровопролитная

война и последовавшие за ней блокада и изоляция Аб-

хазии способствовали возрождению традиционных ве-

рований абхазов. Представляется, что традиционная

религия выступала и продолжает выступать в качестве

одного из инструментов национальной консолидации и

идентичности в современных непростых условиях. И

православие, и ислам в Абхазии приобретают весьма

колоритный традиционный абхазский окрас.

Очевидно, что в современном мире повышается

значение национальной культуры, традиций. И для

Абхазии это также характерно. Поэтому, на мой взгляд,

можно уверенно констатировать, что в республике

возрождается традиционная религия абхазов~ [3].

afxazuri religiis roli da mniSvneloba

kargad Cans krilovis ramodenime cnobidan.

tradiciuli religiis prioritetuloba, mTavrobisa

da xalxis damokidebuleba afxazeTis de faqto res-

publikis pirveli prezidentis inauguraciis

ceremoniamac daadastura _ vladislav arZinbas

gaprezidentebis milocvisa da sazogadoebis winaSe

am faqtis mravalmniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad xalxis

winaSe sityviT gamosvlis upirvelesi ufleba

mTavari afxazuri salocavis, didrifSis kult-

37

msaxurs, zaur CiCbas ergo.Qqristianuli da

musulmanuri religiis Tavkacebs mxolod mis Semdeg

miecaT milocvis ufleba. dResaswaulebis dros

didrifSSi, lixnSi da sxva salocavebSi afxazeTis

mTavrobisa da prezidentis stumrobac tradiciadaa

damkvidrebuli. 1996 wels kriminogenuli

situaciis mkveTri gauaresebis gamo didrifSisTvis

miumarTavs prezident arZinbas. salocavs xalxis

azrze moyvanas sTxovdnen da samagierod

yovelwliur msxverplSewirva aRuTqves. amave

Sinaarsis locva aq 2000 welsac gamarTula.

sainteresoa krilovis kidev erTi cnoba, romelic

mTavari kultmsaxuris, zaur CiCbas cnobebs

eyrdnoba: didrifSi yovelTvis mfarvelobda

afxazeTs. bolo xanebSi didirifSSi sayovelTao

locvam orjer ixsna afxazebi ganadgurebisagan –

pirvelad zviad gamsaxurdias dros, meored ki

afxazur-qarTuli omis dros. misive TqmiT, 1992

wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi didrifSis mTidan naTeli

sveti amodioda da gagris mxares anaTebda. Mmas

Semdeg rac gagra `gaanTavisufles~ didirifSidan

amosuli naTeli ukve soxumis mxares anaTebda, cota

xanSi soxumic ganTavisuflebul iqna. vgonebT, aq

yovelgvari komentari zedmetia _ raRa Tqma unda,

anzor CiCbas sruli ufleba aqvs sakuTari

msoflmxedveloba iqonios, magram sazogadoeba da

mTavroba, romelic amgvar Sexedulebebis adamians

aniWebs uzenaesi religiuri piris funqcias, rbilad

rom vTqvaT, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove

38

moTxovnebis simaRleze. didrifSis didmniSvnelov-

nebaze metyvelebs krilovis savele masalac:

afxazTa erT-erT yvelaze popularul salocavs

afxazuri Zalovanebic mimarTaven. SeiZleba iTqvas,

didrifSi erTgvari udanaSaulobis testis funqcias

asrulebs _ Tu Zalovanebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi

mtkicebuleba eWvmitanilis damnaSavobisa, maSin es

ukanaskneli midis didrifSis salocavSi da iq

udanaSaulobis fics debs. Tu eWvmitanilma es

gaakeTa, udanaSaulobaze daifica, maSin gamoZieba

daxurulad iTvleba [5, 129]. am mxriv sainteresoa

faqti romelic am ramodenime Tvis win moxda:

internetiT gavrcelda afxazeTis de faqto

Tavdacvis ministris, kCaCis naTesaobis mimarTva

afxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi. SegaxsenebT, rom kCaCi

eWvmitanili iyo anqvabze ganxorcielebuli teraq-

tis organizebaSi.Yyofilma Tavdacvis ministrma Tavi

maSin moikla, rodesac policia mis dakavebas cdi-

lobda. naTesavebi ra Tqma unda werilSi uaryofen

kCaCis monawileobas teraqtSi da erT-erT

argumentad moyavT is rom kCaCi, imis Semdeg rac xma

gavarda misi teraqtSi monawileobis Sesaxeb,

apirebda didrifSSi asvlas da udanaSaulobis ficis

dadebas, Tumca es mas ar dascalda. krilovisve

gadmocemiT afxazi anixaSi tyuils arafrisdidebiT

ar ityvis, Tumca man SeiZleba icruos eklesiaSi da

musulmanur samlocveloSi.

zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadad warmoaCens, rom

afxazeTSi tradiciuli afxazuri religia ga-

39

mococxlebulia da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic aqtiur

rols TamaSobs. Tumca gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti

Tavs qristianad Tvlis. krilovis mier Catarebulma

savele samuSaoebma saukunis winandeli cnobebi

gaimeora: qristiani afxazi mxolod nominaluradaa

qristiani, misTvis ucxoa eklesia, biblia, ziareba da

mkacri marxva. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebSi qristianoba

iseve rogorc maTi tradiciuli religia,

gamoyenebulia sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis

asamaRleblad da antiqarTuli ganwyobis gasaRrma-

veblad. bunebrivia, es ori religia garkveulwilad

problemas awydeba gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebaSi.

iyo SemTxveva, rodesac didrifSis kultmsaxurma

salocavSi ar SeuSva sakmaod maRali rangis

mRvdelmsaxuri, misgan anaforis da samRvdelo niSnebis

ayra moiTxova, Tavisi qceva imiT axsna rom masTan anu

didrifSSi sxva wesebi moqmedebs. aseTive konfliqturi

iyo ilirnixas (iloris wminda giorgi) salocavis

aRgdenis ceremoniis zogierTi nawili. iloris afxazma

mRvdelma ar misca msxverplSewirvis da arc raime

warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis ufleba eklesiis

ezoSi. saqmeSi maSindeli premierministri Caeria da

aseTi gamosavali naxes: saklavi eklesiis galavnis

gareT dakles, xolo rituali da locva galavnis

SigniT Caatares. bolo magaliTis Sesabamisad,

afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiurobac aRreulia _

maTTvis ucxoa qristianuli cxovrebis wesi, Tumca

maT Soris monaTlulebi bevrni arian. isini xSirad

eswrebian tradiciul dResaswaulebs, Tumca mravali

40

maTgani am dResaswaulebs religiur datvirTvas ar aZ-

levs da TavSeyris da sufris karg sababad Tvlis [5].

sainteresoa qristiani afxazebis poziciac: af-

xazebis umetesobas dResac saamayod aqvs, rom

kavkasiaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo biW-

vinTaSi iyo. es marTlac faqtia, magram aravin uwyis

vin da ra eTnosis, andac ra doziT iyo gaqris-

tianebuli biWvinTis eklesiis mrevli. miuxedavad

imisa, rom ioane sabanisZe Tavis nawarmoebSi

aRniSnavs afxazeTSi qristianoba mZlavrad fexmo-

kidebuliao, Tanamedrove afxazebSi Jamis siavis Tu

kidev bevri sxva ramis gamo odindeli qristianobis

mcire kvaliRa Tu SeiniSneba. Tumca Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebs originaluri Sexeduleba gaaCniaT

Tanamedrove afxazis qristianuli sarwmunoebisgan

Sors dgomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aleqsandr

krilovs savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnia afxazs guli

`daswyvetoda~ im mdgomareobaze, rac sufevda XI

saukunis qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac afxazeTis

sakaTalikoso SeuerTes. mkvlevars daviT aRmaSene-

blis istorikosis cnoba mohyavs, romlis mixedvi-

Tac daviTis mefobis pirvel xanebSi saqarTvelos

eklesiaSi gamefebul ukanonobas da codvianobas ver

Seurigdebodao afxazuri buneba, romelic mTavar

principad pirovnul siwmindes da simarTles

aRiarebso [5, 49]. odnav uxerxulia am mosazrebaze

komentari, Tundac imitom rom afxazTa Soris

arsebuli wesiereba, qarTvelebisTvis sruliad ucxo

yofila da eklesiis ukanonobebi Turme zedmiwevniT

Seesabameboda qarTvelTa eTnikur fsiqologias. aqve

41

SevaxsenebT baton krilovs: daviT aRmaSenebelma

afxazTa sakaTalikosos mcxeTis sakaTalikososTan

SeerTebis Semdeg, sul ramodenime welSi Caatara

didi saeklesio reforma da krilovis mier

moxseniebuli afxazuri bunebisTvis miuRebeli

`sibilweni~ aRmofxvrili iqna. amas ki krilovis

logikiT eklesiebSi afxaz morwmuneTa xelaxali

Semobruneba unda moyoloda. Tumca rogorc Cans am

reformis Sesaxeb arc krilovs da arc afxazeTis

dRevandel mosaxleobas informacia ar gaaCniaT.

aleqsandre krilovi Tavisi naSromis SesavalSi

afxazi mecnierebis dbarisa da g. smirbas mosazre-

bebsac gvacnobs. dbari mRvdelmsaxuria da fiqrobs,

rom afxazebma qristianoba miiRes axali welTa-

Rricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. gvianSuasaukuneebSi ki

iwyeba warmarTobis reanimacia da qristianobis

daknineba. mkvlevars erTi sityvac ar dascdenia

imaze, rom qristianobis Sesusteba SeiZleba garkve-

ulwilad qarTuli kulturuli sferodan gasvlis

Sedegi iyos. g. smiri ufro Sors midis _ samwu-

xarod, misi sadisertacio naSromi ver moviZieT,

magram misi dedaazri krilovs aqvs mowodebuli:

afxazebi X saukunemde Tavgadakluli qristianebi

yofilan da Tan maTi episkoposebic afxazebi iyvnen.

RvTismsaxureba umetesad afxazur enaze, xandaxan ki

berZnulad mimdinareobda. da am dros iqna daSvebu-

li nacional – politikuri Secdoma: bagrat III-is

gamefeba afxazTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul

samefoSi [5, 49]. amis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdelo-

ebam eklesiebidan afxazuri gandevna, Sewyda afxa-

42

zuri RvTismetyvelebac. ai am droidan iwyeba

afxazebis qristianobisgan gaucxoeba g.smiris azriT.

krilovi smiris am naazrevis Sesaxeb dums, mxolod

dasawyisSi aRniSnavs rom smiris kvlevas etyoba

afxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis gavlenao. ar da

krilovs, rogorc Cans mainca da mainc zereled ar

aqvs gadakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoria da

mSvenivrad icis, rom g. smiris mosazrebas ioti-

sodena safuZvelic ar aqvs. afxazeTis teritoriaze

qristianobas safuZvlebi sxva procesebis gamo

ecleba da es Sesabamisad damtkicebulia qarTvel

mecnierTa kvlevebSi. aq am Teoriebis mtkicebas ar

movyvebiT, radganac masala da faqtebi bevria. aRv-

niSnavT mxolod imas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas samecnie-

ro naSromebi, romlebic ufro konkretulad gas-

cems pasuxs Segnebul Tu Seugnebel provokaciebs,

SesaZloa es vinmes sasacilod andac usargeblod

moeCvenos da Tqvas, rom simarTle xom Se-

uiaraRebeli TvaliTac Canso, Tumca es azrebi af-

xazuri Tu rusuli saitebisa da internetbibli-

oTekis meSveobiT asiaTasobiT dainteresebuli-

sTvisaa xelmisawvdomi da amis sapirwoned, si-

marTlis gamosamzeureblad Sedegismomtani qmediTi

nabijebi faqtobrivad ar gadadgmula.

literatura

1. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,

Tb., 1990.

43

2. j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTmadidebloba, Tb.,

2003.

3. Элана ЭШБА, аспирантка Института востоковеде-

ния РАН, научный сотрудник Центра партнерства

цивилизаций ИМН МГИМО (У) МИДа РФ

4. Званба С. Тю. – Абхазские этнографические этюди,

Сухуми, 1982.

5. Александр Крылов, Религия и традиции абхазов, (по

материалам полевых исследований 1994-2000 гг.),

Москва, 2001

6. Обзор деятелньости обшества возстановления

православного христианства на кавказе, 1910.

44

Giorgi Mamardashvili

Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia Territory Population

A review of the modern situation and problems of Abkhazia terri-

tory population are given in the article, as well as the review of the scientific works, articles and theses dedicated to the study of the Ab-khazians’ religious beliefs.

Today a certain part of Abkhazia population is a follower and supporter of Abkhazian clergy group headed by Dorofei Dbar, who tries to gain autocephaly of the Church of Abkhazia. According to the re-searches carried out in near past 55% of respondents belong them-selves to Christians, 17% to Muslims, 14.6% to Atheists and for 7.4% was difficult to attach their faith to any kind of religion, 2% is a follower of the traditional Abkhazian religion. Among ethnic Abkhazians 49.3 % is a Christian, 28.7% Muslim, 2% belong themselves to Pagans and 1.2% to traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs. A kind of confusion takes place. It is a bit difficult to understand what the relations between pa-gan and traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs means. It is easy to sup-pose that the respondents might have mixed traditional Abkhazian reli-gion beliefs and Paganism. It is difficult to imagine as well what the Kri-lov’s criteria was for belonging a certain person either to one or another religious belief. All the more there are different viewpoints among the scientific circles about what the Abkhazian religion is. Some think it ob-viously is Paganism, some think it is monotheistic religion, some – it is a heir of Southwest Asia.

Despite of the survey results, it is obvious that the Abkhazian traditional religion beliefs gained a new meaning: to attach to the tradi-tional religion one of the main functions in determining the national identification and the consolidation of the nation. It must be mentioned that the tendentious attitude of the modern researchers when they study traditional religious beliefs of Abkhazians is obvious. They con-sciously ignore Georgian influence on the nuances of the traditional

45

Abkhazian religion. But the influence of Christianity and Georgian tradi-tional folk believes are clearly evident. The Abkhazian ethnographers of the 19th century: S. Zvanba and N. Janashia straightly, without any kind of implication, write about it.

Tendentious and purposeful lie are those theses which try to split Georgian-Abkhazian churches and sow hatred among Abkhazians against Georgians. S. Lakoba says as if Georgians “occupied” Abkha-zian church in the 10th century. As if, before liturgy was in Abkhazian language. According to A. Krilov there was another reason that Abkha-zian alienated from the church. As if, the honest nature of Abkhazian was unable to get used to the corruption and improper behavior that was dominating in the Church of Georgia at the end of the 11 th and the beginning of the 12th centuries.

46

medea gogolaZe

`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi

_ miTi Tu realoba?

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, ucnobi avtoris

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si da leonti mrovelis

`mefeTa cxovreba~-Si (`qarTlis cxovreba~) aleq-

sandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobisas moxseni-

ebulni arian `bun-Turqebi~.

`moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT: `pirvel, odes aleqsandre

mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da

SeÃadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna

naTesavni bun-Turqni, _ msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda

mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi:

sarkine qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraÃe da cixeni maTni: cixÀ didi sarkinisa, ufliscixÀ kaspisa,

urbnisisa da oZraÃisaÁ. daukÂrda aleqsandres da

cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa

Ãorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkudarsa

SeSWamdes. da ver eZlo brZolaÁ maTi mefesa da

warvida. maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldeve-

lTagan gamosxmulni honni da iTxoves bun-TurqTa

uflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs. da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqÂan mas

xerki. da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsa-

ndre mefÀ yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni ese

qalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxÂli. xolo

sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga

47

sarkinesa dasavliT kerZo... da merme gamoiRo sarkine.

TÂT dayares da meot iqmnnes~ [1, 81]. `mefeTa cxovreba~ Turqebis qarTlSi mosvlis

istorias ufro vrclad gadmogvcems. mas Semdeg,

rac iranis legendarulma mefe qaixosrom Turqebi

Semusra `movides Turqni, otebulni misve

qaixosrosgan. gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyves

mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocdarva da

ezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Sewevna

sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya

yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,

rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTÂs daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes

yovelTa qalaqTa Sina [2, 14]. makedonelis laSqro-

bis gadmocemisas leonti mrovels es Turqni ukve

bun-Turqebad hyavs moxseniebuli: `da ixilna ra ese

naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cuen

bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT msxdomareni mdinaresa

mas mtkurisasa mixveviT.... Semdgomad amissa gan-

Zlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, da

aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa... cixeni da qalaqni

daipyrna equs Tue... xolo sarkinelTa bunTurqTa-

ganTa agines mefesa. ganuwyra aleqsandre da arRara

ineba zavi da vedreba maTi ara Seiwynara...~ [2, 15].

qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi bun-TurqTa

qarTlSi saxlobis Sesaxeb, istoriul mecnierebaSi

sxvadasxva aspeqtiT iqna ganxiluli: erT

SemTxvevaSi _ istoriuli realobis kuTxiT, meore

SemTxvevaSi _ maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.

48

mecnierebis erTi nawili bun-TurqTa qarTlSi

saxlobas, legendaruls uwodebs (g. mamulia,

v. vaSakiZe, g. yoranaSvili [8; 5; 11]). meore _

istoriul faqts, magram maTi eTnikuri nominaciis

dazustebiT (e. TayaiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, S.

mesxia, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. sanaZe, g. alasania da

sxv. [6; 12; 9; 7; 10; 3]). istorikosTa erTi nawili

maTSi hunebs gulisxmobs, meore _ huriebs. arsebobs

agreTve mosazreba, romliTac bun-Turqebi kavka-siuri

warmoSobis da kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleo-badaa

miCneuli (m. seidovi). umravles SemTxvevebSi ki

mecnierebi bun-TurqebSi skviTebs varaudoben (o.

lorTqifaniZe, v. kovalevskaia, m. sanaZe, g. alasania;

dawvrilebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. 3, 5-20).

Cveni adrindeli mosazrebiT bun-TurqTa

qarTlSi saxloba legendaruli iyo [4, 73]. amJamin-

deli Cveni kvlevis amosavalia meti ndoba ga-

movucxadoT Zvel qarTul wyaroebs, maTi axleburi

gaazrebisa da samecniero literaturaSi SemoTa-

vazebuli saintereso kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebis

gamo.

cnobilia, rom Zvel xanaSi arsebobda tradicia

qveynis istoriis daweris miTologiuri, an

miTologizirebuli realobis dasawyisiT. `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebic am

tradiciis mimdevrebi arian. Tanac mematianeTa mier

bun-TurqTa rolis gamokveTas alegoriuli

datvirTvac aqvs, rac ukavSirdeba aleqsandre

makedonelis saxels. Sua saukuneebSi gaidea-

49

lizebuli gmiri aleqsandre makedoneli, axali

msoflio wesrigis Semqmneli, berZnuli civili-

zaciis gamavrcelebeli, ebrZvis ukulturo da

CamorCenil xalxebs. aseT xalxebad, ZiriTadad,

iTvlebian kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma mcxovrebi

xalxebi, romlebic periodulad, Semosevebis Tu

devnis Sedegad xvdebian civilizebul qveynebSi,

sadac maT TavianTi Cvevebi SeaqvT. aleqsandres

kulturisTvis maTi kultura ucxoa da igi maT

ebrZvis, rogorc politikuri miznebiT, ise

kulturuli msoflxedviT. avtorebi momTabare-

barbarosul samyaros upirispireben kulturul

msoflios, romlis gansaxierebac aleqsandre makedo-

nelia. aleqsandres laSqrobebis erT-erT punqtad

mematianeebi kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs moiazreben

(dariali, darubandi) da maT `aleqsandres karis~

saxeliTac moixsenieben. am karis warmomavloba

ukavSirdeba makedonelis mier veluri xalxis

damarcxebas, CrdiloeTis mTebSi maT gadarekvas da

maTi Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixe-

simagreTa sistemis Seqmnas. aRniSnul tomebSi

bibliuri gogisa da magogis xalxebi moiazrebian,

romlebic iranulenovan da Turqulenovan eTno-

sebTan arian dakavSirebulni.

amave dros, legendebis umetesi nawili

garkveul wilad istoriul realobas asaxavs.

aseTad gvesaxeba Zveli iranuli eposis, zoro-

astrizmis uZvelesi literaturuli Zegli `avesta~

(umTavresi wyaro `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris da leontis).

50

igi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde Seiqmna, misi

Cawera daiwyo Zv. w. III saukuneSi arSakidebis

dinastiis dros, sabolood ki Camoyalibda sasa-

nidebis xanaSi. `avestas~ mixedviT brZolebi

mimdinareobs iranelebsa da Turqebs Soris, kerZod,

mefe qaixosrosa da Turq afrasiabs Soris. maTi

dapirispireba sabolood sruldeba qaixsosros mier

afrasiabis mokvliT. aRniSnuli legenda aqemeniduri

xaniT TariRdeba. istoriuli perspeqtiviT rom

SevxedoT, sparsuli tomebis gaZliereba-gaaqtiureba

da hegemonobisTvis brZola istoriuli realobaa da

iwyeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. VII saukunidan. iranis

CrdiloeTiT arsebuli samyaro (kaspiis zRvis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi), aseve cnobilia, rom ukaviaT

momTabare, avi znis xalxebs, savaraudod, Turquli

modgmis tomebs. iranelTa eqspansiis erT-erTi

mimarTulebaa kaspiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (Tura-

ni), xolo CrdiloeTis xalxebis eqspansiis samxreT-

dasavleTiT. am brZolebSi damarcxebulebi ltolvi-

lebad ifantebian da erT-erTi aseTi nakadi

TavSesafars poulobs qarTlSi. am istoriul

procesebSi qarTvelebic iyvnen CarTulni, erT

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc uSualo monawileebi

brZolebisa, meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc devnilTa

TavSesafrad qceuli teritoriis mkvidrebi. am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi xdeba Turquli nakadis

Semosvla qarTvelTa teritoriaze. araferi ara-

realuri am faqtSi araa, radgan istoriuli wya-

roebiT cnobilia sxvadasxva xalxebi, romlebic

51

Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Cvens teritorias afarebdnen

Tavs, magaliTad, asurelebi, urartuelebi, ebra-

elebi, berZnebi da sxva. aRniSnulis gaTvalis-

winebiT, vfiqrobT, rom bun-TurqTa yofna qarTlSi

istoriuli faqtia da ara miTiuri ambavi.

gvinda SevexoT kidev erT problemas. kerZod,

`moqcevaÁs~ avtoris cnoba qarTlSi bun-TurqTa

saxlobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa mier gagebulia,

rogorc maTi am teritoriaze aborigenoba. rac,

vfiqrobT, ZirSive mcdaria, radgan toponimebi: kaspi,

ufliscixe, urbnisi, sarkine da sxva yvela,

romlebic wyaroebSi moxseniebulia bun-TurqTa

sxdomis adgilad, uklebliv qarTulia, rac

gamoricxavs bun-TurqTa aRniSnul teritoriaze

avtoqTonobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia `moqcevaÁs~

avtoris Txrobis lakonuri, qronistuli stili da,

zogadad, Zeglis arqiteqtonika, ris mixedviTac

ikveTeba mematianis idea aCvenos aleqsandre makedo-

neli, ara civilizebul qarTvelebTan, aramed velur

xalxebTan mebrZoli gmiri, msoflios mxsneli da

ganmanaTlebeli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa didi nawili bun-

TurqebSi skviTebs moiazrebs. miuxedavad rigi

saintereso da gasaziarebeli argumentebisa,

calsaxad ver miviRebT amgvar mosazrebas. sakiTxi

rTuli da bundovania, rac ZiriTadad ganpiro-

bebulia wyaroebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT, anaqro-

nizmebiT da urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebiT. marTa-

lia, mematianeebi skviTebis nacvlad xan xazarebs,

52

xan yivCayebs (SesaZloa, bun-Turqebsac) moixsenieben,

magram gaugebaria, ratom, maSin, rodesac hero-

dotedan moyolebuli, Zveli antikuri, elinisturi

da adre Suasaukuneebis istoriografia, romelic

Zalian kargad icnobs skviTebs, ansxvavebs maT sxva

xalxebisagan. sainteresoa, igive codna qarTvel

mematianeebs ar hqondaT? ras niSnavs leontisTan

daculi cnoba `xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidaman

andriam megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~

[2,43]. Zneli dasajerebelia, Zvel qarTvel

meistorieT ar hqonodaT codna skviTebze da ver

ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisgan skviTebi da Turqebi.

metic, is rom Turqebi ixseniebian Zvel qarTul

wyaroebSi, aCens cdunebas, vivaraudoT kaspiis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi Turquli warmo-

Sobis xalxis migracia qarTlSi.

aqedan gamomdinare `avestas~ sparsul-Turqul

brZolebSi moxseniebuli Turqebi (Turqulenovani

masivi) istoriis asparezze ufro aqtiurad anu

maTi samxreT-dasavleTiT eqspansiis TvalsazrisiT

mogvianebiT Cndebian, radgan jer kidev Zlieria

regionSi iranelTa gavlena, magram `moqcevaÁs~ bun-

Turqebi SesaZloa, eTnikur TurqTa swored is

mcire nakadia, romlebic devnilebad Semodian

qarTlSi (ara dampyroblebad) da romlebTan

erTadac qarTvelebi antiiranul koalicias qmnian.

53

literatura

1. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1963.

2. `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, Tb., 1955, s. yauxCi-

Svilis redaqciiT.

3. g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi,

Tb., 2008.

4. m. gogolaZe, qarTlis socialuri da politikuri

istoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Tb.,

2004.

5. v. vaSakiZe, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ wyaroebi aleqsan-

dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.

6. e. TayaiSvili, sami istoriuli qronika, Tb., 1890.

7. o. lorTqifaniZe, mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis isto-

riisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

moambe, XXIX, 6, Tb., 1962.

8. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebis da saxel-

mwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979.

9. S. mesxia, leonti mroveli saqarTvelos is-

toriis ori periodis Sesaxeb, krebuli `kavkasiis

xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1966.

10. m. sanaZe, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos

istoriis uZvelesi periodi, Tb., 2001.

11. g. yoranaSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-

xebi, I, Tb., 1994.

12. Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тб.,

1969.

54

Medea Gogoladze

“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?

According to Georgian historical sources, in “Mokcevai Kar-tlisai” (The Conversion of Georgia) by anonymous author and Leonti Mroveli’s “Mepeta Tskhovreba” (The Lives of Kings) “Bun Turks” are mentioned in connection with Alexander III of Mace-don’s campaigns in Kartli.

These data of Georgian sources were discussed by histo-rians from the different aspects: weather these people lived in Georgia or not and on the other hand to which ethnic group “Bun-Turks” were belonged. One group of scientists thinks that “Bun-Turks” were not living in Georgia and it is only a legend, others believe it was a true historical fact. Most of the scientists suppose that “Bun-Turks” are people of Iranian - Scythian origin.

In our opinion, the data of “Conversion” and “The Life of Kartli” about Bun-Turks’ coming in Kartli should have been a ref-lection of historical reality. It also should have been that men-tioned “Bun-Turks” belonged to those people of Turkish origin who were living to the north-east of the Caspian Sea.

55

daviT merkvilaZe

rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi

polkovnik burnaSevis arqivis

masalebis mixedviT

(1783-1787 ww.)

Sesavali

polkovniki stefane burnaSevi ruseTis saimpe-

ratoro karis mier 1783 wels dainiSna ruseTis sa-

gangebo warmomadgenlad (`komisionerad~) qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis erekle II-isa da imereTis mefis so-

lomon I-is karze. amas mowmobs burnaSevis arqivSi

arsebuli grigol potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,

daTariRebuli 1783 wlis 3 apriliT, e.i. jer kidev

georgievskis traqtatis gaformebamde. amasTan bur-

naSevs daevala georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT

saqarTveloSi imave wlis 2 noembers Semosul eger-

Ta ori rusuli batalionis meTauroba. rusi pol-

kovniki saqarTveloSi imyofeboda oTxnaxevar weli-

wads. 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers mefe erekles meTau-

robiT qarTul jarTan erTad Tavisi batalionebi-

TurT ganjasTan dabanakebulma burnaSevma miiRo

brZaneba (kvlav gr. potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,

daTariRebuli amave wlis 29 agvistoTi), rusul

jarTan erTad daetovebina saqarTvelo da ruseTSi

gabrunebuliyo.

s. burnaSevs uSualo urTierToba hqonda ro-

gorc qarTvel mefeebTan erekle II-sa da solomon

I-Tan, aseve mudmiv miwer-moweras awarmoebda kavka-

siis xazis sardalTan, general-poruCik pavle po-

56

tiomkinTan, romelic Tavis mxriv general grigol

potiomkinis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTavda ruseTis

saimperatoro karis kavkasiur politikas.

1901 wels s. burnaSevis SvilTaSvilma al. ca-

garelis rekomendaciiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTan

SeerTebis~ 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamosca s.

burnaSevis arqivis epistolaruli nawili. burnaSe-

visadmi mimarTul oficialur brZanebebTan (orde-

rebTan) erTad aq Tavmoyrilia polkovnikisadmi mi-

marTuli piradi werilebi: yvelaze meti, 36 werili

ekuTvnis pavle potiomkins, aseve aq aris kidev ram-

denime rusi samxedro piris werili da qarTvel me-

feTa, ereklesa da solomonis ramdenime werilis

rusuli Targmanic. es werilebi naTlad asaxavs im-

droindel rusul-qarTul urTierTobebs, ruseTis

interesebs saqarTveloSi da zogadad kavkasiaSi,

aseve qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis

cvlilebas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.

es viTareba pirdapir fiqsirdeba rogorc erekle II-

is mier, aseve Tavad rusuli umaRlesi generali-

tetis mxridanac. es poziciaa erT-erTi mizezi, ri-

Tac rusuli sardloba axsnas uZebnida saqar-

Tvelodan rusuli batalionebis gayvanas im dros,

roca qarTuli samefos sazRvrebTan SemosaWrelad

gamzadebuli omar-xanis laSqari idga.

s. burnaSevs ekuTvnis aseve naSromi: `saqarTve-los suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera~. igi man gamosca ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1793 wels kurskSi, sa-

57

dac samxedro samsaxuris datovebis Semdeg guberna-

torad iqna daniSnuli. naSromi warmoadgens rusi

polkovnikis TvaliT danaxul saqarTvelos da im

periodis saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani saistorio

wyaroa. es naSromi asiode wlis Semdeg xelmeored

iqna gamocemuli n. begiCevis mier.

orive zemodasaxelebuli gamocema (epistoleebi

orderebiTurT da `saqarTvelos suraTi~) ukve na-Targmni gvaqvs qarTul enaze da vamzadebT gamosace-

mad. es miT ufro saSuria, ramdenac bolo dros

ruseTSi kvlav aRorZinda tendencia, rom imperiis

mier qarTuli saxelmwifos aneqsia qarTveli xal-

xis sakeTildReod ruseTis mier iZulebiT gadadg-

mul nabijad warmoCindes. msgavsi mcdari Sexedule-

bebi jer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa mraval-

wliani propagandis Sedegad dRemde fexmokidebulia

qarTul sazogadoebis nawilSic. aRniSnul xanebSi

rusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis siRr-

miseuli mecnieruli Seswavla udavod xels Seu-

wyobs istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenas da cru-

propagandis savalalo Sedegebis gaqarwylebas, rac

Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli saxel-

mwifoebriobis aRdgena-gaZlierebis saqmes.

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis mizezebi

aRniSnuli wyaroebi sayuradRebo masalas iZ-

leva georgievskis traqtatis Sesaxeb. kerZod, gvex-

mareba imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda

am dros TiToeul mxares da ra Sedegebi moutana am

SeTanxmebam maT.

58

`saqarTvelos suraTSi~ burnaSevi cdilobs aR-

niSnos `mizezebi, romlebmac ubiZga mefe erekles, Sesuliyo ruseTis mfarvelobiTi Zalauflebis qveS~. Tavidan igi wers: `qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen ra damonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis ga-mo Zveli droidan yovelTvis eZiebdnen ruseTis did xelmwifeTa daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram ar SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoT cnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindeli midrekilebis aRmZvrel mTavar mizezTagan ki Semdegi aris: bunebrivi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxti-sa, romelzedac mefe irakli ayvanilia Sah-nadiris mier, arsebiTad arian STamomavlebi mefe vaxtangisa, ruseTSi gaiqceulisa Turqebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisas. Tavadma aleqsandrem, Zem baqar uflis-wulisa da SviliSvilma vaxtang mefisa, mefe irak-liT ukmayofilo qarTlelebTan urTierTobisas da darwmunebulma mefed gaxdomis SesaZleblobaSi, da-tova ruseTi mamiseul samemkvidreo taxtze asvlis ganzraxviT... mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezi uki-duresad SeSfoTebuliyo mosalodneli arasaimedo Sedegebis gamo...~ 1 [1, 18-19].

cxadia, burnaSevisaTvis cnobilia qarTvel me-

feTa swrafva, mezobeli mahmadianuri saxelmwi-

foebis agresiisagan TavdasaRwevad mieRoT Semweoba

ruseTisagan da miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc ar fi-

qrobs, rom es garemoeba yofiliyo mizezi ge-

orgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul

1 rusuli teqstis Targmani aqac SemdegSic Cvenia – d.m.

59

`cnobil damokidebulebaSi~ maTi moqcevisa. es lo-

gikuricaa: gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo im

dros araTu `damonebuli ar yofila mahmadianebis mier~, traqtatis gaformebis wina xanebSi samxedro-politikur sarbielze mezobel mahmadian mflobe-

lebTan brZolaSi miRweuli warma-tebebisa da hege-

monobis damtkicebis Semdeg mefe ereklem Tavis Za-

lauflebas iqiT dauqvemdebara ramdenime islamuri

saxanoc.

faqtobrivad, erTaderT mizezad, ramac ubiZga

erekle II-s ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo, bur-

naSevi asaxelebs aleqsandre baqaris Zis mcdelobas

qarTlis samefo taxti waerTmia ereklesaTvis. amas

exmianeba erekles werilic p. potiomkinisadmi, sadac

mefe Tavis SeSfoTebas ver malavs amis gamo da iT-

xovs, momavalSic ar hqondes adgili msgavs gamox-

domebs. erekles SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar yofila:

mefobis msurveli marto ar moqmedebda, mas Tanam-

zraxvelebi hyavda rogorc saxelmwifos samezoblo-

Si, ise Tavad qarTlSidac da, rac mTavaria, aleq-

sandre batoniSvilis gaaqtiurebaSi erekle II-ze

zewolis mosaxdenad aSkarad Cans rusuli xeli, ra-

Ta mefe mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebaze

daeyoliebinaT. traqtatis sagangebo muxliT erek-

lem ruseTisagan qarTlis taxtis Tavisi STamomav-

lobisaTvis SenarCunebis ga-rantia miiRo [4]. sxva

sakiTxia, rogor Seasrula (ufro sworad, ar Sea-

srula) ruseTma micemuli piroba.

60

mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandre baqaris Zem amrigad

ruseTisaTvis `Tavisi misia~ Seasrula, erekles mTa-

var metoqesTan da dauZinebel mterTan, faT-ali-

xanTan myofs p. potiomkinis brZanebiT Tavis ua-

xloes garemocvasTan erTad ruseTSi daabrunes. amis

Taobaze 1783 wlis 11 dekembers p. potiomkini bur-

naSevs werda: `moaxseneT mefe iraklis saidumlod, rom Tavadi aleqsandre baqarovi da masTan erTad amilaxvarovi ucxviro, da kidev ori kaci derben-tidan ayvanilia da ukve moyvanilni arian astraxan-Si, da ramdenad bevradac ar unda aeridebina Tavi faT-ali-xans maTi gadmocemisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo. amrigad, SeiZleba mefes mielocos, rom is am mxri-vac damSvidebuli darCeba~ [2, 14].

erekles damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi

burnaSevisadmi miweril p. potiomkinis weri-

lebSi ikveTeba traqtatis gaformebis win erekles

meryeoba da undobloba rusebis mimarT, ris gamoc

saqarTveloSi movlenili polkovniks mieTiTeboda:

rom saWiro iyo qarTvelebSi ruseTis mimarT yo-

velgvari eWvis gafantva da mas yvela Rone unda

exmara, raTa moexerxebina `mefis undobloba Seec-vala saWiro pirdapiri erTgulebiT.~ werili dawe-

rilia traqtatis gaformebamde 4 dRiT adre 20

ivliss [2, 6].

sxvagan Cans, rom p. potiomkini xvdeba ra, rom

erekles misi sityvebis (misi saxiT ki saerTod ru-

seTis) maincdamainc ar sjera, amitom roca saidum-

lo baraTs ugzavnis erekles, burnaSevs avalebs,

61

urCios mefes, rom baraTis Targmani burnaSovisave

meTvalyureobiT Seasrulos gaioz arqimandritma da

bolos dasZens: `imeds gamovTqvam, rom mefes yvela sityvas daajerebT~. 10 marti, 1784 w. [2, 19].

erekles amgvari damokidebulebis fonze aqve

TvalSisacemia rusuli mxaris gansakuTrebuli da-

intereseba traqtatisadmi. georgievskis traqtatze

xelmoweris win p. potiomkini burnaSevs Txovs,

Seatyobinos, `rogori suliskveTebiT miiRebs mefe traqtatis dadebas~ [2, 7]. unda vifiqroT, rom

traqtats erekle didi aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.

Tumca, traqtatis dadeba TbilisSi aRniSnes zeimiT,

risi aRwerilobac burnaSevs p. potiomkinisTvis

gaugzavnia. `Tqveni dResaswaulebi aris kmayo-filebis gamoxatuleba~ _ Tavis mxriv kmayofi-

lebiT aRniSnavs Tavadi potimkini amis gamo imave

wlis 31 agvistos werilSi [2, 8]. magram traqtatis

dadebis Semdeg mefes ruseTSi kmayofilebisa da

madlierebis gamoxatviT aRsavse werilebi ar gaug-

zavnia, raSic kavkasiis xazis meTaurs didi keTil-

ganwyobilebis niSani ver amoukiTxavs. `Zalze uc-nauria CemTvis, rom traqtatis dadebis Semdeg mefe iraklis CemTvis arc erTi sityva ar uTqvams, rasac TviT keTilganwyobileba moiTxovda~, _ aSkara uk-mayofilebiTa da iWvneulad werda general-poruCiki

burnaSevs da iqve dasZenda: `macnobeT, kmayofilni arian Tu ara misi elCebi aq cxovrebis pirobebiT, miRebiTa da saCuqrebiT~ [2, 9]. undoda ra gaego,

62

qarTveli elCebi aqedan raimeTi ukmayofiloni xom

ar wabrZanebulano.

ruseTis mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi prorusuli

orientaciis gasaZliereblad

burnaSevis arqivis masalebSi p. potiomkinis uk-

mayofileba ereklesadmi sxvaganac SeimCneva: kavkasiis

jarebis meTauri ver malavs, rom ar esiamovna mi-

sadmi erekles rekomendacia vinme rusi moxele

apraqsinis Sesaxeb: `gulaxdilad getyviT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi me visurvebdi mefisagan met yuradRebas. apraqsini CemTvis ufro adridan nacobia, vidre misTvis, xolo aderbiJaneli mTavrebis saqme, raze-dac is dums, ufro moiTxovda misi mxridan axnas... axla ki, Cemdami jerovani uwyebis nacvlad, mefem brZana sityvierad eTqvaT CemTvis, rom ibrahim-xanze dayrdnoba ar SeiZleba,... magram me visurvebdi, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi mefes sityvierad ar ecnobebina CemTvis. me mis saxls imdenad bevri sikeTe gavukeTe, ufleba maqvs, moviTxovo Cemdami meti gul-rwfeloba.~ werili daTariRebulia 1783 wlis 8

noembriT [2, 12].

p. potiomkinma SesaniSnavad icoda ra erekles

ganwyobilebaTa Sesaxeb, vinaidan TviTon iyo qarT-

veli mefisadmi traqtatis Tavs moxvevis saqmis mTa-

vari ganmaxorcielebeli piri, cdilobda igi mudmiv

kontrolSi hyoloda. solomon I-is moulodneli

gardacvalebis Setyobis Semdeg, imereTis saqmeebze

miTiTebebis Tanadroulad, p. potiomkini burnaSevi-

sagan iTxovda: `Tavis mxriv saWiroa, mefes miaqcioT

63

yuradReba~. 13 maisi, 1784 weli [2, 24]. SesaZlebe-

lia, ufrTxodnen imereTis saqmeebSi erekles Care-

vas, rac am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisi

gavlena daemyarebina dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gasage-

bi mizezebis gamo, ruseTis interesebSi sulac ar

Sedioda.

epistoleebSi araerTi uwyeba gvxvdeba imisa,

rogor cdilobda ruseTis xelisufleba, rac ar

unda dajdomoda, moepovebina mTlianad samefo oja-

xisa da aseve qarTveli warCinebuli zedafenis ke-

Tilganwyobileba (ase rom, mxolod traqtatis xel-

mosawerad Casuli qarTveli elCebis gulis mosage-

bad ar uzrunia). am mizniT p. potiomkini impera-

tricas saxeliT mravlad agzavnida saCuqrebs sa-

qarTveloSi da Semdeg Tavis polkovnik `komision-

ers~ Txovda ecnobebina misTvis, ramdenad kmayofil-

ni darCnen saCuqrebiT dedofali, mefis asulebi da

erekles umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxeleebi, iseve ro-

gorc surda Seetyo, rogori kmayofili iyo erekle

mefe ekaterines `guluxvobiT~, roca imperatorisa-

gan eboZa `mowyalebis niSnebi, romelmac ase mniSvne-lovnad aamaRla misi mefuri Rirseba~ [2, 16]. Tumca,

rasakvirvelia, erekles isedac maRal `mefur Rirse-

bas~ es niSnebi bevrs verafers Sematebda. TviT me-

fisTvis ki traqtatis dadebis aRsaniSnavad p. po-

tiomkins saCuqrad cxeni mourTmevia mozdokeli ia-

sulis xeliT (1783 w. 31 agvistos werili) [2, 8].

ruseTis xelisuflebas, bunebrivia, yuradRebis

gareSe ar dautovebia erekles vaJebi. 1783 wlis 8

64

noembriT daTariRebuli werilis mixedviT p. poti-

omkini elodeba batoniSvil mirianis gamgzavrebis

Sesaxeb cnobebs [2, 12]. rogorc Cans, ruseTTan ur-

TierTobis gamo garkveul ukmayofilebas gamoxatav-

da vaxtang batoniSvili. amitom p. potiomkini bur-

naSevs avalebs batoniSvilis darwmunebas, `rom is ar darCeba gamxnevebis gareSe~ (26 dek. 1783 w.) [2, 15]. batoniSvilebze meti STabeWdilebisa da gavle-

nis mosaxdenad gadawyda ruseTSic miewviaT zogier-

Ti maTgani. amisaTvis Sesaferis drod ki erekles

mier damtkicebuli georgievskis traqtatis ruseT-

Si waReba iqna SerCeuli. 1784 w. 11 maiss burnaSevma

miiRo uwyeba: `droa, raTa mefiswulebi gaemgzavron peterburgSi, rameTu baton tomarasaTvisac ratifi-kaciis waRebis droa. TxoveT mis umaRlesobas, raTa inebos [maTi] gagzavna~ [2, 23]. momdevno werilSi p.

potiomkini sagangebod interesdeba vaxtang batoniS-

vilis pirovnebiT: `CemTvis saWiroa, vicode vaxtang mefiswulis Tvisebebi, ris Taobazec mauwyeT~ _

wers p. potiomkini burnaSevs [2, 23].

erTxel p. potiomkinis yuramde mouRwevia

xmebs, rom `TavadebisaTvis naboZebi saCuqrebidan, isini zogierTebs hyidiano~, rasac masSi garkveuli

aRelveba gamouwvevia (SeiZleba im mosazrebiT, rom

iqneb maTTvis es saCuqrebi arc ise mniSvnelovan fa-

seulobas warmoadgens, raki ase iolad imeteben ga-

sayidad) da kvlav burnaSevs Txovda: garkveuliyo

am sakiTxSi da misTvis moexsenebina (werili burna-

Sevma miiRo 1784 wlis 15 maiss) [2, 23].

65

imxanad ruseTisaTvis aq Tavisi gavlenis gaZ-

lierebis gzad qarTvelebis gulis mogeba rom hqon-

daT dasaxuli, amaze uSualo pirdapirobiT met-

yvelebs kidev erTi detali: Tavad erasti amil-

axvars saCivriT miumarTavs p. potiomkinisaTvis, rom

saqarTveloSi gagzavnil rusul jarSi momsaxure

`mkurnalma waarTva mas coli, xolo TviT mas Tavi gautexa~. amis gamo burnaSevma miiRo davaleba, gar-

kveuliyo saqmis viTarebaSi da Sedegi ecnobebina

zemdgomisaTvis. amas Tan axlda mkacri miTiTebac:

`ar dauSvaT TviTnebobis dawyeba im qveyanaSi, sadac

unda movigoT gulebi da mivibaT Cvenze~ (не

допускайте своеволству начинатся в той земле, где

должно ловить сердца и привязывать к себе) [2, 15]. rusuli xelisufleba gulmodgined cdilobda,

ar daeSva erekles gulSi ruseTisadmi eWvisa da

undoblobis gaRviveba da mefis araprincipul Txov-

nebis Sesrulebazec uyoymanod iZleoda Tanxmo-bas:

`mefis Txovna _ aswavloT medoleebsa da fleitis-tebs, unda Sesruldes, rameTu saxelm-wifoebs So-ris mWidro SeerTebas ar SeuZlia dauTmos adgili mcire eWvsac ki~. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi

rusuli batalionebis meTaurs aseTi umniSvnelo

sakiTxebis gadawyvetis ufleba ar hqonda da iseve

rogorc yvela wvrilmani zemdgom xelmZRvanelobas-

Tan unda SeeTanxmebina. p. potiomkini burnaSevs iqve

nebas rTavda, rom `regularobis zogierTi wesis SemoRebac daubrko-lebriv SeiZleboda Sesrulebu-liyo~ [2, 15]. NniSan-doblivia, rom saubari aris

66

regularobis mxolod `zogierT wesze~, _ es naT-

lad miuTiTebs, rom sakuTar mfarvelobaSi miRebul

samefoSi adgi-lobrivi efeqturi mudmivi jaris Ca-

moyalibeba ruseTSi mizanSewonilad ar miaCndaT.

ruseTis interesebi da miznebi saqarTveloSi

sakiTxis amgvari ganxilvisas ibadeba kiTxva: ra

ganapirobebda ruseTis aseT dainteresebas erekle

II-Ti? burnaSevis arqivi am sakiTxebzec naTel war-

modgenas iZleva.

ruseTma 1782 wels warmatebiT gadaWra ra Ta-

vis sasargeblod yirimisa da yubanispireTis sakiTxi

osmaleTis xarjze, imavdroulad erTob gaaqtiura

Tavisi politika amierkavkasiaSic, sadac Tavis er-

TaderT metoqed isev osmaleTi esaxeboda. p. poti-

omkini burnaSevs traqtatis xelmoweris win kmayo-

filebiT atyobinebs, rom vinaidan CrdiloeT Sa-

vizRvispireTidan gaZevebis miuxedavad, `dadas-turebulia yvelgan portaSi, gamoTqvan samSvidobo ganwyobileba~, `es garemoebebi, Cans, gauxsnis, ase vTqvaT, xelebs maT amorecxvas amierkavkasiis mxareSi, da amitomac saWiroa, rom maTi mdgomareoba vicodeT male~ [2, 7]. ufro adre, ruseTis imperiis sagareo politikis warmmarTveli grigol potiomkini 1783

wlis 16 ivnisis sagangebo brZanebulebaSi burnaSevs

avalebda `uswrafesad Seedgina saqarTvelos ruka, misi sazRvrebis SeZlebisdagvarad zusti gansa-zRvriT, gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mxridan~ [2, 3].

ruseTi cdilobda aseve gamoeyenebina erekle

mefis sadazvervo qseli, raTa mieRo dawvrilebiTi

67

cnobebi TurqeTSi, gansakuTrebiT mis aRmosavleT

mxareebSi mimdinare ambebis Sesaxeb. p. potiomkini

1783 wlis 19 noembers burnaSevs swers, rom mas

ereklesaTvis uTxovia `ecnobebina misTvis yvela ga-remoebaTa Sesaxeb, rac ismis Turqul sazRvrebSi~ da amgvari cnobebi rac SeiZleba xSirad miewodebina

misTvis. aqve vigebT, rom mas aseve uTxovia mefisaT-

vis, `SeerCia sando kaci, romelic SeiZleboda ga-moyenebul yofiliyo konfidentad (jaSuSad)~ [2, 12-13]. Cans, rom generali ar apirebda dakmayofilebu-

liyo mxolod erekles mier miwode-buli cnobebiT

da surda jaSuSobisaTvis gamosadegi iseTi kacis

moZebna, romelic uSualod mas miawvdida mopovebul

informacias, raSic isev erekles daxmarebas saWi-

roebda.

burnaSevis arqividan Cans aseve, rom ruseTSi

Wareli lekebis sakiTxsac ganixilavdnen da saWi-

roebis SemTxvevaSi maT damorCilebasac ar gamoric-

xavdnen. es daRestnuri Temebi maT mier mitacebul,

kaxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareSi binadrobdnen

da erekle II-is ruseTTan kavSiris gamo, osmaleTis

waqezebiT sxvebze metad azaralebdnen aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos. p. potiomkini saidumlod iTxovda

burnaSevisagan `naTel da dawvrilebiT cnobebs~, raTa `safuZvlianad scodnoda~ `ra xalxia Warele-bi, saqarTvelos romel nawilSi arian, rogori sa-fuZveli aqvT, vis emorCilebian, didi xania, rac mi-si brw. mefe iraklis xelisuflebis winaaRmdegni arian? ramdeni SeiaraRebuli unda daviTvaloT yve-

68

la maTgani, romeli mxridan da rogor ufro mosax-erxebelia maTi damorCileba?~ [2, 11]. ufro gviande-li werilidan (miRebuli 1784 wlis 15 maiss), sa-

dac potiomkini iTxovs met demografiul da samxe-

dro xasiaTis cnobebs Wareli lekebis Sesaxeb, vi-

gebT, rom es informaciac erekle mefisagan unda

yofiliyo miRebuli: `miviRe cnobebi lekebis yvela dasaxlebebis Sesaxeb, magram me visurvebdi, raTa ma-Ti dasaxlebis CamonaTvalTan iqve naTqvami iyos, sad ramdeni macxovrebelia da ramdeni mebrZoli kaci SeiZleba Seikribos. TxoveT mefes, raTa aseTi cno-bebi momawodos~ [2, 23]. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sakiT-xi ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyrobamde

Teoriuli damuSavebis dones ar gascdenia.

miuxedavad solomon I-is gamokveTili antios-

maluri orientaciisa, ruseTma uari Tqva imereTis

samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebaze da amis mTavari mi-

zezi swored osmaluri faqtori iyo. Tumca Tavis

politikur gavlenas dasavleT saqarTveloSi gul-

modgined ufrTxildebodnen. amitom iyo, rom pol-

kovniki burnaSevi sagangebo warmomadgenlad iniSne-

boda rogorc erekle II-is, aseve solomon I-is

karze. amave mizezebis gamo ruseTSi frTxilobdnen,

rom solomonis politikuri veqtori osmaleTisaken

ar gadaxriliyo. marTalia, solomon I, erekle II-

isagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis sagareo-politikur ur-

TierTobebSi aranairi xelSekrulebis ZaliT ar yo-

fila xelSekruli, potiomkini cdilobda srul

kontrolqveS hyoloda imereTis mefis diplomatiu-

69

ri urTierTobebic da pirvel rigSi, swored Tur-

qul mxaresTan warmoebuli. igi saswrafod avalebs

burnaSevs `moipovos solomonisagan axalcixis fa-Sis mier misadmi gagzavnili werilis dedani~ (26 dek. 1783 w.) [2, 16]. potiomkinis SiSi solomon II-

is diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze advili

asaxsnelia: didi mondomebis miuxedavad, imereTis

mefem verc sasurveli daxmareba miiRo ruseTisagan

da verc mfarveloba, mxolod `guluxvi~ dapirebebi.

amis gamo ruseTisadmi misi gulacrueba sulac ar

iqneboda gamoricxuli.

ruseTSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals imere-

Tis samefoSi solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg

Seqmnil viTarebasac, raTa aq rusuli politikuri

gavlena kvlav osmalurs ar Caenacvlebina. amitom

p. potiomkini burnaSevs avalebda: `Zalze unda eca-doT, rom imereTSi iyos simSvide,... raTa Turqebi amasobaSi ar SemoZvrnen.~ (13 maisi, 1784 weli). im-

ave werilSi p. potiomkini burnaSevs wers: `me veli Tqvengan utyuar cnobebs, solomonis Semdeg vin darCa imereTSi mflobelad~ [2, 23-24]. momdevno

werilSi ki burnaSevs avalebs, saswrafod Cavides

imereTSi da Seiswavlos iq arsebuli mdgomareoba.

amasTan p. potiomkini iTxovs: `Cemi rCevebis ZaliT axal mefes da yvela Cinosnebs miscemT ra dadebiT safuZvels, SematyobineT ra ganwyobilebaSi naxavT maT, Tu mSvidad da rigze, maSin dabrundiT~ [2, 24]. `dadebiTi safuZvelis micema~, sxva ara unda iyos ra, Tu ara, axali dapirebebiTa da daimedebiT im-

70

ereTis axali monarqis rusul orientaciaze myarad

dayeneba.

amierkavkasiaSi rusuli gavlenis mkveTr zrdas

osmaleTi gulxeldakrefili ver Sexedavda. ruseTis

SiSi, osmaleTs ar esargebla Zlieri xelisuflis

moulodneli gardacvalebis gamo imereTSi dawyebu-

li Sida areulobiT, asaxulia burnaSevi-sadmi mi-

marTul p. potiomkinis kidev erT werilSi: `Turqe-bis TavSeyra yarsisa da xaziurumis2 mxarisaken Tumca ki warmoadgens maTi mxridan sifrTxiles, raTa ar dauSvan am mxareSi Cveni gaZliereba, magram maTi ganzraxva, Tuki marTalia, SeiWrnan imereTSi, Zalze miuRebelia. amisaTvis saWiroa miRebul iqnas usafrTxoebis yvela SesaZlo zomebi!~ (19 ivlisi

1784 weli) [2, 24].

rac Seexeba irans, is aRniSnul xanaSi qaoss da

anarqias moecva. odesRac Zlevamosili da mezo-

blebisaTvis SiSismomgvreli saxelmwifo aRar arse-

bobda. igi mraval urTierTmoqiSpe saxanod iyo

daSlili. Sahobis pretendentebi ki TviT eZiebdnen

regionSi fexmodgmuli ruseTis mxardaWeras [5, 89-

119]. aseT viTarebaSi amierkavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis

ruseTi irans, bunebrivia, metoqed ver miiCnevda. sa-

magierod aqtiurad cdilobda azerbaijanul sax-

anoebze Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas. am saqmeSi ruse-

TisaTvis gansakuTrebuli roli swored erekle II-s

unda Seesrulebina, vinaidan peterburgSi cnobili

iyo, rogori avtoritetiT sargeblobda erekle xa-

2 igulisxmeba erzrumi.

71

nebs Soris. misi ridic hqondaT da SiSic met-

naklebad.

burnaSovis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTs gansa-

kuTrebiT mizanSi hyavda amoRebuli SuSis anu yara-

baRis xani ibrahimi. amas ramdenime garemoeba ga-

napirobebda: a) ganjis, erevnisa da naxWevnis saxanoebi

erekles emorCilebodnen da varaudobdnen, qarTvel me-

feze rusuli gavlenis damyareba am saxanoebzec avto-

maturad unda gavrcelebuliyo. b) ibrahim-xanTan ki

erekles gamorCeulad axlo politikur-samokavSireo

urTierToba da megobroba akavSirebda. amitomac ru-

seTSi miaCndaT, rom erekles mis gadawyvetilebebze da

orientaciaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo

da amitomac Riad akisrebdnen kidec am misias.

aseTi viTareba araerTxel iCens Tavs burnaSe-

visadmi mimarTul werilebSi. 1783 wlis 11 de-

kemberi: `gmarTebT, ukiduresad ecadoT, raTa mefe (aqac da SemdegSic igulisxmeba mefe erekle II _

d.m.) urCevdes ibrahim-xans, gamoagzavnos CemTan sa-patio moxeleebi. me macnobeben, rom ibrahim-xani, SeSinebuli Cveni jarebisgan, ara marto gasama-greblad emzadeba, aramed [saWiroebis] SemTxvevaSi gaqcevasac fiqrobs. es yvelaferi ar Tanxvdeba Cvens varaudebs da saWiroa misi dayvaveba da daimedeba. mefesTan misi megobrobis gamo, vgoneb, rom is mas daujerebs~ [2, 14]; 1784 wlis 10 marti: `gTxovT, auxsnaT mefes, rom ibrahim-xanis saqcieli jer su-lac ar aris gulrwfeli~, `is mxolod gvimtkicebs, rom aris mefis megobari da surs misi mibaZva, da

72

ar gadascdeba mis rCevebs. Tuki igi namdvilad is-mens mefis rCevebs, marTebs, rom mefem igi daarwmu-nos~ [2, 19-20]; 13 aprili 1784 weli: `mefes mar-Tebs ibrahim-xanis Segulianeba WeSmariti Semobrune-bisaken~ [2, 20]. burnaSovis arqivis mixe-dviT dava-lebebiT ase datvirTuli, sxva xanebis mimarT er-

ekle namdvilad ar yofila.

cxadia, ruseTi yarabaRis xanze iseTive poli-

tikuri gavlenis damyarebas cdilobda, rogoric es

qarTl-kaxeTze moaxerxa. amitom cdas ar aklebdnen

ibrahin-xans Tavis megobar ereklesTvis `miebaZa~,

rac ueWvelad ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlas

gulisxmobda. iseve rogorc xanis `WeSmariti Semo-bruneba~, rasakvirvelia ruseTisaken Semobru-nebas,

Ria rusul politikur orientacias unda niSnavdes.

am saqmeSi ki erekles umTavresi roli unda See-

srulebina. magram masalebidan Cans, rom SuSis xani

ruseTs ar endoboda. kavkasiaSi misma samxedro-

politikurma aqtiurobam xani daafrTxo da winaaR-

mdegobis gasawevadac ki daawyebina samzadisi (marc-

xis SemTxvevaSi ibrahims saxanos datovebis SemT-

xvevac hqonia gaTvlili). aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc

burnaSevisadmi mimarTuli erTi werilidan Cans, Se-

Sinebuli xanisaTvis isev erekles unda `daeyvavebina da daeimedebina~. rodesac diplomatiurma zewolam

sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ruseTi ibrahim-xanze

zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro

SesaZleblobebiT muqaris gamoyenebasac ki Seecada.

am SemTxvevisaTvis ki erekles TvalSi iseT elferi

73

undoda mieca, TiTqos qarTuli samefos usafrTxoe-

bisaTvis zrunavda. 1784 wlis 15 aprils p. potiom-

kinisgan burnaSevma miiRo davaleba: `saWiroa, ganam-zadoT mefe, raTa man Tavisi jarebi miaaxlovos, warmoudginoT ra mas sabuTad, rom roca ibrahim-xani da sxvani SeiaraRebulni arian, saWiroa, rom igic SeiaraRebuli iyos, raTa moulodnelad mas raime ziani ar miayenon~. bunebrivia, georgievskis

traqtatis dadebis Sedegad, rusuli interesebidan

gamomdinare, axali politikuri sinamdvilis Camoya-

libebis gamo ereklesa da ibrahims Soris urTier-

Tobis gaciveba gardauvali iyo. rusuli safrTxiT

Sefiqrianebuli ibrahim-xani erekles kargi TvaliT

aRar uyurebda da male Ria mtrobac ki dauwyo.

Tumca urTierTobis saboloo gafuWebamde ruseTSi

jer kidev cdilobdnen erekles faqtoris gamoyene-

bas. p. potiomkinisagan burnaSevis piriT erekles

miTiTeba eZleoda, `raTa man es saZageli xani ar ga-iucxoos, misi daimedebiT moiyvanos CemTan mWidro kavSirSi, xolo amasobaSi ganze ar gauSvas~ (1784 wlis 7 aprili) [2, 21].

qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan sasurveli xelSek-

rulebis gaformebis Semdeg, ruseTis politikuri

ambiciebi kavkasionis gadmoRma sul ufro da ufro

izrdeboda. is Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas ukve samx-

reT, anu iranis azerbaijanSiac lamobda da amisaT-

vis mzad iyo nebismieri xelsayreli SemTxveva ga-

moeyenebina. ase mag., Tavrizis xans kavkasiis xazis

mTavarsardlisaTvis Tavis werilSi uTxovia mkur-

74

nali eqimis gagzavna. p. potiomkinma aseTi `arapo-

litikuri~ Txovnac ki maSinve ruseTis velikoder-

Javuli interesebisaTvis gamosayeneblad mimarTa da

burnaSevs miswera: `gaugzavneT mas [eqimi] Tqveni we-riliTurT, uTxariT ra, rom me moviwere brZaneba mkurnalis gagzavnisa, romelic TqvenTan imyofeba, da Tuki is saimedoa, daavaleT mas, xanis ganwyobileba ruseTis pirdapir erTgulebamde miiyvanos. daavaleT mas, raTa man ganuwyvetliv umtkicos xans ruseTis didebulebis Sesaxeb, imperatricas Seudarebeli gu-luxvobis Sesaxeb, rom STaunergos, ramdenad didia Cveni jarebis dideba da ramdenad sasargebloa misTvis mfarvelobis SeZena didi ekaterinesi!~ (26 dekemberi, 1783 weli) [2, 16].

aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes erekles samefo

karze moRvawe germaneli eqimi iakob rainegsi. doq-

tori rainegsi ukve sargeblobda didi ndobiTa da

pativiscemiT samefo karze, Seswavlili hqonda qar-

Tuli enac, amitom CaiTvala Sesaferis pirovnebad

ruseTis imperiuli miznebis gansaxor-cieleblad

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT. igi saswrafod dai-

bara TavisTan p. potiomkinma. gadaibira ra Tavis

samsaxurSi, mianiWa mas polkovnikis wodeba da da-

niSna Tavis `komisionerad~ erekles karze. rainegss

Tavis saeqimo moRvaweobis kualad, gamoiyenebda ra

samefo ojaxisagan ukve mopovebul ndobas, unda

daerwmunebina erekle, miemarTa ruseTis imperatri-

casaTvis mfarvelobis miRebis TxovniT [3, 14]. rain-

egsi TbilisSi dabrunda 1782 wels da erekles

75

momdevno politikur nabijebi cxadad adasturebs,

rom mogzavnili eqimis `sakomisionero~ misia ruse-

TisaTvis erTob Sedegiani aRmoCenila.

yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, ra gasakviria, ukve

warmatebiT mosinjuli xerxis gamoyeneba potiomkins

Tavrizis xanis mimarTac ecada. Tu sasurvel Sedegs

ar gamoiRebda, dasakargic araferi iqneboda. Tumca-

Ra burnaSevis arqividan aRar Cans, ra bedi ewia am

wamowyebas.

burnaSevis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTis kavkasiuri

politikis ganmaxorcielebeli p. potiomkins ar gamoh-

parvia erTi SexedviT politikurad iseT umniSvnelo

sakiTxi, rogorc iyo erekles vaJebs Soris dava sapa-

tarZlos gamo, romelic ufross, giorgis Tavis sar-

Zlod moswonebia, xolo vaxtang batoniSvils igive

qali TavisTvis ndomebia. burnaSevs es ambavi iseTi

mniSvnelobisaTvis ar ucvnia, rom igi kavkasiis xazis

sardlisaTvis Seetyobinebina. amis gamo man 1784 wlis

13 aprils potiomkinisagan miiRo sayveduri da iqve _

sagulisxmo miTiTebac: `girCevT yvelanairad SeecadoT maT Serigebas. daarwmuneT isini, rom saSinao dava aris maTi saxlis daRupva da Sercxvena da sargebeli maTi mtrebisaTvis... SeecadeT, auxsnaT maT, rom ar arsebobs dedamiwaze arc erTi qali, romlis gamoc Zmebma Se-iZleba iCxubon, miTumetes samefo gvaris Zmebma; da mi-Tumetes ar SeeferebaT maT, rameTu arc erTi maTgani sapatarZlos ar icnobs~ [2, 20]3. p. potiomkini, ro-

3 es faqti imiTac aris saintereso, rom p. potiomkins Tavisi sxva

damatebiTi sainformacio wyaroebi gaaCnda saqarTveloSi da mxolod

76

gorc Sors-mWvreteli diplomati kargad acnobierebda,

rom mefiswulebs Soris dawyebuli dava Tu gaRrmavde-

boda, mas SeiZleboda politikuri saxec mieRo da

erT-erTi maTganis mier meoris sapirispiro, xolo

ruseTisaTvis arasasurvel politikur orientaciaze

gadasvliT dasrulebuliyo, rac Tavis mxriv samefoze

ruseTis ucilobel gavlenas Seuqmnida safrTxes.

msgavsi principiT xelmZRvanelobs p. potiom-

kini, roca mondomebiT cdilobs erekle II-sa da so-

lomon II-is Serigebas: mTavari iyo, arcerT maTgans

meoresTan dapirispirebis gamo prorusuli orien-

tacia ar unda Seecvala. amave dros maT Soris sa-

davo sakiTxebis mogvareba xels Seuwyobda orive

mefis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis warmarTvas ruseTis

interesebis Sesabamisad. imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis

mefeebis Serigebis miTiTeba burnaSevs miuRia 1783

wlis 20 dekembers [2, 15]. samiode kviris Semdeg,

potiomkini imeorebs solomonisa da erekles Seri-

gebis saWiroebas: `Tu mSvidobis aRdgena SesaZlebe-lia or mefes Soris ise, rom arcerTi maTgani ar darCes Seuracxyofili, miT ukeTesi~ [2, 15-16]. Se-rigebis sakiTxi asaxulia solomon I-is 1783 wlis

19 oqtombris werilSic burnaSevisadmi, sadac im-

ereTis mefe ayalibebs mefeTa Soris uTanxmoebis ga-

momwvev mizezebs da gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, rom

polkovnikis ZalisxmeviT am mizezebis aRmofxvris

burnaSevis mowodebul cnobebs ar sjerdeboda. unda vifiqroT, rom

am wyaroebiT garkveulwilad Tavisi komisioneris mowodebuli

cnobebis gadamowmebasac axdenda.

77

Semdeg man erekle II-sTan `Zmuri~ urTierToba iqo-

nios [2, 34].

qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareoba geor-

gievskis traqtatis gaformebis Semdeg

qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis cvli-

lebas misi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg

sainteresod aRwers ruseTis sagangebo war-

momadgeneli erekles karze, stefane burnaSevi Tavis

TxzulebaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: `sruliad ruse-Tis imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSi saqarTvelos miRebis Sesaxeb traqtatis sazeimod dadebis Semdeg, rogorc ki Cveni jarebi Sevidnen iq, mTeli aderbijaneli xanebi da sxvebic ufro iqiT sparseTSi Zlier SeSfoTdnen, miuxedavad maTi ke-TildReobisa da sargeblobisadmi ruseTis keTili ganwyobis Sesaxeb daimedebisa, winaswar Sepyrobilni TavianTi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSiT, da ganmtki-cebulni iyvnen am azriT kidev ufro otomanTa portas STagonebiT, romelic ganuwyveteli misiebi-Ta da mflobelebisTvis arcTu mcire saCuqrebis da-rigebiT cdilobda mflobelTa rac SeiZleba Zlie-rad maT aRZvras mefis winaaRmdeg, da amasac miaR-wia: ibrahim-xan SuSelma dauwyo mavnebloba Tavidan saidumlod, yoveli xerxiT, Tumca ki es SesamCnevi iyo. misi mecadineobiT morCilebidan gandga ganja.~ erevanSic `suleiman-faSas uwyveti xrikebiT~ `mefes xarks aRar uxdian sxvadasxva sababiT da erevanic mefis Zalaufle-bisagan Camocilebis ukanasknel mij-naze dgas. mefis mflobelobaSi myofi TaTari xal-

78

xebi: yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi, saukeTeso meomrebi da mdidari adamianebi, datoves ra TavianTi miwebi, wavidnen SuSis xanis mxareSi da axla mas emsaxurebian mefis winaaRmdeg.~ TurqeTis portam, _ ganagrZobs burnaSevi _ saqarTvelodan

Cveni jarebis gamosadevnad `ganavrco Tavisi Cagone-bani xarb daRestnelebze,... fulisa da daimedeobis meSveobiT imoqmedon axalcixis mxridan kavSirSi, daarwmuna avariis uma-xani (igulisxmeba omar-xani _

d.m.) mTielTa SesaZlebeli Zalebis SeyriT aSkara omiT wamovides mefeze.~ omar-xanmac `moagrova ra sxvadasxva mTiel xalxTagan 11000-mde, movida mdi-nare alazanze da SeuerTda ra aq mTielebsa da be-laq-nelebs, saqarTvelos Seurigebel mtrebs, gaZ-lierda 20000-mde~ da saqarTveloSi SemoiWra [1,

15-17].

saqarTveloSi myofi rusuli jarebis meTauris

mier gakeTebuli es mokle daxasiaTeba mTeli si-

sruliT asaxavs qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTis mfa-

rvelobaSi Sesvlis Sedegad samefoSi Seqmnil mZime

politikur viTarebas, rac gansakuTrebiT damZimda

aq ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlis Semdeg. ni-

Sandoblivia, rom rusi komisioneri ar asaxelebs

arc erT dadebiT Sedegs, rac traqtatis dadebasa

da rusuli jarebis Semosvlas moutania erekles

samefosaTvis. amrigad, burnaSevis mixedviT, politi-

kuri mdgomareobis cvlileba gamoxatula SemdegSi:

1. qarTuli samefos SeSinebulma da SeSfoTebulma

yvela mezobelma xanma saerTo mtrobis piri Sekra

79

erekles winaaRmdeg. mefes zurgi aqcies misma mokav-

Sire xanebmac. erT dros misi megobari da erTguli

SuSis xanic erekles mtrad moekida.

2. erekles morCilebaze uari ganacxada misma

moxarke ganjis saxanom. erekles Zalaufleba im-

denad Seryeula erevanSic, rom igi ukve bewvzec ki

ekida.

3. erekles qveSevrdomobaSi myofi muslimuri

Temebi (yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi),

romelTagan qarTl-kaxeTis laSqari saimedo da

arcTu umniSvnelo Sevsebas iRebda, yarabaRSi ga-

daixvewnen da axla iqaur xans daudgnen gverdSi

erekles winaaRmdeg.

4. erekles ukiduresad gaufuWda urTierToba

osmaleTTan (ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-74 wlebis omSi

ruseTis mxareze brZolis gamo masTan erTxel ukve

gafuWebuli urTierTobis mowesrigeba manamde erek-

lem didi Zalisxmevis fasad SeZlo), romlis-Tvisac

ruseTi umTavresi metoqe iyo regionSi. osmaleTma

yvela saSualebiT daiwyo qarTl-kaxeTis isedac

SeSfoTebuli mahmadianuri samezoblos amxedreba

rusebis mokavSire qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg.

5. qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg muSavdeboda sam-

xedro gegma, romlis mixedviT, samefoze erTdroulad

unda mietanaT ieriSi axalcixis safaSodan da daRes-

tnidan. sabolood osmalTa waqezebiT, avariis xani

daRestnelTa Zalebis iSviaTi mobilizaciis Sedegad,

20 aTasiani jariT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, soflebisa

da savargulebis garda aaoxra spilenZisa da vercxlis

80

gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi (burnaSevi mxolod verc-

xlisas asaxelebs). daRestnelTa didi Zalebis mra-

valgzis dammarcxebelma ereklem ki amjerad ver SeZ-

lo omar-xanis SeCereba da iZulebuli gaxda mas Zalze

arasasurveli pirobebiT dazaveboda.

sxvagan burnaSevi aRniSnavs, ra rom darejan de-

dofali, romelic Tumca `imave saSiSroebis gamo (qarTlis taxtis dakargva _ d.m.) gadaixara ruseT-Tan traqtatis dadebisaken~, ris gamoc erekle II,

igi `axla xelidan ar uSvebs SemTxvevas, rom ar usayveduros mefes qveynis gaCanagebis gamo~ [1, 19]. aq rusi polkovniki misdauneburad iribad miuTi-

Tebs, rom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam samefos

mdgomareobaze yovelmxriv uaryofiTad imoqmeda da

`qveynis gaCanageba~ gamoiwvia.

p. potiomkini ki rusuli jaris saqarTvelodan

gayvanis Taobaze burnaSevisadmi mimarTul orderSi

pirdapiri daskvnis saxiT aRiarebs, rom rusuli ba-

talionebis Seyvanam erekles araTu raime politi-

kuri sargebloba ar moutana, metic, mxolod mtre-

bi moumravla qveyanas: `Cveni batalionebis yofniT mefes meti mteri hyavda~ da maTi gamoyvanis Semdeg ki `igi Svebas igrZnobs mtrebis TavSeyrisagan~ [2, 29].

saqarTvelodan rusuli jaris gawvevis mizezebi

da garemoebebi

droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri

mdgomareoba ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. samefoSi

arsebuli ori rusuli batalioni (daaxl. 2000 ka-

81

ci) sakmarisi ar iyo amave batalionebis aq yofnis

gamo qveynis winaaRmdeg darazmuli sxvadasxva ju-

ris mtrebis (maT Soris yofili mokavSireebis) mo-

sagerieblad.

1787 wlis 4 oqtombers erekle burnaSevs at-

yobinebda, rom mas mouvida cnoba, rom omar-xani

jariT ukve belaqanSi iyo Semosuli da kaxeTSi Se-

moWras apirebda [2, 37]. oriode wliT adre omar-

xanis gardauvali Tavdasxmis samzadisis Sesaxeb

rusma polkovnikma pataki gaagzavna kavkasiis xazze

da jaris damatebac iTxova. imave Sinaarsis werile-

bi gaugzavnia sardlobis StabSi mefe ereklesac.

amaze metyvelebs im momentSi kavkasiis xazis sar-

dlis, general leontievis sapasuxo werili burna-

Sevisadmi: `Cems mier misi umaRlesoba mefisagan mi-Rebuli werilebidan, aseve Tqveni patakidanac vxe-dav, ramdenad saWiroa Cveni jarebis gagzavna sa-qarTveloSi~. am saWiroebis aRiarebis miuxedavad,

generali acxadebda, rom ramdenadac igi droebiT

cvlida p. potiomkins, `mTavari xelmZRva-nelobis nebarTvis gareSe amis gadawyveta ar SeeZlo~. garda amisa, imizezebda mTielebis masobriv ajanyebebs, rac

Tavis mxriv xels uSlida `saqarTvelos gzis Seke-Tebas~, ris gareSec SeuZlebeli iyo jaris gamog-

zavna (1785 wlis 15 agvisto) [2, 30].

aseT viTarebaSi gen. leontievi burnaSevis mi-

marT `mtrebze gansakuTrebulad gamarjvebis~ sur-

vilis gamoxatviT Semoifargleba mxolod da kidev,

samagierod, qarTveli `xalxis gasamxnevebel~ erT

82

rCevasac aZlevs: daeyara cru xmebi, TiTqos rusuli

jarebi Tavs iyridnen da sul male saqarTveloSic

Semovidodnen [2, 31].

1787 wlis 13 seqtembers Tavis batalionebiT

erekle II-is mxadasaWerad ganjasTan mdgarma bu-

rnaSevma miiRo orderi, romliTac mas ebrZaneboda

saqarTveloSi myofi egerTa am ori batalionis

dauyovnebliv `xazze gamoyvana.~ orderi gacemuli

yofila 29 agvistos pavle potiomkinis mier. or-

derSive Cans, rom mas Tavis mxriv safuZvlad dasde-

bia grigol potiomkinis 19 agvistos brZaneba da

swored am brZanebaSia dasaxelebuli am gadawyve-

tilebis oficialuri mizezi: jaris `gamokvebis ukiduresi garTuleba~. aqve, rogorc zemoT aRvniS-neT, potiomkini imeds gamoTqvamda, rom maTi aq yof-

nis gamo momravlebuli mtrebisagan Sewuxebul mefe

ereklesaTvis ruseTis mTavrobis es nabiji erTgvari

Svebis momgvrelic ki iqneboda [2, 29].

rogorc Cans, es gadawyvetileba erTbaSad ar

miRebula. jer kidev 1786 wlis 9 oqtombers burna-

Sevis razmeli, saqarTvelodan mozdokSi Casuli

oficeri merlini polkovniks atyobinebda, rom mas

orjer miscemia p. potiomkinTan Sexvedris SesaZleb-

loba. masTan saubrisas `kavkasiis xazis sardali~

Turme mxolod zedapirulad Tu interes-deboda sa-

qarTvelos Sesaxeb da isic movaleobis moxdis miz-

niT. vinaidan, rogorc merlini iwereboda, _ iq yve-

laferi isedac zustad icodnen saqarTveloSi arse-

buli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavi ise mohqon-

83

daT, `TiTqos ar icodnen da arc undodaT, codno-daT da Tuki SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT, davi-wyebasac miscemdnen yvelafers~ [2, 31].

amave werilidan vigebT, rom p. potiomkinma am

dros ukve icoda, rom mis `kavkasiis xazze~ yofnas

didi dro aRar ewera da winaswar Tadarigsac

iWerda _ bargis didi nawili ukve astraxanSi gaeg-

zavna. mas mosaxleobisagan rusuli jarisaTvis sur-

saTis `Tavisufal fasebSi~ Sesasyidad saqarTve-

loSi proviantmeisteri ki gamougzavnia, `magram ufulod, ar miucia ra misTvis arc erTi kapiki fuli~. aseve saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni artileria

da amunicia vladikavkazSi gagzavnila, magram merli-

nis azriT, is iq iseve idgeboda, rogorc manamde

sxvagan idga _ gzas ar akeTeben da arc apirebeno.

sagulisxmoa, rom am dros mozdokSi amaod mdgaran

pasuxis molodinSi imereTis elCebic [2, 31-32].

am fonze bolomde damajerebeli ar Cans mer-

linis STabeWdileba, rom kavkasiis xazze `ras SeiZleba velodoT momavalSi, mcire Sexedulebac ar aqvT~. gamoricxuli ar aris, kavkasiis xazis

sardlobaSi zusti warmodgena ar hqonodaT ruse-

Tis momavali politikis Taobaze saqarTvelos mi-

marT, Tumca amavdroulad, etyoba, samagierod kar-

gad xvdebodnen imas, rom ruseTSi raRacas elodnen,

amierkavkasiisadmi interesic TiTqos droebiT Se-

nelda da rusuli jarebis saqarTve-lodan gayvanac

TiTqos gadawyvetili Canda. es sakiTxi uaxloes mo-

mavalSi rom unda ganxorci-elebuliyo, ikveTeba

84

merlinis sityvebSic, sadac igi burnaSevs usurvebda

`swraf da mSvidobian gamosvlas~ [2, 32]. am `gamosv-laSi~ udavoa, saqa-rTvelodan ruseTSi, kavkasiis

xazze gasvla igulisxmeboda.

aqve saWirod vcaniT, SevxebodiT erT arcTu

umniSvnelo sakiTxsac. bolo dros ruseTis garkv-

eul wreebSi gamoikveTa erTgvari tendencia. es aris

mcdeloba, dasabuTdes, rom georgievskis traqtatma

erekles mxridan misi darRvevis gamo (ruseTis

zurgsukan xelSekrulebis dadeba osmaleTTan) Zala

dahkarga. amis Sesabamisad, ruseTi TiTqosda aRar

iyo valdebuli uzrunveleyo qarTl-kaxeTis dacva

da amitom gaiyvana kidec aqedan traqtatis Tanaxmad

Semoyvanili rusuli jari [6]. cxadia, sakiTxis amg-

varad dayenebis gziT istoriis winaSe Tavis mar-

Tlebas cdiloben ruseTSi imis gamo, rom Tavis

droze ar Sesrulda qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT

maT mier nakisri valdebulebebi. mefe erekle da mi-

si samefo ki swored ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Ses-

vlisa da, miT ufro, aq rusuli jaris Semo-yvanis

Sedegad gaavebuli mtrebis winaSe marto-dmarto mi-

atoves, roca damatebiTi jaris Semoyvanis nacvlad

aq myofi isedac mcirericxovani SenaerTi ukan ru-

seTSi iqna gawveuli.

rodesac laparakia erekles mier ruseTTan da-

debuli xelSekrulebis darRvevaze, rus oponentebs

mxedvelobaSi aqvT mefis mier axalcixis faSasTan

dadebuli SeTanxmeba. rusuli jaris Semosvlis Sem-

deg erekles samefo mudmivad ormxrivi (daRestnidan

85

da axalcixis safaSodan) dartymis safrTxeSi imyo-

feboda da amave dros yofili samcxe-saaTabagos mi-

wa-wyali darestneli marbieli laSqrisaTvis mniSv-

nelovan damatebiT placdarmad iqca (pirveli aRmo-

savleT mxares lekebis mier mitacebuli War-

belaqani iyo), xolo Seqmnil mZime viTarebaSi qveya-

naSi Semoyvanili ori rusuli batalionis daxmareba

mtrebis mosagerieblad mniSvnelovan rols ver

asrulebda. am mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

erekle Seecada diplomatiuri manevriT garkveul-

wilad ganemuxta viTareba da axalcixis faSasTan

amis Taobaze gaaforma xelSekruleba, romelic ar

ewinaaRmdegeboda traq-tatiT gaTvaliswinebul pi-

robebs.

ramdenad ukavSirdeboda axalcixis faSasTan da-

debuli zemonaxsenebi xelSekruleba qarTl-kaxeTis

samefodan rusuli jaris gayvanas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gacemisas amjerad SemovifarglebiT mxolod

s. burnaSevis arqiviT. aq am mxriv iseTi saintereso

monacemebi moipoveba, marTebuli daskvnisaTvis esec

sakmarisi iqneboda.

1. orderSi, romlis Tanaxmad burnaSevs ebrZa-

neboda rusul batalionebTan erTad saqarTvelos

datoveba, rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, aRniSnulia am

gadawyvetilebis erTaderTi mizezi: batalionebis

`gamokvebis ukiduresi garTuleba~. rusi egerebis

gamokvebis probleba, Cans, marTlac Seqmnila. magram

rogorc arqividan irkveva misi warmoqmnis mizezic

ruseTSi unda veZioT. rogorc merlinis werilidan

86

Cans, 1787 wlis gazafxulze ruseTidan jaris ga-

mokveba aRar finansdeboda. amas adasturebs jaris

sursaTiT mommarageblis (proviantmeister kozlo-

vis) ufulod gamogzavna mosaxleobisagan sursaT-

sanovagis SesaZenad. aseve burnaSevisadmi erekles

werilidan irkveva, rom mefe cdilobda am danakli-

sis garkveulwilad anazRaurebas saxelmwifo xar-

jebiT [2, 39].

2. polkovnik burnaSevis Tanaxmad, axalcixis

faSas, romelsac didi xania osmaleTisagan damouki-

deblobis miRwevis survili amoZravebda, ereklesTan

saidumlo piroba daudevs `ruseTis taxtis winaSe misTvis Suamdgomlobis gawevis Taobaze~. amis gaT-valiswinebiT burnaSevi askvnis, rom regionSi ruse-

Tis momavali eqspansiis SemTxvevaSi `axalcixis faSa ar dauSvebs~ ruseTis `winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi didi da myari warmatebis SeZenas~ [1, 20]. garda

amisa, p. potiomkini jer kidev 1784 wlis 27 Teber-

vlis werilSi, aRiqvamda ra Turqebis mxridan zavs

maTi sisustis niSnad, imeds gamoTqvamda, rom `mezo-beli faSebi iqnebian mefesTan kvlav megobrulad~ [2, 18]. aqedan Cans, rom ruseTSi winaaRmdegi ar yo-

filan faSasTan erekles megob-ruli urTierTobisa.

metic, amave wlis aprilSi p. potiomkini burna-

Sevs miuTiTebda: `mefe Tavisufalia yvela SesaZle-bel saqmeSi, iseve rogorc adre. Turqebs amJamad ise unda moeqces, rogorc mokavSireebs~ [2, 20]. es miTiTeba ZalaSi rCeboda ruseT-TurqeTis axali

omis dawyebamde (1787 weli). rusuli jaris gayvanis

87

Taobaze saidumlo orders darTul P. S.-iT burna-

Sevs daevala: `uSualod ki gamoucxadeT mis umaR-lesobas (mefe erekles _ d.m.), raTa man moagvaros saqme axalcixis faSasTan~ [2, 29].

3. merlinis werilidan aseve aSkarad Cans, rom

rusuli jarebis gayvanis oficialuri brZanebis

mosvlamde es sakiTxi ramdenime TviT adre faqto-

brivad ukve gadawyvetili iyo: garda imisa, rom

aRar finansdeboda jaris gamokveba, jars aRar mie-

wodeboda saWiro sabrZolo aRWurviloba da amuni-

cia (mxolod garegnulad iqmneboda STabeW-dileba,

rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan saamisod zrun-

va grZeldeboda). rac mTavaria, ikveTeba suraTi,

TiTqos yovelgvari interesi saqarTvelos sakiTxe-

bis mimarT sruliad gamqra-liyo: icodnen yvelaferi da amave dros mzad iyvnen es yvelaferi samudamod daeviwyebinaT. mizezi: ruseTi TurqeTTan omisTvis

emzadeboda da kavkasiis frontze omis warmoebas ar

gegmavda.

4. saintereso suraTs iZleva p. potiomkinis we-

rilebis mTlianobaSi warmodgena da maTi saerTo

analizi. 1783 wlis ivnisidan (roca miwer-mowera

daiwyo saqarTveloSi komisionerad movlenil burna-

SovTan) wlis bolomde gamoigzavna 14 werili. 1784

wlis manZilze burnaSevs aseve miuRia 14 werili.

anu sul 1783-1784 wlebSi, weliwadnaxevris man-

Zilze _ 28 werili. es maSin, roca 1785-1787

wlebSi TiTqmis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi burnaSevs

potiomkinisagan miuRia mxolod 5 werili (me-6 ukve

88

saqarTvelos datovebis oficialur brZanebas war-

moadgenda). kidev ufro sagulisxmo suraTs gvi-

xatavs am werilebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi. 1783-

1784 wlebSi potiomkins ainterebs yvelaferis sa-

qarTvelosa da misi mezoblebis Sesaxeb. iTxovs kon-

kretuli saxis informaciebsac. Cans aqtiuri dain-

tereseba amierkavkasiis sakiTxebiT. 1785 wels es

interesi umniSvneloa. am wels potiomkini mxolod

orjer Tu iclis korespodenciis gamosagzavnad.

1786-1787 wlebSi gamogzavnili mcire raodenobis

werilebi ki ukve mTlianad moklebulia politikur

xasiaTs. kavkasiaSi rusuli politikis warmarTveli

TbilisSi Tavis komisioners amjerad mxolod azi-

uri Zvirfasi SenaZenebis gakeTebaSi Txovs daxmare-

bas [ix. 2, 26-27]. aSkarad Cans, poti-omkini Cqarobs,

cdilobs moaswros sasurveli Zvirfasi da fufune-

bis sagnebis (kolenkori, marmaSi da a.S.) xelSi Cag-

deba burnaSevis meSveobiT, vinaidan male amis sa-

Sualeba mas aRar eqneba.

sabolood burnaSevis arqivis mixedviT amis Ta-

obaze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, erekle II-sa da axal-

cixis faSas Soris gaformebul samSvidobo xel-

Sekrulebas saqarTvelodan ruseTis jaris gayvana-

sTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqonia, vinaidan:

1. ase rom yofiliyo, jaris gayvanis oficia-

lur brZanebaSi es aucileblad aRiniSneboda, maSin

roca amis mizezad masSi sul sxva garemoebaa dasax-

elebuli (ruseTis samefo karze amis merec azrad

aravis mosvlia georgievskis traqtati Zaladakar-

89

gulad gamoecxadebina da amaSi erekle daedanaSau-

lebina); 2. ruseTSi aRniSnul xanaSi wina-aRmdegi

ar yofilan erekles mSvidobiani (`mego-bruli~)

urTierToba hqonoda mezobel faSebTan. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am dros ruseT-osmaleTs Soris samSvidobo za-

vi moqmedebda da ereklesac neba eZleoda faSebis

mimarT mokavSiris (garegnulad mainc) pozicia dae-

Wira. rusuli jaris gayvanisas ki axalcixis faSas-

Tan ruseTis gamo gafuWebuli urTierTobis gamos-

woreba mTlianad erekles diplo-matias daakisres;

3. p. potiomkinis werilebis rao-denobis mkveTri

Semcireba da maTi Sinaarsobrivi analizi cxadyofs:

ruseTSi saqarTvelodan Tavisi batalionebis gawve-

vas ukve 1785 wlidan fiqrobdnen, sanam saerTod

gaformdeboda ereklesa da axalcixis faSas Soris

raime SeTanxmeba.

literatura

1. Картина Грузіи или описаніе политическаго

состоянія Царствъ Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго.

Сдѣланное пребывающим при Его Высочествѣ царѣ

Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракліи

Темуразовичѣ полковникомъ и кавалеромъ

Бурнашевымъ в Тифлисѣ въ 1786 г., издание К. Н.

Бѣгичева, Тифлисъ, 1896 г.

2. Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и

дѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіи

съ 1783 по 1787 г., Собралъ и издалъ съ

приложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н.

90

Бурнашевъ, подъ редакціей профессора А. А.

Цагарели, С.-Петербург, 1901.

3. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germa-

nulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo

g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.

4. Г. Г. Паичадзе, Георгиевский Трактат, Тб., 1983.

5. z. SaraSeniZe, iranis XVIII saukunis meore na-

xevarSi, Tb. 1970.

6. А. Епифанцев, Была ли Грузия союзником России,

Политическая модель выживания грузинской

государственности, http://www.apn.ru/publications.

irma kvaSilava

samegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofis

zogierTi sakiTxi XVIII saukunis

II naxevarSi

(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)

samegrelos istoriul-eTnologiuri Seswavlis

saqmeSi metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicaven,

gvianSuasaukuneebis ucxoel mogzaurTa da

misionerTa naSromebi. cnobilia, rom maT Soris

gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT kaTolike

misionerebs, romlebic XVII saukuneSi mTeli

91

gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen regionis ama Tu im

socialur-kulturul parametrebs. am periodis

misioneruli moRvaweoba evropelTa aRmosavluri

eqspansiis aRmavlobas emTxveva da maT interesebs

isaxavda miznad. saqarTvelosadmi, rogorc strate-

giuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri da savaWro-satran-

zito SesaZleblobebis mqone qveynisadmi interesi

mogvianebiT kidev ufro gaizarda, rac XVIII s-Si

gamoixata carizmis administraciis mier kavkasiaSi

sagangebod dagegmil da ganxorcielebul rusi

akademikosebis samecniero-dazverviTi xasiaTis eqspe-

diciebsa da samxedro-diplomatiur misiebSi. eseni

gaxldaT samuel gmelini, iohan giuldenStedti,

petre palasi, aleqsandre iakovlevi, stefane

burnaSovi da a.S. `aRniSnul mogzaur-mkvlevarTa,

diplomatTa, carizmis aparatis moxeleTa Tu

axaldapyrobili qveynebis monaxulebis romantikuli

xibliT Sepyrobili sazogado moRvaweTa naSromebsa

da CanawerebSi, garkveul politikur dakveTebTan

erTad, uxvi da mravalferovani cnobebia daculi

adgilobriv xalxTa yofisa da kulturis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebze~ [8, 121].

kaTolike misionerebma TavianTi xangrZlivi

moRvaweobis manZilze, imdenad srulyofilad

aRweres samegrelos socialur-kulturuli viTa-

reba, rom Tamamad SeiZleba ganzogaddes XVIII

saukunesa da Semdgom periodze, Tumca aRniSnul

epoqas Tavisi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi hyavs.

saxeldobr, iohan giuldenStedti da iakob rainegsi,

92

romlebic ufro saqarTvelos aRmosavleT

provinciebSi mimdinare procesebs adevnebdnen Tvals,

xolo dasavleTi regionebi maTi interesis miRma

darCa. i. giuldenStedtis cnobiT, samegreloSi mis

mogzaurobas xeli SeuSala mTavar kacia dadianis

ruseTisadmi arakeTilganwyobilma damokidebulebam.

`amasTan misi miwebi ufro ukeT ar iyo uzrunvel-

yofili mezobelTa Zarcvisa da Tavdasxmebisagan,

vidre orive qarTveli mefis qveynebi... qveynis

batonis gansakuTrebuli dacvis da amalis gareSe aq

mogzaurobaze fiqric zedmeti iyo~ [1, 319].

XVIII saukunis wyaroTa am Zunw nakadSi,

arsebuli xarvezi SeiZleba Seivsos mogzaur

vasilia zuevas CanawerebiT, romelic 1777 wliT

TariRdeba. igi bevrs sesxulobs misi winamorbedi

Sardenisagan, magram sakuTari dakvirvebebic aqvs.

gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelo politikurad

ukidures mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. gareSe mtris

dapyroba-Zaladobas Tan sdevda Sinafeodaluri

Tavdasxmebi da tyvis syidvis barbarosuli procesi.

datyveveba da ucxoeTSi gayidva emuqreboda

socialuri kategoriis TiTqmis yvela warmoma-

dgenels. cxadia, moiSala soflis meurneobis

tradiciuli dargebi, Seviwrovda qristianuli

religia, e.i. rjulis msaxureba gaZnelda; mosaxleo-

bis socialuri protestis formam, ayra-gadasaxlebam

farTo xasiaTi miiRo. mxaris aseTi gaveranebis

ZiriTadi mizezi, Turqebis moZaleba iyo, magram

mosaxleobis Zlieri antiTurquli ganwyobilebis

93

gamo, `TurqeTis mTavrobas dasavleT saqarTveloSi

vasaluri morCilebis damamtkicebel pirobad, mosa-

xleobis gamahmadianeba ar mouTxovia~ [10, 482].

mogzaur v. zuevas CanawerebSi yvelaze Semza-

ravi tyved Cavardnili adamianebis gasayidi fasebia,

romlebic imdenad dabali iyo, cxenis fassac ki

Camouvardeboda. mogzauris azriT, tyvis aseTi

siiafe gamowveulia imiT, rom gamyidveli cdilobs

swrafad moiSoros arasasurveli `savaWro

saqoneli~ [11, 237-238]. mimoqcevaSi am dros iyo

Turquli fulis erTeuli, `sxva fuls dadiani ar

sWrida~ [1, 321]. vaWrobis sagans agreTve warmoa-

dgenda abreSumi, bamba, tyaveuli, xe-tye, Tafli,

cvili da misTana. vaWroba iseTi farTomasStabiT ar

vrceldeboda, rom mosaxleoba socialuri

krizisidan gamoeyvana. SeiZleba iTqvas, mas mxolod

sezonuri xasiaTi hqonda. kerZod, `abreSumi ra moi-

wevdnen ivnissa da ivlisSi; abreSumis naqsovi _

Semodgomaze; bewveuloba zamTarSi, simindi gazaf-

xulze, Romi da Tambaqo zamTarSi, sanTeli _

martSi~ [4, 148]. XVIII s-Si, simindi da Tambaqos

kultura jer kidev ar iyo samegreloSi Semosuli;

zemoT aRniSnuli gviandel suraTs asaxavs, xolo

v. zuevas dros, megrelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi Romi

(igive Romis Romi) da lobioa, zamTarSi _ xorce-

uli, Cveulebriv saqonlis da Roris xorciT

inaxavdnen Tavs, xolo marxvaSi Sebolili TevziT

da xizilalaTi ikvebebodnen [11, 233]. niSandoblivia,

v. zuevas Tanamedrove i. rainegsis SeniSvna, rom meg-

94

relebisTvis ucxo iyo vaWroba, naosnoba da

TevzWera [5; 122]. i. rainegsis cnobas am SemTxvevaSi

obieqturad unda SevxedoT, vinaidan vaWroba maSin

mTlianad TurqTa xelSi iyo moqceuli. saxmeleTo

gzebzec sul ufro xSirad Turqi vaWrebi Candnen,

romlebsac SemohqondaT iaraRi, mSvild-isrebi,

cxenis akazmuloba, Tavsafrebi, sufrebi, spilenZi

da rkina [6, 34].

gauTavebel Sinafeodalur omebSi Cabmuli

mosaxleobisaTvis, iaraRi da sabrZolo aRWurvi-

loba udavo saWiroebas warmoadgenda. v. zuevas

mixedviT, am xanebSi cecxlsasrol iaraRs cotani

Tu iyenebdnen. samagierod, Subis xmarebaSi iyvnen

daostatebulni. maT SeiaraRebas mSvild-isari,

xmali da didi joxi _ kombali warmoadgenda [11,

230]. mSvild-isari saqarTvelosi uZvelesi droidan

gavrcelebuli sasroli iaraRia, romlis srolas

oTxi wlidan aswavlidnen bavSvebs, romlebic, `ise

kargad euflebodnen mas, rom gafrenil patara

Citasac ki axvedrebdnen isars~ [9, 119]. amgvari

wvrTnis Semdeg, aravis gaukvirdeba mamakacebis karg

mxedrebad da meomrebad Camoyalibeba, romlebic

maRal sabrZolo xelovnebas flobdnen. samwuxarod,

es meomruli suliskveTeba Sinafeodalur omebs

ewireboda. Tavadebi SeiaraRebuli jariT Tavs

esxmodnen erTmaneTs. saxls, mindvrebs _ yvelafers

arbevdnen, wvavdnen da spobdnen. v. zuevas cnobiT,

mosalodneli Zarcva-rbevis Sesaxeb, erTmaneTs

winaswar ar afrTxilebdnen. maTi urTierTTareSi

95

erT kviras grZeldeboda. tyvedCavardnil qalebsa

da bavSvebs Turqebze hyiddnen, xolo mamakacebs da

saqonels adgilze xocavdnen [11, 229]. J. Sardenis

mixedviT, megrelebisa da maTi mezoblebis omebi

arsebiTad Tavdasxmas da Zarcvas warmoadgens,

romelic xangrZlivi ar aris da naxevar TveSi

yvelaferi mTavrdeba. `tyveebi rac SeiZleba meti

mihyavT. Tu mxedari gadmoagdes unagiridan, maSinve

Camoxtebian cxenidan, damarcxebuls SeboWaven im

TokiT, romelsac qamarze atareben da sakuTar

mxlebels miabareben xolme. Sepyrobilis sikvdil-

sicocxlis saqme damtyveveblis xelTaa, romelsac

Tavisi survilis mixedviT SeuZlia moeqces. mas

Cveulebriv tyved aqcevs da Semdeg Turqebs mihyidis

[9, 126].

advili warmosadgenia sasamarTlo procesi da

samarTlis warmoebis done. amis Sesaxeb mogzaur-

misionerTa naSromebSi isedac mcireodeni cnobebi

gvxvdeba, vinaidan imdroindeli mZime saSinao da

sagareo pirobebis gamo, klasobriv urTierTobaTa

mowesrigeba feodaluri samarTlis normebis

mixedviT iSviaTad xdeboda. faqtobrivad, aSkara

Zalmomreoba batonobda [10; 483]. CvenTvis sakvlev

periodSi, vaxtangis kanoni didi xnis SemoRebuli

unda yofiliyo samegreloSi, daaxloebiT 1744

wels, otia dadianis dros [4, 125]. Tumca,

samegrelos mTavari Tavis samTavroSi samarTals

TviTon awarmoebda, romelic maincdamainc

lmobierebiT ar gamoirCeoda. saqme imaSia, rom

96

mTavar dadians ganuzomeli ufleba hqonda Tavis

qveSevrdomebze, rogorc ityvian maT sikvdil-

sicocxleze, iseve rogorc aznaurebs TavianT

mamulebSi. aseTi mmarTveloba, romelic ar

eyrdnoboda mtkice kanonmdeblobas, qveSevrdomebs

sacodavi pirutyvis mdgomareobaSi agdebda; autanel

situacias gaqceviT Tu daaRwevdnen Tavs [9, 227].

garda oficialuri gadasaxadebisa, glexi valdebuli

iyo yovelwliurad ramdenime dRe Seenaxa Tavisi

batoni, romelic mravalricxovani amaliT (qalebi,

bavSvebi, mosamsaxureebi, stumrebi) mogzaurobda da

mTeli wlis manZilze adgilidan adgilze

gadadioda. bargi mihqondaT cxenosnebs [11, 227].

Sardenis cnobiT ki, tvirTi mihqondaT qveiTad

maval mamakacebs da qalebs, romlebic naxevrad

SiSveli, Tavze da mxrebze modebuli bargiT,

sirbiliT misdevdnen maT [9, 117]. swored amgvari

mogzaurobisas, dadiani gzadagza arCevda sadavo

sakiTxebs da daadgenda samarTals. xalxiT gar-

Semortymuli mTavari mudmivad mzad iyo sadavo

saqme sityvierad gaerCia. `megrelebi bednierebi

arian imiT, rom maTi mTavari yovelTvis da

yovelgan mzad aris moisminos saCivari da mouZebnos

wamali Tavis qveSevrdomTa saWiroebas. gind

TaTbirobdes da da gind puris Wamad ijdes, Tundac

cxeniT seirnobdes an nadirobdes, mTavari

yovelTvis moismens saqmes da Sesaferis ganCinebas

dasdebs~ [3, 78]. imdroindeli samegrelos mosa-

xleoba mTavris samarTlis warmoebis principiT,

97

rogorc Cans, ukmayofilo ar yofila da rusi

moxeleebis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom samegreloSi

ruseTis Semosvlamde araviTari sasamarTlo

institutebi ar arsebobda ar Seefereba sinamdviles

[7, 38]. saCivris wardgenis martivi wesi arsebobda.

kerZod, momCivani dgeboda Sua gzaSi, mTavris

pirispir da rodesac igi mas miuaxlovdeboda,

momCivani da misi Tanmxlebni maSinve iwyebdnen

xmamaRal yvirils. isini zecisken xelapyrobilni

oxravdnen, joxebs urtyamdnen miwas. orive mxare

cdilobda, erTimeorisTvis gadaeWarbebina. mTavars

Tavisi saboloo gadawyvetileba gamohqonda. yoveli-

ve es xdeboda gzadagza, radganac mTavari ar Cer-

deboda, magram midioda Zalian nela, rom advilad

misdion mas. sxvadasxva batonis glexebis dava

wydeboda maTive batonebis mier zemoaRniSnuli

wesiT... TviT batonebs Soris davas Zala wyvetda.

imarjvebda is, vinc ufro Zlieri iyo. Tu mTavramde

miaRwevda momCivanTa saCivari, mas dadianisadmi

mirTmeuli saCuqrebiT gamoisyiddnen da gamoas-

worebdnen [9, 118; 11, 228].

amdenad, samegrelos samTavroSi umaRles

msajuls mTavari warmoadgenda, romelic

yovelwliuri mogzaurobis dros awarmoebda sadavo

sakiTxebis garigebas. megrelebi sTvlidnen, rom

fexiT mosiarule amala, romelic axlda am SemTxve-

vaSi mTavar dadians, ufro sanaqebo iyo, vidre

cxenosani mxleblebi. megrelebi, rom Zalze mamaci

cxenosnebi iyvnen amaze i. rainegsic mogviTxrobda,

98

romelic maT erTaderT sasaxelo saqmianobad

miiCnevda; mogzauris cnobiT, cxovrobdnen ra Zalze

rbil havian da unayofieres niadagian mxareSi,

romelsac uwvalebladac ki Warbad mohqonda yvela

saWiro da aucilebeli ram cxovrebisaTvis,

miCveulni iyvnen udardelobasa da usaqmurobas [5,

122]. qarTvelebi, romlebsac miwis muSakoba

(damuSaveba) keTilSobilur saqmed miaCndaT, ofliT

mopovebuli naSrom-naRvawiT irCendnen Tavs da

mcirediTac kmayofilni iyvnen, maT usaqmurobaze

fiqrsac ki gamoricxavs. imdroindeli saSinao da

sagareo viTareba, mwarmoebel mosaxleobas met

gasaqans ar aZlevda. i. rainegsis cnobebi winaaR-

mdegobaSi modis v. zuevas CanawerebTan: saxeldobr,

v. zuevas mixedviT, meabreSumeobas da bambis kultu-

ris moyvanas aqtiurad misdevdnen [11, 226], xolo i.

rainegsi werda, rom abreSumis warmoeba am qveyanaSi

Zalze Semosavliani da ayvavebuli iqneboda, magram

is aris mxolod usaqmuri Tavadis qalebisa da

zarmaci aznauris colebis saqmianoba, amdenad, ara

aqvs didi sargebeli [5, 123]. erTaderTi, raSic

SeTanxmebas aRweven aRniSnuli mogzaurebi, imaSi

vlindeba, rom megrelebi arian didad morwmune

qristianebi. saqme imaSia, rom mahmadianuri agresiis

garemocvaSi myof mosaxleobas gansakuTrebiT gafaqi-

zebuli hqonda qristianuli rjulis mimdevroba da

msaxureba. Tumca, xSirad damaxin-jebuli formiT

asrulebdnen. SesaZlebelia zogierTi avantiu-

ristuli bunebis mqone mogzauri, sarwmunoebriv

99

principebs gangeb auferulebda, magram qveynis

ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolaSi, rjulisadmi

erTgulebam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula.

mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi yofis Sesaxeb

warmodgena rom viqonioT, qorwinebisa da

dakrZalvis wesebs unda SevexoT. v. zuevas cnobiT,

dakrZalvisa da glovis rituali religiuri wesebis

sruli dacviT mimdinareobda. kerZod, gansvenebuls

gardacvalebidan meoTxe dRes krZalavdnen,

dakrZalvamde mas taZarSi gadaasvenebdnen, iq wess

augebdnen, saflavs akurTxebdnen, erTi wlis Semdeg

glovas Sewyvetdnen da misTana [11, 237].

erT-erTi Tavisebureba, rac ucxoelebis

gaocebas iwvevda, Wirisufali mandilosnebis

mwuxarebis gamoxatvis gadaWarbebuli forma gax-

ldaT, rac vlindeboda loyebisa da gulmkerdis

frCxilebiT dakawrvaSi, Tmebis daglejvasa da

xmamaRal kivilSi. xSirad qalebs Wirisufali

kacebic ahyvebodnen TavianTi xmamaRali godebiT.

glovis aRniSnuli Cveuleba gvianobamde SemorCa da

mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelosTvis tradiciad

damkvidrda. ase, mag.: XX s-is dasawyisSi, frangi

eTnografi Sarl lefori baTumsa da guriaze

datovebul mogonebebSi, am sakiTxsac Semdegnairad

exeba. igi Wirisufals mimarTavs, rom Rrmad

moxucebuli micvalebulis dros aseTi vai-

uSvelebeli imarTeba da warmodgenili maqvs ra

moxdeba maSin, Tu axalgazrda gardaicvleba-meTqi.

100

man mipasuxa, rom aseTi tradicia aqvT da mas yvela

icavso [2, 90].

rac Seexeba qorwinebis saidumloebas,

arsebuli wyaroebis mixedviT, mas samegreloSi

`savaWro xelSekrulebas~ uwodebdnen. maWanklis

SuamavlobiT mogvarebul kavSirs, qalis tradiciul

mziTevs da sasiZos saCuqrebs, ucxoelebi savaWro

garigebad aRiqvamdnen, vinaidan mziTevic daaxloebiT

imave Rirebulebis iyo, rac sasiZos saCuqrebis

saxiT mohqonda. qorwinebis ceremonialSi mravali

niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia

patarZlis axal ojaxSi Semoyvanisas, mis mier mTel

darbazSi Rvinis mimoqceva iatakze da Romis fafis

naWrebad mimobneva. jvriswera Cveulebriv eklesiaSi

sruldeboda, magram dasaSvebi iyo ojaxSic

aRsrulebuliyo [11, 235].

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yoveldRiur

yofaSi aRmosavluri wesebis gavlena ar SeimCneoda.

Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom samegreloSi arsebuli

wesebis Tanaxmad, sadil-vaxSmobisas sufris wevrebi

Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen da aRmosavleTis

xalxis wesisamebr, fexmorTxmiT sxdebodnen [11, 234].

amrigad, gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelos

tradiciuli yofis Taviseburebebze v. zuevas

Canawerebs wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba

mieniWos, vinaidan avtors mis winamorbedebTan

yovelmxriv gamarTuli da Sejerebuli monacemebi

gamoaqvs. Cven ar mogvepoveba XVIII s-is II naxevris

ufro originaluri da srulyofili xasiaTis

101

aRweriloba, amitom v. zuevas cnobebi Tavisi

obieqturobiT da sizustiT mkvlevarTa saTanado

yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

102

literatura

1. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. 1, 1962, germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargamniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma.

2. gogoliSvili o. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxoel mogzaurTa CanawerebSi, Tb., 2009.

3. lamberti arq. samegrelos aRwera, italiuridan Targmna al. Wyoniam, Tb., 1991.

4. meunargia i. samegrelos samTavros ukanaskneli periodi da daviT dadiani, Tb., 1939.

5. rainegsi i. mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanu-lidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.

6. rommeli d. kavkasiis xalxebi, Targmani germanul-idan n. gioSvilisa, Tb., 2011.

7. qadaria T. samegrelos samTavro XIX saukunis I naxevarSi, Tb., 2003.

8. SamilaZe v. qarTvel da ucxoel mogzaur-mkvle-varTa eTnologiuri cnobebi kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2001.

9. Sardeni J. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma.

10. CxataraiSvili q. dasavleT saqarTvelos socia-lur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis 40-80-ian wlebSi, wign. saqarTvelos istoriis nar-kvevebi, t. 4, Tb., 1971.

11. Зуева В., Выписка из путешественних записок Василья Зуева из месяцослова на 1777 года, М., 1823.

103

Irma Kvashilava

Some Problems of Megrelian Society Every- day Life in the Second Half of the 18th Century

(according to V. Zueva’s records)

The records of Vasilia Zueva are a part of that scientific re-connaissance expeditions planed by Tsarist Russia, which was carried out before entering Russia in Georgia for different rea-sons. The author of this small length work accepts much from her predecessors, but has her own observations as well. To illuminate some peculiarities of the Megrelian Society’s every- day life we used the description of the travel, as we do not possess the mate-rials of the second half of the 18th century.

The social – economic situation and the details of every- day life in Megrelia are given in the work; mainly, in the sphere of labor, rendering judgment, the rights of wedding and mourning, etc.

V. Zueva’s records full fill the gaps of those sources which have been existed before and despite its small length are note-worthy.

104

papuna gabisonia

ruxis brZola da misi mniSvneloba

gviani Sua saukuneebis Crdilo-dasavleT sa-

qarTveloSi, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze

mniSvnelovani migraciuli procesebi ganviTarda, ra-

mac Rrma kvali daamCnia am mxaris eTnikur suraTs.

moyolebuli XVI saukunidan adiReur-afxazuri

modgmis tomebi etapobrivad mkvidrde-bodnen Taname-

drove afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo -

dasavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTamde. es procesi

XVIII saukunis II naxevramde met-naklebi intensi-

vobiT, magram ganuxrelad xorcieldeboda. am migra-

ciis dros adiReur-afxazuri modgmis tomebi, rom-

lebsac qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi tradiciis

mixedviT isev afxazebad, oRond ,,uRmTod da usju-

loebad moqceul afxazebad’’ icnobs, mkidr qarTul

mosaxleobas adgilze aRar aCerebs, anu maTTan Ta-

nacxovrebas ver iwynarebs. aqedan moyolebuli qar-

Tuli mosaxleoba an gaJletis an tyved gayidvis

obieqti xdeba. afxazur enaSi tyvis sinonimad sity-

va ,,agrua” _ igive megreli xdeba.

Tavis mxriv odiSis (samegrelos) jer erisTa-

vebi, Semdeg ki mTavrebi Crdilo-dasavleT saqarT-

velos mimarTulebiT laSqrobebs awyoben. am mxriv

aRsaniSnavia odiSis erisTav mamia III dadianis da

guriis erisTav mamia I gurielis erToblivi sazR-

vao laSqroba SavizRvispireTSi jiqebis winaaRmdeg,

romelic marcxiT damTavrda 1, 497. odiSis pirvel

105

mTavar levan I dadiansac saomari mdgomareoba hqon-

da jiqTa tomebTan. levan II dadianma 1628 da 1634

wlebSi mdinare kelasurs iqiTa afxazeTSi ilaSqra

da mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipova [2, 35].

afxazi mflobelebi odiSis mTavris siuzereno-

bas aRiarebdnen, gamoyavdaT laSqari saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, zogjer gasaWirSi myofi samegrelos

mTavrebi afxazebs afarebdnen Tavs, magram rogorc

ki samegrelos mTavris xelisufleba Sesustdeboda,

afxazebi umalve iwyebdnen TareSs da axal eqspan-

sias, romelic gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda odiSis

Zlieri mTavris levan II dadianis gardacvalebis

Semdeg. Tu jer kidev XIV saukuneSi italiuri

saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT soxumi samegrelos

sanavsadguro qalaqi iyo, XVII saukunis Sua xanaSi

sazRvari samegrelo _ afxazeTs Soris mdinare ke-

lasurze gadioda, sadac levan II-m sanapirodan mTe-

bisaken simagreTa mTeli sistema Seqmna afxazuri

tomebis Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad. levan II-is Semdeg

dasavleT saqarTvelos poli-tikur arenaze afxazi

mflobelebi SarvaSiZeebi ufro metad aqtiurdebian.

1660-iani wlebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi Si-

na omi daiwyo, riTac afxazebma da maTma monaTesave

adiReuri modgmis tomebma kargad isargebles. 1672

wels Jan Sardenis cnobiT, afxazebma samegrelos

samTavros teritoria isgauridan (tyauru, skurCa)

anakliamde safuZvli-anad daarbies [3, 215-216]. am

darbevaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas vaxuSti batoniS-

vili, rodesac werda: ,,xolo JamebTa amaT Sina iyo

106

kirTeba odiSs afxazTagan” [4, 842]. afxazebi Zarcva-

ven caiSis da walenjixis eklesiebs, arbeven da ty-

veebad mihyavT mosaxleoba. italieli kaTolike mi-

sioneris Zampis cnobiT ,,samegrelo samegrelo aRar

aris... mudam afxazis dacemis SiSia” [5, 204-205].

ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi gulistkiviliT

aRniSnavda, rom dadianis samflobelo ,,abazgebma

gaanadgures. . . aikles moqvi, xofi, qiaCi, zugdidi

[6, 46] XVII saukunis 60_70-ian wlebSi afxazTa am

Tavdasxmebs xelmZRvanelobs saustan SarvaSiZe. af-

xazebma miitaces odiSis samTavros teritoria mdi-

nare kelasuridan RaliZgamde, rasac vaxuSti bato-

ni-Svili aRniSnavs: ,,garna iyo Wiri didi odiSs,

viTarca aRvswereT da umetes afxazTagan, rameTu

movidodian navebiTa da xmeliTa da styuevnidian,

daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaremde, da daeSeneboden

TviT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqvs

episkoposni“ [4, 845].

vaxuStim Zalian kargad dainaxa is faqti, rom

am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris Cveulebrivi, feodaluri

samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli omi. niSandoblivia mi-

si termini _ ,,daeSenebodnen”, anu es iyo axali te-

ritoris, samkvidrebelisaTvis brZola.

1681 wels, rodesac odiSis mTavari levan III

gardaicvala, garkveuli areulobiT isargebla

saustan SarvaSiZis vaJma savarexma (sorex) da Tavi

odiSis mTavrad gamoacxada. Tumca is win ver aRud-

ga samegrelos samTavros faqtobriv gamgebel gior-

gi Ciqvans, igive lipartians. savarexma odiSis sam-

107

Tavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilze kontroli mainc

SeinarCuna [7, 113-115].

afxazi mflobelebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ga-

mudmebiT arbevdnen qarTul mosaxleobas, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi garkveuli mosazrebiT mainc iyvnen kav-

SirSi qarTul feodalur samyarosTan. TviTon maTi

feodaluri saxlis kulturuli garemo mainc qar-

Tul kulturas da enas ukavSirdeboda. isini da-

savleT saqarTvelos poli-tikur cxovrebaSi mona-

wileobdnen. 1689 wlisTvis arCil mefes, romelic

afxazeTSi gadavida, Rirseuli maspinZloba gauwia

afxazTa upirvelesma Tavadma zegnay SarvaSiZem [4,

851].

miuxedavad imisa, rom sorex SarvaSiZem odiSis

Crdilo-dasavleTi teritoria miitaca, es miwa-

wyali mainc samegrelod iwodeboda da sorexi af-

xazTa upirveles zegnays, mis biZas ar emorCilebo-

da. 1685 wels afxazebi sorexis samflobelos Se-

moesivnen da aikles. zegnayis Semdeg misma Svilebma

mdinare bzifsa da engurs Soris teritoria daina-

wiles. ufrosma rostomma daisa-kuTra mdinareebs _

bzifsa da kodors Soris miwa-wyali, SuaTana jiqe-

Siam kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris teritoria (afxa-

zurad ,,abJua”_Sua nawili), xolo umcrosma yvapum

RaliZgasa da engurs Soris miiRo samflobelo. yva-

pus memkvidris murzayanis saxelis mixedviT am te-

ritorias Semdgom samurzayano ewoda. yvapum bzifis

afxazeTidan gadmoasaxla Tavad-aznaurTa ramdenime

gvari: anCabaZe, emxuari, marRania, inalifa, romlebmac

108

TavianTi mokidebuli glexebic wamoiyvanes. magram

miuxedavad amisa RaliZgasa da engurs Soris mosax-

leoba ZiriTadad mainc qarTuli darCa, rasac dasav-

leT saqarTvelos kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis

mier gacemuli dokumentebic adasturebs [7, 116-117].

afxazebma gandevnes mdinare kelasursa da Ra-

liZSgas Soris teritoriaze mosaxle qarTuli mo-

saxleoba da TviTon damkvidrdnen. maT am procesisi

ganxorcieleba RaliZgasa da engurs Soris terito-

riaze ver moaxerxes. aq mosaxleobis udidesi nawi-

li qarTuli iyo, xolo gabatonebuli mdgomareoba

afxazma feodalebma moipoves.

1702 wels imereTi faqtobrivma mmarTvelma

giorgi abaSiZem da samegrelos faqtobrivma gamge-

belma giorgi lipartianma erToblivad gaila-Sqres

afxazebze da mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipoves [4,

863]. engursa da RaliZgas Soris miwa-wyali isev

odiSis samTavros iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, Tumca am

mxaris gamgebloba yvapu SarvaSiZis memkvidreebs

darCaT.

1703 wels osmaleTis imperiam dasavleT saqar-

Tlos sruli dapyroba ganizraxa. Tumca maTi es

mcdeloba maleve marcxiT damTavrda. qarTvelebTan

erTad afxazebmac miiRes monawileoba osmalebis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1723 wlisTvis Turq-osmalebma

mainc moaxerxes saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis nav-

sadgurebSi: foTSi, anakliaSi da soxumSi TavianTi

mecixovneebis Cayeneba. SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxes

osmalebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. 1744 wels manu-

109

Car SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi soxumis,

xolo Servani foTis cixes ganagebda. zurabma Tavi-

si Zmiswuli qelaiS ahmad begi (manuCaris Ze) Tavis

memkvidred gamoacxada, xolo meore ZmisSils beqir

beis (Servanis Ze) abJua uboZa. SemdgomSi am orma

samegrelos winaaRmdeg laSqrobis mowyobaSi, rasac

ruxi brZola mohyva, didi roli iTamaSes [7, 131].

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi osmalTa winaaRmdeg

brZolam dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTo gaqaneba

miiRo da am erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas

saTaveSi imereTis saxelovani mefe solomon I

(1752_1784) Caudga, romelmac 1757 wels xresilis

omSi osmalebi sastikad daamarcxa. am brZolaSi mas

odiSis da guriis samTavroebis laSqaric exmarebo-

da. samegrelos jars kacia dadiani sardlo-bda da

mas samurzayanos mflobeli xutunia Sarva-SiZec Tan

axlda, romelic xresilis brZolaSi gmirulad dae-

ca.

solomon I-is mowveviT 1770_1771 wlebSi da-

savleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro saeqspedi-

cio korpusi imyofeboda. imereTis da ruseTis

gaerTianebulma jarma imereTidan osmalebi gaaZeva.

osmalebma samegreloSi dacales anakliisa da ruxis

cixe-simagreebi. osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi same-

grelos mTavari kacia II dadiani (1758_1788) imere-

Tis mefes da rusebis saeqspedicio korpuss ki ex-

mareboda, magram sakmaod orWofuli mdgomareoba

ekava, radgan xresilis brZolis Semdeg mas solo-

mon I-Tan urTierToba daeZaba. 1774 wels, quCuk-

110

kainarjis zavis Semdeg osmaleTs imereTi faqtobri-

vad dakarguli hqonda. sulTnis karma samegreloSi

poziciebis ganmtkiceba gadawyvita da aseT viTareba-

Si, kacia II-m radgan rusebTan da imereTis mefesTan

erTad maT winaaRmdeg miiRo monawileoba, afxazi

mflobelebi waaqeza samegrelos winaaRmdeg farTo-

masStabiani Tavdasxma moewyoT. afxazi Tavadebi am

laSqrobisTvis sagul-dagulod moemzadnen. sakuTriv

afxazeTis teritoriaze Sekrebili molaSqreebis

garda, maT mouwodes mezoblad mcxovreb jiqebs,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb adiReur_Cerqezuli

modgmis tomebs, yirimel TaTrebs samegreloSi er-

Tobliv laSqrobaze. osmalebma maT zarbaznebic

miaSveles.

gaerTianebul koalicias saTaveSi Caudgnen: af-

xaz TavadTagan upirvelesi zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumis

cixis gamgebeli da zurabis memkvidre qelaiS ahmad

begi, abJuas mflobeli beqir bei. gadamwyvet moment-

Si samegrelos mTavars ganudga da maT miemxro sa-

murzayanos gamgebeli levan SarvaSiZe. zogierTi

wyaros cnobiT gaerTianebuli jaris sardali ara

zurab SarvaSiZe, aramed qelaiS ahmad begi iyo [7,

161-162].

kacia II dadiani moaxlovebul safrTxes kargad

momzadebuli Sexvda. Sekriba odiSis, leCxumis da

svaneTis laSqari, magram istorikos nikoloz dadia-

nis sityvebiT: ,,garna ra scno simravle da Zali

SarvaSiZeTa, maSin Tumca iyvnen mterad mefe solomon

da daiani, garna maSinca miuwera avraTi mefesa da

111

SeuTvala: moviden agarianni dasamxobelad Cemda da

samflobeloisa Cemisa da SebRalvad qristianobisa

da nu moixseneb Cven orTa urTierTsa wyenebasa da

moved Semwed Cemda saxelovniTa guliTa da aha Jami

moixseno msaxureba Cemi xresilis brZolisa” [8, 180].

solomon I-ma umal gaiazra Tu ra safrTxis matare-

beli iyo dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis afxazTa da ma-

Ti mokavSireebis Tavdasxma samegrelos samTavroze.

is Tavisi laSqriT sofel banZasTan mivida, iq daiba-

ra guriis mTavari jariT, Semdeg gaerTianebul laS-

qars Tavad waruZRva da ruxis cixe-simagresTan

SeuerTda odiSis mTavris molaSqreebs. dadiani da

misi TanamebrZolebi solomons didi sixaruliT See-

gebnen.

brZola gaimarTa 1780 wlis martSi ruxis cix-

esTan axlos enguris napiras da is istoriaSi ruxis

brZolis saxeliT Sevida. simravliT Segulianebuli

momxdurebi niko dadianis sityvebiT: ,,Semdgomad

raodenisme Jamisa moviden afxazni miurideblad gamo-

vidnen engurs da dasdgen pirispir maTsa. meoresa

dResa amxedrden afxazni da warmoe-marTen zarbazan-

artileriiTa da didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefesa da

dadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen spani mefisa da dadiani-

sani, da Seiqmna saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe am-

xedrda CveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa da waruZRva ra-

modensame gundsa mxedrobasa imerT-odiSarTasa da

miuxTa marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa ur-

TierTisa brZolisa ganglija razmi, da Sevidnen spa-

ni mefisa da dadianisani razmsa Sua. da mxilveli

112

amisani afxazni ver winaRudgnen, da iltvodnen af-

xazni mravalni da Sepyrobilica warmoiyvanes mra-

valni tyved da gamarjvebuli da mxiarul qmnilni

ukmoiqcnen” [8, 180].

ruxis brZolaSi qarTvelTa didma gamarjvebam

wertili dausva afxazTa Semdgom Setevebs odiSis

samTavroze da maT eqspansias samxreT-aRmosavleTis

mimarTulebiT. am brZolis monawile poetma besa-

rion gabaSvilma _ besikma poema ,,ruxis brZola”

dawera. momdevno saukuneSic ar ganelebula am omis

mimarT interesi. ruxis brZolas poemebi uZRvnes

grigol dadianma (kolxidelma) da daviT dadianma

(noRelma). Semoinaxa zepirTqmulebanic, romelic

eqvTime TayaiSvilma krebul ,,Zvel saqarTveloSi”

gamoaqveyna. am zepirTqmulebebis safuZvelze mwe-

ralma niko lorTqifaniZem SesaniSnavi moTxroba

,,raindebi” dawera.

ruxis brZolis Semdeg afxazeTSi Sida dapiris-

pireba daiwyo da ukve samegrelos mTavari Caeria

maT Sida saqmeebSi. samurzayanos teritoria isev

samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi darCa. afxa-

zebs amis Semdeg aRar ucdiaT qarTuli teritorie-

bis Semdgomi aTviseba.

literatura

113

1. axali qarTlis cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris

mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t., II, Tb., 1959.

2. И. Г. Антелава, очерки по истории Абхазии

XVII_XVIII веков, изд. 2, сухуми 1951.

3. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosa-

vleTis qveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamo-

kvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobli-

Svilam, Tb., 1975.

4. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-

losa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadge-nili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, t., IV, Tb., 1973.

5. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa

Soris, tf., 1902.

6. Путишествие Патриарха Досифеия, М. Селезнов,

руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. I, СПБ., 1847.

7. b. xorava, odiS_afxazeTis urTierToba XV_

XVIII ss., Tb., 1996.

8. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,

winasityvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi

daurTo S. burjanaZem, Tb., 1962.

Papuna Gabisonia

114

The Battle of Rukhi and its Importance

In the middle centuries on the territory of modern “Abkhazeti”

Abkhazians and their relative North-Caucasian tribes eventually were trying to capture the territories of principality of Samegrelo. The prince of samegrelo Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657) could sup-press their attacks. But after his death it was impossible to repulse Abkhazian’s aggression. In 1780 Abkhazian feudals: the Zurab, Kelaish, Bekir and Levan Sharvashidze togather with the tribes of Jikis and other North-Caucasian tribes planned the aggression against Samegrelo. In difficult situation the king of Imereti Solomon I helped to the prince of Samegrelo Katsia II Dadiani. The battle was on the bank of the river Enguri in the village of Rukhi. So this battle is known in history as “The battle of rukhi”. Georgians gained the brilliant victory against the aggressors. After the defeat in Rukhi Abkhazians never tried the exspansion on the principality of Samegrelo.

115

zurab sulaberiZe

serbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveyne-

bis damokidebuleba balkaneTis problemi-

sadmi 1885-1886 wlebSi

1885 wlis 6 seqtembers ruseTisa da sxva didi

saxelmwifoebis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod

q. plovdivSi bulgareTma da aRmosavleT rumeliam

gamoacxades gaerTianeba. ramac warmoqmna bulga-

reTis krizisi. serbeTi winaaRmdegi wavida samxreT

da CrdiloeTi bulgareTis gaerTianebisa. serbeTis

xelisufleba miiCnevda, rom amgvari gadawyvetileba

daarRvevda ZalTa balanss balkaneTis naxevar-

kunZulze [3, 256]. rogorc bulgareli istorikosi

venediktovi werda, serbeTs antibulgarul gamos-

vlaSi mxars uWerda osmaleTi, romelic serbeTs

samxreT bulgareTis miwebis xarjze pirde-boda te-

ritoriis gafarToebas [1, 38].

bulgareT-serbeTis omis mizezi aseve ganapiroba

md. timokze or qveyanas Soris arsebulma sazRvris

problemis gadauWrelobam. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mdi-

naris kalapotis Secvlis Sedegad, sofel bregovos-

Tan mdebare serbeTis sasazRvro hauptvaxti bulga-

reTis sanapiro zolSi moeqca. bulgareTma mimarTa

serbeTs moexdina hauptvaxtis evakuacia, razec pa-

suxad uari miiRo. ris Semdeg, serbeTis mesazRvreebi

bulgareli samxedroebis ZalisxmeviT gaiyvanes. ase

daiwyo e.w. „bregovos konfliqti“ [1, 39; 11].

116

1886 wlis 15 oqtombers serbeTis jaris nawi-

lebi bulgareTis teritoriaze Sevida [1, 58]. didi

iyo rigiTi mosaxleobis mxardaWera bulgarelebi-

sadmi. daaxloebiT 60000-ian jaris nawilSi 15000-

ze meti saxalxo razmis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

rac Seexeba Tavad aRmosavleT rumeliis avto-

nomiis Seqmnas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, avtonomiis

Seqmnis gadawyvetileba miiRes berlinis kongresze.

1879 wels evropis saerTaSoriso komisiam gan-

sazRvra misi statusi rogorc „Statut organique

de la Roumelie Orientale“, romelic imarTeboda

general-gubernatoris mier. gubernatori bulgaru-

li warmoSobis qristianuli aRmsareblobis pirov-

neba unda yofiliyo, romelsac evropis qveynebis

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze qveynis 5 wlis vadiT marT-

vis uflebiT oficialurad waradgenda sulTnis

xelisufleba. avtonomiis warmomad-genlobiTi orga-

no 10 kacisagan Semdgari saxalxo sabWoTi gani-

sazRvreboda.

rumeliis pirvel general-gubernatorad daamt-

kices bulgaruli warmoSobis aleko-faSa, igive

aleqsandre bogoridi. misi 5 wliani mmarTvelobis

periodi rumeliisaTvis sakmaod mSvidobiani iyo. ma-

gram aRmosavleT rumelia warmoadgenda TavSesafars

bulgareTidan politi-kurad devnili pirebisaTvis,

rasac rusuli diplomatia winaaRmdegobas uwevda.

aleko faSa xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT

cdilobda evropuli diplomatiis mxardaWra mieRo.

miuxedavad amisa, 1884 wels aRmosavleT rumeliis

117

general-gubernatorad damtkicebul iqna gabriel

krestoviCi. imave wels aRmosavleT rumeliidan

gaemgzavra deputacia evropaSi qveynis bulgareTTan

mierTebis TxovniT. magram, berlinis, venisa da pe-

terburgis karis mier es Txovna imTaviTve uaryo-

fil iqna. xolos parizsa da londonSi deputaciam

ver moaxerxa oficialuri miRebac ki. miuxedavad

amisa, moZraoba friad popularuli gaxda aRmosav-

leT rumeliaSi. am garemoebiT isargebla al. beten-

bergma da policiis oficrebisa da revoluciuri

komitetis wevrTa daxmarebiT daiwyes agitaciis ga-

tareba rumeliis bulgareTTan mierTebis Sesaxeb.

revoluciur partias saTaveSi edga zaqaria stoaia-

novi. 1885 wlis maisSi plovdiviSi konspira-ciulad

moRvaweoba daiwyo bulgareTis farulma revolu-

ciurma komitetma, romelsac al. betenbergi finan-

surad da moralurad uWerda mxars. es iyo pirveli

organizacia, romelic ibrZoda bulgareTisa da aR-

mosavleT rumeliis gasaerTianeblad. pirveli mRel-

vareba 1885 wlis 2 seqtembers daiwyo. 5 seqtembers

mRelvareba gavrcelda da antiosmalurma Zalebma

daikaves rigi punqtebi [9].

general-gubernatori krestoviCi dapatimrebul

iqna da gasaxlebul iqna regionidan. Seiqmna droe-

biTi mTavroba doqtor stranskis xelmZRvanelobiT.

al. betenbergma, romelic imJamad varnaSi imyofebo-

da, 8 seqtembers miiRo telegrama saxelmwifo ga-

datrielebis warmatebulad dasrulebis Sesaxeb. im-

ave dRes betenbergma sazeimo viTarebaSi gamosca ma-

118

nifesti aRmosavleT rumeliis bulgareTTan mierTe-

bis Sesaxeb [10].

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa uwyeba al. betenber-

gisgan iTxovda, rom ar daeWira mxari aRmosavleT

rumeliis gamowvevisTvis da daecva berlinis traq-

tatis saerTaSoriso mowyobis ZiriTadi principebi

[6, 210].

zemoaRniSnul politikur procesebs met-

naklebi sisruliT exeba Tavad al. betenbergi Tavi-

si mogonebaSi. Canaweridan Cans, rom al. batenbergi

aRniSnul viTarebas varaudobda jer kidev erTi

wliT adre. ramdenadac aRmosavleT rumeliis po-

litikur da sazogadoebriv Zalebs momavali cxo-

vreba mxolod bulgareTTan mierTebiT warmoedginaT

[4].

al. betenbergi rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

betenbergs piroba hqonda dadebuli ruseTis saimpe-

ratoro karis winaSe, rom mxars ar dauWerda aRmo-

savleT rumeliis gamowvevas, faqtobrivad ki aRmo-

savleT rumeliis mxardamWerad gamodioda. didi iyo

betenbergis SiSi osmalebis mxridan agresiis ga-

movlenisa da qveynis intervenciis mxrivac [5, 73].

saberZneTi da serbeTi moiTxovdnen terito-

riebis kompensacias. evropeli diplomatebi stam-

bulSi mTeli 1 kviris ganmavlobaSi bWobdnen sakiT-

xis daregulirebas, magram Sexvedram aranairi Sede-

gi ar gamoiRo [6, 212].

1885 wlis noemberSi serbeTis mefe milanma omi

gamoucxada bulgareTs.

119

samxedro dapirispirebam, romelic erT welze

meti xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, saerTaSoriso

politikuri Zalebis Careva gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT

winaaRmdegi Sexvda am faqts avstria-ungreTis impe-

ria, ramdenadac bulgareTis gaZliereba safrTxes

uqmnida mis poziciebs balkaneTSi.

omis dasawyisSi serbeTi varaudobda, rom mas

mxars dauWerda osmaleTis imperia. magram ruseTis

diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, sulTnis xelis-

uflebam ar ganaxorciela konfliqtSi Careva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtis dasawyisSi bul-

gareTi faqtobrivad samxedro oficrebis gareSe

darCa. radgan ruseTma ori qveynis gaerTianebis Se-

saxeb gamocxadebisTanave, gamoiyvana bulgareTis ja-

ris nawilebSi momsaxure rusi oficrebi. ris Sem-

deg, bulgarelebi, ZiriTadad artileriis imedad

darCnen.

rac Seexeba serbeTis armias, is im periodisT-

vis aRWurvili iyo Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraRe-

biT. magram maT mainc ver miaRwies samxedro warma-

tebas. ZiriTadi mizezi warumateblobisa, iyo ofi-

crebisa da samxedroebis araprofesionalizmi da

sabrZolo aRWurvilobis auTvisebloba. omis dawye-

bidan cota xanSi, serbeTis jariskacebi dadgnen

samxedro aRWurvilobis deficitis winaSe. araswori

iyo aseve serbeTis mefis milan I-is mier ganxor-

cielebuli samxedro strategia, ramac dabneulobaSi

Caagdo jaris nawilebi.

120

warumatebeli Setakebis Semdeg, serbeTi Tav-

dacvaze gadavida. bulgareTma ki samxedro moqmede-

bebi serbeTis teritoriaze gadaitana. maT daikaves

qalaqi piroti. ris Semdeg, 1885 wlis 28 noembers

avstria-ungreTma ultimatumi gamoucxada bulga-

reTs, rom omis arSewyvetis SemTxvevaSi samxedro

procesSi CaerTveboda.

avstria-ungreTis amgvarma gancxadebebma saqme

iqamde miiyvana, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, avstria-

ungreTi, ruseTi da osmaleTis imperia omis

zRvarze aRmoCndnen. aq ZiriTadad erTmaneTs ejax-

eboda ruseT-avstriis interesebi. germania, rogorc

berlinis traqtatis mTavari novatori, gulgrili

ver darCeboda im procesebisadmi, romlebic traq-

tatis Semdgom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Seiqm-

na. is farulad uWerda mxars avstria-ungreTs, ram-

denadac misi daintereseba imTaviTve didi iyo bul-

gareT-serbeTTan mimarTebaSi.

bismarkis 1885 wlis 9 oqtombriT daTari-

Rebuli werilidan Cans, rom germania gamodioda

xelSekrulebis damcvelad da samxedro konfliqtis

warmoSobisTanave emxroboda status qvos SenarCune-

bas balkaneTze [7, 12-13]. magram bulgareTi rasak-

virvelia winaRmdegi iyo am SemoTavazebisa. ruseTi

Tavs aridebda bulgareT-serbeTis urTierTobebis

problemasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari azris sajarod

gamoxatvas. razec germaniis kancleri ukmayofilebas

gamoTqvamda ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT. germa-

121

niis mTavroba cdilobda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina

Tavisi gavlena orive imperiaze [7, 15].

ruseTic oficialurad TiTqos ar ereoda Seqm-

nil viTarebaSi, Tumca mTavar betenbergis winaaRm-

deg gamosasvlelad bulgareTis liberalur Zaleb-

Tan amyarebda farul kontaqtebs. aseve rusuli na-

cionalisturi panslavuri presa pirdapir gamodi-

oda „bulgareli Zmebis“ dacvis mxareze [6, 210; 5,

73].

1885 wlis 22 noembrisaTvis, evropis TiTqmis

yvela saxelmwifo SeTanxmebuli iyo bulgareTisa

da serbeTis teritoriebis status qvos Senar-

Cunebaze [7, 16]. es gadawyvetileba, rasakvirvelia,

imTaviTve mimarTuli iyo ruseTis poziciebis Sesa-

susteblad baklaneTsa da kavkasiaSi.

1885 wlis 24 noembers TurqeTisa da evropis

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen graf qe-

venhiulerTan serbeTis Sesaxeb mSvidobiani xelSe-

krulebis gaformebis Taobaze, rac dadastu-rebulia

germaniis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis graf breis

bismarkisadmi miweril werilSi [7, 21]. aRniSnul

SeTanxmebaSi, germania ruseTTan da avstria-

ungreTTan erTad, moiTxovda ZmaTamkvleli omis sa-

swrafod Sewyvetas rasac mxars uWerdnen inglisis,

italiisa da safrangeTis diplomatiuri warmomad-

genlobebi [7, 23].

am mowodebis miuxedavad, 1885 wlis 25 noem-

bers bulgareTma uari ganacxada saomari moqmedebis

SeCerebaze. serbeTi yovelgvari samxedro amuniciis

122

gareSe iyo darCenili da savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo

bulgarelebs belgradamde mieRwiaT. arsebuli viTa-

rebidan gamosasvlelad, avstriis xelisufleba arw-

munebda berlinis kars, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze

optimaluri varianti avstriis mier serbeTis oku-

pacia iqneboda. ris Semdeg, TiTqos, bulgareTi Se-

wyvetda agresias am qveynisadmi [7, 24]. avstria-

ungreTis am gegmaSi, rasakvirvelia, serbeTis inter-

sebi yvelaze bolo adgilas iyo. misTvis umTavres

mizans warmoadgenda, arsebuli viTarebis gamoyene-

biT, bosnia-hercogovinis aneqsia da serbeTze saku-

Tari gavlenis damyareba.

avstria-ungreTis gadawyvetileba germaniis xe-

lisuflebam dadebiTad ar aRiqva. 1885 wlis 23

noembers germaniis elCi TurqeTSi fon radovitci

bismarks werda, rom 22 noembisaTvis sabolood ver

SeTanxmdnen serbeT-bulgareTis sakiTxTan dakav-

SirebiT, ris ZiriTad mizezad ruseTis gadawyve-

tilebis miuReblobas asaxelebda, ramdenadac ver

miiRo saTanadao miTiTeba peterburgidan. avstriasa

da italias araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gaaCnda.

Tanxmobas acxadebda aseve safrangeTis diplomatiuri

warmomadgelobac. orazrovani iyo mxolod ruseTis

karis damokidebuleba aRmosavleT rumeliis bulga-

reTTan mierTebasTan dakavSirebiT [7, 18].

1885 dekemberSi germaniis mTavroba srulad iyo

informirebuli avstriis ganzraxvaze, serbeTis oku-

paciasTan dakavSirebiT. magram avstria-ungreTis

aSkarad mxardaWerisgan Tavs ikavebda. avstria germa-

123

nias umtkicebda imas, rom misi Sesvla serbeTSi

mxolod droebiTi xasiaTis iqneboda. rasac germania

ar miiCnevda mizanSewonilad [7, 31].

fon bismarkis azriT, avstriis serbeTSi SeWra

gamarTlebuli iqneboda, mxolod ruseTis mier

bulgareTis aneqsiis SemTxvevaSi. magram, rogorc

masalebidan Cans, bulgareTis okupacia im periodis

ruseTis samxedro-politikur gegmaSi saerTod ar

ganixileboda [7, 34].

sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom avstria-ungreTis

mier serbeTis viTarebis destabilizaciis SemTxvevaSi,

ruseTis mTavar politikur kozirs Cernogoria war-

moadgenda. Tumca Cernogoriis xelisuflebas ruseTis

saimperatoro kari mouwodebda Tavi Seekavebina samxe-

dro-politikuri gamosvlebisagan da saTanado moments

dalodeboda [7, 31].

am TvalsazrisiT germaniis kancleri sworad

gansazRvravda ruseT-Cernogorias Soris arsebul

politikur realobas. avstriis mxridan serbeTis

okupaciis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs namdvilad ar gau-

Wirdeboda Cernogorelebis provocireba da svamda

kiTxvas, ramdenad SeeZlo avstrias Tavi gaerTva

SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli rTuli politikuri pro-

cesebisaTvis [7, 34]. germaniis sagareo uwyebisaTvis

aseve naTeli iyo, rom avstriis mTavrobas ar Ses-

wevda Zala viTareba mxolod serbeTis mTavar mila-

nisaTvis sasargeblod waremarTa [2, 33]. miT ufro,

rom jer kidev berlinis traqtatis dadebidan

moyolebuli ruseTi aqtiurad inarCunebda dominan-

124

tis pozicias bulgareTze da mTlianad balkaneTis

naxevar-kunZulze. amrigad, rogorc ruseTi, ise ger-

mania im periodis saerTaSoriso urTieraTobis

fonze ar dauSvebda avstria-ungreTis gabatonebuli

poziciis Seqmnas balkaneTze [7, 34].

germaniis mTavroba arc imas malavda, rom av-

striis mier provokaciis ganxorcielebis SemTxve-

vaSi, mas win aRudgeboda [7, 35]. germaniis rkinis

kancleri Tavis werilSi dasZenda, rom avstriis

mier serbeTis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, igive argumenti

SeeZlo moeyvana ruseTs bulgareTis, rumineTis da

Tundac konstantinopolis okupaciaze. aseve in-

gliss egviptis srul kolonizaciaze. rac ewi-

naaRmdgeboda im sammxrivi molaparakebis Sedegad

miRweul SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebda

„status qvos“ SenarCunebas balkaneTze [7, 35-36].

avstriis sagareo uwyeba mxedvelobaSi ar iReb-

da me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebisaTvis Cernogoriis

gansakuTrebulad axlo urTierT-kavSirs ruseTTan.

aseve ugulebelyofda bosniaSi arsebul eTnikur

suraTs. romlebic ara mxolod politikuri, aramed

religiuri TvalsazrisiTac daZabul urTierTobaSi

iyvnen serbeTTan [7, 37].

germaniis mxridan gamoxatulma neitralurma

poziciam avstriis mier serbeTis okupaciasTan da-

kavSirebiT, avstria-ungreTis xelisuflebaSi gaaCina

eWvi, rom germaniis saimperatoro kari prorusul

politikur orientaciaze idga. bismarki Tavis mxriv

umtkicebda avstriis xelisuflebas, rom aRmosav-

125

luri politikis gadawyveta SeuZlebeli iyo ru-

seT-avstriis mowesrigebuli urTierTobis gareSe.

amiT arwmunebda avstrias kidev erTxel imaSi, rom

avstriis msgavsi moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi

xeldakrefili ar darCeboda misi „slavi Zmebis“

dacvis saqmeSi [7, 37].

germaniis saimperatoro kari aseve uaryofda

avstriis politikuri wreebis Sexedulebas imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom germaniisaTvis balkaneTze stabi-

luri viTarebis SenarCuneba Zalze mniSvnelovani

iyo [7, 38].

serbeT-bulgareTis samxedro-politikuri dapi-

rispireba sabolood dasrulda 1886 wlis 7 dekem-

bris buharestis sazavo xelSekrulebiT. aRniSnul

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen germa-

niis, ruseTis, avstria-ungreTis, safrangeTis, in-

glisis, italiisa da TurqeTis warmomadgenlebi [8,

12]. saerTaSoriso zewolis (gansakuTrebiT avstria-

ungreTis) Sedegad, bulgareTi iZulebuli gaxda

daTanxmeboda omamdeli viTarebis SenarCunebas. ser-

beTisa da bulgareTis teritoriebi ucvleli darCa.

mxolod bulgareTisa da aRmosavleT rumeliis

gaerTianeba aRiares didma saxelmwfoebma. rogorc

bulgareli mecnierebi aRniSnaven, omis Semdeg gaixs-

na Semdgomi gza bulgareTis momavali warmatebuli

ganviTarebisa.

serbeTi ki didi moraluri dartymis qveS aR-

moCnda. bulgareTisa da serbeTis politikur ur-

TierTobebSi seriozuli bzarebi gaCnda. qveynebi

126

romlebic saukuneebis manZilze erTad ibrZodnen os-

maluri batonobis winaaRmdeg, 1885 wlis samxedro

konfliqtis Semdeg erTmaneTis mimarT mtrul damo-

kidebulebaSi aRmoCndnen. ganviTarebis axal fazaSi

gadavida germania-bulgareTis urTierTobebi rogorc

politikuri, ise ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sa-

ganmanaTleblo TvalsazrisiT.

literatura

127

1. Венедиктов, Й. История на доброволците от

Сербско-Балгарската война 1886, «Сливница», 1935.

2. Гоков Олег, Образ князя Александра Баттенберга в

российской мемуаристике последней четверти ХІХ –

начала ХХ вв; [eleqtronuli resursi]; http://libra-

ry.by/portalus/modules/history/readme.php?subaction=s

howfull&id=1297706545&archive=&start_from=&ucat

=&; daSveba 25.08.2012.

3. Краткая история Болгарии, под редакции Г.

Литаврина, Москва, 1987.

4. Fuerst Aleksander von Bulgarien, Mittheilungen aus

seinem Leben und seiner Regierung, Darmschtadt 1887.

5. Bulgarische nationalismus und die Politik bismarcks.

Author, Roland Schaller. Publisher, Johann Wolfgang

Goethe-Universitat, 1975. Original from, gv. 73]--’-50;

6. Björn Opfer, Alexander v. Battenberg und die Anfänge

des Bulgarischen Fürstentums, Zeitschrift für hessische

Geschichte und Landeskunde, #108 (2003), Johann

Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt am Meine 1975.

7. Die Große Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-

1914; B. 5, Berlin 1922.

8. 1200 Jahredeutsch-bulgarische Beziehungen – in Über-

blick Professor Dr. Heinz-Günther Borck, eleqtro-nuli resursi: http://www.obere-

meerbach.de/Bulgarien.pdf; daSveba 15.08.2012.

9. http://www.slovo.bg

10. http://www.studhistory.ru

11. http://ru.wikipedia.org

Zurab Sulaberidze

128

The Serbian-Bulgarian War and the Relation's of the

European Countries with the Balkan's Started in 1885-1886

The Serbian-Bulgarian war in 1885-1886 is considered in

the publication. On September 6th 1885 in the city of Plovdiv Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia publicly declared the association of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia to against Russia and other great countries of interests which caused the Bulgarian crisis. Serbia went against the association of Northern and Southern Bulgaria and the Government of Serbia considered the association of Bul-garia to cause a violation of power balance on the Balkan Penin-sulas. The Ottoman Empire supported Serbia against anti-Bulgarian succession and the government of Turkey promised Serbia to broaden it's territories at the expense of the Bulgarian lands.

Military opposition which carried on for more than one year had incurred interventions of the international forces. The Austria-Hungarian empire was especially against this fact, whereas strengthening of Bulgaria foretold the danger of its positions in the Balkans.

After unsuccessful attacks on Bulgaria, Serbia shifted to self-defense and military operations had been transferred over to the territories of Serbia which were finally completed with the vic-tory of the Bulgarian military forces. On November 28th 1885 Aus-tria – Hungary declared an ultimatum to Bulgaria to cease military operations. In an opposite case they also promised to join in the war against Bulgaria.

On December 7th 1886 in Bucharest the peace agreement between Serbia and Bulgaria was signed. The diplomats of Ger-

129

many, Russia, Austria - Hungary, France, England, Italy and Tur-key also signed on the Agreement. As the result of this interna-tional pressure, Bulgaria was compelled to agree on maintenance of a pre-war situation. The territories of Serbia and Bulgaria re-mained indisputable. The association of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia was recognized only by the great countries.

The Bulgarian scientists claim that after the war the new way of future successful development was opened to Bulgaria. Serbia's indifference from Bulgaria was under big moral and ma-terial threat and serious cracks appeared in the Bulgarian- Ser-bian relations. The countries which battled together against an Ottoman yoke throughout the centuries , after the military conflict of 1885, became the enemies to each other.

Сулаберидзе Зураб

130

Политические и экономические аспекты

Немецкой восточной политики в конце

19 – начале 20 вв.

Целью нашей публикации является краткое

рассмотрение политических и экономических аспектов

восточной политики Германии в конце 19 и начале 20

века.

На основании русской и немецкой научной

литературы и источников, мы представим системную

картину турецкой и ближневосточной политики

Германии в конец 19 и начале 20 века.

Итоги франко-прусской войны в 1870 – 1871 годах

создали совершенно новую ситуацию в Европе.

Образование Германской империи имело большое

международное значение и оно изменило

политическую карту Европы. После этого, Берлинский

трактат 1878 года особенно упрочил немецкий

авторитет и ее роль на международной арене в 70-80

годах 19 века1.

В конце 19 века политические и экономические

интересы Германии пересекаются на востоке в

основном в двух направлениях. Первым являлось:

воздействие Германии непосредственно на северо-

восток, который объединял Прибалтику, Польшу,

Беларусь, Украину. Вторым же было усиление влияния

Германской империи на юго-восточные территории:

Балканы, Турция, Кавказ, ближний восток до Персии2.

1 Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 12. Sept. 1919, N443, S.4

2 Д.Сейдаметов, Н.Шляпников, Германско-Австрийская разведка в

царской России, М., 1939, стр. 5

131

Канцлер Германии Бисмарк хорошо понимал, что

экспансия Германии в Турции и на Балканах зависела

от временных обстоятельств3.

С начала 19 века немецкие востоковеды начали

многосторонне изучать Турцию. Кроме этого,

немецкие политики и военные лица внимательно

исследовали возможность распространения немецкой

политики в ближневосточном регионе.

После Русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 года

Турецкому султану Абдул-Хамиду II-му было

необходимо восстановить боеспособность армии.

Ввиду тяжелого финансового и морального положения

Османской империи, выбор султана пал на Германию.

Поскольку, до собрания Берлинского конгресса, Отто

фон Бисмарк выражал поддержку Абдулахмаду II-му и

его Визирям. Поэтому, Бисмарк положительно отнесся

к просьбе Абдул-Хамида направить в Стамбул

немецких чиновников и офицеров для оказания

помощи в деле реформирования армии4.

После заключения русско-австро-германского

союза 1881 года, отправка миссии в Турцию затянулась.

Наконец, в 1882 году миссия во главе с фон-дер

Гольцем, прибыла в Стамбул, где работала до 1893 года5

.

В первые годы своей деятельности, немецкая

военная миссия практически не была допущена к

3 История 19 века, под редакции Лависа и Рамбо, книга 7, стр. 425 4 Силин А.С. Германская военная миссия фон дер Гольца в Турции в

1882 – 1895 гг. – М., 1956. с.56-58 5 Силин А.С. Экспансия Германии на Ближнем Востоке в конце XIX

века. – М., 1971, с. 64-67

132

руководству вооруженными силами Турции. В 1882 –

1885 годах германские офицеры практически оказались

в двусмысленном и унизительном положении. Было

очевидно, что Османский двор, используя немецких

офицеров, держал своей целью произвести впечатление

наличия политической поддержки. Надо отметить, что

из всего состава германской военной миссии, с самого

начала лишь фон-дер Гольцу удалось достичь

некоторого успеха. Он сумел добиться частичной

реорганизации турецких военных училищ. Фон-дер

Гольц был назначен начальником главной

Стамбульской военной школы, готовившей офицеров

генштаба и соответствующей военным академиям в

европейских государствах. Фон-дер Гольц стремился

приблизить систему обучения и распорядок школы к

известной ему Берлинской военной академии. Но

Абдул-Хамид испугался европеизации военной школы

и чинил препятствия деятельности фон-дер Гольца.

Таким образом, фон-дер Гольцу приходилось

преодолевать сопротивления и в 1886 году он был

назначен генеральным инспектором всех турецких

военных школ. Фон-дер Гольц пользовался в Турции

влиянием и это облегчило в последующем вовлечение

младотурок в орбиту германского влияния, так как

лидеры младотурецкой партии были его учениками и

выходцами из руководимых им военных школ.

С 1885 года начинаются реальные сдвиги германо-

турецкого сотрудничества6.

6 Еремеев Д.Е., Мейер М.С. История Турции в средние века и новое

время. – М., 1992, с. 142-143

133

Государственный переворот, произошедший в

Турции в январе 1913 года, был осуществлен

младотурками, руководящий комитет которых -

“Единение и прогресс” - поддерживал тесный контакт с

германским послом в Стамбуле бароном Г. фон

Вангенхаймом и германским военным атташе майором

фон Штремпелем. Это создавало благоприятную почву

для укрепления германских позиций в Османской

империи7.

Соответствующий договор с Османской империей

был подписан 28 октября 1913 года в Берлине8. Тесные

связи между Германией и Турцией привели этих два

государства к союзу в первой мировой войне.

К концу XIX века были созданы все условия для

расширения германского капитала в Турции. В самой

Германии происходил бурный рост промышленных

монополий и в конце 80-х годов XIX века. Георг фон

Сименс – глава Немецкого банка – заявил, что “прошли

те времена, когда германский капитал был лишь

участником английских и французских предприятий в

Турции; теперь этот капитал окреп и может

действовать самостоятельно”9.

7 Секретный договор – контракт о немецкой военной миссии //

Юровская Е.Е. Практикум по новой истории 1870 – 1917 гг. – М., 1974.

с. 221-222 8 Хальгартен Г. Империализм до 1914 года. Социологическое

исследование Германской внешней политики до Первой мировой

войны. – М., 1961, с. 324 9 Туполев Б.М. Германский империализм в борьбе за «место под

солнцем”: Германская экспансия на Ближнем Востоке, в Восточной

Африке и в районе Индийского океана в конце XIX – начале XX веков.

– М., 1991 с. 33

134

Стремительная экспансия немецких банков на

Ближнем Востоке свидетельствовала о вступлении

Германии в борьбу за передел сложившихся в этом

регионе мира сфер экономического влияния других

европейских государств.

В 1888 году в Стамбуле открыл свое отделение

крупнейший в Германии Немецкий банк (Deutsche

Bank), а в 1906 году в Стамбуле группой немецких

банков был основан Немецкий Восточный банк,

конкурируя с британскими и французскими

финансовыми учреждениями и внедряясь в экономику

Ближнего Востока. Позиции германских банков в

экономике Османской империи быстро укреплялись.

Немцы добились также права на осуществление

судоходной связи между Хайдарпашой и Стамбулом10

.

Вторым особенным направлением немецкой

восточной политики является проникновение Германии

в политическую и экономическую жизнь Персии в

конце 19 и начала 20 века. По договору 1873 года

между Германией и Персией, Германия имела

возможность действовать на территории Персии.

Договор, безусловно, пересекал интересы Англии и

России в регионе Ближнего Востока.

Персия со второй половины 19 века являлась

полуколониальной страной: на северной части Персии

господствовала гегемония России, на южной части –

Англии.

В 1888 году «Дойче Банк» основал «Немецкое

Общество Анатолийских железных дорог» и получил

10 Jürgen Franzke, Bagdad- und Hedjazbahn. Deutsche Eisenbahngeschichte

im Vorderen Orient« DB Museum, Nürnberg 2003; s. 24-90

135

концессию на проведение рельсовой колеи по Малой

Азии до Ангоры с обещанием дальнейших концессий

до Багдада. Общая длина всей Багдадской железной

дороги должна была составить 3000 километров и весь

проезд от Константинополя до Багдада требовал всего

40 часов времени. Срок постройки был определен, по

концессии, в 8 лет, т.е. к 1908 году11

.

По первоначальному проекту, созданному

известным инженером Вильгельмом фон Пресселем,

Багдадская дорога должна была начаться у Хайдар-

паши на Мраморном море, т.е. именно у

Константинополя. От этого пункта дорога должна была

пройти по северной части Анатолии, почти

параллельно по побережью Черного моря, затем в юго-

восточном направлении через Сивас, где проходили

армянские и персидские караваны, откуда должно было

пойти разветвление на Эрзерум и Битлис, к кавказской

границе. Затем дорога, по проекту Пресселя,

поворачивала в юго-восточном направлении и шла

через Сивас, Диарбекир, Мосул к Багдаду, а оттуда к

Персидскому заливу. В действительности это была

великая военно-стратегическая дорога12

.

Турецкое правительство приняло проект Пресселя.

С 1871 по 1872 год была построена линия от Хайдар-

паши до Исмада в объемностью 92 километра. Но затем

в течение последующих десяти лет, с 1873 по 1889 год,

дело ни на шаг не продвинулось вперед. Было

11 Manfred Pohl, Von Stambul nach Bagdad. Die Geschichte einer berühmten

Eisenbahn, Piper Verlag, München 1999 12 Аветян А.С. Германский империализм на Ближнем Востоке. - М.,

1966, с. 111

136

очевидно, что Турция собственными силами не была в

состоянии осуществить даже часть этого грандиозного

проекта.

Проекты Багдадской железной дороги

согласовывались со стремлениями турецкого

генерального штаба соорудить эту линию ближе к

Закавказью. По так называемому «северному варианту»

Багдадскую железную дорогу намечалось продолжить

от Ангора через Иоз-гад, Токат, Сивас, Нижнюю

Малатию, Харпут и Диарбекир. От последнего пункта

железная дорога должна была спуститься в Северную

Мессопотамию.

Противодействие России принудило германцев

обратиться к «южному варианту» Багдадской дороги. В

апреле 1900 года между Германией и Россией было

оформлено секретное соглашение. По договору прорыв

Германии к кавказской границе был окончательно

предотвращен. По «южному варианту» железная

дорога должна была пройти от Эрегли через Адана,

Ислахие, Джерабулус, Рас-эль-айн, Мосул, Багдад,

Неджеф, Ковейт.

Буржуазная революция Персии 1905 года, создала

серьезное разногласие между Россией и Англией,

особенно в вопросе разделения политико-экономи-

ческого влияния над Персией13

.

Германия вела последовательную экономическую

политику и результатом этого стало на 3-е место во

внешней торговле Персии после Англии и России. В

период 1901-13 и 1913-24 годах немецкий

13 Архив внешней политики России, ф. Канцелярия, 1909 год., д. 17, л.

60

137

товарооборот в Персии вырос с 2,5 млн. кран до 33

млн. кранов14

. Персидский двор со своей стороны был

заинтересован расширять немецкую торговую,

индустриальную сферу, а также банковское дело15

.

В начале 1910 года был исчерпан срок Персидско-

Российского договора 1890 года. Берлин хотел

максимально использовать это обстоятельство16

.

После острого дипломатического реванша,

Лондон и Петербург потребовали от Персии без

консультации Англии и России не выдавать ни одной

концессии на строительство железной дороги17

.

Вопрос Багдадской железной дороги и Северного

Ирана стоял главной темой на повестке дня во время

встречи в Потсдаме в ноябре 1910 года. Соглашением

от 19 августа 1911 года Германия отказывалась от

экономических концессий в северной части Персии.

Стороны пришли к соглашению, что в будущем, когда

немцы завершили бы строительство железной дороги

до Ханекина, Россия имела бы возможность провести

ветку железнодорожной линии от Западной части

Тегерана до Ханекина18

.

В конце первой мировой войны, около 2000

километров пути были заложены на строительство

Багдадской железной дороги. Железнодорожный путь

начинался в Константинополе и завершался в Насирие.

14 С.Агаев, Германский империализм в Иране, М., 1969, стр. 7 15 Die Deutsche Politik der Europaische Kabinete, b. 25 (1), Berlin 1927,

N8566 16 АВПР, ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л. 16 Шебеко-Сазонову, 16/29, апреля

1910 года 17 АВПР, Ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л.л. 20-23, 19 апреля- 2 мая 1910 год 18 Die Deutsche Politik Europeische Kabinette, B. 27(2), N10159

138

В 1917 году восставшие бедуины в течение

четырех месяцев уничтожили 17 локомотивов и

взорвали 80 железнодорожных мостов. Следы этого

исторического события туристы все еще могут увидеть,

если они последуют по маршруту Хиджазе железной

дороги через юг Иордании, граница которая проходит с

Саудовской Аравией, на которой последний поезд

прошел осенью 1924 года19

.

В конце публикации отметим, что в конце 19 и в

начале 20 века Германия осуществляла успешный курс

политического и экономического влияния в Турции и

Персии. Поражение в первой мировой войне, весьма

отрицательным оказалось для будущего развития

ближневосточной политики Немецкой империи. По

условиям Версальского мирного договора Германия

была вынуждена насовсем отказаться от ближнего

востока и колоний в юго-восточной Африке.

19 DIE ZEIT 11.12.2003 Nr.51, S.3

139

zurab sulaberiZe

germaniis aRmosavluri politikis

aspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da

XX saukunis dasawyisSi

publikaciis mizania germanul da rusul

samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT warmova-

dginoT XIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunis

dasawyisis germaniis aRmosavluri politikis

ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da politikuri aspeqtebi.

berlinis traqtatis Semdeg germaniisa da TurqeTis

samxedro-politikuri interesebi mWidrod dauax-

lovda erTmaneTs. 1882 wels germaniis misia fon-de

golcis meTaurobiT Cavida stambulSi raTa

daxmarebodnen sulTnis xelisuflebas saxelmwifo

administraciuli da samxedro reformis gatarebaSi.

aRniSnulma misiam imuSava 1893 wlamde.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel

wlebSi fon-de golcis misia faqtobrivad

umoqmedod iyo. realuri Zvrebi germania-TurqeTis

urTierTobaSi daiwyo mxolod 1885 wlidan.

TurqeTis daaxloeba germaniasTan ufro aqtualuri

xdeba 1913 wels `axalgazrda TurqTa~ mier ganxo-

rcielebuli revoluciis Semdeg. or qveyanas Soris

urTierTTanamSromlobis dokumenti oficialurad

1913 wlis 28 oqtombers gaformda.

me-19 s-is 70-iani wlebidan germania aseve

aqiturad ereva sparseTis politikur da

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. 1873 wels germania-

140

sparseTis xelSekrulebis Semdeg germaniis

safinanso institutebis gavlena sparseTis

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi dRiTidRe izrdeboda.

sparseT-germaniis daaxloeba imTaviTve ejaxeboda

didi britaneTis da ruseTis interesebs axlo

aRmosavleTis regionSi. miuxedavad am viTarebisa,

1888 wels germaniis `doiCe bankma~ miiRo koncesia

baRdadis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze. cnobili

germaneli inJinris vilhelm fon preselis

proeqtiT, rkinigzis magistrali konstantine-

polidan baRdadamde 3000 kilometrs Seadgenda,

romlis mSenebloba 1908 wels unda dasrulebu-

liyo. ruseTisa da didi britaneTis mxridan didi

winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, germania me-19 s-is

dasasrulisa da me-20 s-is dasawyisSi Tanmimdevrul

da warmatebul politikas atarebda axlo

aRmosavleTis regionSi. magram pirvel msoflio

omSi germaniis damarcxebam, ukiduresad uaryofiTi

roli Seasrula aRniSnuli politikuri kursis

Semdgom ganviTarebaze. versalis zaviT, germania

iZulebuli iyo sabolood uari eTqva, rogorc

maxlobel aRmosavleTze, ise samxreT-aRmosavleT

afrikis koloniebze.

142

igor kekelia

abaSis xeobis saistorio geografia

vaxuSti bagrationis naSromisa da

rukebis mixedviT

XVIII saukunis gamoCenili mecnieri da saxelm-

wifo moRvawe vaxuSti bagrationi sayuradRebo cno-

bebs gvawvdis zogadad, odiSis (samegrelos) samTa-

vrosa da, kerZod, cxeniswylisa da abaSis xeobebis

saistorio geografiis sakiTxebze. Tuki gaviTvalis-

winebT im friad mniSvnelovan da sagulisxmo gare-

moebas, rom vaxuSti odiSis saistorio geografiis

pirvel mkvlevrad gvevlineba, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba,

Tu raoden faseulia misi fundamenturi naSromi da

mis mierve Sedgenili atlasebi.

odiSis samTavros aRweras mematiane cxeniswy-

lis xeobiT iwyebs da cxeniswylis xeobaSi mdebare

dasaxlebul punqtTa Soris pirvelad banZas asax-

elebs: ,,...cxeniswylis dasavliT ars munve banZa da

cixe keTilnaSeni~ [11, 776].

vaxuStiseuli ,,cixe keTilnaSeni~, marTalia,

cxeniswylis dasavleTiT (marjvena mxares) mdeba-

reobs, magram ara cxeniswylis, aramed abaSis xeoba-

Si, md. abaSis marcxena napiras [msjelobisaTvis ix.

15].

banZa samegrelos ukidures aRmosavleT nawil-

Si, gaSlil velze mdebare sofeli da Temis cen-

tria. Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli

dayofiT martvilis raionSi Sedis da z. d. 90 m

143

simaRlezea. raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaq mart-

vils 12 km-iTaa daSorebuli... vfiqrobT, is gare-

moeba, rom ,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ vaxuStis

mier cxeniswylis xeobis aRwerisas aris moxseni-

ebuli, unda aixsnas banZis imdroindeli geogra-

fiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdgomac, XIX s-sa

da XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, sofeli banZa sakmaod

vrcel teritorias moicavda.

XVIII s. germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri iohan

anton giuldenStedti samegrelos or nawilad

yofs. dasavleT nawils odiSs uwodebs, xolo aR-

mosavleTs _ samegrelos. am ukanasknelSi igi Tavis

mxriv or mxares arCevs _ banZas da (v)abaSas. giul-

denStedti iqve CamoTvlis banZasa da abaSaSi Semav-

al soflebs [5, 323]. am cnobaze yuradReba gaamax-

vila mkvlevarma S. jRarkavam da SeniSna, rom sof-

lebis CamonaTvalis araTanmimdevrulobis gamo TiTq-

mis SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu romeli maTgani

miekuTvneboda banZis mxares, magram erTi ram cxadia:

banZis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoria banZis Semad-

genlobaSi iyo, xolo samxreTi vabaSas anu abaSas

ekuTvnoda [msjelobisaTvis ix. 32, 274]. mkvlevari

Tavis mosazrebas im faqtiT amyarebs, rom 1819 wels

Sedgenil saqarTvelos generalur rukaze, rac s.

janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi,

banZis samxreTiT mdebare teritorias aweria

,,Абашской~ [iqve].

144

ekaterine WavWavaZis mdivani (Semdeg senakis ma-

zris ufrosi) korneli borozdini, Tavis mogonebeb-

Si samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb, gadmogvcems

XIX s. I naxevris banZis geografiul mdebareobas da

wers, rom banZas eWira abaSasa da cxeniswyals Sua

mdebare, 40 versis sivrce adgili, sadac 75-ze meti

komli Tavadi faRava da 800 komli aznauri da

glexi mosaxleobda. ,,am saxiT, banZa senakis olqSi

Status in status-s (saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi)

hgvanda, xolo mebatone faRavebi _ calke elements,

calke Zalas~, _ wers k. borozdini [4, 248-249].

misive TqmiT, cxenis-wylis napiras mdebare soflebi

_ lexaindro da nagvazu, faRavebis saymos warmoad-

genda [4, 250].

banZis soflis sazogadoeba sakmaod didi mo-

culobis administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls

warmoadgenda mogvianebiTac, XIX-XX ss-Si.

odiS-leCxumis daviT dadianiseuli administra-

ciul-teritoriuli dayofiT banZa dasaxelebulia

sujunis mazris soflebs Soris, magram am dayofaSi

lexaindrao da nojixevi ar gvxvdeba [ix. 24, 113].

1886 wels ruseTis imperiis mier ganxorciele-

buli kavkasiis mxaris komlobrivi aRweris monace-

mebiT banZis soflis sazogadoeba senakis mazris na-

qalaqevis sapolicio ubanSi Sedi-oda banZis soflis

sazogadoeba aerTianebda oTx sofels _ banZas (373

komli, 2212 suli), vedid-kars (132 komli, 835

suli), maxaTs (14 komli, 99 suli) da muxurCas

(70 komli, 413 suli).

145

1930 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr pirveli ad-

ministraciul-teritoriuli dayofis cnobaris mix-

edviT, banZis sasoflo sabWo aerTianebda soflebs

_ sakuTriv banZas (574 komli, 2853 suli), vedid-

kars (263 komli, 1226 suli), leva-xanes (49 kom-

li, 253 suli), lefoCxues (108 komli, 536 suli),

muxurCas (134 komli, 658 suli) da orqas (89

komli, 380 suli).

werilobiTi wyaroebis pirdapiri da arapirda-

piri cnobebis gaanalizebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

banZis SemogarenSi mdebare soflebi _ lexaindravo,

najaxu, nagiberu, onoRia, vedidkari, lefoCxue, max-

aTi da muxurCa sxvadasxva dros banZis Semadgenlo-

baSi erTiandeboda.

abaSisa da inCxias xeobebSi, zRvis donidan 170

m-ze mdebareobs raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaqi

martvili. qalaqis centris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,

Wvenias maRal serze, martvilis samonastro kom-

pleqsia aSenebuli, rac aerTianebs gegmaSi jvris

formis taZars, XVIII saukunidan Ciqovanebisad miC-

neul eklesias (VII, X s.) da mesvetis sacxovrebel

eklesia-svets (X-XI ss.). winaqristianul xanaSi

taZris adgilas mdgara uzarmazari muxa Wyondidi,

rac kerpad miiCneoda. Zvel saqarTveloSi xeTa Tay-

vaniscemisa da mcenareulobis mZlavri kultis arse-

bobaze miuTiTebda akad. ivane javaxiSvili da amis

erT-erT saukeTeso damamtkiceblad swored Zvel

samegreloSi saxelganTqmul Wyondids Tvlida, rac

megrulad ,,did muxas~ niSnavs da, mecnieris azriT,

146

ueWvelad miuTiTebda am adgilas muxis msaxurebis

salocavi adgilis arsebobaze [31, 134].

werilobiTi wyaroebidan irkveva, rom martvi-

lis uwindeli saxelwodeba swored Wyondidi iyo.

VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, arabTa laSqrobis Se-

degad iavarqmnili taZari X saukuneSi safuZvlianad

aRudgenia egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgi II-s, romel-

sac Wyondidi saepiskoposo kaTedrad gamoucxadebia

[msjelobisaTvis ix. 28, 139; 7, 20-23]. ,,matiane

qarTlisas~ avtori mogviTxrobs: giorgim ,,ganagna

da ganawyuna yovelni saqmeni mamulsa da samefosa

missa: aRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskopo-

sod, da ganaSuena igi nawilTa simravliTa wmidaTa

martuilTaTa~ [27, 265]. mematianis am cnobis si-

zustes Tu virwmunebT, naTeli xdeba, rom giorgi

mefes wmida martvilTa (mowameTa) nawilebiT _

qristianuli siwmindeebiT Seumkia Wyondidis aRdge-

nili taZari. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad VI-VII

ss. yvela wmindanis (,,martuilTa~) saxelze agebuli

taZari, swored X saukunidan, mefe giorgis mier

misi aRdgenis Semdeg, iwoda martvilis RvTismSob-

lis miZinebis taZrad, romlis saxelsac atarebs

dResac [ix. 18, 13-14].

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom probizantiur xa-

naSi daarsebul saeklesio kaTedrebs Soris uadresi

da upirvelesi iyo Wyondidi. swored Wyondidis

daarsebiT unda dawyebuliyo bizantiuri kaTedrebi-

saTvis qarTuli saeklesio kaTedrebis Canacvlebis

procesi [22, 64].

147

Wyondidis kaTedra warmoadgenda fazisis sami-

tropolitos samarTalmemkvidres. aRniSnuli faqti

ganapirobebda imas, rom Wyondidi mTeli saqarTve-

los masStabiT upirvelesi kaTedra iyo erTiani

qarTuli monarqiis arsebobis periodSic [ix. 22,

113].

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom kons-

tantinepolze daqvemdebarebis periodSi pativis Tan-

mimdevrobiT faziseli pirveli mRvdelmTavari iyo

dasavleT saqarTveloSi da mitropolitis wodebiT

iqvemdebarebda oTx saepiskoposos (rodopolisisas,

caiSisas, ZiRanevisas, petrasas), misi, Wyondidis

saeklesio kaTedriT Canacvlebis Semdeg, fazisis sa-

mitropolitos teritoriuli memkvidreoba da fa-

ziselis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli _ pati-

vi, bunebrivia, Wyondidsa da Wyondidelze unda ga-

dasuliyo [msjelobisaTvis ix. 22, 102]. aseTi upi-

ratesoba Wyondids arc momdevno periodSi daukar-

gavs.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Wyondidi iyo

,,warCinebuli saRvTismoZRvroÁ saydarTa Soris sa-

meufoÁ isa misisaTa~, mefe bagrat IV-m (1027-1072

ww.) swored amitom ,,Tavisi saflavi mun ganemzada~,

e. i. Tavis saZvaled Wyondidi airCia.

sakmaod saintereso da mravlismomcveli infor-

maciis Semcvelia vaxuSti bagrationis Semdegi la-

konuri cnoba: ,,banZas zeiT da cxeniswylis dasav-

liT, da misi mWvreti, maRals adgilzed, ars Wyon-

didi, eklesia gunbaTiani, didSeni, martvirisa. es

148

aRaSena h mefeman afxazTaman giorgim da Seamko

yovliTa SemkobilebiTa saeklesiosaTa. dafluli

ars mefe bagrat. amanve dasva mun episkopozi, da

awca ars mwyemsi unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswy-

lamde~ [11, 167).

mecnierebs garkveuli aqvT, rom vaxuSti Tavis

fundamentur naSromze (,,aRwera samefosa saqarTve-

losa~) muSaobis droisaTvis ukve icnobda da kidec

iyenebda winamorbed mematianeTa, maT Soris juanSe-

risa da ,,matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobebs.

Wyondidis monastris aSenebisa da xelmeored aRdge-

nis Sesaxeb vaxuStiseuli informacia da mefe gior-

gis saxelTan misi dakavSireba, sxva mraval cnobas-

Tan erTad, swored am garemoebiT unda aixsnas [ix.

3, 55].

martvilis aSenebis Sesaxeb aseTive cnobas gvawvdis niko dadiani, Tavis TxzulebaSi (,,qarTvelT cxovreba~), rac Tavis mxriv warmoad-gens vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebis erTgvar Se-moklebul variants: ,,eklesia martvirisa (ese igi Wyondidisa) aRaSena mefeman afxazTaman giorgi. iq daflul ars mefe bagrat~ [ix. 6, 150].

Wyondidis adgilmdebareobis vaxuStiseuli aR-

weriloba, rom es punqti banZis ,,zeiT~, e. i. Crdi-

loeTiT, da md. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT, ,,misi

mWvreti, maRals adgilzed~ mdebareobs, sinamdviles

Seefereba.…oRond am SemTxvevaSic unda dazustdes

erTi sakiTxi, kerZod: Secdomaa, roca vaxuSti am

punqtsac, banZis msgavsad, ara abaSis, aramed cxenis-

149

wylis xeobis aRwerisas asaxelebs, rasac, Cveni fi-

qriT, md. cxeniswylis xeobis banZa-WyondidTan

siaxlove ganapirobebda.

odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvle-

vari T. beraZe miiCnevda, rom Wyondidis adgilmde-

bareobis vaxuStiseuli aRweriloba imdenad zustia,

rom SesaZlebelia, mas es saydari TviTonac hqonoda

daTvalierebuli [3, 55]. sworia vaxuStis cnoba im-

azec, rom Wyondidis taZari aris saZvale mefe ba-

gratisa. aq uTuod igulisxmeba saqarTvelos mefe

bagrat IV, romelic mefobda 1027-1072 wlebSi.

,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianis CanarTi gvamcnobs:

WyondidSi ,,...Seqmna bagrat saflavi Tvisi da daus-

venebian mravalni wmidaTa martvilni~ [ix. 27, 303-

304].

davubrundeT kvlav erT sayuradRebo sakiTxs.

kerZod, Tu ra teritorias moicavda saqarTvelos

es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi eparqia vaxuStis mo-

nacemebiT. mematiane aRniSnavs, rom Wyondideli

flobs ,,unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswylamde~ ar-

sebul teritorias. miCneulia, rom unagirad iwode-

boda abaSisa da texuris wyalgamyofi qedi, rac

ramdenime mTis _ dadiaS taxtas, naqalaqevis, abeda-

Tisa da kalamonas krebiT saxeladaa aRiarebuli. es

mTebi erTmaneTisagan unagiriseburi dadablebebiTaa

gamoyofili. unagira orografiuli toponimia da

niSnavs unagiris kexiviT Cazneqil adgils serze.

naqalaqevis cixesTan texuri unagiras or nawilad

kveTs. texuris marjvena mxares aRmarTuli mTa aR-

150

wevs sofel TeklaTamde, md. ciis xeobamde. amdenad,

vaxuSti cdeba, roca wers, rom unagiras mTa tex-

uris ,,dasavlis kidursa rionidam warmosdevs~-o. es

mTa iwyeba TeklaTTan da, amasTanave, yovelTvis ro-

di miuyveba texuris marjvena sanapiros [ix. 23,

231].

saWyondidlos teritoriis gansazRvris Tval-

sazrisiT vaxuStis naSromSi mocemul cnobas mniSv-

nelovnad avsebs gviani Sua saukuneebis ramdenime

Sewirulebis wigni. beJan dadianis (1714-1728 ww.)

mier sujunis eklesiisaTvis miwebis Sewirulobis

wignSi, rac 1714 wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, rom

odiSis mTavars Wyondidlobidan gadauyenebia Tavisi

Zma gabrieli. ,,...RoRabariZe evdemon mitropoliti

gvikurTxebinebia da WyondidlaT dagvijdenia da sa-

Wyondidlo amisaTvin migvicemia... anjeli da kodora

gaRmarTi texuris piramdis rac aris, ZvelTagan

WilaZeebs SeewiraT, magram kidev vinme daobda... es

pirveli garigebuli da wigni Cven ase xelaxla

gangviaxlebia da Segviwiravs...~ [ix. 14, 113]. TiTqmis

aseTive Sinaarsisaa meore Sewirulobis wigni, rac

Cven gamovaqveyneT 2011 wels. masSi ufro dazuste-

biTaa mocemuli saWyondidlos saeklesio erTeulis

sazRvrebi. dokumenti daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumca

bolos dasmul beWedSi ikiTxeba 1717 weli:

,,ganvaaxleT. davTari ese. da SevswireT Sens:. suju-

nis eklesias wmindis giorgisas. Dda giZRveniT Sen.

dedao macxovrisa:. cxenis wylis rionis Sesayaridam

gaRmarTSi. kukuTi. cxepiji. uCa Relidgan. fiCors

151

aqeTi. Aanjeli da samarRanao srulad: rions gamoR-

ma. siriaCqonis Tavis pirdapir: dabla isulas rions

Rele CaerTvis. RaluCa qvian. k-Tis tyes Suazed ga-

moivlis. ontyoros tbidgan gava. texuramdis moa-

wevs da imas aqeT. aw texurs gamoRma. beruRalu

rom texurs CaerTvis iqedam da iwyeba. wmindis.

stefanes saydars aqeT: nosiris ewerSi Suazed uCa

Rele rom gaivlis. gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvars

aqeT. da suRirs. aqeT abaSis wylamdis: didis gamo-

ZiebiT gamovikvlieT. da Tu visme udroobiT eWira...

xeli avaRebineT da gangisakuTreT... Sens didebuls

eklesias SevswireT. martvilsa da sujunas~ [ix. 21,

46-47].

aRniSnuli dokumentidan irkveva, rom cxenis-

wylisa da rionis SesarTavidan texur-beruRalis

SesarTavamde (sof. nosiri) mdebare teritoria

martvilis eklesiisadmi yofila Sewiruli, nawili

ki WilaZes Seuwiravs. mogvianebiT beJan dadians da

misi ojaxis wevrebs Zveli davTrebi ganuaxlebiaT

da saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebi daudgeniaT. doku-

mentSi mocemuli aRweriloba TiTqmis mTlianad

moicavs axlandeli abaSis raionis teritorias da

senakis raionis mcire nawils. kerZod, irkveva, rom

saeklesio mamulis dasavleTi sazRvari ,,texuramdis

moawevs~ da ,,aw texurs gamoRma~, wmida stefanes

taZramde vrceldeboda. nosiris CrdiloeTiT, sae-

klesio mamulis dasavleTi sazRvari suRirze ga-

dioda da ,,gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvars aqeT... aba-

Sis wylamdis~ vrceldeboda [iqve].

152

Sewirulebis wigni 1760 wlisaTvis ganuaxlebia

odiSis mTavar kacia dadiansac: ,,...rionis da cxenis-

wylis Sesayridgan texuris Sesayramdis sul gaR-

marTi, kodora, cxepiji, kukuTi, samarRnao da an-

jeli, eseni ZvelTagan WilaZis Yyofiliyo da Wi-

laZes Sewira...~ [ix. 14, 13].

k. borozdini Wyondideli episkoposis mdgoma-

reobas adarebs kaTolike episkoposis mdgoma-reobas

dasavleTSi da aRniSnavs, rom mwyemsmTavari flobda

uzarmazar saeklesio mamuls. is iyo patroni sa-

Wyondidlod wodebul mamulze mosaxle aznaurebisa

da glexebisa. es mamuli gafantuli iyo mTels same-

greloSi, magram umTavresi nawili 3000 komlze

meti glexiT, mdebareobda mdinareebs _ abaSas,

texursa da rions Soris. saWyondidlos ,,Suaguli

sofeli~ anu sarezidencio kera iyo sujuna [4, 79-

80].

saWyondidlos sazRvrebs mogvianebiT Seexo

mkvlevari ioseb yifSiZe. misi ganmartebiT ,,sa-

Wyondido _ название округа около Мартвильского

монастыря, части Сенакского уезда~ [8].

vaxuSti bagrationis, giuldenStedtis, k. bo-

rozdinisa da i. yifSiZis, agreTve XIX saukunis

ramdenime saarqivo dokumentis gaanalizebis safuZ-

velze, g. eliava saWyondidlod wodebuli saekle-

sio sauflos SemadgenlobaSi aqcevda abaSisa da

martvilis (yofili gegeWkoris) raionebis terito-

rias da senakis raionis teritoriis nawils [ix. 8,

5-6]. amasTanave, mkvlevari eWvqveS ayenebda vaxuStis

153

cnobis siswores saWyondidlos dasavleTis sazR-

vrad unagiras miCnevis Sesaxeb, vinaidan, g. eliavas

mosazrebiT, saWyondidlod saxeldebul terito-

riul erTeulSi vaxuSti bagrationi gulisxmobda

ara mTlianad unagiras, kerZod, masSi Semavali

saxarbediosa da ekis mTebiT, aramed unagiras, vidre

noqalaqevamde. g. eliavas mosazrebiT, texurispireTi

noqalaqevis qvemoT ukve salipartianos Semadgenlo-

baSi unda yofiliyo, e. i. salipartianosa da sa-

Wyondidlos gamyofad da am ukanasknelis dasavleT

sazRvrad mkvlevari md. texurs varaudobda. g.

eliava Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad toponimeb-

sac imowmebda. ,,saWyon-didlo mamuli, anu saekle-

sio xat-mamulebi _ saWyondidlos saxelwodebiT

mxolod abaSispireTSi vrceldeba: balda, martvili,

banZa, onoRia, vedid-kari, sefieTi, ontofo, abaSa,

sujuna-maranis xazis gaswvriv~ _ wers igi [8, 8-9].

salipartiano-saWyondidlos gamyofi sazRvris

Sesaxeb g. eliavas Tvalsazrisi dazustebas saWi-

roebs. qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier ukve garkveu-lia,

rom feodaluri erTeuli salipartianos saxelwo-

debiT gacilebiT vrcel teritorias moicavda,

vidre es g. eliavas mier aris SemosazRvruli.

,,afxazeTis sakaTalikoso didi davTridan~ irkveva,

rom sofeli nagvazau lipartianis mflobelobaSi

yofila XVII s. I naxe-varSi. lipartianTa sakuTre-

bas warmoadgenda sofeli bonboTic (axland. bombo-

Ti), rac martvilis samxreT-dasavleTiT, md. abaSis

marjvena napirze mdebareobs [ix. 2, 126-130].

154

salipartianos feodaluri erTeulis sazRvre-

bis Sesaxeb arsebuli naratiuli wyaroebis Sejere-

biT irkveva, rom lipartianebi mamulebs flobdnen

saWyondidlos teritoriazec.

maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sauflis-

wulo da saTavado mamulebis sazRvrebi xSirad ar

emTxveoda saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebs. qveyanaSi

mimdinare socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi, bune-

brivia, ganapirobebda imas, rom icvleboda saeklesio

da saTavado-saufliswulo mamulebis sazRvrebic. am

sakiTxze Tavis droze yuradRebas amaxvilebda g.

eliava da savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavda: saWyon-

didloSi saTavado, sabatoniSvilo mamulebis arse-

bobis miuxedavad, abaSis xeobis es erTaderTi sa-

meurneo-politikuri da teritoriuli erTeuli

mainc ganuyoflad miiCneoda da mTavarTa da Tavad-

TaTvis xelmiu-wvdomeli iyo [8, 8].

qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikuri

cvlilebebi, bunebrivia, ganapirobebda imas, rom ic-

vleboda saeklesio da saTavado-saufliswulo ma-

mulebis sazRvrebic, rac TvalsaCinod dasturdeba

Wyondidis saepiskoposos Sesaxeb arsebuli da Cven

mier nawilobriv ganxiluli werilobiTi wyaroe-

biTac.

banZisa da Wyondidis aRweris Semdeg vaxuSti

exeba hidronim ,,abaSis~ etimologias da saxarias

cixe-sasaxlis adgilmdebareobas: ,,amaTTa (banZisa da

Wyondidis _ i. k.) dasavliT dis mdinare abaSa, pir-

vel sxvis saxeliT wodebuli. Semdgomad, moiqca

155

/ra/ anakofiidam murvan yru, aq dabanakebulTa moaS-

To aman pC abaSi, da mieriTgan iwoda abaSa. /amazed

ars saxaria, cixe da sasaxle dadianisa/. ese sigr-

ZiT ars texuris SesarTavamde. gamosdis kavkass,

odiSsa da svaneTs Soriss, da dis Cdilodam sam-

xriT. ara ars mas Sina Tevzi, Tvinier kalmaxisa~

[11, 167].

abaSis saTaved vaxuSti kavkass asaxelebs. kavka-

si, kavkaseTi igive kavkasionia. magram mecnieri kavka-

sionis mTianeTis sxvadasxva nawils im saxeliT

moixseniebs, romel mxareSic is mdebareobs. ase ma-

galiTad, kavkasi alanisa, vaxuStis aRweriT, ewode-

ba kavkasionis mTianeTis im nawils, rac kodor-

yubanis wyalgamyofs warmoadgens; leCxumis kavkasi

axlandeli leCxumis qedia cageris raionSi; kavkasi

svaneTisa ewodeba enguris saTaveebs. svaneTis sazR-

vrebis aRwerisas vaxuSti asaxelebs ,,svaneTsa da

odiSs Soris kavkass~. misive TqmiT svaneTi

,,(s)igrZiT ars raWis kavkasis Txemidam odiSis kav-

kasis Txemamde...~ [11 173]. mecnieris msjelobiT, aba-

Sisa da texuris saTaveebi kavkasionis mTavar qedze

ki araa, aramed im qedze, rac warmoadgens odiSis

CrdiloeT sazRvars: ,,Takversa da odiSs Sorisi

mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli samxriT da kvalad Takve-

ridamve warsruli kavkasi CdiloT, vidre egrisis

saTavemde, odiSsa da svaneTs Sorisi~ [11, 167].

md. abaSa saTaves iRebs asxis kirqvuli masivis

samxreT nawilSi (martvilis r.). misi saTave-

mdgenlebia toba da raCxiswyali. mdinaris sigrZe

156

66 km-ia da marcxena mxridan uerTdeba texurs za-

naTis teritoriaze. vaxuStis cnobiT, mdinaris

saxelwodeba VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi egrisis

samefoSi arabTa laSqrobis istorias ukavSirdeba.

mematiane juanSeri Tavis TxzulebaSi _ ,,cxovreba

vaxtang gorgaslisa~, mogviTxrobs: ,,..aRdges mdina-

reni sastikad, da mimarTa umcrosman wyalman spasa

abaSTasa, da wariRo maTgan mkuircxli ocdasami

aTasi. da mieriTgan saxel-edva orTa maT mdinareTa:

erTsa cxeniswyali da erTsa abaSa~ [27, 237-238].

aseTive ganmartebaa mocemuli warmoSobiT germaneli

mkvlevris, karl hanis naSromSi _ ,,kavkasiis geo-

grafiuli saxelebis ganmartebaTa pirveli cda~, sa-

dac vkiTxulobT: ,,Абаша приток Техура, получиль

названые отъ того, что въ немъ утонуло 8000

абхазов (абашовъ) узъ войска арабского полководца

Мурванъ-кру~ [33, 2].

vaxuSti miiCnevs, rom ,,abaSa~ mdinaris gviande-

li saxelwodebaa. arabTa laSqrobamde mdinare

,,pirvel sxvis saxeliT~ yofila cnobili, magram

konkretulad Tu ra saxeliT, amis Sesaxeb mematiane

arafers ambobs. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,abaSa~

am mdinaris qvemo welis, kerZod, im monakveTis

saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo, rac abaSis raionis

sof. Zveli abaSis midamoebidan texuris SesarTa-

vamde mdebareobs.

zemo welze mdinare ueWvelad im mTis saxeliT

unda yofiliyo cnobili, sadac saTaves iRebs. aseTi

ki raCxis mTaa. md. abaSis marcxena mdgenelis _ to-

157

bas paralelur saxelwodebad Cawerili gvaqvs

agreTve toponimi ,,tanwyari~. SesaZlebelia am ori

toponimidan erT-erTi md. abaSis zemo welis

saxelwodebad gvevarauda. savele ZiebiT momavalSi

am xeobis Sua welis saxelic SeiZleba gamovlindes

(msjelobisaTvis ix. i. sixaruliZisa da i. kekelias

naSromi. ibeWdeba Jurn. ,,cotneidelSi~).

miaCniaT, rom hidronim abaSaSi aba/-ba elementi

adamianis sakuTar saxels, xolo -Si/-Sa mawarmoebel

sufiqss unda warmoadgendes (aba-Si_>aba-Si-

a_>abaSa_>aba-si, e. i. abaSa ,,abas samkvidrod, sam-

flobelod~ moiazreba [30, 19]. dasaSvebia Semdegi

mniSvnelobac: abCa_>abaSa: ab spars. ,,wyali~, Ca

sparsuli kninobiTobis aRmniSvneli nawilaki; maSa-

sadame, abCa_>abaSa ,,patara wyali; patara mdinare~

(?) (Sdr. obCa) [ix. 20, 17].

sad mdebareobda vaxuStiseuli ,,saxaria~? aR-

niSnuli punqtis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia

ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba. mxareTmcodne g.

eliavam toponimi ,,saxaria~ sof. salxinosTan gaai-

giva. sazafxulo agarakad da rezidenciad SerCeul

soflis mTian mxareSi, abaSis xeobis gadasaxedze,

mdgara dadianTa cixe da sasaxle saxaria. mogviane-

biT, aRniSnavs mkvlevari, _ es adgili odiSis mTa-

vris kuTvnil sarezidencio soflad gadaqceula da

Tvalwarmtaci mdebareobis gamo salxino darqmevia

[9, 82]. Cans, rom mkvlevari salxinosa da saxarias

igiveobas am ori saxelwodebis fonetikuri msgavse-

158

biT xsnida. es mosazreba gaiziares gogilo da de-

mur basilaiebma [1, 29-30].

p. zaqaraiam da T. kapanaZem mematianis mier

moxseniebuli saxaria banZis ukidures CrdiloeTiT,

md. abaSis marcxena napiras mdgari cixe-darbazis

saxelwodebad miiCnies, Tumca, sruliad samarTlia-

nad, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanisgan Tavi Sei-

kaves. ,,es is adgilia Tu ara, amis zustad dadgena

Znelia, aseTi toponimi dRes ar arsebobs~, _ weren

isini [12, 234].

saqme isaa, rom banZis cixe SeuZlebelia saxa-

riad miviCnioT da es kargad Cans TviT vaxuStis

cnobidan, romelic wers: ,,cxeniswylis dasavliT

ars munve banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [11,167]. banZa,

rogorc zemoT vimsjeleT, marTalia, cxeniswylis

dasavleTiT mdebareobs, magram ara cxeniswylis,

aramed md. abaSis xeobaSi. cixec, rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna, banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena na-

pirze, abaSa-martvilis saavtomobilo gzasa da mdi-

nares Sua, velze dgas da nangrevebi nojixenis

saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. esaa soflis saxelis ad-

gilobrivi araoficialuri variantic. najixu, no-

jixeni megrulSi ,,nacixars~ niSnavs (jixa ,,cixe~).

amrigad, es saxeli savsebiT Seefereba cixis naSTeb-

sac. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom vaxuSti bato-

niSvilis dros, kerZod, XVIII s. I naxevarsa da

ufro adrec, cixis saxeli nojixeni ver iqneboda.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom cixis arsebobis pe-

riodSi sofels jixa erqva, xolo mas Semdeg, rac,

159

aq mdgari nagebobebi daingra, sofelsac nojixeni

(,,nacixari~) ewoda. es unda momxdariyo XVIII s.

bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi [ix. 13, 55].

Cveni azriT cixis garSemo mdebare dasaxlebas

nojixenamde banZa unda rqmeoda. es savsebiT damaje-

rebeli variantia maSin, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im

sagulisxmo garemoebas, rom banZa, gvian Sua sauku-

neebsa da, Semdegac, XIX saukuneSi, moicavda sak-

maod vrcel teritorias abaSidan cxeniswylamde [ix.

16, 7; 17, 14]. swored amitom unda miuTiTebdes

vaxuSti cxeniswylis dasavleTiT banZas

,,keTilnaSeni~ cixiT.

Zegli, rasac vaxuStiseul banZis cixed miviC-

nevT, Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli

dayofiT, banZis Temis ukidures CrdiloeT mxares,

lexaindravos Temis sof. nojixevSi, md. abaSis

marcxena mxares mdebare SemaRlebazea. nacixaris

garSemo amJamad saxnavebia da adgilobrivni

,,abaSaWaes~ eZaxian, xolo TviT nacixari ,,jixad~ da

,,nojixenad~ moixsenieba.

banZis Semdeg, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuSti

aRwers Wyondidis adgilmdebareobas, saubrobs hi-

dronim ,,abaSis~ warmomavlobaze da amis Semdeg

gvawvdis cnobas saxarias cixesa da sasaxleze. amas-

Tanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom

vaxuStis rukaze toponimi ,,saxaria~ naCvenebia ban-

Zis maxloblad, md. abaSis marjvena napiras, dRevan-

del abedaT-sergieTis teritoriaze.

160

mkvlevar Salva jRarkavas varaudiT vaxuSti-

seuli ,,saxaria~ saxarbedios damaxinjebuli forma

unda iyos. xarbediebi abedaTSi mosaxleobdnen.

,,sainteresoa, ratom aRniSnavs vaxuSti am adgils

saxariad. SesaZloa es misi Zveli saxelwodeba iyo.

am adgilis Seswavlam erT sayuradRebo garemoebaze

SegvaCera. aq cxovroben xarbediebi. dRes ramdenime

ojaxia darCenili, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom winaT

xarbediebs marsilSi ekavaT garkveuli teritoria

da es adgili iwodeboda saxarbediod... vaxuStim Se-

saZloa saxarbedio aRniSna saxariad... vfiqrobT, rom

vaxuStis saxaria, ,,cixe da sasaxle dadianisa~, aris

igive marsilis dadianis sasaxle~ [32, 287].

S. jRarkavas mosazreba gaiziara Tamaz beraZem.

Tumca sxva, damatebiTi argumenti S. jRarkavas va-

raudis gasamyareblad mkvlevars ar warmoudgenia.

[ix. 3, 56].

S. jRarkavas zemoT moxmobili msjelobidan ga-

modis, rom arqanjelo lambertis rukaze aRniSnuli

marsili da vaxuStiseuli saxaria erTsa da imave

punqtSi, sof. abedaTis teritoriaze, an mis Semoga-

renSi lokalizdeba.

saqme isaa, rom am ori punqtis _ saxariasa da

marsilis igiveoba piradad nakleb sarwmunod migvaC-

nia. am igiveobis marTebulobas ufro is garemoeba

arTulebs, rom toponimi saxaria abedaTis terito-

riaze damowmebuli ar aris. amasTanave, Secdomaa,

roca S. jRarkavas vaxuStiseul ,,saxariad~ sof.

abedaTSi, marsilis velze, xarbediebis gvariT dasa-

161

xlebuli Tu maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli da, uwin,

albaT, saxarbediod saxeldebuli garkveuli teri-

toria esaxeba. am mosazrebis mcdarobaze metyvelebs

Semdegi garemoebani: 1. xarbedia erT-erTi ricxvmra-

vali gvaria. am gvariskacni mosaxleoben menjSi, ki-

wiaSi, TeklaTSi, lesiWineSi, sergieTSi, qariataSi,

xobSi, axalsofelSi (zugdidis r.), foTsa da sxva-

gan. abedaTis Temis arc erT sofelSi (abedaTi,

jolo, lemiqave, leqajaie) xarbediebis mosaxleoba

ver davadastureT. S. jRarkavas naSromis gamoqveyne-

bis TariRis (1965 w.) gaTvaliswinebiT, abedaTSi

xarbediebs ar ucxovriaT arc gasuli saukunis 60-

ian wlebSi, Tumca S. jRarkava darwmunebiT wers,

rom am adgilis Seswavlam igi erT sayuradRebo ga-

remoebaze SeaCera; kerZod, imaze, rom abedaTSi TiT-

qos xarbediebi mosaxleoben. realuri suraTi ki

sxvagvaria: Cven mier mowyobili istoriul-

geografiuli eqspedi-ciebis dros xarbediebis gva-

ris kompaqturi dasaxleba dadasturda ara abedaTSi

(rogorc aRniSnavs S. jRarkava), aramed mezobel

sofel sergieTSi (administraciul-teritoriuli

erTeulis centri abedaTis CrdiloeTiT, md. abaSis

marjvena mxares), sadac am gvariT dasaxlebuli uba-

ni winakverkvesa da naxunus sazRvrebTan

,,saxarbediod~ iwodeba. aqve davadastureT gvarTan

dakavSirebuli ori toponimi: neZgidea//xarbediefiS

oneZe _ ferdobi arjaniaS Rees Senakadis _ noRis

marcxena napirze, da xarbediefiS noxori

,,xarbediebis nasaxlari~ _ saxnavi naxunus sazRvar-

162

Tan. amasTanave, XVII_XVIII ss. istoriuli wyaroe-

bis mixedviT xarbediebi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen.

Tuki sergieTSi komlmraval gvarebad iTvleboda ga-

werelia, surmava, bedia, sulava, quTaTelaZe, Todua,

injgia da sxv., xarbedias gvari ricxovnobiT gamor-

Ceuli ar yofila da araa savaldebulo, rom uwin

damoukidebeli soflis an soflis SigniT dasaxle-

buli ubnis saxiT arsebuliyo.

prof. iuri sixaruliZis varaudiT, geografi-

ulad md. abaSis napirze mdebare sofeli naxarebao

saxeliT ufro axlosaa saxariasTan (saxararui?).

amitom saxelwodebaTa msgavseba CvenTvis saintereso

punqtis arsebobas mkvlevars swored abaSis xeobaSi,

am soflis teritoriaze afiqrebinebda [26, 3].

SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom vaxuStim soflis

saxelwodeba naxarebao marTlac saxariad gaiazra da

am formiT kidec moixsenia Tavis naSromSi, magram am

varaudis daSvebis SesaZleblobas mainc arTulebs

ramdenime garemoeba: 1. vaxuSti saxarias aRniSnavs

banZis pirdapir, md. abaSis marjvena mxares. naxareba-

vo ki banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena napirze

da noRelis namdinarev velze mdebareobs. 2. Cvenamde

moRweul arcerT werilobiT dokumentSi naxarebus

uwindel Tu paralelur formad saxaria naxsenebi

ar aris. ufro metic: vaxuStis cnobis TiTqmis Ta-

nadroul, 1771 wliT daTariRebul anton cagerelis

Sewirulebis wignSi soflis saxelwodebad miTiTe-

bulia naxarboi: [ix. 14, 43]; 3. axlandel naxarebus

teritoriaze cixis naSTi SemorCenili ar aris.

163

saxarias lokalizaciis sakiTxs Seexo mkvleva-

ri d. WiTanava da gamoTqva varaudi, rom vaxuStis

mier md. abaSasTan moxseniebuli cixe da dadianis

sasaxle sof. vedidkarSi, abaSis marcxena napirTan

axlos mdebare, ,,nojixevad~ (nacixari) saxeldebuli

adgili unda iyos, sadac SemorCenilia ekal-

bardebiT dafaruli riyis qvis kedlis naSTebi [29,

208]. imave naSromSi mkvlevari erTgan aRniSnavs,

rom vedidkar-muxurCis cixe igivea, rac vaxuStis

,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [29, 213].

,,saxarias~ istoriisa da lokalizaciis sakiTx-

Tan mimarTebaSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTve

soflis saxelwodeba lexaindravom (araoficialuri

saxelwodebaa lexaindre). vaxuSti bagrationis mier

Sedgenil rukaze, md. cxeniswylis marjvena mxares

aRniSnulia punqti lexainas formiT. vaxuStiseuli

lexaina formiTac da rukaze mocemuli adgilmdeba-

reobiTac dRevandel lexaindres Seesabameba [ix. 19,

66]. xaindravebis mier 1770 wels xonis mTavare-

piskopos maqsimesadmi micemul pirobis wignSi das-

turdeba ,,mowme sul erTobiT saxaindrao~ [ix. 14,

175]. saxaindraoSi swored saTavado aznaurTa _

xaindravebis (adg. varianti xaindraa) mflobelobaSi

arsebuli mamuli, sofeli lexaindre unda igulisx-

mebodes. rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukuneSi erTi da

igive punqtis paralelur saxelwodebad lexaindre

da saxaindrao dasturdeba. 1997 wels soflis is-

toriul-geografiuli aRwerisas CaviwereT toponimi

,,saxariaS foni~. ase ewodeba fons soflis aRmo-

164

savleTiT, md. cxeniswyalze. 2007 wels fexdafex

SemoviareT lexaindravos TemSi Semavali soflebi

(sakuTriv lexaindravo, stefasdabali, nojixevi) da

misi Semogareni. Tumca cxeniswylis gayolebiT, arc

,,saxariaS fonis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili adgilis

maxloblad da arc mezobeli soflebis (nagvazu,

nageberu, najaxu) teritoriaze cixisa da sasaxlis

naSTebs ver mivakvlieT. TviT ,,saxariaS fonis~ sax-

eldebis motivis Sesaxeb ki Semdegi ganmarteba Cag-

vawerines: saxaria erqva pirovnebas, romelic cxe-

niswylis napiras, saxeldebuli obieqtis maxloblad

cxovrobda.

Cveni mizani iyo ,,saxarias~ lokalizaciasTan

dakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazre-

bebis mimoxilva. Yyvela Tvalsazrisi mxolod va-

raudis doneze rCeba, vidre TiToeuli maTgani saTa-

nado argumentebiT ar gamyardeba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxuSti

bagrationis Sromisa da mis mier Sedgenili rukebis

monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe gviani Sua sauku-

neebis samegrelos warsulis Seswavla, rasakvirve-

lia, srulyofili ar iqneba. davesesxebiT prof. le-

van maruaSvils: ,,vaxuSti bagrationis giganturi

Sroma, rac gamoixata mSobliuri qveynis detalur,

Tavisi epoqisaTvis zust aRweraSi da gamosaxvaSi,

STamomavalTa aRtacebas iwvevs. mxolod samSoblos

siyvarulma SeaZlebina CrdiloeTSi gadaxvewil ba-

toniSvils esoden xangrZlivi da bejiTi Sroma.

STamomavloba qeds ixris am fenomenis winaSe, ro-

165

melmac ase solidurad Seavso qarTuli mwerlobis

Tavisufali Taro~.

literatura

1. g. basilaia, d. basilaia, Cveni salxino, Tb.,

2008.

2. T. beraZe, erTi sakiTxi samegrelos istoriuli

geografiidan, kr. ,,saqarTvelos istoriuli geo-

grafiis krebuli~, t. II, Tb., 1964.

3. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis isto-

riuli geografiis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos isto-

riuli geografiis krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1971.

4. k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi (1854-1861),

mogonebani. tf., 1934.

5. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. ger-

manuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca

166

da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, t. I, Tb.,

1962

6. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, Tb., 1962.

7. g. eliava, Wyondidi-martvili (istoriuli mimo-

xilva), Tb., 1962.

8. g. eliava, Wyondid-martvili uZvelesi qarTuli

saganmanaTleblo kera (megzuri), Tb., 1969.

9. g. eliava, abaSisa da texuris xeobebis isto-

riuli RirsSesaniSnaobani, Tb., 1971.

10. vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb., 1977.

11. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geografia, Tb.,

1997.

12. p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixegoji, arqeopolisi,

noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1991.

13. p. zaqaraia, n. lomouri, v. leqvinaZe, g. gvinCiZe,

arqeopolisi_noqalaqevi, Tb., 1984.

14. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sa-

buTebi, t. I, II, tf., 1921.

15. i. kekelia, abaSis xeobis istoriuli geogra-

fiidan. gaz. ,,quTaisis universiteti~, 17. XII.

1997.

16. i. kekelia, banZis cixe, gaz. ,,maxaria~, #9 (26),

2002.

17. i. kekelia, sofeli banZa (geografiuli mdebare-

oba da istoriuli sazRvrebi), gaz. ,,maxaria~,

#6 (57), 2005.

167

18. i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiur-

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni), Tb., 2009.

19. i. kekelia, martvilis raionis oikonimia, quT.,

2010.

20. i. kekelia, abaSis raionis dasaxlebuli punqte-

bis saxelwodebani, quT., 2011.

21. i. kekelia, e. kurdRelia, i. xarebava, masalebi

odiSis samTavros istoriisaTvis, kr. ,,mxareT-

mcodne~, II, quT., 2011.

22. b. kudava, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX-XI

ss.), istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecni-

ero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili dis-

ertacia (xelnaweris uflebiT), Tb., 2022.

23. l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geogra-

fia, Tb., 1964.

24. i. meunargia, odiSis samTavros ukanaskneli peri-

odi da daviT dadiani, tf., 1939.

25. i. sixaruliZe, odiSis saistorio geografiis

wyaroebi, gaz. ,,maxaria~, #1 (28), 2003.

26. ,,qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis

mier, t. I, Tb., 1955; t. IV, Tb., 1973.

27. g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria,

t. I, 1961.

28. d. WiTanava, saeklesio da saero nagebobani same-

greloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.

29. o. xuxua, abaSa, baSi, barda, lebarde, cxenis-

wylis etimologiisaTvis. gegeWkoris saraionTa-

168

Soriso samxareTmcodneo muzeumis XXVI samecni-

ero sesia (masalebi), Tb., 1981.

30. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I,

Tb., 1979.

31. S. jRarkava, salipartiano (istoriul-geogra-

fiuli daxasiaTeba), Tsu Sromebi, ist. mecniere-

baTa seria, t. 113 (V), Tb., 1965.

32. К. Гань. Опыт объяснения кавказских геогра-

фических названии. СМОМПК,. вып. 40. 1909.

169

IGOR KEKELIA

VAKHUSHTI BAGRATIONI AND THE ISSUES OF HISTORIC GEOGRAPHY OF ABASHA GORGE

The research work by Vakhushti Bagrationi, the well-known

Georgian scientist and statesman of the 18 th century, represents a very important treasure in the history of Georgian culture and science.

For the thorough study of historical-geographical and social-economic situation of Georgia in the Middle Ages his major work ,, Descripition of the Kingdom of Georgia~, based on his own ob-servations and the study of historical sources, and his cartograph-ic atlas are priceless.

Vakhushti deals with the small Kingdoms and principalities created as a result of disintegration of the unified Georgia (the second half of the 15 th century) and provides us with a description of historical past and geographic specificities.

In his work Vakhushti described Qartli, kakheti, Hereti, Kuk-heti, Didoeti, Samtskhe-saatabago, Klarjeti and some regions of western Georgia. Vakhushti’s description of these regions (espe-cially Abkhazia, odishi, Guria, Svaneti) is schematic and less pre-cise. this was caused by the lack of information about these re-gions.

The proposed paper is dealing with the study of historical geography of abasha gorge as reflected in Vakhushti bagrationi’s work. In terms of investigation of the above-mentioned issue the geographical atlases compiled by the scientist in 1735 and 1745 are very important.

While examining the issues of historical geography of Aba-sha gorge, the author discusses the etymology of hydronim

170

,,Abasha’’, and the settlements (Bandza, Chkondidi, Sakharia). At the same time, the history of Epharkia of Chkondidi and localiza-tion of mountain Unagira are highlighted, taking into consideration the modern historiography.

171

igor kekelia

enguris xeobis saistorio geografia

vaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSi

enguris xeoba uZvelesi droidan iqcevda uc-

xoel da qarTvel mematianeTa yuradRebas, masze ga-

mavali mniSvnelovani strategiuli, politikuri Tu

ekonomikuri komunikaciebiT. xeobis aRweriloba mo-

cemulia XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieris,

kartografisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis _ vaxuSti

bagrationis fundamentur naSromSi _ ,,aRwera same-

fosa saqarTvelosa~.

Waniswylis xeobisa da walenjixis aRweris

Semdeg vaxuStis naSromSi gadmocemulia enguris

xeobis geografiuli mdebareoba: ,,amis (walenjixis

_ i. k.) CdiloT dis mdinare eguri, wodebuli da-

bis gamo. gamosdis masve svaneTsa da odi[S]s Soriss

kavkassa, modis aRmosavleTidam dasavleTad, mierT-

vis /zRvas/ anakrias. anakrias aRaSenes osmalTa

cixe, qristessa CRg, qarTulsa tJa, awca upyravT

maTve. anakriis aRmosavliT am mdinarezed ars ruxs

cixe didSeni, Sig wyaro gamomdinare. aRaSena levan

dadianman qristessa Cqmz. qarTulsa tle, Semdgomad

Semusres osmalTa welsa CRke, qarTulsa uig, da

amis qviT aRaSenes anakria umtkicesad. ruxs iTxre-

bis kaJi Caxmaxisa friad keTili da mravali. ruxs

zeiT, mTasa Sina ars saafacio saTavidam~ [8, 168-

169].

172

enguris xeobis aRwerisas vaxuSti zogjer

scodavs. T. beraZis dakvirvebiT, mas xSirad erTma-

neTSi ereva ,,Crdilo~ da Crdilo-dasavleTi an da-

savleTi. amitom vaxuStis zemoT moxmobili cnoba

md. enguris walenjixis ,,CdiloT~ dinebis Sesaxeb

Secdomaa, rameTu es mdinare walenjixis monastris

dasavleTiT moedineba [ix. 4, 60]. amasTanave, gasaT-

valiswinebelia is garemoeba, rom md. engursa da

walenjaxis Soris moedineba kidev erTi mdinare

CxouSias saxelwodebiT, rac md. jums marjvnidan

SeerTvis axland. sof. didi neZis kaxaTis terito-

riaze. CxouSias vaxuSti ar icnobs da Sesabamisad

arc mis naSromSia dasaxelebuli. aseve SecdomiTaa

miniSnebuli mdinaris saTave. enguri moedineba zemo

svaneTidan, kavkasionis mTavari qedidan, da misi sa-

Tave bevrad daSorebulia ,,svaneTsa da odiSs So-

riss~ mdebare ,,kavkass~, anu egrisis qeds. enguris

zemo weli svaneTSia, Sua welSi egrisis qeds Cauv-

lis dasavleTiT (q. jvaris Semogareni walenjixis

raionSi), xolo qvemo weli moicavs odiSis dab-

lobs, sof. tyaiadan (Cxoriis Temi) Savi zRvis Se-

sarTavamde.

sainteresoa dakvirveba hidronimis vaxuStiseul

dawerilobaze _ eguri. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

mecnieri batoniSvili mdinaris saxelwodebas swori

formiT unda gadmoscemdes. ,,is gardamavali unda

iyos ,,egridan~ ,,enguramde~, _ wers T. beraZe da

iqve Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad gvianfeo-

daluri xanis ramdenime sabuTsac imowmebs. kerZod,

173

sqolioSi (#34) miuTiTebs wigns _ ,,masalebi sa-

qarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa da toponimiki-

saTvis, w. I~. wignSi, rac 1964 wels gamoica, aR-

niSnulia, rom 1512-1532 wlebiT daTariRebuli do-

kumentis Tanaxmad ,,mamia dadianma Seswira biWvintis

RvTismSobels eguris piras naJaneo 60 komli ka-

ciT~ [ix. 16:78]. amas garda, afxazeTis kaTalikos

grigol lorTqifaniZis 1706 wlis sigeli gvamc-

nobs: ,,...elibaxu nanaisSÁli eguris gaRmidam wamo-

viyvaneT da magierSid da xibulas davasaxleT~ [ix.

11, 92].

vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom engurs (,,egurs~) saxeli

unda mieRo amave saxelwodebis dabisagan, magram

saqme isaa, rom mis mier Sedgenil arc erT rukaze

am saxelis matarebeli daba aRniSnuli araa [msje-

lobisaTvis ix. 4, 60-61]. etyoba, rom mematianesac

eWvi epareboda am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtis

realurad arsebobaSi.

lamberti kolxidis ,,umTavres da ufro cno-

bil~ mdinareebs Soris asaxelebs engurs, rac, misi

azriT uwindeli astelefosi unda iyos. gvTavazobs

mdinaris aRwerilobasac: ,,enguri Camodis didis si-

swrafiT svaneTis mTebidan. zafxulis sicxeebSi

Tovlis dnobis dros igi saSinlad matulobs, da

unavod gasvla masSi SeuZlebelia. ramdenadac ufro

grilia. wyali riyis qvebs Sua iwmindeba da metad

mSvenieria. am mdinareSi mravali nair-nairi Tevzia,

romelsac mkvidrni iWeren badiTac da xis kavebiTac.

roca zafxulobiT wyali matulobs, am mdinaris

174

zRvasTan SesarTavSi Zalian bevr zuTxs iWeren~ [14,

200-201].

mdinares araerTgzis moixseniebs Engour-is

formiT Jak fransua gambac [5: 83, 94, 104, 105, 111,

112, 317, 321, 329].

Savi zRvis piras, enguris SesarTavis marcxena

mxares, mdebareobs erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebuli

punqti anaklia. vaxuSti mas moixseniebs anakrias

formiT. ucxour da qarTul kartografiul masa-

lebsa da werilobiT wyaroebSi dasturdeba toponi-

mis orive forma.

anaklia Tavis rukaze datanili aqvs kastels

[13, 187; sur. # 524]; erT-erT naxatze ki Semdegi

warwera aqvs gakeTebuli: ,,Cveni patrebis navi so-

fel anakliaSi~ (sur. #473).

pirveli wyaro, sadac anakliaa dasaxelebuli,

aris lui granJies 1615 wliT daTariRebuli weri-

li, sadac igi am punqts herakliad moixseniebs. le-

van II dadianis Sewirulobis sigelSi, rac 1628

wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, rom odiSis mTavars

biWvintis RvTismSoblisaTvis Seuwiravs ,,anaklias

koCilai Codia... kidev anaklias faculai wawulua~

[11, 41; 14, 19]. romis papisadmi patr Zampis mier

1675 wels gagzavnil werilSi dasaxelebulia

,,anakria~ da ,,arkama~ [12: 204-205). anakliaze cnobe-

bi daculia frangi mogzauris _ Jan Sardenis na-

SromSi. igi saubrobs anakliis eklesiaze:

,,...anakliaSi me wirvasac daveswari, romelic iseTive

upativcemulod da daudevrad sruldeba, rogorc es

175

aRniSnuli iyo samegrelos religiis Sesaxeb traq-

tatSi. erTxel mowme gavxdi wirvis saseiro Sewyve-

tisa; TeaTinelTan erTad mivdiodiT Cven TavSesafar

koSkSi; gaviareT eklesiasTan, sadac wirva mimdina-

reobda…~ [ix. 22, 255]. lamberti kolxidis (odiSis)

monasterTa CamonaTvalSi asaxelebs anakrias (d`

Anarghia) da aRniSnavs, rom misi Zveli saxeli he-

raklea (Heraclea) iyo. misive miTiTebiT aq uwin sae-

piskoposoc yofila, rac sxva wyaroebiT ar dastur-

deba [ix. 14, 138]. iohan anton giuldenStedtis

TqmiT anaklia ewodeba cixes enguris SesarTavTan [6,

325, SeniSvna]. 1823 wlis 6 (18) ivniss soxumidan

fregatiT gadmosuli frangi mogzauri gamba meore

dRes anaklias swvevia. ,,dilaadrian ukve anakliaSi

aRmovCndiT, _ wers mogzaurobis dRiurSi, _ igi

pontis samefos, Zveli herekleas erT-erTi kolonia

gaxldaT. es navsadguri gaSenebulia ajisa (Agis) da

enguris SesarTavTan; Zvelad igi trapizonsa da

konstantinopolTan Zalze mniSvnelovan vaWrobas

awarmoebda, rac ZiriTadad tyveTa syidvas emyarebo-

da~ [ix. 5, 94].

anaklias axsenebs Sveicarieli mecnieri da

mogzauri frederik diubua de monpere. man XIX s.

30-ian wlebSi imogzaura SavizRvispireTSi. ,,rodesac

mivcuravdiT enguris SesarTavis siaxloves, _ wers

diubua, _ am Cqari mdinaris marcxena napirze Tvali

movkari anakrias, berZenTa herakleas, misi Zveli nan-

grevebiT~. anaklia moxseniebulia moric vagneris

TxzulebaSi, rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare

176

sanavsadguro adgili da ,,samegrelos ukiduresi

Crdilo sasazRvro~ punqti [7, 134].

germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri eduard aix-

valdi asaxelebs anakliis dangreul cixes, rogorc

dadianis sakuTrebas. misive cnobiT, aRniSnuli cixe

ekuTvnoda samegrelos mTavar giorgi dadians. 1779

wels anakliis cixes dapatronebia afxazeTis mTava-

ri qeleS bei ServaSiZe [2: 184, 214]. aixvaldi gad-

mogvcems mis mdebareobasac: ,,redut-kaledan cota

CrdiloeTiT, aqedan ufro Sors, vidre samxreTiT

foTia, ingurze Zevs anaklia~ [iqve, 211]. saintere-

soa eduard aixvaldis cnoba md. anakliis Sesaxeb:

,,...mdinare anaklia am dros araa sicocxlisaTvis

uxifaTo gasasvlelad~ [iqve, 197].

,,anakliis~ saxelwodebiT mdinare cnobili araa.

soflis teritoriaze gaedineba md. Tiqori, rac

amave saxelwodebis soflis teritoriaze (anakliis

Temi) uerTdeba Sav zRvas. misi Senakadia Rele far-

ToRal(?), rac sof. cvanedan moedineba. SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom anaklia Tiqoris uwindeli saxel-

wodeba yofiliyo.

anakliaze cnobebi daucavs iakob rainegssac,

romelic aRniSnavs: ,,...mdinare enguris marjvena na-

pirze, mis SesarTavTan, mdebareobs qalaqi da iqve

cixe anaklia. es aris afxazeTis mTavris levan Ser-

vaSiZis rezidencia. cixis Sida farTobi sigrZiT

ToTxmeti saJenia, siganiT _ cameti; mas Semovle-

buli aqvs sami saJeni simaRlisa da xuTi futi sis-

177

qis galavani. kari ornaxevari wyrTis simaRlis da

erTnaxevari wyrTis siganisaa~ [19, 108].

TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobis naSTi SemorCeni-

lia enguris marcxena mxares da zRvas 0,5 km-iT

aris daSorebuli. adgilobrivni mas jixas eZaxian.

SemorCenilia kvadratuli gegmis mqone cixis oria-

rusiani galavani sam mxares (garda dasavleTisa) da

kuTxeebSi mdgari sami koSki, rac dasavleTiT,

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa

aRmarTuli. md. enguris, e. i. dasavleT mxares mdga-

ri koSki sworkuTxaa, danarCenebi _ cilindruli

formisa. meoTxe koSki mdgara agreTve mdinaris

mxares, rac cixis galavanTan erTad engurs waule-

kia. aq SemorCenili kedlebis naSTi adasturebs mdi-

naris mxares 3 m-ze ufro ganieri WiSkris arsebo-

bas. galavnis zeda iarusze saTofurebia CarTuli.

koSkebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi zeda sarTulebis

sabrZolo daniSnulebaze metyvelebs kedlebSi sa-

Tofurebis arseboba [9, 117-118].

soflis saxelwodebis adgilobrivi araoficia-

luri variantia anarkia. aRniSnuli forma dastur-

deba toponimebSic. kerZod, zugdid-anakliis

gzatkecilis monakveTs sof. ingiris teritoriaze

anarkiaS Sara//naWkira hqvia. igive saxeliT iwodeba

gza zugdididan anakliisken, sof. kaxaTis gavliT

[24, 158].

megrul xalxur sityvierebaSic gvxvdeba

,,anarkia~ forma. movixmobT sailustracio masalas:

178

yursalefiS naxvamlefi, yursalTa gatacebuli

,sqani da do jimalefi, Seni da da (Seni) Zmebi,

xe do kuCxi krilefi xel-fexgakoWilebi

anarkias rCxvianduni? anakliaSi (rom) kiodnen!

an

zugiduri, anarkuli, anakliel-zugdideli,

arTianiSi moxvarefi! erTmaneTis damxmareni.

an kidev

pirvel Tias mi merCandes, pirvel wils vin

mogcemdaT,

va imendaT anarkia. imedi ar hqondes anaklias.

da bolos

aba, jima, ria, aba, Zmao, ajanyeba,

martvil-anarkia... martvil-anaklia...

[20, 60, 83, 107; 21, 150].

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuSti anakliis cix-

is aSenebas osmalebs ukavSirebs. mematianis cnoba,

rom osmalebma ruxis cixis nangrevebisagan ,,aRaSenes

anakria umtkicesad~, Zneli dasajerebelia. amaSi qve-

moT davrwmundebiT.

cnoba ruxis cixis Sesaxeb daculia Sardenis

,,mogzaurobaSi~, roca igi gadmogvcems 1672 wlis,

179

osmalTa SemosevasTan dakavSirebul ambebs. ufro

adre, zugdidTan, kozxeTTan (korcxeli) da anak-

liasTan erTad, ruxi Tavis rukaze aRuniSnavs lam-

berts [14, CanarTi 1 _ ,,kolxeTis anu samegrelos

ruqa~]. ,,axali qarTlis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs, rom

ruxis cixeSi inaxeboda ofSqviTis brZolis dros

qarTlis mefe simonisaTvis dadianis molaSqreTagan

warTmeuli zarbaznebi [10, 282-288].

1700-1712 wlebis axlo xanebSi grigol kaTa-

likosis mier daweril ,,wignSi~ aRniSnulia: ,,ruxus

rom levan dadiani mokuda, misi sicocxleSid da-

dianis alnebiT nemsaZe kzs mosloda~ [11, 102].

,,ruxu~ swored axland. sofeli ruxia. 1712 wlis

garigebis wigni gvamcnobs: ,,SarvaSiZe ruxs mokvda,

wavediT da vitireT, niSnic marTebuli aviReT...~

[iqve, 104-105]. giuldenStedtis cnobiT ruxi cixea

enguris marcxena napirze, rac uwin TurqTa xelSi

iyo, amJamad ki mitovebulia [6, 325]. ruxis Sesaxeb

cnobebs gvawvdis germaneli mogzauri iakob raineg-

si, romelic gvauwyebs: rusTa razmebis mier dan-

greuli afxazuri patara cixe ruxi enguris marj-

vena napirze mdebareobs da lazebSi mimavali gzis

Camketia. iqve axlos mdebare sofelsac ruxi ewode-

ba, xolo misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Svid versze,

enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs samegrelos

yvelaze mZlavri da didi cixe egersi, anu egeria

[19, 121]. rainegsis cnoba ruxis adgilmdebareobaze

arasworia. igi enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs.

180

ruxi gvxvdeba megrul xalxur saistorio

leqsSic:

,,vo, dadia, dadia, vo, dadia, dadia,

ruxiSi dénabadia! ruxSi danabadoo...~

[23, 233].

odiSis samTavroSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sa-

fortifikacio nagebobis _ ruxis cixis mSenebloba

ukavSirdeba levan II dadianis saxels, rasac cixis

dagegmareba da kedlebis wyobac adasturebs. cixis

aSeneba umTavresad ganpirobebuli iyo afxazTagan

odiSis dasacavad. levanisave iniciativiT XVII s.

30-ian wlebSi ganxorcielda Cxaridan da Cixoridan

imereTis mefe giorgi III-is (1605-1639 ww.) gamosa-

syidSi miRebuli somexi da ebraeli vaWrebis ruxSi

Camosaxleba. ase daarsda aq savaWro saxelosno ad-

gili qalaqis statusiT. somxebiT dasaxlebuli

borcvi ruxSi, jixaSkaris ubanSi, dResac naso-

mex(u)d iwodeba.

ruxis mSeneblobaze cnoba daculia arqanjelo

lambertis naSromSi. ,,mxolod somxebis qalaqSi, _

gvauwyebs lamberti, _ romelic aSenebulia awindel

mTavris dros, aris moedanze ramdenime duqani, sa-

dac iyideba tilo da iranuli Sali~ [14, 179]. som-

xebis qalaqSi TeaTineli misioneri swored ruxs

gulisxmobs.

mkvlevar i. anTelavas marTebuli mosazrebiT,

ruxSi cixis ageba, misi ,,gaqalaqeba~ da levan da-

181

dianis mier gatarebuli sxva cnobili RonisZiebebi

(vaWrebis mowveva, zarafxanis gaxsna...) mTavris

proeqtis mizandasaxulobaTa realizacias, kerZod,

evropasTan satranzito vaWrobis ganviTarebas isax-

avda miznad [1, 113-114].

TviT cixe agebulia enguris gavakebis Sua

welze, engursa da mis marcxena Senakads _

rux(iS)wyars Soris, SemaRlebaze. erT ha-mde far-

Tobis mqone cixe Tavisi masStabebiT, galavnisa da

koSkebis sisqe-simaRliTa da mSeneblobis simtkiciT

mnaxvelebze did STabeWdilebas tovebs. cixes adgi-

lobrivni uwodeben ruxiS jixas, jixas. iqve mde-

bare ubans, sadac duqnebi yofila ganTavsebuli,

jixaSkars eZaxian. amasTanave, ruxis cixesTan gama-

vali saxmeleTo gza ,,jixaSkariS Sarad~ iwodeboda.

p. zaqaraias msjelobiT, uwin enguri cixes uSua-

lod uvlida, amJamad ki mdinaris marcxena napirs

300-400 m. aSorebs [10, 162-174]. aSenebulia riyis

qviTa da kiriT. cixeSi Sesvla samxreT-

aRmosavleTis koSkSi datanebuli kariTaa SesaZle-

beli. cixis garekedlis simaRle daaxl. 10-12 m-ia,

saSualo sisqe _ 2,80 m. dasavleTiT da aRmosavle-

TiT simaRle 14-40 m-s aRwevs. SemorCenilia 5

koSki (saS. zoma 8,45X9,65 m). cixis Sida zomaa

94X57 m, rac ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. cixe-simagre

1725 wels daurbeviaT Turq dampyroblebs. XVII s-

Si odiSis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi da cixe-

simagre, amis Semdeg qalaqis statusiT istoriul

wyaroebSi ar moixsenieba [18: 46]. sainteresoa Sar-

182

denis cnoba, rom ruxis cixe samegrelos mTavris

adgilsamyofelsac warmoadgenda.

vaxuStis cnobiT ruxis cixe 1647 welsaa aSe-

nebuli levan dadianis mier (,,qristessa Cqmz, qar-

Tulsa tle~). CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra wyaroebze

dayrdnobiT Tvlis vaxuSti ruxis cixis agebis Ta-

riRad 1647 wels [4, 62). gamoTqmulia mosazreba,

rom aq cixis mSenebloba somex-ebrael vaWarTa gad-

mosaxlebisTanave, 1635-1636 wlebSi unda dawyebu-

liyo. vaxuStis, etyoba, miaCnda, rom ruxis

,,aRSeneba~ 1647 wels dasrulda, ,,Torem, _ wers

ilia anTelava, _ yovlad SeuZlebelia aseTi didi

nagebobis erT weliwadSi dasruleba~ [1, 113-114].

p. zaqaraia SeniSnavs, rom uzustobas Seicavs

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba ruxis cixis dangrevaze.

osmalTa mier cixis dazianeba SesaZlebelia, magram

ruxis dangreuli cixis qvebiT anakliis mSeneb-

lobaze cnobis am nawilis dajereba Znelia, Tundac

im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iqidan aTeuli

kilometriT daSorebul anakliamde riyis qvis gada-

zidva gaumarTlebeli iqneboda [9, 117].

sworia vaxuStis cnoba ruxis cixeSi wyaros

arsebobis Sesaxeb. es wyaro cixis CrdiloeTiT,

gzatkecilsa da engurs Soris, galavanTan gamoedi-

neba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mas ,,oZiles~ eZaxis,

rac jiles, darans, Tevzis samyofels niSnavs.

swavluli mecnieri enguris xeobis im nawilSi,

rac mdebareobs egrisis qedsa da sof. ruxs Soris,

asaxelebda feodalur erTeuls saafacios saxel-

183

wodebiT. mis mier Sedgenil rukebze saxeldebuli

obieqti xan mdinaris marcxena napirzea aRniSnuli,

xan marjvenaze. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteres-

da odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvleva-

ri Tamaz beraZe. ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis kuTxiT

warmoebuli kvleva gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

gamoqveynebul naSromSi man Semdegi saxiT Camoayali-

ba: is faqti, rom vaxuStis Tavis rukaTa meore

atlasis arc erT Sesabamis rukaze saafacio, ro-

gorc punqti, ar aRuniSnavs, im garemoebiT unda

aixsnas, rom saxelovan mecniers eWvi epareboda am

saxelwodebis punqtis realurad arsebobaSi. vaxuS-

tis cnobis Tanaxmad, saafacio iseTive feodaluri

erTeulia, rogoricaa salipartiano, magram saqme

isaa, rom odiSis am nawilis sofelTa toponimia ar

icnobs punqts ,,saafacios~ saxelwodebiT. mis arsebo-

baze arafers gveubneba xalxuri gadmocema da vinaidan

werilobiT wyaroebSic araferia cnobili afacias, ro-

gorc feodaluri gvaris Sesaxeb, saafacios feodalu-

ri erTeulis arsebobac eWvs iwvevs. saafacioSi,

daaskvnis mkvlevari, SeuZlebelia vigulisxmoT sof.

ruxis erTi ubani safarcvanio, vinaidan araa savalde-

bulo Zvel droSi damoukidebel soflad misi miCneva.

amasTanave, rac mTavaria, farcvaniebis gvareulobidan,

vaxuSti bagrationis mier nagulisxmevi saafacios

feodaluri erTeuli ver Seiqmneboda, radgan am gvaris

kacni glexebi iyvnen [4, 61].

T. beraZis aRniSnuli msjeloba rom damajere-

belia, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom ruxeli

184

farcvaniebis gadmocemiT, maTi winaprebi XIX sauku-

nis 50-ian wlebSi Camosaxlebulan salipartianodan.

gadmocemis siswores adasturebs erTi saistorio

wyaroc, saidanac irkveva, rom salipartianos sof-

lebidan – kurZudan da namkoludan 85 komli glex-

is (maT Soris – Todua 14 komli, farcvania _ 13 k;

janaSia _ 12 k; okujava – 3 k; facia – 3 k; naWye-

bia – 2 k.) ruxSi Camosaxleba momxdara 1859 wels,

niko dadianis iniciativiT, romelsac TiToeuli

axalmosaxle ojaxisaTvis engursa da kuCxiobonus

Sua ufasod miucia 15 qceva miwa da 5 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi yvela gaunTavisuflebia gadasaxadisagan.

Semdeg gadasaxadis saxiT dawesebula 5 maneTi da

erTi koka Rvino TiTo ,,gramotaze~. amis gamo so-

fel ruxs, rac niko dadianis sakuTrebas warmoad-

genda, nikosia darqmevia [26, Canaw. 898]. nikosiis

sasoflo Temi 233 komliT dasaxelebulia kavkasiis

mxaris komlobrivi aRweris masalebSi (1886 w.)

zugdidis mazris zugdidis sapolicio ubanSi. 1930

wels gamocemuli ,,saqarTvelos ssr administra-

ciul-teritoriuli dayofis~ mixedviT arsebobda

zugdidis mazris zugdidis raionSi Semavali niko-

siis sasoflo sabWo, rac aerTianebda sam sofels:

nawulukous (94 komli, 232 suli), nikosias (566

komli, 131 suli) da ruxs (70 komli, 333 suli).

prof. p. cxadaias TqmiT nikosia sofels 1926

wlamde erqva [24, 269]. ,,yazayiSi gazeTis~ 1932

wlis #181 ki gvamcnobs, rom nikosias 1932 wlis

15 seqtembers daubrunda Zveli saxeli ruxi.

185

safarcvanio ubania sajanaSiosa da qvemo saTo-

duos Sua. p. cxadaias cnobiT, radganac ,,gramotas~

Camoyolili farcvaniebi waCxuruSi (martvilis r.)

yovel wels salocavad ver midiodnen, ,,sawaCxuro

lagvani~ aq, ruxSi mouwyviaT [24, 272].

sakvlevi toponimis (,,saafacio~) lokaliza-

ciaze msjelobisas sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sof.

ruxSi mosaxleobs 30 komlamde facias gvariskaci

da maTi dasaxleba iwodeba safaciod. udaod Tval-

Sisacemi garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad

(,,saafacio~ _ ,,safacio~) vaxuStiseuli saxelwode-

bis amosavali Ziris mniSvnelobis SeZlebisamebr

mkafiod ilustirebisaTvis ruxSi mdebare faciebis

gvaris kompaqturi dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli saxeli

,,safacio~ mainc ver gamodgeba, kvlav im umTavresi

garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom faciebic (farcva-

niebis msgavsad) glexebi iyvnen da, Tu vigulisx-

mebT, rom vaxuStis mixedviT, saafacio marTlac

garkveuli feodaluri erTeulis saxelwodeba iyo,

glexTa gvareuloba am erTeulis saxelis ,,naTlia~

ver iqneboda.

saafacios garSemo vrceli msjeloba imisTvis

dagvWirda, rom savsebiT gagveziarebina Tamaz bera-

Zis sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevi mosazreba topo-

nim ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis, ufro zustad engu-

ris xeobaSi am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtis

arsebobis eWvqveS dayenebis Sesaxeb. amave dros an-

gariSgasawevia Semdegi Tvalsazrisic: vaxuSti ba-

grationi SesaZlebelia arasworad iZleodes am

186

feodaluri erTeulis saxels, an zustad ver gan-

sazRvravdes mis mdebareobas, magram isic Zneli da-

sajerebelia, rom mas saerTod moegonebinos

,,saafacios~ arseboba [4, 61].

enguris xeobaSi ,,ruxs zeiT, am wyalzed, mTasa

Sina... saTavidam~, saafacios, rogorc soflis Tu

feodaluri erTeulis, arseboba da zogierT rukaze

misi aRniSvna, Zneli saTqmelia, vaxuSti bagrationis

subieqtur mosazrebas mivaweroT, Tu xalxur gad-

mocemaze dafuZnebul Tvalsazrisad miviCnioT. Tum-

ca ufro sarwmunod is garemoeba gvesaxeba, rom

mecnieri saafacioze werisas xalxisagan miRebul

cnobebze dafuZnebul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs,

oRond – araswori saxiT.

T. beraZe ganagrZobs msjelobas saafacios

garSemo da varaudobs, rom vaxuStiseul saafacioSi

SesaZlebelia werilobiT wyaroebSi XIII s-dan mox-

seniebuli odiSis Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos

– afaqiZeebis (adg. gamoTqmiT afaqiebis) feodaluri

erTeuli saafaqiZo//saafaqio davinaxoT. am gvarSi

Semonaxuli erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad afaqiZeTa sam-

flobelo erT dros md. maganamde aRwevda, rac vax-

uStis mier mocemuli ,,saafacios~ teritorias na-

wilobriv emTxveva. T. beraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs

XVII s. pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul sabuTSi

,,saqoCaqiZeos~ moxseniebis faqts, rac iyo ,,dadianis

levanis wyaloba mamuli~. wyarod miTiTebulia

prof. sargis kakabaZis mier 1914 wels gamoqveyene-

buli ,,afxazeTis saeklesio glexebis didi davTari~

187

[gv. 43]. toponimi ,,saqoCaqiZo~ dasturdeba md. en-

guridan ramdenime km-iT daSorebul sof. CqvalerSi

(walenjixis r.). saqoCaqiZo, masSi Semavali jgalis

cixe-sasaxliT, vrceli ,,qveyana~ unda yofiliyo.

rac, T. beraZis azriT, nawilobriv Tavsdeba vaxuS-

tis rukaze mocemul teritoriaze. ,,saafacio~ Se-

saZlebelia damaxinjebuli ,,saqoCaqiZo~ iyos. erTi

ram cxadia, daaskvnis mkvlevari, rom vaxuStiseuli

saafacio romeliRac realurad arsebuli feodalu-

ri erTeulis gamomxatvelia, Tumca saxelovani mec-

nieri mis saxelsa da mdebareobas arazustad gad-

moscems [4, 62].

saafacios mdebareobis Sesaxeb T. beraZis mosa-

zrebis analizi mocemulia d. WiTanavas naSromSi,

romelic saanalizod miuTiTebs istoriis mecniere-

baTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad

T. beraZis mier warmodgenili sadisertacio naSro-

mis Sesabamis gverds. toponimi ,,saafacio~ am mxare-

Si verc d. WiTanavas daufiqsirebia. mkvlevari em-

xroba im azrs, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi afaciebis

feodaluri saxli da gvareuloba ar ixsenieba,

Tumca damatebiTi masala ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis

Taobaze mas ar warmoudgenia [25, 381-382].

am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs zugdidis

r-nis sof. WkaduaSSi dadasturebuli toponimi

,,saafaqioS CxouSia~. ase ewodeba mdinares, rac war-

moadgens CxouSiis marcxena mdgenels. mis saTavesTan

mdebare farTo vakes ,,saafaqio~ hqvia (saxelmdebni

akonkreteben: saanTioS CxouSia, TordinefiS Cxou-

188

Sia//yaliCefiS CxouSia, Tudoleni CxouSia, naoCeS

CxouSia, saafaqioS CxouSia). sainteresoa isic, rom

engur-Waniswylis wyalgamyofze, sof. WkaduaSsa da

jvars Soris mdebare maRlobi da sofelic saafa-

qiod iwodeboda. WkaduaSis nawils rom afaqiebi

(afaqiZeebi) flobdnen, mowmobs soflis Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi, walenjixis raionis sof. didi

eweris sazRvarze, sajinjolaSi mdebare sasaflaosa

da naeklesiaris saxelwodeba naoxvam(u)//buWueS ox-

vame. informatorebi aq eklesiis aSenebas Tavad bu-

Wue afaqias miaweren [24, 397].

d. WiTanava sof. WkaduaSis siZveleebze saubri-

sas p. cxadaias naSromidan [24] Sesabamisi gverdebis

miTiTebiT imowmebs sofelSi toponimebad dadastu-

rebul naeklesiar adgilebs. asaxelebs naoxva-

mus//buWueS oxvames da am eklesiis mSeneblad Sec-

domiT Tavad buWue alanias miiCnevs [25, 139].

literatura

189

1. i. anTelava, levan II dadiani, Tb., 1990.

2. eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX sau-

kunis pirveli mesamedi), germanulidan Targmna,

Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma,

Tb., 2005.

3. g. bedoSvili, qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiT-

etimologiuri leqsikoni, I, Tb., 2001.

4. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis isto-

riuli geografiis sakiTxebi, ,,saqarTvelos is-

toriuli geografiis krebuli~, IV, Tb., 1971.

5. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi,

frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo mzia

mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1987.

6. iohan anton giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarT-

veloSi, t. I, germanuli teqsti qarTuli Targ-

maniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. ge-

laSvilma, Tb., 1962.

7. moric vagneri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanuli

teqsti Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da sa-

Zieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.

8. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geografia, Tb.,

1997.

9. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos saero xuroTmoZRvrebis

Zeglebi, Tb., 1960.

10. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos gvianfeodaluri xanis

cixe-simagreebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeu-

mis moambe, t. XXVI_В, Tb., 1970.

11. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sa-

buTebi, tf., 1921.

190

12. mixeil TamaraSvili, 1902 _ istoria kaToli-

kobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902.

13. don kristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti Targmna, gamokvleva

da komentarebi daurTo beJan giorgaZem, Tb.,

1976.

14. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb.,

2011.

15. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,

Tb., 1941.

16. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa

da toponimikisaTvis, Tb., 1964.

17. m. paWkoria, furclebi kolxeTis istoriidan,

Tb., 1974.

18. m. paWkoria, vicnobdeT kulturis Zeglebs, Tb.,

1975.

19. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, ger-

manulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daur-

To gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.

20. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis masalebi

(megruli nimuSebi), Tb., 1971.

21. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis sakiTxebi

(megruli nimuSebis mixedviT), Tb., 1979.

22. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmo-

savleTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb), frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da

komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma, Tb.,

1975.

191

23. a. canava, qarTuli folkloris sakiTxebi (me-

gruli masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1990.

24. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxel-

wodebani, II. zugdidis raioni, Tb., 2007.

25. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi

samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb.,

2010.

26. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. V, Тифлис,

1879, Canaw. 898.

192

Igor Kekelia

The Historical Geography of the River Enguri Valley in Vak-hushti Bagrationi’s Work

The well-known scientist and public man of XVIII century in

Vakhushti Bagrationi’s fundamental work are given the descrip-tions of the different parts of Georgia according to the natural consequence and military-political division of these places.

The geographical atlases with the maps of the different parts of Georgia are very important. They were made by Vak-hushti in 1735-1745 years. On these maps we can see the histor-ical-geographic parts of the country, settlements, relief and hy-drography.

In this review of Vakhushti Bagrationi with his maps and other written sources, there are given the materials about histori-cal Geography of the Enguri Valley.

193

giorgi grZeliZe

Tbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebi

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT saqarTvelos nebismier

kuTxes, qalaqsa Tu sofels, mravlad aRmovaCenT

galavans, cixesimagres Tu e.w. nacixvars, romlebic

erT dros mniSvnelovan movaleobas asrulebdnen

qveynisa Tu calkeuli kuTxis Tavdacvis saqmeSi.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi TavdacviTma nagebobebma

dakarges Tavdapirveli funqcia, Tumca maTi

mniSvneloba uzomod didia istoriul-kulturuli

TvalsazrisiT.

amjerad Cvens mizans warmoadgens Tbilisis

Zveli istoriuli galavnis sazRvrebis, masSi

arsebuli karibWeTa da im cixe-simagreTa ganlagebis

mimoxilva romlebic mdebareobdnen qalaqisa Tu mis

mosazRvre teritoriebze.

Zvelad qalaqebi SemosazRvrulni iyvnen farTo

da masiuri kedliT, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda aramxolod omianobis periodSi, aramed

mSvidobiani cxovrebis drosac.

qalaqis cixe-koSkebsa da karebs, sagangebod

miCenili mcvelebi hyavdaT, maT `mcvelni qalaqisani

ewodebodaT~ [4, 1214].

`qalaqis mcvelebs evalebodaT uzrunveleyoT

qalaqi moulodneli Tavdasxmisagan, daecvaT qalaqis

karebi, gaeRoT igi diliT adre ciskrisas, rom mis

kedlebTan RamiT gaCerebuli qaravani, saTanado

194

nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg qalaqSi SemoeSvaT, RamiT

ki qalaqis karebi iketeboda [4, 124].

rogorc cnobilia qalaq TbilisSi pirvelad

galavnis mSeneblobas qalaqis damaarsebeli vaxtang

gorgasali Seudga, magram gardacvalebis gamo misi

dawyebuli saqme mefis memkvidrem daCim ganagrZo,

juanSeris sityviT: `ganasrula zRudeni Tbili-

sisani~ [4, 116].

aRniSnuli galavani VII-s. jibRu xakanma da

herakle keisarma daangries, imis gamo, rom qviT-

kiris kedlis Seneba metad rTuli da Zviri iyo,

qalaqisaTvis xis galavani da xis koSkebi augiaT [4,

116].

qalaqis xis galavniT da koSkiT isargebles

arabebma da buRa Turqma VII s. da gadawves qalaqi

[4, 117].

xis galavnisa da koSkebis gadawvis Semdgom

qalaqis garSemo alizis aguris kedeli SemouvliaT,

X s. arabi istorikosis cnobiT Tbiliss im dros

ori alizis kedeli hqonia [4, 117].

qalaqis kedlebs exeba gviani periodis, kerZod

XVII-s. frangi mogzauri Jan-Sardeni, romelic

aRniSnavs: `qalaqi SemozRudulia mSvenieri da

magari kedliT. mdinarisaken ki ukedloa~ [4, 118].

galavnis Sesaxeb zogad cnobas gvawvdis aseve

1701 wels TbilisSi myofi gamoCenili frangi

botanikosi da mogzauri Jozef turnefori. is

aRniSnavs: `dRes Tbilisis galavnis simaRle, Cveni

baRebis, Robeebis simaRles ar aRemateba~ [10, 64].

195

rogorc Cans turneforis dros qalaqis galavnis

simaRle omianobis gamo metad Semcirebuli yofila.

garda werilobiTi cnobisa turnefori gvawvdis

qalaqis imdroindel grafikul gamosaxulebas,

romelic im droisaTvis meore gamosaxulebad

iTvleba, pirvelad iTvleba Jan Sardenis mier

Seqmnili 1671 wels, mesamed ki vaxuSti

batoniSvilis mier 1735 wels [10, 17].

rac Seexeba galavanSi arsebul karebs,

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobas gvawvdis arabi

geografi tabari cnoba X-s. ganekuTvneba [tabaris]

mixedviT qalaqs imdroisaTvis xuTi kari hqonia:

`maidnis kari~, `karis kari~, `mcire kari~, rabaTis

kari~ da `soRdebilis kari~ [2, 127],

droTa ganmavlobaSi, bunebrivia, qalaqis

zrdasTan erTad karibWeTa raodenobac izrdeboda,

Semosevebisa da omianobis periodSi nadgurdeboda

qalaqis rogorc galavnis calkeuli nawilebi, ise

karibWeebic, vaxuStis gegmisa da imdroindeli

rusuli gegmebis mixedviT Cans, rom 1800 wlisaTvis

qalaqs eqvsi kari hqonia [4, 123].

1. `abanos kari~ _ aRmosavleTiT, wavkisis xevis

gadalaxviT qalaqs abanoebis ubanTan da

seidabadTan akavSirebda [4, 123].

2. `ganjis kari~ _ qalaqSi samxreTis mxridan

Semodioda, ganjis kariT Semodioda qalaqSi

tabaxmeladan da krwanisidan momavali gzebi [4,

123].

196

3. `wavkisis kari~ _ vaxuStis mixedviT `kojris

kari~, sxva wyaroebiT ki `maRlakari~,

mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleT kedelze [4, 123].

4. `diRmis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleT

da CrdiloeTis kedelTa Sesayarze [4, 123].

5. `muxranis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis CrdiloeT

kedelze, vaxuSti mas uwodebs `wylis kars~.

muxranis kariT qalaqSi mcxeTidan momavali gzis

erTi ganStoeba Semodioda [4, 124].

6. `avlabris kari~ _ mtkvris marcxena napirze

mdebareobda da metexis cixis galavanSi iyo

moqceuli, avlabris kari erTis mxriv esazRvreboda

metexis cixis galavans, xolo meores mxriv ki

avlabris galavans, romelic aigo darejan

dedoflis brZanebiT XVIII-m. 70-ian wlebSi [2, 131].

avlabris kari qalaqs kaxeTTan da aRmosavleTis

sxva qalaqebTan akavSirebda [4, 124].

e. i. qalaqis karebTa mimarTuleba aseTi iyo:

qalaqs aRmosavleT nawilTan, abanoebis ubanTan da

seidabadTan `abanos kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].

samxreTis qveynebTan qalaqs `ganjis kari~ akavSirebda

[4, 123]. CrdiloeTis qveynebTan da dasavleT

saqarTvelosTan `wavkisis kari~, `diRmis kari~ da

wylis anu `muxranis kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].

kaxeTisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qalaqebTan

Tbiliss `avlabris kari~ akavSirebda [4, 124].

rac Seexeba simagreebis arsebobas qalaqsa da

mis SemogarenSi XX-s. 20-ian wlebamde anu sanam

komunistebi daangrevdnen maT, aTze meti didi Tu

197

mcire cixe-simagre iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom

dRevandlamde isic nawilobriv, mxolod Tbilisis

`dedacixem~ _ nariyalam moaRwia, yvela danarCeni

dangreuli iqna uaxloes warsulSi.

dabla CamoTvlilia yvela cixe-simagre,

romlebic mdebareobdnen dedaqalaqis farglebSi.

avlabris cixe-galavani

avlabris cixe galavani XVII-s. meore an mesame

meoTxedSi unda iyos agebuli [2, 131].

avlabars ori galavani hqonda, erTi avlabris

galavani, romelic mTel avlabars ertya gars da

meore Tbilisis anu qalaqis galavani isan-avlabris

garSemo [2, 131].

avlabris galavani naCvenebia vaxuStis gegmaze

[8, 459]. aseve piCeviCis gegmaze [8, 461].

avWalis cixe

avWalis cixe _ aigo 1734 wels, mtkvris

marcxena napirze, misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyo

lekTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmisagan qalaqis dacva,

cixe Sedgeboda 12 koSkisagan [7, 275].

cixes exeba germaneli mogzauri iohan

giuldenStedti. igi aRniSnavs: `mtkvris aRmosavleT

napirze davinaxe cixe `zemo avWala~, xolo erTi

versiT adre samxreTiT md. avWalis xevis Cr.

mxareze, aseve dangreuli simagre qvemo avWala~ [5,

198

61]. dRes cixisa da misi 12 koSkisagan araferi

aRaraa SemorCenili, simagre dangreul iqna XX-s.

20-ian wlebSi.

cixe darijeli

darijelis cixis zusti adgilmdebareobis

dadgena dRes veranairad ver xerxdeba. cnobilia

mxolod, rom is mdebareobda dRevandeli metexi

nariyalas mimdebare teritoriaze, cixe

moxseniebulia gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis

bagrat IV-is dedaqalaqSi SemosvlasTan

dakavSirebiT.

didubis cixe

didubis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marcxena

sanapiroze, cixis Sesaxeb mciredi saxis cnobas

gvawvdis XVIII saukunis gamoCenili germaneli

mogzauri iohan anton giuldenStedti, mogzauri

aRniSnavs: `diRmidan 1/2 saaTSi gaviareT qviSaqviani

mTa da gadavediT mdinare verisxevze, romelzedac

aris qvis xidi. aqedan zed mtkvris aRmosavleTiT,

napirze Cans dangreuli didubis cixe~ [5, 67].

Tbilisis istoriis gamoCenili mkvlevari

Teimuraz beriZe daaskvnis, rom didubis cixe-

galavani agebuli unda yofiliyo XVIII saukuneSi

da mdgara dRevandeli erovnuli stadionis

teritoriaze [11, 56].

199

1800 wels Sedgenil kapitan Cuikosa da

polkovnik tixonovis gegmaze aRniSnulia didubis

cixe, gegmis mixedviT didubis cixe galavani mogrZo

sworkuTxa formis sakmaod mozrdili nageboba

yofila, oTxive kuTxeSi ki cilindruli formis

koSkebi hqonia burjebad [11, 56]. didubis cixe

galavanma didxans ver gauZlo rbeva-awiokebas. 1772

wlis saqarTvelos rukaze didube `gapartaxebul

cixe-simagredaa aRniSnuli~. amis Semdeg igi aRarc

aRudgeniaT [11, 56].

diRmis cixe

diRmis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena

sanapirodan sakmaod daSorebiT dRevandel sofel

diRomSi. diRmis wm. marines eklesiis siaxloves.

cixe gzad moinaxula zemoT dasaxelebulma

germanelma mogzaurma giuldenStedtma, mogzauri

aRniSnavda: `devis namuxlaridan 5/4 saaTi mivdiodiT

TiTqmis pirdapir samxreTiT, vake mindorze,

romelsac qvia diRomis mindori da mivediT diRomis

cixemde, romelic mdebareobs ori versis daSorebiT,

im adgilidan, sadac md. diRomis xevi erTvis

mtkvars marjvena mxridan. es cixe mosaxleobas

mietovebina ori wlis win Wiris gamo [5, 61].

diRmis cixe dangreul iqna rusuli

mmarTvelobis periodSi, cixe mdebareobda

dRevandeli wm. marines taZris siaxloves, dRes

misgan araferi aRaraa SemorCenili [6].

200

erekles cixe

erekles cixe mdebareobda Tbilisis ukidures

aRmosavleTiT mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze,

navTluRis ubanSi, cixe-simagre agebul iqna mefe

erekle II-is mier. XVIII-s. meore naxevarSi, cixes

xSirad moixseniebdnen meore saxeliTac `navTluRis

cixe~ _ imis gamo rom igi mdebareobda uban

navTluRSi [3, 286].

1772 wlis TebervalSi aq gauvlia

giuldenStedts, romelic mokled aRnSnavs:

`sofeli navTluRi mdebareobs mtkvris marcxena

napiras, Sedgeba daaxloebiT 50 saxlisagan da garda

amisa, axlandelma mefem Semoartya oTxkuTxa kedeli

adgils, diametriT 80 nabiji da daatana mrgvali

koSki. amitom mas daarqves erekles cixe~ [5, 17].

erekles cixe mdebareobda iq sadac dRes

ganTavsebulia wm. barbares eklesia, mtkvris donidan

20.25 m. maRla mdebare adgilze, dRevandeli

rkinigzis xidis siaxloves [3, 286].

Taboris cixe _ igive yorCi-yala

Taboris cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena

sanapiroze Taboris mTaze, cixe agebuli iqna XI s.

[2, 256].

1747-1748 wlebSi Taboris cixe yizilbaSebs

ekavaT vidre erekle II-em sabolood ar

gaanTavisufla cixe sparselebisagan [1, 65].

201

Taboris cixis ganTavisuflebas erekles mier

aRwers Teimuraz bagrationi: `maSin Semokribna mun

mefeman mxedrobani kaxTani sruliad goridamaca

STamoatanina zarbazani igi didi, boWormisad

wodebuli, da aiRes metexi, xolo ukanasknel

Tabori da TaboriTa iwyes ra cema zarbazaniTa miT,

SeWirvebulTa maT erTa mosces cixe mefesa~ [1, 65].

cixes metad zogadad exeba vaxuSti, igi

aRniSnavs: `Tabors yofila cixe, aramed aw

Semusvruli ars~ [2, 53]. rogorc Cans vaxuStis

dros cixe dangreuli yofila, savaraudod igi

kvlav aRudgeniaT, amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom

sparseTis Sahis aRa mahmad-xanis Tbilisze

Tavdasxmis dros 1795 wels Taboris cixe

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qalaqis TavdacvaSi.

`xolo mefis Zem daviTman Seyara xevsa Sina

sagubrisaTa zarbazanni igi, romelic aqvnda mas

Tborisa kerZo, raTa ara dauSTes sparsTa~,

aRniSnavs Teimuraz bagrationi [1, 65].

1795 wels sparselTa mier dangreuli cixe

aRar aRudgeniaT, dRes mis adgilas agebulia ioane

naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesia.

didos cixe

cixe lilo mdebareobda mtkvris marcxena

sanapiroze, liloSi. mas gakvriT exeba soRaluRSi

myofi giuldenStedti, igi aRniSnavs: `navTluRidan

Cr. dasavleTiT Canda dangreuli cixe lilo~ [5, 65].

202

Znelia dRes imis dadgena Tu sad mdebareobda

lilos cixe, im mizeziT rom gansxvavebiT

dRevandelisagan XVIII-s. lilo ufro farTo

areals moicavda vidre dRes.

metexis cixe

metexis cixe aris igive isnis cixe [2, 132].

toponimi isani momdinareobs arabuli enidan , rac

niSnavs cixes, (hisan-cixe). metexis cixe rogorc

varaudoben unda yofiliyo agebuli arabebis

periodSi, XIII-s. aq sadilegoa, Semdeg igi qalaqis

amiras mier gadakeTda `soRdebilis medinad~ anu

cixed. IX s. aSenda qviTkiriT, Semoavles Txrili

da saxelad isani-cixe ewoda, xolo bolos isanSi

`metexis~ RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis agebis

Semdeg, am adgilma samudamod metexis saxeli

daimkvidra [2, 129].

`isani qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi pirvelad

XI s. gvxvdeba, 1045 w. qalaqis berebis mowveviT,

TbilisSi Semosuli mefe bagrat IV ipyrobs

mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare qalaqis damcvel

cixe-koSkebs da Sig Tavis mxedrions ayenebs. mefes

ar nebdeba `isnis~ cixe. mematiane mogviTxrobs:

`xolo isnelTa Caagdes xidi da ara mosces isni~.

miuxedavad amisa mefe gadadis mtkvarze da dgeba

`isnis velsa~, isnelebi mefes did winaaRmdegobas

uweven [2, 128].

203

isnis cixes mravali godoli hqonia datanebuli

[2, 123].

Semdgom xanSi `isanSi~ ukve saqarTvelos mefeTa

sasaxle dgas, swored aq gaigo Tamar mefem mamis,

giorgi III-is gardacvalebis ambavi [2, 128].

isnis cixe aRniSnulia metexis RvTismSoblis

taZarTan erTad vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tbilisis

1735 wlis gegmaze, nomriT #55 [8, 459].

cixeis Sesaxeb vaxuSti aRniSnavs: `xolo isnis

cixe yofil ars didi, romelsa ganaaxlebdnen

osmalni CRkÀ (1728 w.) da daSTaT usrulni [2, 131].

XVII s. rostom mefem metexis (isnis) cixis

zRude kedeli aRadgina [2, 133].

metexis cixe saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis

ermolovis mier gadakeTebul iqna satusaRod [2,

95].

cixe daangries XX s. 20-ian wlebSi.

nariyalas cixe

TbilisSi erTaderTi dRemde SemorCenili

cixesimagre, winandelisagan metad gansxvavebulis

saxiT, aris nariyalas cixe, igive qalaqis deda-cixe,

romelsac xSirad moixsenieben sxva saxeliTac:

`kala~ `Suris cixe~ da `deda cixe~.

cixe mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena napiris

siaxloves, cixe istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT

agebul unda iyos IV-V s. mijnaze, magram sruliad

sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba arqeologiuri monacemebi,

204

ris mixedviTac Cans, rom cixis teritoria

gvianbrinjaos xanaSic (Zv. w. XIII-XII ss.

dasaxlebuli yofila da SesaZloa igi gora

nasaxlars warmoadgenda [8, 40].

gamoCenili qarTveli mematianis leonti

mrovelis mixedviT nariyalas cixe agebul iqna 368

wels IX saukuneSi, sparsTa mefis pitiaxSis _ qram

xuar borzardis mier [7, 529].

saukuneTa manZilze mravaljer momxdara

Tbilisis dedacixis aRdgena-gadakeTeba, Tumca

adrefeodaluri xanis nagebobebidan mxolod cixis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT nawilSi mdgari koSkia

SemorCenili [8, 41].

vaxuSti Tbilisis aRwerisas mogviTxrobs:

`kala ars cixe naSeni maRalsa kldesa zeda, da

CamozRudvili salalakis xevi mtkvramde~ [2, 72].

garda zemoT aRniSnuli cnobisa cixe

aRniSnulia vaxuStis gegmazec [8, 461].

nariyalas Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian frangi

mogzauri Jozef turnefori [10, 65], germaneli

mogzauri iohan giuldenStedti [5, 87], da sxva

TbilisSi myofi mogzaurebi.

rostomis mefobis dros (1632-1658)

xidisyuridan kalis cixemde zRude gauvliaT da

qalaqi da cixe gauyviaT. amis Semdeg gaCnda

mikrotoponimebi: ~dabla cixe~ _ `maRla cixe~ [7,

530].

205

cixe mniSvnelovnad dazianda aRa-mahmadxanis

Semosevisas 1795 wels, magram maleve aRadgines _

1796 wels [7, 530].

cixe mniSvnelovnad daaziana 1827 wlis

miwisZvram, Seiwira stambolis godolis didi

nawili, XIX s. I naxevarSi cixis erT-erT SenobaSi,

denTis sawyobis afeTqebis Sedegad daingra cixis

TiTqmis yvela Senoba. saukuneTa manZilze

mravaljer dangreulma da aRdgenilma cixem Cvenamde

moaRwia XII-XIII s. da XVII s. Sereuli nagebobebis

saxiT.

cixis kedlebSi SemorCenlia ori karis naSTi,

erTi `ganjis karad~ wodebuli, axlandeli

botanikuri baRis mxares, meore ufro didi _ cixis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, am karTan uZvelesi, Tlili

qvis didi kvadratebiT nagebi kedlis naSTia [8,

530].

soRanluRis cixe

soRanluRis cixe mdebareobda erekles cixis

mopirdapired. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. sofel

soRanluRSi. dRevandeli qvemo foniWalis

teritoriaze, kerZod, rusTavi-marneulis

gzagasayarze, cixesimagre erT dros did kontrols

uwevda somxeTisa da sparseTisaken mimaval gzas.

cixesimagre agebul iqna 1765 wels, mefe

erekle meoris mier, savaraudod, rogorc Tbilisis

istoriis gamorCeuli mkvlevari Teimuraz beriZe

206

aRniSnavs, SesaZloa, cixe ereklemdec unda

arsebuliyo, 1765 wels ki moxda misi ganaxleba [2,

121].

cixe-simagre 1772 wels moinaxula

giuldenStedtma. mogzauri aRniSnavs: `mtkvris

marjvena napirze dgas sofeli soRanluRi,

gamagrebuli aseve koSkiT, romelic ekuTvnis Tavad

yaflaniSvils~ [5, 65].

cixe-simagre aRniSnulia giuldenStedtis 1772

w. rukaze, sofels uzis geometriuli niSani → ◊

rac aRniSnavs cixe-simagres [2, 121].

general cicianovis (ciciSvili) Tbilisidan

ganjaSi laSqrobis marSrutis 1803 wlis rukaze

cixe-simagre aRniSnulia mdinare mtkvarsa da gzas

Soris [2, 122].

1795 wels sparseTis Sahi aRa-maxmad xani gzad

soRanluRs gaCerda, amis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis

daviT batoniSvili: `warmomarTebuli aRa mahmad xan

movida da daibanaka 30000 kaciTa soRanluRsa Sina~

[1, 65].

1803 wels cixeSi myof rusul garnizons Tavs

daesxnen lekebi, `kvalad movidnen soRanluRs da

wartyvnes umetes orasisa rusni~, aRniSnavs daviT

batoniSvili [1, 70].

savaraudod, cixesimagre unda ganadgurebuliyo

XX-s. 20-ian wlebSi. dRes misgan araferi aRaraa

SemorCenili, metad rTulia da SeuZlebelic ki imis

garkveva Tu sad idga cixe-simagre. adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi dRes araviTari cnoba an raime saxis

207

gadmocema araa Semonaxuli imis Taobaze Tu sad

mdebareobda nageboba da ra bedi ewia, maTTvis

sruliad ucnobia isic, rom erT dros qvemo

foniWala siaxloves mdgara cixe-simagre [6].

`mefem aRixuna koSki karTani Tavis kacTa, da

gaRiRo cixe qalaqisa darijeli, da ornive koSki

wyalyinisani da Tabori, da daadginna Sigan

laSqarni da erisTavni~ [8, 95].

wyalyinis cixe koSki

rac iTqva zemoT darijelis cixis Sesaxeb

igive unda iTqvas wyalyinis ori cixe-koSkis

Sesaxebac, samwuxarod dRevandlamde ucnobia zusti

adgilmdebareoba wyalyinis cixe-koSkisa [8, 95].

Cveni mimoxilvis mizani iyo im safostifikacio

qselisa da nagebobebis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,

romelic icavda qalaq Tbiliss da mis Semogarens.

arsebuli masalis mixedviT Cans, rom Tbilisi

sakmaod daculi qalaqi iyo da masTan misasvleli

yvela gza cixesimagreebiT kontroldeboda.

am cixesimagreTa umetesi nawilis zusti

mdebareobis dadgena werilobiTi wyaroebis

monacemebiT Wirs, Tumca am problemis gadaWra

arqeologiuri kvleva-ZiebiTaa SesaZlebeli, rac

metad mniSvnelovani iqneba Tbilisis istoriisaTvis.

208

literatura

1. T. bagrationi, axali istoria, Tb., 1983.

2. T. beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnis istoria,

Tb., 1977.

3. geografiuli sazogadoebis Sromebi, t. XII, Tb.,

1973.

4. d. gvritiSvili, S. mesxia, Tbilisis istoria,

Tb., 1952.

5. i. a. giuldenStedti, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,

t. I, Tb., 1962.

6. g. grZeliZe, piradi savele dRiuri, 2012.

7. enciklopedia, `Tbilisi~, Tb., 2002.

8. Tbilisis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1990.

9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb.,

1973.

10. J. p. de turnefori, mogzauroba aRmosavleTis

qveynebSi, Tb., 1988.

11. Jurnali `jvari vazisa~, #1, Tb., 1992.

209

Salva gloveli

unikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

samecniero biblioTekis raritetuli

fondidan

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologis

instituti saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

samecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic saTaves iRebs

jer kidev 1917 wlis 1 ivliss TbilisSi

daarsebuli – `kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri

institutidan~. aRniSnuli institutis daarseba

ganxorcielda akademikos niko maris moTaveobiT.

imdroindeli wesdebis Tanaxmad, instituti

warmoadgenda samecniero dawesebulebas, romlis

ZiriTadi amocana iyo kavkasiis mosaxleobisa da

lingvisturad Tu kulturulad misi monaTesave

xalxebis istoriis, enebis, yofisa da siZveleebis

Seswavla; kavkasiis mcodneobasTan dakavSirebuli

samecniero disciplinebis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelSewyoba, kavkasiis materialuri da sulieri

kulturis Zeglebis dacva-aRnusxva da Seswavla.

institutis pirvel `namdvil wevrebad~ (rogorc

amas gansazRvravda maSindeli wesdeba) arCeulebi

iyvnen eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili.

institutSi daarsebisTanave mimdinareobda istori-

uli xasiaTis masalis Segroveba, tardeboda

uaRresad mniSvnelovani eqspediciebi da mimdinare-

obda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba.

210

1918 wlis ianvarSi qarTveli xalxis

cxovrebaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlena moxda –

gaixsna Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.

Tbilisis universitetTan kavkasiis istoriul-

arqeologiuri institutis mWidro kavSiris

damyarebis saWiroebas xels uwyobda am ori

dawesebulebis mecnieruli miznebis erTianoba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom institutis orive namdvili wevri

– eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili –

universitetis profesorebad iyvnen arCeulni, xolo

institutis direqtoris moadgile – eqvTime

TayaiSvili Tbilisis universitetis erT-erTi

damaarsebelTagani da arqeologiis kaTedris

pirveli gamgea.

1931 wels instituts ewoda `kavkasiis-

mcodneobis instituti~, xolo 1936 wels, morigi

reorganizaciis Semdeg man miiRo `akad. n. maris

saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri

kulturis institutis~ (enimki) saxelwodeba. aq

moRvaweobdnen didi qarTveli mecnierebi eqvTime

TayaiSvili, simon janaSia, giorgi axvlediani, niko

berZeniSvili, akaki SaniZe, varlam Tofuria, arnold

Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi Citaia, giorgi

nioraZe, grigol wereTeli, simon yauxCiSvili,

giorgi CubinaSvili, dimitri uznaZe, ilia abulaZe,

vera bardaveliZe, qeTevan lomTaTiZe, SoTa ZiZiguri,

sergi jiqia, vladimer maWavariani da sxv. enimkis

daarsebidanve aq mudmiv konsultantad mowveuli

iyo ivane javaxiSvili. enimki aerTianebda qarTvelur

211

enaTa, kavkasiur enaTa, leqsikologiisa da

samecniero terminologiis, maxlobeli aRmosavle-

Tis enaTa, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da anTropo-

logiis, istoriis, filologiis, zogadi enaTmecni-

erebis ganyofilebebs da fonetikisa da niko maris

kabinetebs.

1941 wlis 8 maiss enimki gaiyo da mis bazaze

Seiqmna ori instituti: `istoriis instituti~ da

`akad. niko maris saxelobis enis instituti~

(SemdgomSi enaTmecnierebis instituti). es iyo ivane

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

istoriaSi axali etapi. imdroindeli,

axladSeqmnili istoriis instituti gaxda

saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTveli xalxis yofisa da

kulturis Semswavleli ZiriTadi centri.

arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli samuSaoebis

gafarToebis gamo 1964 wels istoriis instituts

ewoda `ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis,

arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti~, xolo

1977 wels instituts gamoeyo da calke samecniero

centrad Camoyalibda `arqeologiuri kvlevis

centri~. 2006 wlidan instituti gaxda `sajaro

samarTlis iuridiuli piri ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti~, xolo 2010

wlidan is aris ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero-

kvleviTi instituti.

ramdenadac STambeWdavia am institutis

istoria, imdenad mdidaria misi wignadi Tu saarqivo

212

fondebi. wlebis manZilze, ramdenadac didi

mecnierebi moRvaweobdnen istoriis institutSi,

imdenad didia maTi danatovari da maT mier

Semowiruli sabiblioTeko Tu saarqivo fondebi.

amjerad biblioTekis fondebze saubars ar

gavagrZelebT da SevexebiT mxolod erT wigns,

romelic institutis samecniero biblioTekis

unikalur erTeuls warmoadgens. saqme exeba

berZnul enaze gamocemul, sqeltanian gamocemas,

romelic warmoadgens ierusalimis patriarq

dosiTeosis `istorias~. calke aRsaniSnavia, rom

1839 wels mari brosem gamosca ierusalimis

patriarq dosiTeosis mier Segrovili cnobebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

dosiTeosi daibada 1641 wels peloponesSi.

patriarqi iyo 1669 wlidan. is gamoirCeoda

marTlmadideblobis aqtiuri dacviTa da kaTolikur

eklesiasTan ukompromiso brZoliT. Tamar tivaZis

aRniSvniT, dosiTeosi `im pirTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda,

romelnic dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad yvela xerxs

gamarTlebulad Tvlidnen. es is pirovneba iyo, ro-

melic erekle pirvels werda: `... garemoebam gaiZu-

la gamogecvala mamapapuri wminda rjuli, magram

Sen es gamiznulad gaakeTe da ara imisaTvis, rom

cudi azri gamoZravebda. ecade, rom am dasaxul mi-

zans miaRwio... Seni mizani iyo garegnulad gvanebodi

ucxo rjulis adamians, gulSi ki qristiani yofi-

liyavi. rac Seexeba urjuloebs – moatyue isini,

gaucine maT, icrue, Tu saWiro iqneba, daufice ki-

213

devac, oRond qristianebs sikeTe moutane...~ [2,

248].

dosiTeos patriarqi saqarTveloSi orjer yo-

fila Camosuli, erTxel 1658-1659, xolo meored –

1681-1683 wlebSi.

dosiTeosis `istoria~, Tavis mxriv,

unikaluri gamocemaa Tavisi Sinaarsis da

wyaroseuli mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, magram

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis samecniero biblioTekaSi daculi es

egzemplari aramxolod Sinaarsobrivi da gamocemis

TvalsazrisiTaa unikaluri, aramed am erTeulis

warmomavlobiTa da kuTvnilebiTac. saqme exeba am

erTeulze arsebul warwerebs, romlebic sakmaod

mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian.

pirveli warwera ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da wignis

avtoris da saTauris Sesaxeb gvamcnobs:

`istoria dosiTeosisa sayovelTao~

214

`dosiTeos sanatrelisa patriarqisa ierusalimisa~

berZnul enaze am naSroms `istoria~ (`IΣTOPIA~)

aweria:

215

yvelaze mniSvnelovania Semdegi ori warwera.

kerZod, am warwerebSi saubaria am wignis mflobe-

lebze. pirvel warweraSi vkiTxulobT:

`saqarTvelo{s} mefis Ze daviTisais~

am teqsts mosdevs kidev erTi ganmartebiTi

warwera, sadac vkiTxulobT:

`saRmrTo wigni mravliTa wmidisa moTxro-

bebiTa da istoria ese, berZ{n}ul wignad sanatre-

lisa patriarxisa dosiTeosisa romelica iyo saku-

Tari saqarTuÀlos memkvidris mefis giorgis Zis

daviTisa da Semdeg misa CemTan daSTomili, aw mo-

saxsenebelad, sulisa mis mefis Zis daviTisa da

mSoblisa misisa mefisa giorgisa, wirviT da loc-

viT mivarTvi miss uwmidesobas ierusalimis pa-

triarxs kiriles, ÃeliTa berZnis arximandritis

uflis iakobisaTa, Tavadman nikolaos falavandovman,

Tbiliss, maisis a dResa Cymz welsa~

216

ese igi, aRniSnuli wigni samefo ojaxis kuTv-

nileba yofila da samefo ojaxis biblioTekidanaa.

rogorc warwerebidan irkveva, is yofila mefe

giorgis (qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII (1746-1800,

mefobis wlebi 1798-1800)) Zis daviTis (1767-1819)

kuTvnileba. amis Semdeg aRniSnuli wigni Tavad ni-

koloz falavandiSvils darCenia. Semdeg es wigni

nikoloz falavandiSvils gadaucia im dros Tbi-

lisSi myofi berZeni arqimandritisTvis – iakobisT-

vis, ierusalimis patriarq kirilesTvis gadasacemad

(1847 wlis 1 maiss). swored maSin, roca nikoloz

falavandiSvili am wigns ugzavnida patriarq ki-

riles, gaukeTebia zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebiTi war-

werac. anu, oficialurad es wigni qarTuli samefo

_ bagrationTa ojaxis kuTvnilebidan ierusalimis

patriarqis kuTvnileba gamxdara, magram faqtia, is

saqarTvelos wignTsacavSi aRmoCnda. naklebsavarau-

217

doa, rom aRniSnuli wigni waeRoT saqarTvelodan

da kvlav dabrunebuliyo ukan. savaraudod arqiman-

drit iakobs ar wauRia dosiTeosis `iastoria~ sa-

qarTvelodan.

mniSvnelovania, rom aRniSnuli warweris Ta-

naxmad, Tavad falavandiSvils ierusalimis patriarq

kirilesTvis wigni usaxsovria 1847 wels. marTlac,

am periodSi ierusalimis patriarqia kirile II. is

marTlac iyo saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli. cno-

bilia misi werilebi ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi (1816-

1882) [1]. kirile patriarqi iyo 1845-1872 wlebSi.

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis samecniero biblioTekis zemoaRniSnuli

erTeuli warmoadgens ara mxolod institutis bib-

lioTekis, aramed qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreo-

bis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nimuSs, samefo ojaxis

kuTvnil erTeuls, romelic dRes institutis bib-

lioTekis raritetul gamocemaTa fondSi inaxeba

nomriT RAR-4065.

218

literatura

1. kirile (ierusalimis patriarqi), wmida qalaq

ierusalimisa da sruliad palestinis patriar-

qis kiriles werilebi ekaterine Wav-

WavaZisadmi, Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #2, 1985.

2. T. tivaZe, ierusalimis patriarqis dosiTeosis

werili saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kr. qarTuli

wyaroTmcodneoba, III, Tb., 1971.

219

Shalva Gloveli

Unique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of the Javak-hishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

The article is about the unique unit (RAR-4065) of the rarity

publications fund of The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Eth-nology scientific library. It is a “History” by the patriarch of Jerusa-lem Dositheus. According to the colophons of the book we be-come aware that this unit was belonged to Prince David, the son of Kartl-Kakheti king Giorgi XII. That means that the mentioned book is from the royal library, family library of the Bagrations. Lat-er, in 1847 Nikoloz Palavandishvili with the help of archimandrite Iakob sent it to the Patriarch of Jerusalem Kirill (Kirill II – 1845-1871). Archimandrite Iakob took the book himself.

220

qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metri

`eTnografia xalxTan yvelaze axlo mdgomi mecnierebaa~

giorgi Citaia.

qarTul eTnologiur

mecnierebas gamoaklda dargis

erT-erTi mesaZirkvle, didi

moamage da qomagi istoriis

mecnierebaTa doqtori, simon

janaSiasa da giorgi Citaias

saxelobis premiis laureati,

profesori julieta ruxaZe,

romlis saxeli samaradisod

darCeba erovnul mecniere-

baSi, rogorc simbolo maRali profesionalizmisa

da Semoqmedisa. igi XX saukunis, am didi epoqis

erovnuli sulis, mrwamsisa da Rirsebis

Tavgamodebuli qomagi da damcveli gaxldaT,

gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli grZnobiT rom uyvarda

samSoblo da misi xalxi. axalgazrdobidan

moyolebuli xandazmul asakamde umwiklod emsaxura

eTnografiis dargs, namdvili profesionali am

sityvis saukeTeso gagebiT.

qalbaton julietas wilad xvda misi

maswavleblebis, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis

fuZemdeblebis, giorgi Citaiasa da vera

bardaveliZis gverdiT eRvawa da maT mier dawyebuli

221

didi mamuliSviluri saqme Rirseulad

gaegrZelebina. rogorc mecnieri yovelTvis miyveboda

dargis ganviTarebaSi kardinalur gzas da cdilobda

yoveli movlena drosa da sivrceSi gaeazrebina.

amitom iyo ara mxolod tradiciuli skolis

principebis mtkiced damcveli, aramed araerTi

novatoruli azris dammkvidrebeli.

julieta ruxaZem mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi

cxovreba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutSi gaatara, dawyebuli mecnieri

TanamSromlobidan ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobamde.

wlebis manZilze saTaveSi edga ganyofilebas,

romelic giorgi Citaias mier iyo daarsebuli da

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qarTuli eTnogafiis

SeswavlaSi.

julieta ruxaZis rogorc eTnologi

mkvlevaris mecnieruli biografia 1945 wlidan

iwyeba. 23 wlisa iyo, roca institutSi movida.

samuSaod vera bardaveliZis rekomendaciiT da simon

janaSias xeldasmiT. manamde ki Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis warCinebiT

kursdamTavrebuls, visac leqciebs XX saukunis

didi prozeliti mecnirebi simon janaSia, niko

berZeniSvili, giorgi Citaia, vera bardaveliZe da

sxvebi ukiTxavdnen, garkveuli pedagogiuri

gamocdileba hqonda miRebuli, jer aspinZaSi

(mesxeTi), Semdeg Tbilisis skolebSi. es iyo mZime

wlebi. meore msoflio omi axlad damTavrebuli

222

gaxldaT da qveyana TandaTan Zalebs ikrebda. am

dros mTavrobas mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

sagangebo dadgenileba hqonda gamocemuli

(`stalinis dekreti~). eTnografiul dargSi,

romelsac saTaveSi v. bardaveliZisa da g. CitaiasTan

erTad SesaniSnavi enTuziasti axalgazrda

mkvlevarebi edgnen, pirvel samkals imkidnen.

yuradReba gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,

fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis, raWis, svaneTis mimarT

iyo gadatanili, radgan aq ukeT iyo Semonaxuli

qarTuli xalxuri memkvidreoba, materialuri da

sulieri kulturis saganZurebi. amasTan erTad dro

moiTxovda ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politikisa

da reJimis pirobebSi (romelic Taviseburad

sabWour xanaSic gagrZelda) e.w. `tuzemcebis~, da

gvarovnuli sazogadoebis gadmonaSTebad miCneuli

yofiTi kulturis realuri obieqturi midgomiT

gaanalizebas, rac Cvenma ufrosma Taobam Tavis

mxrebze itvirTa da warmatebiT ganaxorciela.

jer kidev XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi ivane

javaxiSvilis mier dawyebuli saqme _ Sekrebiliyo

eTnografiuli masala TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos

masStabiT, omis Semdegac intensiurad gagrZelda.

ewyoboda didi eqspediciebi (axla rom legendebadaa

qceuli) giorgi Citaiasa da vera bardaveliZis

TaosnobiT da maTi mowafeebis, axalgazrda mecnier-

TanamSromlebis monawileobiT (aq ramdenime

studenti iyo CarTuli). axla am jgufidan bevri

maTgani cocxali aRar aris, savele masalebi ki rac

223

maT mier iqna mopovebuli unikaluri da

pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobisaa. julieta ruxaZes am

masalebis Sexebasa da daunjebaSi lomis wvlili

miuZRvis. igi wlebis manZilze saTuTad qmnida

uiSviaTes eTnografiul arqivs, romelSic misi

sakuTari masalac (dRiurebi) inaxeboda. amJamad es

arqivi istoriis da eTnologiis institutis mTavar

saganZurs warmoadgens.

gadmocemiT vici, rom julieta ruxaZe didi

eqspediciebis suli da guli iyo, rogorc ara

marto Cveulebrivi wevri, savele masalebis

Semkrebi, aramed yvela SeWirvebulTa damxmare,

qomagi da mzrunveli, mkurnali da wamalTmcodne,

romelsac abgaSi uamravi medikamenti ewyo da

avadmyofebs (maT Soris mTxroblebs) mkurnalobda,

zogjer maT `receptebsac~ ki uwerda.

julieta ruxaZe aseTma gamorCeulma Tvisebebma,

xasiaTma, bunebam imTaviTve Zalian popularuli

gaxada. mas yvelgan pativs scemdnen.

Sromismoyvareoba da `Tanmimdevruli wesrigi~,

keTilzneoba, didsulovneba, sxvebze fiqri da

zrunva ojaxidan _ usaTnoesi dedisa da mamisagan

gamoyva (aseTive sulisa iyo misi dac, cnobili

biblioTekari eliko ruxaZec). am paTosiT ganvlo

qalbatoma julietam cxovrebis didi gza,

meuRlesTan, SesaniSnav pirovnebasTan, gamorCeul

inteligentTan da cnobil maTematikosTan avTandil

benduqiZesTan. am suliskveTebiT zrdida is mis

224

Svilebs nunu da kaxa bendubiZeebs, moZRvravda

SviliSvilebsa da SvilTaSvilebs.

Znelia dRes erT werilSi moaqcio julieta

ruxaZis mecnieruli memkvidreobis analizi, es

TavisTavad sagangebo kvlevis sagania. amdenad

Sevecdebi mxolod mokled zogierT aspeqts Sevexo.

pirveli monografiuli naSromi, romelmac mis

avtors, sayovelTao aRiareba moutana `qarTuli

xalxuri dResasawauli~ _ berikoba-yeenobaa. igi

pirveli iyo, vinc eTnografiuli kuTxiT Seiswavla

es didebuli xalxuri Teatralizirebuli sanaxaoba

da evropuli saturnaliebis darad masSi bunebis

aRorZinebis Zalebisadmi miZRvnili Rrma, religiuri

da eTnofsiqologiuri safuZvlebi dainaxa. es

dResaswauli aris eris istoriis organuli nawili,

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis calkeuli etapebis, misi

socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis aspeqtebis

gaTvaliswinebiT da rogorc Tavad julieta ruxaZe

werda masSi agrarul kultmsaxurebasTan erTad

(niRabosnebis qmedebebSi nayofierebisa da siuxve-

baraqianobis gamomxatveli niSnebi) religiurad

aixsneba eris erTianobisa da simtkicis azri,

cxovrebis mankieri da dadebiTi mxareebi,

mTlianobaSi groteskul ferebSi gamoxatuli

erTgvari socialuri protesti arsebuli

reJimisadmi, romelsac aseTi alegoriuli formiT

xSirad mimarTavda xalxi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli monografiis Semdeg

aRniSnul Temas julieta ruxaZe ramdenjerme

225

miubrunda da gamosca kidec misi gadamuSavebuli,

axali masalebiT gajerebuli, didi fundamenturi

monografia `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri

dResaswauli berikaoba-yeenoba~, Tb., `inteleqti~

1999. am wignisaTvis is saxelmwifo premiiT

dajildovda. ufro mogvianebiT ki eTnografiul

dargSi gaweuli damsaxurebisaTvis giorgi Citaias

saxelobis premiac daimsaxura.

gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo julieta ruxaZis

SemoqmedebaSi, qarTuli tradiciuli sameurneo

yofisa da materialuri kulturis sakiTxebis

kvleva. es Tema Sesulia mis mravalricxovan

statiebsa da monografiaSi (`agrikultura

dasavleT saqarTveloSi~), romelSic avtorma Tavi

mouyara da warmoaCina qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedo

sistemis zogadi da regionaluri eTnikuri

Taviseburebani, igi gaazrebulia kavkasiisa da

xmelTaSuazRvis auzis did sivrceSi moqceuli

xalxebis kulturul memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi,

urTierT gavlenebis, difuzuri da spontanuri

movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es naSromi aris kidev

erTi dasturi imisa, rom qarTuli eTnologiuri

skola da wminda eTnografiuli kvlevebi,

kompleqsur intensiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT (avtori

g. Citaia) yovelTvis iyo da rCeba Tanamedrove

saerTaSoriso samecniero standartebis

SesabamisobaSi da is arasodes ar moqceula viwro

nacionalur CarCoebSi. amasTan aseTi xasiaTis

kvlevebs wminda mecnierulTan erTad praqtikuli

226

mniSvnelobac gaaCnda, radgan xalxuri codna-

gamocdileba fasdaudebeli saganZuria warsulisa da

dRevandelobis Sesabamisad. axla amas uTuod

saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, dacva da gamoyeneba

sWirdeba. xalxuri kulturis drosa da sivrceSi

gaazrebis sanimuSo magaliTia julieta ruxaZis

TanaavtorobiT jer kidev 1961 w. gamocemuli

koleqtiuri naSromi `sofeli akura~, romelic

imTaviTve bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. yofis

kulturul-istoriuli da sistemur-SedarebiTi

kvleva, im realuri sinamdvilis asaxva, rac moxda

Cveni xalxis cxovrebaSi, adreul warsulSi da

omis Semdgom periodSi 1960 wlamde. aq Sedis

rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis (mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis,

memindvreobis), aseve saojaxo yofis, qorwilebis,

sulieri kulturis sakiTxebi. vfiqrob aseTi

xasiaTis kvlevebis gagrZeleba dResac sistematurad

kompleqsuri midgomiT unda mimdinareobdes, metadre

dRevandeli globalizaciis pirobebSi, roca

mravali erovnuli Rirebuleba ikargeba an misi

mkveTri transformacia xdeba.

julieta ruxaZe mravalmxrivi Semoqmedi iyo.

mis kalams wminda samecniero gamokvlevebTan erTad,

romlis raodenobac 100-ze met erTeuls iTvlis

(ix. julieta ruxaZe, 85, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba

artanuji, 2007, red. n. saganeliZe), ekuTvnis

samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis naSromebi: `vanis

dRiuris furclebi (1982) da xani imereTis

xevsureTia 1989). es wignebi ikiTxeba, rogorc

227

eTnografiuli romanebi, maRali mxatvruli stiliT

da gemovnebiT gamorCeuli. maTSi popularuli

eniTaa gadmocemuli Cveni xalxis yofiTi

tradiciebi, misi kuTxuri, lokaluri variaciebi,

empiruli codnis labirinTebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

TiToeuli maTgani aris Taviseburi gzamkvlevi,

eTnografiuli suraTebis naTeli warmodgenisa.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos qalbatoni julietas

monawileoba samecniero konferenciebze, kongresebze,

saerTaSoriso kontaqtebze, rac Zalian bevria, aseve

unda iTqvas sagamomcemlo, saredaqcio muSaobaze.

misi TaosnobiT da xelmZRvanelobiT, redaqtirebiT

dastambul wignebze. maT Sorisaa `masalebi

saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis

istoriidan~ (ori tomi), krebulebi `masalebi

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, cnobili mxatvris

nino brailaSvilis unikaluri albomi `aseTi

maxsovs saqarTvelo~ (saqarTvelos eTnografia),

`saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli atlasi~

(ori nakveTi), `saqarTvelos eTnografia~

(bibliografiuli cnobari), eTnografiul arqivSi

daunjebuli masalebidan gamocemuli fafala

gardafxaZe-qiqoZis `qarTuli xalxuri

dResaswaulebi~ (raWa), broSurebi da mosagonari

werilebi akad. giorgi Citaiaze, vera bardaveliZeze,

r. xaraZeze da sxva, romelTa Sesaxebac saubars

aRar gavagrZeleb (ix. bibliografia, julieta

ruxaZe 85, dasax naSromi, gv. 119-130).

228

PS: 2006 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac istoriis da

eTnologiis institutSi reorganizacia Catarda,

qalbatoni julieta pensiaze gavida. magram

miuxedavad amisa, igi srulyofili mecnieruli

cxovrebiT cxovrobda da arasodes ar gamoklebia am

sferoSi mimdinare procesebs. eswreboda samecniero

forumebs, Sexvedrebs, iubileebs da a.S. rogorc

gulisxmier adamians Zalian uyvarda mimsvleli,

uxaroda TanamSromlebis xilva, gamoirCeoda

saocari stumarTmoyvareobiT, piradad gimaspinZlde-

boda da arasodes ar kargavda didi saxlis, didi

diasaxlisis funqcias. fiqrobda dargze, mis

momavalze, zogadad Cveni xalxis keTildReobaze.

me axlac Tvalwin midgas misi naTeli, odnav

sevdiani, magram Rimiliani saxe. erTxel xeli

momkida da sxvebis TandaswrebiT miTxra Cemi

biografi xar, `nekrologic~ Sen unda damiweroo.

sastikad ar miyvars es sityva, ganSorebis azriT

rom aris datvirTuli. da mainc, cremlmoreulma

movaxerxe gamosaTxovari sityva meTqva. gamoveTxove

Cems maswavlebels Cemi kolegebis da saerTod

eTnografebis saxeliT. ufals ki madlobas vwirav

imisaTvis, rom es SemaZlebina.

giorgi gociriZe

229

Tamaz beraZis xsovnas

baton Tamaz beraZes erTi werili aqvs,

romelsac lamazi saTauri aqvs _ `saqarTvelo erTi

Tvalis gadavlebiT~. mas didxans ufiqria, rom

moxdenili sityva, moxdenili fraza gamoeyenebina,

rac ase amSvenebs mis naSroms. misi gaxsenebis

yvelaze kargi Sesatyvisi swored misi werilis

saTauris cotaodeni Secvla iqneboda Sesaferisi:

`Tamaz beraZe Tvalis erTi SevlebiT~. es, ra Tqma

unda, mis mravalwlian dauRalav moRvaweobaze

saerTo warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis, magram baton

Tamazs zedmetad gajerebuli arc Txroba da arc

wera uyvarda: `mkiTxveli ar unda daRaloo~.

saerTod, batoni Tamazi mokrZalebuli da saocrad

uSualo, pirdapiri da megobruli adamiani iyo,

pirferoba ar uyvarda. bevrjer uTqvams Taviseburi

siyvarulnarevi viTom ukmexobiT: `roca movkvdebi,

ar daiwyoT mere es ra didi mecnieri davkargeT,

saerTod ar minda Tqveni qeba-dideba da Cemi

gakeTebulis saTiTaod CamoTvlao~. aseTi iyo, magram

baton Tamazs am Txovnas ver SevusrulebT. misi

moRvaweoba Tvalis gadavlebas aucileblad iTxovs

aramarto misi xsovnis gamo, aramed Semdgomi

TaobabisaTvis, romlebsac misi naSrom-naRvawi

bevrjer da bevrjer dasWirdebaT.

batoni Tamazi TiTqmis yvela humanitarul dargSi

gaTviTcnobierebuli iyo da amaze xSirad xumrobda:

`es iZulebiT gamomividao~. istoria misTvis mTeli

230

cxovreba iyo, romelSic `sanapiro curviT Soreul

okeaneSi SeaRwia~. uTqvams kidec: `warsulis suraTis

aRwera-aRdgena didi siamovneba ariso~ da es siamovneba

man mkiTxvels bevrjer agrZnobina misi wignebiT,

samecniero Tu samecniero-popularuli werilebiT,

romlebic didi interesiT ikiTxeba, mere ki didxans

xdeba fiqrisa da gansjis sagani.

Tamaz beraZe 1937 wels daibada TbilisSi. 1960

wels warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis istoriis fakulteti da muSaoba

daiwyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da

eTnografiis institutSi. am droidan misi

moRvaweoba, sicocxlis bolomde, am institutTan

iyo dakavSirebuli. igi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos Sua

saukuneebis istoriisa da istoriuli geografiis

sakiTxebs ikvlevda. samecniero muSaobaSi gamoikveTa

misi interesi dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa da

istoriul-geografiuli sakiTxebisadmi. 1967 wels

man daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze: `odiSis

istoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~, xolo

1985 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze:

`zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi~. wlebis ganmavlobaSi samecniero-

pedagogiur muSaobas eweoda saqarTvelos teqnikur

universitetSi, sadac 1995 wels profesorad

airCies; 2007-2010 wlebSi iyo ivane javaxiSvilis

saxlobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare; daarsebis dRidan

231

muSaobda saqarTvelos universitetSi, iyo

saqarTvelos universitetis sruli profesori da

proreqtori samecniero dargSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs

100-ze meti naSromi, maT Soris 9 monografia. misi

statiebi Sesulia qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi

`saqarTvelo~ da sxv. saqarTvelos uaxlesi xanis

istoriaSi ar yofila raime mniSvnelovani problema,

romelsac Tamaz beraZe ar gamoxmaureboda.

jildoebi ar hqonda. 2011 wels afxazeTis

umaRlesma sabWom daajildova `sapatio sigeliT~

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze wignis

`narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, afxazeTi

uZvelesi droidan dRemde~ momzadebasa da

gamocemaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis TanaavtorebTan

erTad da xumrobda, es ariso Cemi erTaderTi

saxelmwifo jildo, romelic mravalwliani

samecniero muSaobisaTvis mimiRiao.

Tamaz beraZe mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv

saqmianobasac eweoda. 1989-1992 wlebSi igi iyo

Jurnal `saqarTvelos bunebis~ saredaqcio kolegiis

wevri. Jurnalis mTavar redaqtorTan, oTar

WeliZesTan erTad misi wvlili Zalian didia imaSi,

rom es Jurnali erT-erTi saintereso da

informaciuli gaxda. ukanasknel wlebSi igi iyo

`Savi zRva _ kaspiis zRvis saerTaSoriso fondis

vice-prezidenti da fondis mier organizebul

saerTaSoriso forumebSi xSirad monawileobda.

Tamaz beraZis sakandidato naSromi `odiSis

istoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~ da Semdeg

232

gamoqveynebuli vrceli publikacia `odiSis

politikuri geografiidan~ umniSvnelovanesi

gamokvlevaa saqarTvelos am kuTxis istoriis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. man didi wvlili Seitana

samegrelos da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos

istoriisa da istoriuli geografiis SeswavlaSi.

misi vrceli nawili Sevida fundamentur

monografiul gamokvlevaSi `samegrelo, kolxeTi,

odiSi~ (Tbilisi-zugdidi, 1999) Zveli egrisis

samefos, axali egrisis anu lazikis samefos, egris-

afxazeTis samefos, odiSis saerisTavosa da

samTavros istoriaze. swavlobda imereTis

istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs; svaneTis Sua

saukuneebis istorias; mSvenieri samecniero-

popularuli naSromi uZRvna raWas.

Tamaz beraZe iyo saqarTvelos zRvaosnobis

istoriis kvlevis pioneri. zRvaosnobis istoria

qarTul istoriografiaSi manamde kvlevis sagani ar

gamxdara. erTxel, aseTi raRac gaixsena: erT-erT

konferenciaze momxsenebels ganucxadebia, Sav zRvas

saqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelo roli Seusru-

lebiao. Turme amas ar daeTanxma da am sakiTxis

Seswavla gadawyvita. dauRalavi Sromisa da kvleva-

Ziebis Sedegi iyo SesaniSnavi samecniero-

popularuli monografia: _ `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqar-

TveloSi~ (Tb., 1981), sadac Seswavlilia Zveli

qarTuli sazRvao terminebi, urTierToba ucxo

qveynebTan Savi zRvis meSveobiT... navebisa da gemebis

aRweriloba. 1989 wels rusul enaze gamosca

monografiuli gamokvleva `Мореплавание и морская

233

торговля в средневековой Грузии~. am naSromiT

TiTqos gacocxlda qarTuli zRvaosnobis

dakarguli warsuli. SavizRvispireTSi naosnobasa da

sazRvao-savaWro urTierTobebs man kidev mravali

naSromi uZRvna.

2003 wels manana sanaZesTan erTad gamosca

`saqarTvelos istoria, w. 1, antikuri xana da Sua

saukuneebi~. am wignSi, romelic Zalian sainteresod

ikiTxeba, axleburad aris danaxuli saqarTvelos

istoriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi. 2003 wels

gamovida `saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi~,

romelic manana sanaZesa da konstantine Tofuria-

sTan erTad moamzada. saintereso naSromi uZRvna

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebs (`ruseT-

saqarTvelos oTxi gamoucxadebeli omi~).

bevri SeiZleba daiweros Tamaz beraZis

pirovnebaze, mis moRvaweobaze. mas didi gegmebi

hqonda. apirebda xelaxla, axladmopovebuli

masalebis safuZvelze gamoeca Sevsebuli naSromi

`zRvaosnoba saqarTveloSi~; apirebda samegrelos

istoriis daweras; male dasruldeboda muSaoba

afxazeTis istoriul atlasze, romelsac man didi

dro da energia Sealia...

es saocrad keTilSobili da naTeli adamiani

tragikulma SemTxvevam Seiwira. misi am qveynidan

wasvliT gulistkivilTan erTad nacnob-megobrebSi

gaCnda Rrma sevda, rom Tamaz beraZe Cvens Soris

aRar aris.

papuna gabisonia

234

geronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvale

gulSematkivari

qarTuli mecnie-

rebisTvis es weliwa-

dic mZime danaklisiT

aRiniSna, gamogvakldnen

qarTvelologiuri dar-

gebis cnobili mkvlev-

rebi da Cveni institu-

tis Rvawlmosili Tana-

mSromlebi _ Tamaz be-

raZe, julieta ruxaZe, neli bregaZe, geronti

gasviani.

Tavisi qveynis mxurvale gulSematkivari, samar-

Tliani, vaJkacuri da simpatiuri _ ase dagixasia-

TebdaT geronti gasvians yvela, vinc mas Soridan

mainc icnobda.

mTeli Tavisi cxovreba batonma gerontim, sva-

neTis patara, magram Tavisi tragikuli istoriiT

cnobil, sofel xaldeSi dabadebulma, saqarTvelos

istoriis saWirboroto da mtkivneuli sakiTxebis

kvlevas miuZRvna. garda mniSvnelovani mecnieruli

moRvaweobisa, is Tavisi mtkice da samarTliani po-

ziciiT, svanuri pirdapirobiT, yovelTvis qveynis

interesebis damcvelad gvevlineboda.

geronti gasviani farTe diapazonis mkvlevari

iyo. misi naSromebi Seexeba saqarTvelos gviani Sua-

saukuneebis, axali da uaxlesi periodebis sxvadasx-

235

va sakiTxebs. Tavdapirvelad misi kvlevis interess

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, svaneTisa da raWa-

leCxumis istoriis sakiTxebi warmoadgenda. SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom istoriuli TvalsazrisiT naklebad

Seswavlili kuTxis, svaneTis kvlevaSi, mas udavod

mniSvnelovani roli aqvs Setanili.

batoni gerontis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom

is Tavidanve, sruliad axalgazrda mkvlevari, argu-

mentirebulad da mtkiced daupirispirda komunis-

turi ideologiis zegavlenis Sedegad mecnierebaSi

danergil mosazrebas, rom Turme svaneTi sruliad

karCaketil da feodaluri urTierTobebis armqone

kuTxes warmoadgenda; rom svaneTi mdidari iyo “gad-

monaSTebiTa” da uZvelesi tradiciebiT, rac sru-

liad uaryofiT konteqstSi iyo warmoCenili.

mecnieri saistorio wyaroebisa da eTnografi-

uli masalis safuZvelze, dasabuTebulad cdilobda

aseve im mcdari mosazrebis uaryofas, TiTqos sva-

neTSi socialuri diferenciaca ar iyo Sors wasu-

li procesi da aq sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba feo-

dalizmis adrindel fazaSi imyofeboda. mas am sa-

kiTxebis kvlevisas, garda arsebuli samecniero ma-

salis maRal doneze flobisa, xels uwyobda umTa-

vresi faqtori _ is Signidan, realurad da naTlad

xedavda svaneTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis peripe-

tiebs, vinaidan organuli nawili iyo am sazogadoe-

bisa. am yvelaferma erTad ganapiroba, rom svaneTTan

dakavSirebuli misi yoveli mosazreba damajerebelia

da safuZvlianad dasabuTebuli.

236

saqarTvelos istoriaSi bolo periodSi momx-

dari avbediTi movlenebis Semdeg, geronti gasviani

mTel Tavis Zalisxmevas afxazeTis istoriis kvle-

vas uZRvnis. misi damsaxureba da kvlevis Sedegebi am

mimarTulebiT, udavod mniSvnelovania da dasafase-

beli.

afxazeTis istorias, socialur-eTnikur viTare-

basa da politikuri procesebis Sewavlas mkvlevarma

ramdenime sqeltaniani monografia miuZRvna: “qarT-

veli mecnierebi pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze

afxazeTis Sesaxeb”, “afxazeTi XIX saukunis bolos

da XX saukuneSi, (Tb., 2004), “afxazeTis omi”, (Tb.,

2005), “afxazeTi saqarTvelos organuli nawilia,

(Tb., 2008), “afxazeTi istoriuli saqarTveloa,

(Tb., 2011)”. Tanaavtoria naSromisa “afxazeTis an-

Tropologiuri istoria (Tb., 2005) da sxv.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevari afxazeTis isto-

riis saproblemo sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs Seiswav-

lis. mas ganxiluli aqvs am teritoriaze mosaxle

uZvelesi tomebis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxebi,

istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikis problemebi.

geronti gasviani gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Seis-

wavlis gvian SuasaukuneebSi afxazeTSi Crdilokav-

kasiidan mosaxleobis migraciis sakiTxebs, rac gax-

da kidevac erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezi am regionSi

warmoSobili konfliqtisa.

naSromebSi gaSuqebulia is negatiuri roli,

rac Seasrula ruseTma, carizmidan moyolebuli

dRevandeli epoqiT damTavrebuli, im sisxliani omis

237

gaCaReba-warmoebaSi, ramac Cvens qveyanas erTerTi

uZvelesi kuTxe droebiT daakargvina. gamovlenili

da pasuxgacemulia istoriuli faqtebis falsifika-

ciis SemTxvevebi.

geronti gasvianis naSromebi sayuradReboa im-

iTac, rom iq warmoCenili kvlevebi yovelTvis saar-

qivo masalebze da dokumentebzea dafuZnebuli.

mecnieris moRvaweobaSi didi adgili ekava

Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis istoriis kvlevas, is

Tanaavtoria ortomeuli naSromisa “CrdiloeT kav-

kasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi” (Tb., 1978),

xolo 2006 wels gamosca monografia “CrdiloeT

kavkasiis xalxebi _ dasabamidan XX saukunemde”.

batoni geronti 120-ze meti samecniero naSro-

mis avtoria, maT Soris 18 monografiaa.

geronti gasvianis xsovna da samecniero memkvi-

dreoba yovelTvis sakadrisad iqneba dafasebuli mi-

si kolegebisa da STamomavlobis mier.

xaTuna ioseliani

sarCevi

redaqtorisgan.......................................................................... 3

238

xaTuna ioseliani

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi.......................................... 4

Khatuna Ioseliani

Problems of the Military Etiquette............................... 24

giorgi mamardaSvili

afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiuri

cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi.................................

25

Giorgi Mamardashvili

Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia

Territory Population.....................................................

44

medea gogolaZe

`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi

_ miTi Tu realoba?.............................................................

46

Medea Gogoladze

“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?................ 54

daviT merkvilaZe

rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi polkovnik bur-

naSevis arqivis masalebis mixedviT

(1783-1787 ww.)..........................................................................

55

irma kvaSilava

samegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofis zogierTi

sakiTxi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

239

(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)................. 91

Irma Kvashilava

Some Problems of MegrelianSociety Every- day Life

in the Second Half of the 18th

Century

(according to V. Zueva’s records).................................

103

papuna gabisonia

ruxis brZola da misi mniSvneloba.............................. 104

Papuna Gabisonia

The battle of Rukhi and its importance........................... 114

zurab sulaberiZe

serbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveynebis da-

mokidebuleba balkaneTis problemisadmi 1885-

1886 wlebSi..................................................................................

115

Zurab Sulaberidze

The Serbian-Bulgarian war and the relation's of the

European countries with the Balkan's started

in 1885-1886..................................................................

128

Сулаберидзе Зураб

Политические и экономические аспекты

Немецкой восточной политики в конце

19 – начале 20 вв..........................................................

130

zurab sulaberiZe

germaniis aRmosavluri politikis

aspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da

240

XX saukunis dasawyisSi....................................................... 139

igor kekelia

abaSis xeobis saistorio geografia vaxuSti

bagrationis naSromisa da rukebis mixedviT...........

141

Igor Kekelia

Vakhusti Bagrationi and the issues of historic geogra-

phy of Abasha Gorge..........................................

169

igor kekelia

enguris xeobis saistorio geografia

vaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSi.....................................

171

Igor Kekelia

The Historical Geography of the River Enguri valley

in Vakhushti Bagrationi’s work.....................................

192

giorgi grZeliZe

Tbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebi.......................... 193

Salva gloveli

unikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

samecniero biblioTekis raritetuli

fondidan.........................................................................................

209

Shalva Gloveli

Unique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of The

Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology..........

219

giorgi gociriZe

241

qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metri............... 220

papuna gabisonia

Tamaz beraZis xsovnas............................................................ 229

xaTuna ioseliani

geronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvale

gulSematkivari...........................................................................

234