3
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis
instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF
HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
istoriul-eTnologiuri
Ziebani
XIV
STUDIES IN HISTORY AND
ETHNOLOGY
Tbilisi – 2012
Tbilisi – 2012
4
UDC 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)
(082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727
istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XIV nomeri,
wina gamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTno-logiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.
redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori
saredaqcio kolegia:
avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori
recenzenti: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Editor in chief: Doctor of History
Khatuna Ioseliani
Editorial board:
Doctor of History Avtandil Songhulashvili
Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili
Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze
Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze
Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia © gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT
3
redaqtorisgan
“istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis” XIV tomi,
wina gamocemebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebul kvlevebs moicavs. krebulSi warmodge-
nilia rogorc fundamenturi samecniero kvlevebi,
ise polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom bolo gamocemebSi, Seqmnili viTarebisa da gamo,
axal tradicias Caeyara safuZveli _ krebulSi sis-
tematurad ibeWdeba naSromebi, sadac argumentirebu-
li pasuxebia gacemuli saqarTvelos istoriis gaya-
lbebis mcdelobebze, rasac mizanmimarTulad axor-
cieleben konfliqturi regionebis warmomadgeneli
tendenciuri “mkvlevrebi” da maTi mxardamWeri, ru-
seTis samecniero sazogadoebis zogierTi warmomad-
geneli.
es weli, samwuxaro danaklisiT aRiniSna qar-
Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis. Cven davkargeT
humanitaruli dargebis cnobili mkvlevrebi da
Cveni institutis TanamSromlebi julieta ruxaZe,
neli bregaZe, geronti gasviani, Tamaz beraZe. isini
ara mxolod kargi mecnierebi, aramed samSoblos
gulmxurvale moyvarulebi da SesaniSnavi kolegebi
iyvnen.
krebulSi kidev mravali sxva Tematikis Semcve-
li naSromia gamoqveynebuli, rac uciloblad daa-
interesebs qarTveluri dargebis mkvlevar samec-
niero sazogadoebas.
4
xaTuna ioseliani
samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi
samxedro xelovnebis kvlevas yvela eris to-
riisTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Tu eris istoria
ZiriTadad iwereba misi politikuri, social-
ekonomikuri da kulturuli sferoebis monacemebis
mixedviT, samxedro xelovneba (Tavisi sxvadasxva
aspeqtebiT) yvela epoqaSi, am sferoebis ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli nawilia. samxedro xelovnebis, samxedro
moRvaweebis, laSqrisa da omebis gareSe, ar
mimdinareobda arcerTi politikuri movlena, ar
xdeboda qveynis gaZliereba, misi gasvla saerTa-
Soriso politikur arenaze, miTumetes, myari da
angariSgasawevi adgilis damkvidreba. araTu Sua-
saukuneebSi, dResac ki, mniSvnelovani politikuri
gadawyvetilebebi, aSkarad an farulad, samxedro
elitis monawileobiT miiReba.
qarTuli samxedro istoriis Sesaxeb interesi
bolo xanebSi ufro gaZlierda, Tumca misi kvlevis
precendentebi adrec gvxvdeba. pirveli mkvlevari,
vinc mecnierulad ganixilavs qarTuli laSqris
sakiTxebs, kerZod, mis sabrZolo wyobas, sadro-
Soebs, maT Semadgenlobas da a.S. gaxlavT qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,
vaxuSti bagrationi.
5
XX saukunis dasawyisidan aRniSnuli sakiTxi-
sadmi interesi matulobs da ibeWdeba sxvadasxva
gamokvlevebi (i. gedevaniSvili, l. garsiaSvili,
i. SaiSmelaSvili, T. dadeSqeliani, a. klimiaSvili...);
Semdgom periodSi isev grZeldeba kvleva sxvadasxva
kuTxiT (q. CxataraiSvili, g. akofaSvili, k. Colo-
yaSvili, a. jorjaZe, g. anCabaZe, x. ioseliani da
sxv.).
gansakuTrebiT nayofierad sabrZolo iaraRebis
arqeologiuri eqsponatebis kvleva mimdinareobda,
ramac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iaraRebis sakmaod
naTeli suraTis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli (l. saxa-
rova, k. ficxelauri, a. kaxiZe, m. kvirtaia, S. Car-
Tolani, g. gamyreliZe...).
rac Seexeba wyaroebs, unda aRiniSnos rom spe-
cifikuri TvalsazrisiT, arc Tu ise mdidaria
qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro `qarTlis cxovreba~
TiTqmis omebis istoriaa, masSi naklebad mogvepoveba
cnobebi omis warmoebis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa da
miT umetes samxedro etiketis Sesaxeb. monacemebi,
romelze dayrdnobiTac am sakiTxis met-naklebad
Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli, ZiriTadad, samarTlis
Zeglebsa da ramdenime istoriul wyaroSia gabneuli.
garkveuli masalis moZieba SesaZlebelia leqsiko-
logiur naSromebSi da literaturul wyaroebSi. am
mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve folklori, sadac
Semonaxulia unikaluri informacia xalxuri tradi-
6
ciebisa da brZolis warmoebis, orTabrZolebisa da
rac mTavaria, dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierT-
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, sadac kargad Cans rogorc
qarTuli, ise saerTo kavkasiuri mentaliteti.
samxedro etiketis sakiTxebidan, yuradRebas ga-
vamaxvilebT mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSi umaRlesi
samxedro pirebis monawileobaze, sadac dawvrilebiT
iyo TiToeuli detali gaTvaliswinebuli, da omSi
meomris qcevis im wesebze, rac qarTul samarTalSi
muxlobrivad iyo gawerili.
mefed kurTxevis ceremonia saeklesio da saero
ritualis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romelSic
orive fenis umaRlesi pirebi monawileobdnen. Tu
kaTolikosi mefes gvirgvins adgamda da amiT RvTis-
gan xeldasxma da kurTxeva gamoixateboda, samxedro
piri (an samxedro sferos wamyvani didgvarovnebi)
xmals abamdnen (gadascemdnen) mefes, rac amqveyniuri
Zalauflebis da mTavarsardlobis miRebas niSnavda.
qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi mefed kurTxe-
vis ceremoniis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari cnobebia Se-
monaxuli. wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, Tu raoden
skurpulozurad iyo gawerili TiToeuli detali am
ritualisa da ramdenad didi yuradReba eqceoda mis
tradiciuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT Catarebas.
ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro, romelic detalu-
rad mogviTxrobs “mefed kurTxevis” wesis Sesaxeb,
aris XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi nusxa xucuriT gada-
werili xelnaweri. aRniSnuli teqstis Sedgenis
drod mecnierTa mier XIII saukunea miCneuli
7
(s. kakabaZe, i. javaxiSvili ...) am xelnaweris erT-
erTi Tavi “wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa”
eZRvneba swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs. garda
amisa, mefed kurTxevis wesis rig sakiTxebTan dakav-
SirebiT cnobebi gxvdeba “qarTlis cxovrebasa” da
sxva saistorio wyaroebSi.
mefed kurTxevis wess, qarTul samefo karze,
Cans bevri cvlileba ganucdia, rasac politikuri
da social-ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebdnen.
Tumca, Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod am ceremoniaSi
samxedro pirebis monawileobisa da rolis ganxilva
warmoadgens.
wyaroTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, mefes jer gvir-
gvins daadgamdnen, Semdeg xmals Semoartyamdnen. am
misias Tavdapirvelad asrulebdnen quTaTeli mTava-
repiskoposi da “lixTimereli didgvarovnebi”, Semd-
gom gvirgvinis damdgmelad qarTlis kaTolikos-
patriarqi gvevlineba, xolo xmlis Semomrtymelad
_ amirspasalari. es cvlilebebi samefo karze Tama-
ris mefobis Semdeg Cans momxdari [12,154]. Tumca,
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am ceremo-
nialSi xmlis gadacema aucilebel elements Sead-
genda, miuxedavad imisa, vin Seasrulebda mas _ sa-
mefo karze wamyvani mdgomareobis mqone didgvarov-
nebi, Tu amirspasalari.
mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba, rome-
lic mogvepoveba, giorgi II-s Seexeba, sadac mSra-
ladaa naTqvami, rom “moiyvanes saydarsa ruissa da
akurTxes mefed” [5, 304]. aq araviTari aRweriloba
8
ar gvxvdeba. ufro srulia daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
Tavisi vaJis, demetres Tanamosaydred dasmis amsa-
xveli cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom daviTma mTlianad
Tavis Tavze aiRo mefed kurTxevis ritualis yvela
komponentis Sesruleba: Tavisi xeliT daadga gvir-
gvini, rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya
maxvili, rogorc mTavar-sardalma: “TХsiTa xeliTa
dasua saydarTa TХsTa Ze TХsi dimitri... daadga
Tavsa mSveniersa gХrgХni qvaTagan patiosanTa... da
Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxХili, eha, rabam sХanad
xmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da
tansa axovansa” [1, 363].
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi
detali: Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, magaliTad Tamar
mefes, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis mere mouwia xel-
meored mefed kurTxeva, rasac gvamcnobs qarTlis cxo-
vreba. demetre I-Tan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba arsad ar
gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia saqarTveloSi erTaderTi, unika-
luri freska, svaneTSi, sofel latalSi mdebare “macx-
variSis” eklesiisa, sadac gamosaxulia demetre I-is
mefed kurTxevis ceremonia. demetre I-s Tavze
gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen da-
savleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris var-
danis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. es eklesia demetres ga-
mefebidan 15 wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli
(TariRi freskasTanaa miTiTebuli). aq aqcenti gada-
tanilia mefed kurTxevis dros “xmlis Semortymis”
mniSvnelobaze, rac cxadia gasakviri ar unda iyos, vi-
naidan es freska svaneTSi gvxvdeba, aq, logikurad xaz-
9
gasmuli unda iyos suanTa erisTavis roli mefed
kurTxevis ceremoniaSi, rasac adasturebs kidevac
freskasTan arsebuli warwera: “demetre mefesa вrmalsa
abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [10, 77].
sayuradReboa, rom am freskas yuradReba mxo-
lod imitom eqceoda, rom erTaderTia saqarTve-
loSi, sadac mefed kurTxevis scenaa gamosaxuli da
aravis SeumCnevia mTavari _ es freska, Tavisi war-
weriTurT, garkveulwilad TiTqos movlenaTa kon-
teqstidanaa amovardnili. demetre I Tanamo-saydred
daisva da mefed akurTxa daviT aRma-Senebelma, ro-
gorc mogviTxrobs daviTis istorikosi. amis Semdeg,
demetre I-is xelmeored kurTxevis Sesaxeb, arcerT
wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba informacia.
Cveni azriT, es faqti SesaZlebelia im rTuli
movlenebis amsaxveli iyos, romelic demetre I-is
mefobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da burusiTaa moculi.
araa gamoricxuli, rom konfliqtebis Sedegad de-
metre I-s dasWirda xelmeored mefed kurTxeva
tradiciuli wesiT _ “SvidTa samefoTa” didebu-
lebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legiti-
macia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebac
arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTare-
bis ararsebobisas, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSi
freskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil ver-
sias.
SedarebiT sruladaa mocemuli Tamaris mefed
kurTxevis aRweriloba. pirvelis, roca is Ta-
10
namosaydred daiyena giorgi III-m, ufro lakonuria.
xolo meored kurTxeva ufro dawvrilebiT aris
aRwerili. giorgi III-m “... mefe yo Tamar Tanadgomi-
Ta yovelTa patriarqTa da ebizkoposTa, didebulTa
imierTa da amierTa, vazirTa da spasalarTa da spas-
petTa... daadga gХrgХni oqrosa Tavsa missa, oqrosa
mis ofazisa, aRkmuli iakinTiTa, zmirTa da smarag-
doTa mier” [2, 21]. aq saerTod araa naxsenebi xmlis
“gadacemis” faqti, Tumca samxedro pirebi da didg-
varovnebi CamoTvlilebi arian, rogorc Tanamdgomni,
anu aqtiuri monawileni da mxardamWerni. giorgi III-
is gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos didebulebma, “Se-
myrelTa SХidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa
hkadres” da Tamars moTxoves wesisa da rigis mix-
edviT mefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia
pirvelad ar iyo srulyofilad Catarebuli. amis
Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradici-
uli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politi-
kuri viTarebis sxvadasxva peripetiebi, razec yura-
dRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. cxadia, rom miuxedavad Ta-
namosa-ydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves
mefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi mo-
na-wileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa
da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa...
vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad
gХrgХnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awХes monazoni Rirsi
da madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli anto-
ni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gХrgХnisa, da calis-kerZisa
kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srul-
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yves moвeleTa sХanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,
saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba
вrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa
Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].
ganxiluli monacemebidan Cans, Tu ramdenad di-
di mniSvneloba hqonda mefis legitimaciisTvis kur-
Txevis srulyofil ceremonias, rac mravali kompo-
nentisgan Sedgeboda. swored am kuTxiT aris mniSv-
nelovani XIII saukunis werilobiTi wyaro, romel-
Sic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefed kurTxevis yve-
la niuansi.
amrigad, mivyveT wyaros monacemebs: mefed ku-
rTxevis wina Rames, mTavarepiskoposi samefo niSnebs
(garda xmlisa) eklesiaSi miitanda da trapezze
daalagebda. im Rames locvaSi aTenebdnen eklesiaSi
mRvdelmsaxurebi da TviTon samefod gamzadebuli
piric [6, 5].
diliT, samefo sasaxleSi “juarismtvirTveli”
mTavardiakvanTan erTad “Zeli cxovels” miu-
brZanebda mefes, Tayvans scemda da dalocavda. mas am
dros axldnen umaRlesi samxedro pirebi, romelnic
monawileobdnen am ritualSi: jvarismtvirTveli
Tavmodrekili dalocavda mefes: “gakurTxen wmidao
da TviTmpyrobelo mefeo, mravalca arian welni me-
fobisa Tqvenisani”, mere “sruliad laSqarTa Tqvan”
[6, 5]. anu, jvrismtvirTvelis locvas “laS-qari”
uerTdeba, metic, maT jvrismtvirTveli iseve Tavmo-
drekili mimarTavs, rogorc mefes. cxadia, samefo
palataSi laSqari ver iqneboda moTavsebuli da aq
12
samxedro elita unda igulisxmebodes. niSandobli-
via, rom mefis mere jvrismtvirTveli swored sam-
xedro pirebs ulocavs mefis kurTxevas: “Tqvenca
gixaroden Zlierno da uZlevelno da damamxobelno
mterTa samefoTano. Jami ars winamdebrisa saqmisa
aRsrulebad” [6, 5].
ivane javaxiSvili am cnobaze Semdeg komentars
akeTebs: “Tav-modrekiloba, mimarTvis formula da Si-
naarsi sruli ueWvelobiT amtkiceben, rom mefeTa ku-
rTxevis wesi “laSqarT” “TviTmpyrobeli” mefis Tanas-
wor pativs akuTvnebda da erTi da imave mowiwebiT epy-
roboda” [12, 156].
amis Semdeg mTeli amala eklesiisken gaemarTe-
boda. am msvlelobaSi mTavari roli da adgili sam-
xedro pirebsa da atributikas ekuTvnis. mefes win
miuZRvis zari, Semdeg droSa da Subi, saxelmwifos
samxedro Zlierebis simboloebi. Semdeg midis
jvrismtvirTveli “Zeli cxovrebisaTi”, Semdeg “mefe
da laSqarni”. mefes marjvena mxares mihyveba xmal-
Semortymuli amirspasalari, amilaxvari da mejine-
beTuxucesi, aseve xmalSemortymulebi. anu, mTavari
pozicia _ mefis marjvena mxare, samxedro sferos
warmomadgenlebs uWiravT. amirspasalars xelSi me-
fisTvis Semosartymeli xmali ukavia: “da samefo
вrmli orTve вlTa zeda etvirTos” [kur. 6]. danarCe-
nebi, anu saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sfe-roebis
warmomadgenlebi, mefes marcxena mxridan mihyvebian
[6, 6].
13
sainteresoa erTi detali: mefes ukan mihyvebian
“ezoTuxucesi, CuxCarexi, meabjreTuxucesi”, romel-
Tac miaqvT samefo “fari, laxti da qarqaSi” [6, 6].
Cven ar SegviZlia vivaraudoT, im dros fari,
odnav Tu mainc atarebda “saxelmwifo niSnis, anu
gerbis” funqcias. Tumca is faqti, rom laxtTan da
qarqaSTan erTad mas mefis ukan miabrZaneben, SesaZ-
lebelia ar gamoricxavdes faris rogorc ara mxo-
lod Tavdasacavi iaraRis funqcias. aseve saintere-
soa, rom amirspasalars, rogorc Cans, “SiS-veli”,
anu uqarqaSo xmali uWiravs xelT, vinaidan qarqaSi
mefis ukan mimyolT miaqvT.
niSandoblivia, rom samefo xmali, rogorc saxelm-
wifos Zlierebis da mefis mTavarsardlobis simbolo,
am SemTxvevaSi “Zeli cxovrebis” Tanabrad gvevlineba,
eklesiaSi Sesulebs jvrismtvirTveli amirspasalars
xmals gamoarTmevs da sakurTxevelSi Seitans: “gamou-
Ros jvrismtvirTvelman amirspasalars samefo вmali
da sakurTxevlis Sina Zelsa cxovrebissa miyrdnobili
dadvas”, xolo samefo droSa da Subi sakurTxevlis
karebis iqeT-aqeT Tavsdeba: “da droSa da Subi sakurT-
xevlisa kars emWirnen imr da amr” [6, 6].
saeklesio ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, rac
mTeli rigi komponentebisgan Sedgeba, mefes daad-
gamen gvirgvins. mTeli es procesi sagaloblebis
fonze mimdinareobs, gvirgvinis dadgmisas ki “mra-
valJamiers” igalobeben: “mravalJmeul hyven RmerTo
mefeT Cveni (saxeliT) mravalJmeul hyven”. amis Sem-
deg mefes, sakurTxevlis karebidan gamosvlisas
14
amirspasalari xmals Semoartyams: “amirspasalarman
вmali Seartyas” [6, 8].
sasaxleSi misvlis Semdeg, mefes taxtze ka-
Talikozi da jvrismtvirTveli unda Sehyolodnen.
Tumca maleve samxedro pirebis milocva “laSqarTa
Tayuaniscema da ZRuenis Sewirva” iwyeboda da kaTa-
likozi da jvrismtvirTveli mefes marto tovebdnen
samxedro pirebTan.
mefed kurTxevasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi da pu-
roba sami dRe grZeldeboda. am periodSi ki mefe,
Semosili Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, taxtze ijda
da ise iRebda mimlocvelebs.
amdenad, samxedro sferos warmomadgenlebs, ro-
gorc qveynis usafrTxoebis da Zlierebis garants,
umniSvnelovanesi roli eWiraT mefed kurTxevis ce-
remoniaSic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti,
rom samefo xmali umTavres religiur simbolosTan
“Zeli cxovrebisasTan” iyo gaTanabrebuli. es albaT
meti simbolizmis matarebelia da Cveni azriT,
“RvTismier, jvrismier kurTxeul xmals” unda niS-
navdes, rac SesaZlebelia ara mxolod gamarjvebis
ideiis matarebeli, aramed ufro Sors mimavali, Su-
asaukuneebis saraindo misteriebSi dafaruli ideis
gamoxatuleba iyos. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom “maxvili
da xmali bizantiaSi samefo niSnebad ar iyo miCneu-
li, dasavleT evropaSi _ ki, saxeldobr, safran-
geTSi da britaniaSi xmal-maxvili samefo samkaulis
aucilebel kuTvnilebad iTvleboda. am mxriv maSasadame
maSindeli saqarTvelo dasavleT evropas ufro uaxlov-
15
deboda, vidre mezobelsa da misabaZavad miCneuls bizan-
tias” [12, 158].
saqarTveloSi samxedro kulturis maRal do-
neze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, garda zemoT ganxiluli
wyaroebisa, metyvelebs agreTve qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis monacemebi, sadac muxlobrivadaa gawerili
omis dros aucilebeli qcevis normebi. es arcaa ga-
sakviri _ qveyana, romelic marad saomar mdgoma-
reobaSi imyofeboda, realurad da samarTlianad
afasebda brZolis dros, rogorc sakuTar, ise
mtris mdgomareobas. amitomac, kanoniT iyo gansa-
zRvruli, rogori qmedebis ufleba hqonda brZolis
velze meomars.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
vaxtang VI-is samarTali, vinaidan masSi muxlo-
brivadaa Camoyalibebuli brZolis velze qcevis
wesebi.
samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli 178-e muxli, brZo-
lis velze mopovebuli qonebis kuTvnilebas gan-
sazRvravs: `laSqarSi danarCunebulis kacsa da
iaraRze irCodnen~. misi sruli versia mxolod
quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi dacul
201 xelnawerSia warmodgenili. es muxli sain-
teresoa imdenad, rom fasdaudebel cnobebs Seicavs
omSi moklul mtris mimarT moqcevis wesebis
Sesaxebac. aq dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli Tu vis rCeba
moklulis an datyvevebulis iaraRi, cxeni da
tanisamosi. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba samarTlis 254-e
muxli, sadac gawerilia omSi moklulis, daWrilis,
16
an tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive es
metyvelebs Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
brZolis dros qmedebebsa da wesebs. moklulisa da
tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba kanoniT iyo
gansazRvruli da mas veravin ver daarRvevda (Tu
arada “kanoni aqvs”, anu kanoniT daisjeboda). `Tu
kacman kaci dainarCunos cocxali, Tu an moklas,
misi cxeni, iaraRi, tanisamosi damnarCuneblisa aris;
jaWvi, zuCi, muzaradi da amgvari xelmwifisa aris,
Tvali Tu margaliti~. amasTanave, `moklul kacs
veravin ver edaveba momkvlels da da verc
gauZarcvis~ [8, 525]. anu mokluli da misi aRWur-
viloba ukve meomris sakuTrebad iTvleboda da mas
sxva xels ver axlebda.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu meomari Tavis mokluls ar
gaZarcvavda da isev gaagrZelebda brZolas, SeeZlo
vinmesTvis eTqva, es me movkali da Sen mixede mis
aRWurvilobaso, magram misTvis garkveuli wili unda
mieca: `da Tu man ar indoma gaZarcva da isev mtersa
sdevs, da sxvas uTxra eg kaci me movkali da Sen
gaZarcveo, imasac cota wili uc mis naZarcvSi misi
karkacobiT~ [8, 526].
Tu meomari Tavis mier mokluls yuradRebas ar
miaqcevda, arc arvis miabarebda da brZolas ga-
agrZelebda, maSin is mokluli visac darCeboda, imi-
si iqneboda alafic.
Tu mokluli an daWrili sacilaod gaxdeboda
mebrZolebs Soris, maSin es saqme mowmis TqmiT
gadawydeboda. xolo visac darCeboda mokluli, imas
17
mowmisTvis yvelaze saukeTeso iaraRi unda mieca:
`erTi, romelic ukeTesi iaraRi hqondes, mowmobis
gulisTvis misces~ [8, 545]. aRbuRas samarTlis
mixedviTac Tu omSi datyvevebuli an mokluli
(darCenili) kacis abjari da cxeni sacilao gaxde-
boda, mowmis da ficis meSveobiT unda garkveuliyo:
“Tu omsa Sigan darCenilsa kacsa da missa abjarsa
zeda icilebodnen, rasaca abjarsa zeda nakravi
aCndes, da anu cxensa, mas marTebs. asse rome igi
darCenili kacica gaikiTxon ficiTa” [7, 460-461]
CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 178-e muxlis
is nawili, sadac moklulisadmi qcevis garkveuli
akrZalvebia mocemuli: `agreve mokluls kacs aras-
gziT nifxavi da perangi ar gaecrcvebis da nurcavin
Ãels miyofs, Tvara kanoni aqvs da Tu vinmem
ikadros amisi qna, maTi ufrosi nu aqnevinebs~ [8,
526]. `brZolaSi Sina romelic kaci mokudes,
abjrisgan kide tansacmelsa da nifxav-perangsa,
nuvin moÃdis. krul, wyeul da SeCvenebul iyav
RvTisa piriTa~ [4, 471].
amgvarad, Cans, rom mokluli mtrisadmi qceva-
sac Tavisi wesi gaaCnda, rac kanoniT iyo gansaz-
Rvruli, ar SeiZleboda moklulis Seuracxyofa da
misi gaSiSvleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi Camdeni
kanoniT daisjeboda.
vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi aseve gawerilia omSi
naSovni alafis ganawilebis wesebi. Cans, rom omis
dros mopovebuli qonebis saukeTeso da umetesi
nawili mefes ekuTvnoda. 255-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu
18
xelmwife eswreboda brZolas alafidan saukeTeso
da mexuTedi nawili misi iyo, Tu ar iyo monawile,
mexuTedi alafisa mainc mas ekuTvnoda: `Tu an
TareSobiT naSovni iyos, Tu xelmwife iq brZanebda,
romelic eprianeba, imasac miarToms da fanjiaksac
aiRebs, Tu ar brZandeba fanjiaks mainc aiRebs~ [8,
546] (fanjiaki _ mexuTedi; amave gamocemis Tanadar-
Tuli leqsikoni, gv. 768).
im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTareSod erTad wavidnen
meomrebi da maTgan romelime carieli darCeba, sxve-
bi valdebulni arian mas nadavli gauyon: `amxanagSi
jeT Tu garigdnen, piroba misces erTmanerTs,
romelic amxanagi sul carieli darCes, wils ver
daaklebs~ [8, 546]. amave dros wilis umetesi, meaTe-
di nawili, anu `sacxenmalo~ qonebis mSovnels
ekuTvnoda [8, 546].
sainteresoa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT somxuri
samarTlis wesebi. xiTar goSis samarTlis mixedviT
Tu `laSqari da Tavadi xelmwifis brZanebiT
wavidnen rasac alags dasarbevelad, rac iq iSovnon,
naxevari xelmwifis aris, naxevari TavadTa da
jarTa~ [9, 387]. im SemTxvevaSi ki `Tu TavisTavad
wasuliyvnen, ori wili naSovnisa _ TavadTa da
jarTa da erTi wili xelmwifesa miarTvan~ [9, 387].
rac Seexeba omSi naSovn qonebas, somxuri sa-
marTlis mixedviT, is Semdegnairad nawildeboda:
`omSi naSovni oqro, Tvali, mZime zarbazi (oq-
roqsovili) vinc iSovos, xelmwifis wilia, mar-
19
galiti da vercxli Tavadebis aris da sxva ra
ginda ra naSovari jarisa aris~ [9, 388].
omSi datyvevebuli kacis da misi aRWurvilobis
ganawileba somxuri samarTliT, qarTulisagan gan-
sxvavebuli wesiT xdeboda, aq tyve, misi jaWvi da
muzaradi mefes ekuvnoda, xolo iaraRi, cxeni da
tanisamosi _ damtyvevebels: `molaSqre kacman omSi
vinc dainarCunos kaci, darComilis kacis iaraRi,
tanisamosi, cxeni vinc dainarCunos misi iyos da
kaci, jaWvi da muzaradi xelmwifis miarTvan~ [9,
388].
amrigad, saxelmwifo samarTali omSi qcevis Zi-
riTadad ramdenime aspeqts aregulirebs:
1. mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebas, saidanac
ZiriTadi wili mefes ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, mo-
nawileobs Tu ara is aRniSnul samxedro operaciaSi.
qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, somxuri samarTlis mixed-
viT, meti wili mefes ekuTvnis.
2. datyvevebuli meomris da misi aRWurvilobis
kuTvnilobis sakiTxs _ mefes aqac wili udevs _
abjari mefisa iyo, tyve, cxeni, tanisamosi da sxva
_ damtyveveblisa. somxuri samarTlis mixedviT ki
tyvec mefes ekuTvnoda; aqvea daregulirebuli mok-
lulis aRWurvilobis cilaobis viTareba, am
SemTxvevaSi mowmis sityviT gadawydeboda, vis
ekuTvnoda darCenili qoneba.
3. mokluli mtrisadmi damokidebulebas _ kano-
niT ikrZaleboda misi tanisamosisgan ganZarcva;
20
garda kanonisa, am qmedebis Camdeni eklesiisgan da-
wyevlilic iyo.
garda oficialuri kanonmdeblobisa, brZolisa
da mowinaaRmdegesTan urTierTobas xalxuri tradi-
ciebic agvarebda. arsebobda dauwereli kanoni, rac
mtrisadmi, anu Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegisadmi pativi-
scemas gulisxmobda. amis damadasturebeli magali-
TebiT savsea qarTuli folklori. ar SeiZleboda
mokluli mtris gaSiSvleba, damaxinjeba, “miwis
zemoT”, anu daumarxavad datoveba.
sainteresoa, rom ZiriTadi brZolis win zogjer
wesad yofila meTaurTa, an msurvelTa Serkineba.
zogjer brolis bedi am Serkinebis Sedegzec-ki iyo
damokidebuli [3, 345]. erTi svanuri leqsis mixedviT,
sadac aseTi brZolaa asaxuli, “TaTari” pirveli
srolis uflebas moiTxovs _ Soridan movdivar da
daRlili varo. misi es piroba ki uyoymanod sruldeba
[11, 156-157].
erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi xevsureTia, sa-
dac mokluli mtrisTvis xelis mtevnis mokveTis
wesi arsebobda. am mtevans xevsuri saxlis banze
hkidebda. es wesi, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs mokluli
mtris Seuracxyofas, aramed is xevsurTa saiqio
cxovrebaze warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. xevsuris
SexedulebiT, gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovreba iseve
grZeldeboda, rogorc am qveyanas iyo. mas iqac iseve
sWirdeba iaraRi da yvela sxva nivTi, rogorc
samzeoze, raTa icxovros da mtersac gaumklavdes.
momakvdav mamakac xevsurs: “misi axlobeli vinckia,
21
xmalze sanTels daukravs da marjvena xelSi
miscems. xmlis micemisas etyvis: “SenTvis
Semoseulsa Sens xmliTamca iSoreb”. xevsuri
xmlosania da iqac iaraRiani unda iyos” [12, 233].
swored amitom, xevsurs im qveyanaSi kidev rom
Sexvdes mis mier mokluli mteri, mas mklavi mo-
kveTili eqneba da xmals veRar gamoiyenebs. amdenad,
xevsuri, ase vTqvaT, Tadarigs iWers, rom erTxel
damarcxebuli mteri, misTvis aRar gaxdes saSiSi.
zemoT ganxiluli masalebidan Cans, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda samxedro fenas da
maT moqmedebas saqarTveloSi; isini iyvnen privile-
girebuli fena, magram miuxedavad amisa, maTi qcevis
normebi kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli,
rasac emateboda xalxuri, dauwereli samarTlis
normebi. umTavresi daskvna aseTia: samxedro saqmis
aseTi privilegirebuloba da TiTqmis yovlismom-
cveloba, saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri viTa-
rebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobiT
da xalxuri samarTliT mkacrad gansazRvrul
normebs _ saqarTvelos, rogorc maRali kulturis
mqone da kanonmdeblobiT sferoSi ganviTarebuli
qveynis Sesaxeb metyvelebs.
22
literatura
1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teq-
sti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-
xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.
2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis
cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,
Tb., 1959.
3. x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi,
“istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani”, IV, Tb., 2002.
4. kanonikuri samarTali, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
5. matiane qarTlisa, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955
6. mefis kurTxevis wesi, me-XIII sauk. dasawyiss
Sedgenili, sargis kakabaZe, tf., 1913.
7. samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
8. samarTali batoniSvilisa vaxtangisa, qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.
doliZem, Tb., 1963.
9. samarTali somxuri (mxiTar goSis samarTali),
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi
gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.
i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
23
10. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi
gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero
aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.
11. svanuri poezia, I, Tb., 1939.
12. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t, VII,
Tb., 1984.
13. r. xaraZe, xevsureTis saarqivo eTnografiuli
masalebi, “kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli”,
XIV, Tb., 2012.
24
Khatuna Ioseliani
Problems of the Military Etiquette
Warfare, army and armament are those foundations on which even now the strength and independence of each state is based. Military sphere had the same meaning in the Middle Ages.
Because its significance,the state traditionally regulated the rules and obligations of the military sphere representatives by the law. According to the written monuments of law the code of conduct in a war was determined: to whom the trophies were belonged, how warriors should have dealt with captured or dead warriors... For in-stance, it was forbidden to take off the cloths from a dead person. Those who did not obey the rule were punished by a certain pu-nishment and etc.
According to the written sources we also have a detailed de-scription of a ceremony of becoming a king, where the representa-tives of the military sphere had one of the main leading role and the weapon – king’s sward together with “Dzelitskhovrebisa” (the Pillar of Life) is put in the alter of the church that is significant as well. It is well known that a sword was not belonged to the attributes of king. It was peculiar only for Byzantine and Western Europe (France, Brit-ain...).
As for the folklore, there are a lot of examples of battle rules and chivalrous behavior data. For example, who and why had the right of a first shoot in one-on-one battle, was it permitted to mutilate a body of a killed warrior or not (it was strictly forbidden) and etc.
The only region in Georgia is Khevsureti where it was a rule to cut the right palm of a killed man that was determined by the reli-gious viewpoints. According to Khevsurians (old beliers) the life in the next world is the same as it is on this world. So, the enemy one-had defeated will be without right hand and if they meet each other in the next world, will be unable to oppose him.
25
giorgi mamardaSvili
afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis re-
ligiuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi
qarTul-afxazurma saomarma dapirispirebam, Sem-
dgomSi afxazeTis TviTaRiarebuli respublikis izo-
laciam, afxazuri sazogadoeba mravali problemis wi-
naSe daayena. erT-erTi mtkivneuli da saWirboroto
problema aRmoCnda religiuri sakiTxic. afxazma
samRvdeloebam ramodenimejer scada rusul Tu berZ-
nul eklesiebTan urTierToba, rac axali sta-tusis
miRebas isaxavda miznad. es moZraoba bolo dros Za-
lebs ikrebs _ 2011 wlis maisSi, axal aTonSi gai-
marTa saeklesio da saero pirebis gaerTianebuli sax-
alxo kreba, sadac afxazuri eklesiis problemuri sa-
kiTxebis gadawyvetis gzebi daisaxa.Aamas 2012 wlis
ianvarSi, afxazi samRvdeloebis msoflio patriarqTan
viziti mohyva. Tumca afxazuri eklesia jer kidev
haerSia gamokidebuli, metic, aqvs Sida dapirispirebe-
bi, romelTa ganxilvac Sors wagviyvans. qvemoT am-
jerad ganvixilavT afxazeTis mosaxleobis damo-
kidebulebas marTmadideblobis, islamisa da tra-
diciuli xalxuri religiis mimarT da SevafasebT Ta-
namedrove mecnierTa zogierT aSkarad tendenciuri
mosazrebas.
mogexsenebaT Tu raoden mwvavea dRevandeli da-
pirispireba qarTvel da afxaz xalxebs Soris. sam-
wuxarod, am dapirispirebas xels uwyobs mZlavri
ideologiuri manqana, romelic kavkasiaSi TiTqmis
26
ori saukunea muSaobs da safuZvels aclis kavka-
sielTa odindel erTobas. jer caristuli, Semdeg
bolSevikuri da dRes ukve saocrad agresi-uli da
avtoritaruli ruseTis Sesabamis uwyebebis mizanmi-
marTuli muSaoba aris mTavari mizezi im TiTqmis
isteriuli antiqarTuli ganwyobisa, romelic nel-
nela fexs ikidebs engurs gaRma darCenilTa umrav-
lesobaSi. samecniero litera-turaSi XIX saukunis
bolodan iwyeba brZola afxazeTis mosaxleobis mac-
xovrebelTa dapiris-pirebisTvis. konfliqtebisa da
dapirispireba-dana-wevrebisTvis sasafuZvlo velebi
advilad iqna napovni _ pirvel rigSi enobrivi
gansxvaveba, Sem-dgom istoria da istoriuli geo-
grafia, romelic tendenciurma mecnierebma TavianTi
interesebis mixedviT gaayalbes. SedarebiT xelux-
lebeli darCa kulturisa da yofa-cxovrebis iseTi
mniSvnelovani mxare rogoricaa religia. XIX-XX
saukunis eTnografebs azrad ar mosvliaT religiis
aspeqtSi dapirispireba eZebnaT qarTvelebsa da af-
xazebs Soris, an Segnebulad gverdi aevloT, an
sulac tendenciuri mosazrebebiT daekninebinaT qar-
Tuli elementis da gavlenis mZlavri arseboba af-
xazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiur cxo-
vrebaSi,. amis naTeli magaliTia TviT afxazeTis mo-
saxleobis bunebrivi wiaRidan gamosuli ori eTno-
grafis, solomon zvanbasa da niko janaSias sakmaod
soliduri naSromebi afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb.
dRes, rodesac qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti
faqtobrivad CixSia Sesuli da gaRrmavebis arasa-
27
surveli perspeqtivebic gaaCnia, pirveli rigis amo-
canas Cveni azriT, swored im ideologiuri sa-
fuZvlebis ganeitraleba-aRmofxvra warmoadgens ra-
sac didi xania nergaven orive xalxis ara-
keTilmosurne reJimebis msaxurni. gasakviri araa,
rom 2012 wlis dasawyisSi afxazuri eklesiis sepa-
ratistuli frTis warmomadgenloba konstanti-
nepolSi stumrobisas TavianTi eklesiisTvis avtoke-
faliis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs zveravda. delega-
ciis meTauri dorofei (doroTe) dbari, Teologiis
mecnierebis doqtori da axali aTonis taZris wi-
namZRvari avtoria ramodenime samecniero naSromisa,
romelTa dedaazri afxazuri eklesiis avtokefalu-
robis uflebis mtkicebaa. am SemTxvevaSi mama doro-
fei (doroTe) aSkarad dainteresebuli mxarea da
SesaZloa odnav mainc gagebiT moekido mis miswrafe-
bebs. gacilebiT saSiSi da yovlad miuRebelia arasa-
eklesio fenis, afxazeTTan aranairi saerTos mqone
sakmaod soliduri mecnieris aSkarad tendenciuri
naSromi, romelic rom ara es tenden-ciuroba, Se-
saZloa afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb ukanasknel
dros Seqmnil samecniero naSromebTa rigSi erT-erT
mniSvnelovan adgilze dagveyenebina. mxedvelobaSi
maqvs peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis universi-
tetis profesoris aleqsandr krilovis sqeltaniani
monografia, romelSic mimoxilulia afxazuri re-
ligiis Seswavlis, Sefasebis sakiTxebi, istoria, da
Tanamedrove afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiuri yo-
fa-cxovrebis sakiTxebi. yvela am sakiTxis mimoxil-
28
visas avtori aSkarad ten-denciuria, Tumca
umravles SemTxvevaSi ise niRbavs, nebelobiT Tu un-
eburad TviTrwmenaSi arsebul antiqarTulobas, rom
kargad gamecadinebuli Tvalis gareSe misi xrikebis
danaxva Wirs. eTnologisTvis, miTumetes imisTvis
visac Seqmnili konfliqtis gamo engurs gaRma ara-
Tu samecniero muSaobis, aramed fexis dadgmis saSu-
alebasac ar eZleva, mniSvne-lovania krilovis na-
Sromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis
religiuri cxovrebis dRe-vandelobas aRwers. kri-
lovis naSromSi aRwerilia afzuri religiis yvela
mniSvnelovani sakulto adgili, ritualebis Catare-
bis, kultmsaxurebis arCevis wesi da xalxis damo-
kidebuleba tradiciuli kultmsaxurebisadmi. kri-
lovis, romelic 1995-2003 wlebSi aqtiur savele
eTnografiul muSaobas awarmoebda afxazeTis Crdi-
lo dasavleT, e.w. bzifis afxazebs Soris, gadmoce-
miT afxazeTSi Svidi mTavari salocavia (bJiSnixa)
[5]. umTavresi didi-rifSia, romelsac moyveba lix-
nixa, lZanixa, ilirnixa, laSkendernixa, inal-kuba
da biTnix (soWTanaa da ubixur salocavad iTvleba.
meSvide sa-locavad zogi fsxu nixas, zogi aegr-
laprnixas, napranixas, geCnixas, kapba nixas miiC-
nevs).Aam Svidi samlocvelodan kultmsaxureba amJa-
mad aRdgenilia xuT adgilze. avtori maT Semdgom
aRwers Svideulis gareT mdgom, magram mniSvnelovan
jvar-xats aegr-lapirnixasa da osTa salocavs,
`iron-Zvars~, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul
29
osebs 1972 wels dauarsebiaT.A mokled SevexoT am
jvar-xatebis aRwerilobas: yvela afxazuri jvar-
xatis `wina-mZRoli~, arCeviTia. lixnixa am SemTxve-
vaSi gamona-klisia, aq kultmsaxuris mamidan Svilze
gadadis. sxvagan kultmsaxurTa gvaridan damsaxu-
rebul, sufTa bunebisa da umwikvlo reputaciis
kacs irCeven. mTavari salocavebis winamZRolobis
ufleba garkveuli gvarebis prerogativaa eseni
arian: didi-rifSSi CiCbebi, lixnixaSi goCuebi, lZa-
nixaSi Sayrilebi, aegr-laprnixaSi cimcbebi.
kultmsaxuris locvis teqstebi sakmaod msgavsia
erTmaneTis da Zi-riTadad uflisa da misi moadgi-
lebis, apaimba-rebisadmi (angelozebis) keTildReobis
gamoTxovis Sinaarsisaa. dRemde tardeba xatze gada-
cemisa da wyevlis moxsnis ritualebic, agreTve
locva kargi amindisTvis, acunixa.
sanam SevexebodeT afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi af-
xazuri tradiciuli religiis rolsa da funqcias,
krilovis mier Catarebuli anketirebis Sedegebs ga-
vecnoT: anketireba Catarda gagraSi da gudauTaSi,
sofel aWandaraSi da lixnSi. anketebis mcire na-
wili Seivso soxumSi, merxeulSi da kvitoulSi
(oCamCiris raioni). saboloo jamSi dagrovda 23
erovnebis respodentebis mier Sevsebuli 1448 anke-
ta. mizanmimarTul tendenciurobaze Semdgom ufro
vrclad visaubrebT, aq ki mxolod imas aRvni-SnavT,
rom mkvlevris im 23 erovnebis warmoma-dgenels
Soris, romlebmac anketebi Seavses 30 qarTveli, 8
megreli da 4 svanuri erovnebisaa [5, 11]. advili
30
misaxvedria, rom krilovs es `fandi~ sakuTari
kvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabe-
bis SesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis Car-
Tulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad anti-
qarTuli tendenciebi, SefarviT Tu aSkarad mis
kvlevas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa
55% Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17% muslimad, 14,6%
aTeistia, 7,4%-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Tavi-
si rwmenis mikuTvneba, 2% afxa-zuri tradiciuli
religiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3
% qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7% muslimia, 2% war-
marTad Tvlis Tavs, 1,2% ki tradiciul afxazur
religias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. Aaq cotaTi
gaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazuri
religiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa,
rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradici-
uli afxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imis
warmodgenac Tu ra krite-riumiT mijnavda krilovi
am ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTu-
metes rom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvada-
sxvaoba afxazuri religiis Sesaxeb – zogierTebi
mas aSkarad warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCneven
monoTeistur religiad, zogierTi sulac wi-
naaziuri religiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa an-
ketirebis monacemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Se-
saxeb: 73,3% qristiania, 6,7 % muslimi, 3,3 % war-
marTi [5, 16-17].Ees monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs da
albaT yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTels
afxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze gvavcelebT.M mus-
31
lim da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba marTlac
daujereblad JRers, Tumca SesaZloa gamokiTxul
30 qarTvels Soris 2 kaci muslimi da erTic war-
marTi aRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad gamokiTxulTa 6,7
da 3,3 procents udris.
krilovis mTeli kvleva mis mier Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis sawina-
aRmdegoa – mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs afxazTa religiuri
identoba. afxazis religiuri identoba gviani Sua-
saukuneebis cnobebidan moyolebuli sakmaod bundo-
vania. isini qristianobis, musulmanobisa da tradi-
ciuli religiis mimdevrebi arian da ritualuri
TvalsazrisiT maT religiur qcevaSic gacilebiT
bevria warmarTuli vidre qristianuli da musulma-
nuri.
afxazebs Soris islamis gavrcelebisa da misi
qristianobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexe-
duleba aqvs XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe
s. zvanbas. igi TanamemamuleTa rwmenis Sesaxeb mokle
komentars akeTebs Tavisi erT-erTi naSromis Sesa-
valSi: `afxazeTSi qristianobis kvali mxolod Zve-
li eklesia-monastrebis nangrevebSiRa SemorCa. am
qveyanaSi mahmadianurma swavlebam WeSmariti rwmenis
sxivebi daabnela, Tumca TviTonac ver hpova did ga-
saqani xalxSi. mTavris saxleulobis garda mosax-
leobis Zalian mcire nawili iTvleba qristia-nad,
cotaa musulmanTa ricxvi, danarCenebi yvela war-
marTebi arian~ [4, 31].
32
XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli afxazuri war-
marToba da misi ritualuri mxare misi monawilisa
da masSi rwmeniTac CarTuli niko janaSias mier
TiTqmis zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili. niko janaSias gad-
mocemebi da aRwerilobani kidev erTi dasturia Tu
rogor Rrmad qonda fesvebi gadgmuli xalxSi war-
marTul religias, romelsac marTmadideblobis da
miTumetes mahmadianobis gavlenis kvali odnav, isic
saritualo da ara ideur nawilSi amCnevia.
sociologiuri gamokiTxviT am ramodenime wlis
win afxazTa samoci procenti Tavs qristianad
Tvlida, Teqvsmeti procenti mahmadianad miiCnevda
Tavs, danarCenebi ki warmarTebad da aTeistebad [2,
9]. Cvens mier gamokiTxul respodentTa umravle-
sobas religiisadmi arc Tu ise `axlobluri~ damo-
kidebuleba aqvs. `afxazebis umravlesoba qristianebi
varT, mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen Cveni soflis zemoT,
maT Turqebs veZaxdiT~ _ ambobs, oCamCireli nusia
jinjolava sofeli jgerdadan. ara da XIX saukunis
Sua wlebisTvis jgerda musulmanTa erT-erTi dasay-
rdeni punqti iyo. SesaZloa mohajirobis dros es
sofeli daicala musulmanuri mosaxleobisgan _
dRes Turqebad wodebuli xalxi SesaZloa an moha-
jirobas gadarCenili andac iqidan dabrunebuli
xalxia. naklebad savaraudoa Tumca dasaSvebia, rom
dRes Turqebad wodebuli jgerdelebi im eTnikurad
Turqebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic oCamCiresa
da soxumis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da cnobebis
mixedviT sakmao gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mo-
33
saxleobis religiur mrwamsze [6, 63] aris aseTi
mosazrebac, rom afxazi samRvdeloeba 1937 wlis
represiebis dros daxvrites (g. mamardaSvilis sa-
vele dRiuri). amave respodentis azriT, afxazebi
TiTqmis mTlianad qristianebi arian. maTi integra-
cia eklesiaSi ki imitom ar moxda, rom RvTismsaxu-
reba eklesiebSi maTTvis gaugebar enaze mimdinareob-
da. mTxrobelis mier naxsenebi enobrivi barieri af-
xazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis erT-erTi
mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. am
faqts aRniSnavs n. berZeniSvili da lakonurad aya-
libebs azrs, romliTac kargadaa axsnili afxazTa
mier qristianobis ver gaTavisebis erT-erTi mizezi:
`berZnuli qristianoba afxazeTisTvis ucxo da
Tavze moxveuli moZRvreba iyo. misi gaziareba _
SeTviseba moiTxovda: an afxazebi unda gaberZnebu-
liyvnen kulturulad, an es sarwmunoeba afxazur
enaze unda gamarTuliyo, Tu ara afxazeTSi qristia-
noba mudam zedapiruli darCeboda…~ [1, 595]. sava-
raudod afxazTa Soris qristianoba xelmisawvdomi
da advilad SesaTvisebeli iyo socialurad dawinau-
rebuli, maRali sazogadoebisTvis, romlebic kargad
flobdnen qarTul da berZnul enebs, im enebs rom-
lebzec afxazeTSi mimdinareobda RvTismsxureba.
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom afxazebSi
qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisTanave zeda-
piruloba iqca maTSi qristianobis damcrobisa da
paganizaciis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.
34
dResdReisobiT afxazeTSi qristianuli reli-
giisadmi interesis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. ar-
sebobs marTlmadidebluri afxazuri saitebi (ma-
galiTad: Abkhazian-churches.ru), sadac moTxrobilia
afxazeTSi qristianobisa da eklesia-monastrebis
istoria. cxadad SeiniSneba, rom Segnebulad aqvs
gverdi aqceuli imas, rom yovelive es qarTuli
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca maTSi sain-
tereso informaciacaa daculi: aRsaniSnavad migvaC-
nia is faqti, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze XX sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi Sendeba ori didi eklesia.
soxumis sakaTedro taZari 1915 wels qalaqSi mcxo-
vreb berZenTa iniciativiT da saxsrebiT aSenebula.
TiTqmis imave periodSi berZeni berebis axali aTo-
nis samonastro kompleqsi daarsebula. amJamad
orive eklesiasTan arsebobs sasuliero saswavlebe-
li. amave saitebis informaciiT dRes soxumis saka-
Tedro taZarSi RvTismsaxureba oTx enaze: afxazu-
rad, qarTulad, Zvel rusulad da berZnulad tar-
deba.
qristianobis SesamCnevad gaaqtiurebis kvalad,
Cans rom afxazeTSi qristanobisadmi tradiciuli
afxazuri religiis safuZvlebis mimarTebis dadge-
nazec zrunaven. am mxriv sainteresoa erT-erT ru-
sul internet gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis amo-
naridebi: "Согласно опросам, большинство насе-ления
Абхазии исповедует христианскую религию. При этом
многие исследователи-абхазоведы отмечают, что
духовные ценности традиционных верований абхазов
не находятся в противоречии с православием, они
35
скорее дополняют друг друга". Aamave avtoris cnobiT
afxazeTSi oTxasamde qristianuli eklesiaa, romel-
Taganac dRes ocdaerTiRa funqcionirebs da qris-
tianobis mTavar problemad kvlav rCeba afxazuri
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gaurkveveli mdgo-
mareoba. afxazuri eklesia qarTul-afxazuri dapiri-
spirebis Semdeg qarTul eklesias Camoscilda da
jer kidev (avtoriseuli xazgasmaa) ar aris aRiare-
buli rusuli eklesiis mier, romelic afxazur ek-
lesias saqarTvelos martmadidebluri eklesiis na-
wilad miiCnevs.
Aaqve, saubaria islamzec: islamis rolis dam-
crobas muhajirobas, mahmadiani mosaxleobis Tur-
qeTSi gasaxlebas miaweren. amJamindeli `nomi-
nalurad~ musulmani afxazebi iseTive musulmanebi
arian rogorc afxazi qristianebi qristianebi: mu-
sulmani ar icnobs yurans, ar aqvs warmodgena mis
mTavar principebze, xolo qristiani ar dadis ekle-
siaSi, ar marxulobs, ar kiTxulobs biblias. albaT
amitomac, muslimTa meTauri afxazeTSi WeSmarit
musulmanTa Zalian mcire ricxvs asaxelebs. Mmisi
TqmiT, isini 200-250 kacamde arian. aqedan afxazi
(dabrunebuli muhajirebis STamoma-vlebis CaTvliT)
mxolod 25 procentia, xolo danarCenebi arian Ta-
Trebi, baSkirebi, Turqebi, Suaazielebi. 1999 wli-
dan soxumSi oficialurad arsebobs musulmanTa su-
lieri mmarTvelobis organo. afxazeTSi meCeTi ar
arsebobs, Tumca aris ori samlocvelo saxli, erTi
soxumSi, meore ki gudauTaSi.
36
am statiis Sinarsi da qveteqsti kargad Cans
mis bolo nawilSi, romelic tradiciuli afxazuri
religis funqciebs da fundamentur religiebTan
gaugebar, gaidealizirebul urTierTmimarTebis su-
raTs xatavs: `Следует особо подчеркнуть ту роль,
которую играет традиционная религия в современной
Абхазии. Распад Советского Союза, кровопролитная
война и последовавшие за ней блокада и изоляция Аб-
хазии способствовали возрождению традиционных ве-
рований абхазов. Представляется, что традиционная
религия выступала и продолжает выступать в качестве
одного из инструментов национальной консолидации и
идентичности в современных непростых условиях. И
православие, и ислам в Абхазии приобретают весьма
колоритный традиционный абхазский окрас.
Очевидно, что в современном мире повышается
значение национальной культуры, традиций. И для
Абхазии это также характерно. Поэтому, на мой взгляд,
можно уверенно констатировать, что в республике
возрождается традиционная религия абхазов~ [3].
afxazuri religiis roli da mniSvneloba
kargad Cans krilovis ramodenime cnobidan.
tradiciuli religiis prioritetuloba, mTavrobisa
da xalxis damokidebuleba afxazeTis de faqto res-
publikis pirveli prezidentis inauguraciis
ceremoniamac daadastura _ vladislav arZinbas
gaprezidentebis milocvisa da sazogadoebis winaSe
am faqtis mravalmniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad xalxis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis upirvelesi ufleba
mTavari afxazuri salocavis, didrifSis kult-
37
msaxurs, zaur CiCbas ergo.Qqristianuli da
musulmanuri religiis Tavkacebs mxolod mis Semdeg
miecaT milocvis ufleba. dResaswaulebis dros
didrifSSi, lixnSi da sxva salocavebSi afxazeTis
mTavrobisa da prezidentis stumrobac tradiciadaa
damkvidrebuli. 1996 wels kriminogenuli
situaciis mkveTri gauaresebis gamo didrifSisTvis
miumarTavs prezident arZinbas. salocavs xalxis
azrze moyvanas sTxovdnen da samagierod
yovelwliur msxverplSewirva aRuTqves. amave
Sinaarsis locva aq 2000 welsac gamarTula.
sainteresoa krilovis kidev erTi cnoba, romelic
mTavari kultmsaxuris, zaur CiCbas cnobebs
eyrdnoba: didrifSi yovelTvis mfarvelobda
afxazeTs. bolo xanebSi didirifSSi sayovelTao
locvam orjer ixsna afxazebi ganadgurebisagan –
pirvelad zviad gamsaxurdias dros, meored ki
afxazur-qarTuli omis dros. misive TqmiT, 1992
wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi didrifSis mTidan naTeli
sveti amodioda da gagris mxares anaTebda. Mmas
Semdeg rac gagra `gaanTavisufles~ didirifSidan
amosuli naTeli ukve soxumis mxares anaTebda, cota
xanSi soxumic ganTavisuflebul iqna. vgonebT, aq
yovelgvari komentari zedmetia _ raRa Tqma unda,
anzor CiCbas sruli ufleba aqvs sakuTari
msoflmxedveloba iqonios, magram sazogadoeba da
mTavroba, romelic amgvar Sexedulebebis adamians
aniWebs uzenaesi religiuri piris funqcias, rbilad
rom vTqvaT, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove
38
moTxovnebis simaRleze. didrifSis didmniSvnelov-
nebaze metyvelebs krilovis savele masalac:
afxazTa erT-erT yvelaze popularul salocavs
afxazuri Zalovanebic mimarTaven. SeiZleba iTqvas,
didrifSi erTgvari udanaSaulobis testis funqcias
asrulebs _ Tu Zalovanebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi
mtkicebuleba eWvmitanilis damnaSavobisa, maSin es
ukanaskneli midis didrifSis salocavSi da iq
udanaSaulobis fics debs. Tu eWvmitanilma es
gaakeTa, udanaSaulobaze daifica, maSin gamoZieba
daxurulad iTvleba [5, 129]. am mxriv sainteresoa
faqti romelic am ramodenime Tvis win moxda:
internetiT gavrcelda afxazeTis de faqto
Tavdacvis ministris, kCaCis naTesaobis mimarTva
afxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi. SegaxsenebT, rom kCaCi
eWvmitanili iyo anqvabze ganxorcielebuli teraq-
tis organizebaSi.Yyofilma Tavdacvis ministrma Tavi
maSin moikla, rodesac policia mis dakavebas cdi-
lobda. naTesavebi ra Tqma unda werilSi uaryofen
kCaCis monawileobas teraqtSi da erT-erT
argumentad moyavT is rom kCaCi, imis Semdeg rac xma
gavarda misi teraqtSi monawileobis Sesaxeb,
apirebda didrifSSi asvlas da udanaSaulobis ficis
dadebas, Tumca es mas ar dascalda. krilovisve
gadmocemiT afxazi anixaSi tyuils arafrisdidebiT
ar ityvis, Tumca man SeiZleba icruos eklesiaSi da
musulmanur samlocveloSi.
zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadad warmoaCens, rom
afxazeTSi tradiciuli afxazuri religia ga-
39
mococxlebulia da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic aqtiur
rols TamaSobs. Tumca gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti
Tavs qristianad Tvlis. krilovis mier Catarebulma
savele samuSaoebma saukunis winandeli cnobebi
gaimeora: qristiani afxazi mxolod nominaluradaa
qristiani, misTvis ucxoa eklesia, biblia, ziareba da
mkacri marxva. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebSi qristianoba
iseve rogorc maTi tradiciuli religia,
gamoyenebulia sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis
asamaRleblad da antiqarTuli ganwyobis gasaRrma-
veblad. bunebrivia, es ori religia garkveulwilad
problemas awydeba gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebaSi.
iyo SemTxveva, rodesac didrifSis kultmsaxurma
salocavSi ar SeuSva sakmaod maRali rangis
mRvdelmsaxuri, misgan anaforis da samRvdelo niSnebis
ayra moiTxova, Tavisi qceva imiT axsna rom masTan anu
didrifSSi sxva wesebi moqmedebs. aseTive konfliqturi
iyo ilirnixas (iloris wminda giorgi) salocavis
aRgdenis ceremoniis zogierTi nawili. iloris afxazma
mRvdelma ar misca msxverplSewirvis da arc raime
warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis ufleba eklesiis
ezoSi. saqmeSi maSindeli premierministri Caeria da
aseTi gamosavali naxes: saklavi eklesiis galavnis
gareT dakles, xolo rituali da locva galavnis
SigniT Caatares. bolo magaliTis Sesabamisad,
afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiurobac aRreulia _
maTTvis ucxoa qristianuli cxovrebis wesi, Tumca
maT Soris monaTlulebi bevrni arian. isini xSirad
eswrebian tradiciul dResaswaulebs, Tumca mravali
40
maTgani am dResaswaulebs religiur datvirTvas ar aZ-
levs da TavSeyris da sufris karg sababad Tvlis [5].
sainteresoa qristiani afxazebis poziciac: af-
xazebis umetesobas dResac saamayod aqvs, rom
kavkasiaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo biW-
vinTaSi iyo. es marTlac faqtia, magram aravin uwyis
vin da ra eTnosis, andac ra doziT iyo gaqris-
tianebuli biWvinTis eklesiis mrevli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ioane sabanisZe Tavis nawarmoebSi
aRniSnavs afxazeTSi qristianoba mZlavrad fexmo-
kidebuliao, Tanamedrove afxazebSi Jamis siavis Tu
kidev bevri sxva ramis gamo odindeli qristianobis
mcire kvaliRa Tu SeiniSneba. Tumca Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebs originaluri Sexeduleba gaaCniaT
Tanamedrove afxazis qristianuli sarwmunoebisgan
Sors dgomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aleqsandr
krilovs savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnia afxazs guli
`daswyvetoda~ im mdgomareobaze, rac sufevda XI
saukunis qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac afxazeTis
sakaTalikoso SeuerTes. mkvlevars daviT aRmaSene-
blis istorikosis cnoba mohyavs, romlis mixedvi-
Tac daviTis mefobis pirvel xanebSi saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi gamefebul ukanonobas da codvianobas ver
Seurigdebodao afxazuri buneba, romelic mTavar
principad pirovnul siwmindes da simarTles
aRiarebso [5, 49]. odnav uxerxulia am mosazrebaze
komentari, Tundac imitom rom afxazTa Soris
arsebuli wesiereba, qarTvelebisTvis sruliad ucxo
yofila da eklesiis ukanonobebi Turme zedmiwevniT
Seesabameboda qarTvelTa eTnikur fsiqologias. aqve
41
SevaxsenebT baton krilovs: daviT aRmaSenebelma
afxazTa sakaTalikosos mcxeTis sakaTalikososTan
SeerTebis Semdeg, sul ramodenime welSi Caatara
didi saeklesio reforma da krilovis mier
moxseniebuli afxazuri bunebisTvis miuRebeli
`sibilweni~ aRmofxvrili iqna. amas ki krilovis
logikiT eklesiebSi afxaz morwmuneTa xelaxali
Semobruneba unda moyoloda. Tumca rogorc Cans am
reformis Sesaxeb arc krilovs da arc afxazeTis
dRevandel mosaxleobas informacia ar gaaCniaT.
aleqsandre krilovi Tavisi naSromis SesavalSi
afxazi mecnierebis dbarisa da g. smirbas mosazre-
bebsac gvacnobs. dbari mRvdelmsaxuria da fiqrobs,
rom afxazebma qristianoba miiRes axali welTa-
Rricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. gvianSuasaukuneebSi ki
iwyeba warmarTobis reanimacia da qristianobis
daknineba. mkvlevars erTi sityvac ar dascdenia
imaze, rom qristianobis Sesusteba SeiZleba garkve-
ulwilad qarTuli kulturuli sferodan gasvlis
Sedegi iyos. g. smiri ufro Sors midis _ samwu-
xarod, misi sadisertacio naSromi ver moviZieT,
magram misi dedaazri krilovs aqvs mowodebuli:
afxazebi X saukunemde Tavgadakluli qristianebi
yofilan da Tan maTi episkoposebic afxazebi iyvnen.
RvTismsaxureba umetesad afxazur enaze, xandaxan ki
berZnulad mimdinareobda. da am dros iqna daSvebu-
li nacional – politikuri Secdoma: bagrat III-is
gamefeba afxazTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul
samefoSi [5, 49]. amis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdelo-
ebam eklesiebidan afxazuri gandevna, Sewyda afxa-
42
zuri RvTismetyvelebac. ai am droidan iwyeba
afxazebis qristianobisgan gaucxoeba g.smiris azriT.
krilovi smiris am naazrevis Sesaxeb dums, mxolod
dasawyisSi aRniSnavs rom smiris kvlevas etyoba
afxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis gavlenao. ar da
krilovs, rogorc Cans mainca da mainc zereled ar
aqvs gadakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoria da
mSvenivrad icis, rom g. smiris mosazrebas ioti-
sodena safuZvelic ar aqvs. afxazeTis teritoriaze
qristianobas safuZvlebi sxva procesebis gamo
ecleba da es Sesabamisad damtkicebulia qarTvel
mecnierTa kvlevebSi. aq am Teoriebis mtkicebas ar
movyvebiT, radganac masala da faqtebi bevria. aRv-
niSnavT mxolod imas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas samecnie-
ro naSromebi, romlebic ufro konkretulad gas-
cems pasuxs Segnebul Tu Seugnebel provokaciebs,
SesaZloa es vinmes sasacilod andac usargeblod
moeCvenos da Tqvas, rom simarTle xom Se-
uiaraRebeli TvaliTac Canso, Tumca es azrebi af-
xazuri Tu rusuli saitebisa da internetbibli-
oTekis meSveobiT asiaTasobiT dainteresebuli-
sTvisaa xelmisawvdomi da amis sapirwoned, si-
marTlis gamosamzeureblad Sedegismomtani qmediTi
nabijebi faqtobrivad ar gadadgmula.
literatura
1. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1990.
43
2. j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTmadidebloba, Tb.,
2003.
3. Элана ЭШБА, аспирантка Института востоковеде-
ния РАН, научный сотрудник Центра партнерства
цивилизаций ИМН МГИМО (У) МИДа РФ
4. Званба С. Тю. – Абхазские этнографические этюди,
Сухуми, 1982.
5. Александр Крылов, Религия и традиции абхазов, (по
материалам полевых исследований 1994-2000 гг.),
Москва, 2001
6. Обзор деятелньости обшества возстановления
православного христианства на кавказе, 1910.
44
Giorgi Mamardashvili
Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia Territory Population
A review of the modern situation and problems of Abkhazia terri-
tory population are given in the article, as well as the review of the scientific works, articles and theses dedicated to the study of the Ab-khazians’ religious beliefs.
Today a certain part of Abkhazia population is a follower and supporter of Abkhazian clergy group headed by Dorofei Dbar, who tries to gain autocephaly of the Church of Abkhazia. According to the re-searches carried out in near past 55% of respondents belong them-selves to Christians, 17% to Muslims, 14.6% to Atheists and for 7.4% was difficult to attach their faith to any kind of religion, 2% is a follower of the traditional Abkhazian religion. Among ethnic Abkhazians 49.3 % is a Christian, 28.7% Muslim, 2% belong themselves to Pagans and 1.2% to traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs. A kind of confusion takes place. It is a bit difficult to understand what the relations between pa-gan and traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs means. It is easy to sup-pose that the respondents might have mixed traditional Abkhazian reli-gion beliefs and Paganism. It is difficult to imagine as well what the Kri-lov’s criteria was for belonging a certain person either to one or another religious belief. All the more there are different viewpoints among the scientific circles about what the Abkhazian religion is. Some think it ob-viously is Paganism, some think it is monotheistic religion, some – it is a heir of Southwest Asia.
Despite of the survey results, it is obvious that the Abkhazian traditional religion beliefs gained a new meaning: to attach to the tradi-tional religion one of the main functions in determining the national identification and the consolidation of the nation. It must be mentioned that the tendentious attitude of the modern researchers when they study traditional religious beliefs of Abkhazians is obvious. They con-sciously ignore Georgian influence on the nuances of the traditional
45
Abkhazian religion. But the influence of Christianity and Georgian tradi-tional folk believes are clearly evident. The Abkhazian ethnographers of the 19th century: S. Zvanba and N. Janashia straightly, without any kind of implication, write about it.
Tendentious and purposeful lie are those theses which try to split Georgian-Abkhazian churches and sow hatred among Abkhazians against Georgians. S. Lakoba says as if Georgians “occupied” Abkha-zian church in the 10th century. As if, before liturgy was in Abkhazian language. According to A. Krilov there was another reason that Abkha-zian alienated from the church. As if, the honest nature of Abkhazian was unable to get used to the corruption and improper behavior that was dominating in the Church of Georgia at the end of the 11 th and the beginning of the 12th centuries.
46
medea gogolaZe
`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi
_ miTi Tu realoba?
qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, ucnobi avtoris
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si da leonti mrovelis
`mefeTa cxovreba~-Si (`qarTlis cxovreba~) aleq-
sandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobisas moxseni-
ebulni arian `bun-Turqebi~.
`moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT: `pirvel, odes aleqsandre
mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da
SeÃadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna
naTesavni bun-Turqni, _ msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda
mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi:
sarkine qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraÃe da cixeni maTni: cixÀ didi sarkinisa, ufliscixÀ kaspisa,
urbnisisa da oZraÃisaÁ. daukÂrda aleqsandres da
cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa
Ãorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkudarsa
SeSWamdes. da ver eZlo brZolaÁ maTi mefesa da
warvida. maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldeve-
lTagan gamosxmulni honni da iTxoves bun-TurqTa
uflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs. da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqÂan mas
xerki. da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsa-
ndre mefÀ yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni ese
qalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxÂli. xolo
sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga
47
sarkinesa dasavliT kerZo... da merme gamoiRo sarkine.
TÂT dayares da meot iqmnnes~ [1, 81]. `mefeTa cxovreba~ Turqebis qarTlSi mosvlis
istorias ufro vrclad gadmogvcems. mas Semdeg,
rac iranis legendarulma mefe qaixosrom Turqebi
Semusra `movides Turqni, otebulni misve
qaixosrosgan. gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyves
mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocdarva da
ezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Sewevna
sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya
yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,
rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTÂs daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes
yovelTa qalaqTa Sina [2, 14]. makedonelis laSqro-
bis gadmocemisas leonti mrovels es Turqni ukve
bun-Turqebad hyavs moxseniebuli: `da ixilna ra ese
naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cuen
bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT msxdomareni mdinaresa
mas mtkurisasa mixveviT.... Semdgomad amissa gan-
Zlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, da
aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa... cixeni da qalaqni
daipyrna equs Tue... xolo sarkinelTa bunTurqTa-
ganTa agines mefesa. ganuwyra aleqsandre da arRara
ineba zavi da vedreba maTi ara Seiwynara...~ [2, 15].
qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi bun-TurqTa
qarTlSi saxlobis Sesaxeb, istoriul mecnierebaSi
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT iqna ganxiluli: erT
SemTxvevaSi _ istoriuli realobis kuTxiT, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.
48
mecnierebis erTi nawili bun-TurqTa qarTlSi
saxlobas, legendaruls uwodebs (g. mamulia,
v. vaSakiZe, g. yoranaSvili [8; 5; 11]). meore _
istoriul faqts, magram maTi eTnikuri nominaciis
dazustebiT (e. TayaiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, S.
mesxia, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. sanaZe, g. alasania da
sxv. [6; 12; 9; 7; 10; 3]). istorikosTa erTi nawili
maTSi hunebs gulisxmobs, meore _ huriebs. arsebobs
agreTve mosazreba, romliTac bun-Turqebi kavka-siuri
warmoSobis da kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleo-badaa
miCneuli (m. seidovi). umravles SemTxvevebSi ki
mecnierebi bun-TurqebSi skviTebs varaudoben (o.
lorTqifaniZe, v. kovalevskaia, m. sanaZe, g. alasania;
dawvrilebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. 3, 5-20).
Cveni adrindeli mosazrebiT bun-TurqTa
qarTlSi saxloba legendaruli iyo [4, 73]. amJamin-
deli Cveni kvlevis amosavalia meti ndoba ga-
movucxadoT Zvel qarTul wyaroebs, maTi axleburi
gaazrebisa da samecniero literaturaSi SemoTa-
vazebuli saintereso kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebis
gamo.
cnobilia, rom Zvel xanaSi arsebobda tradicia
qveynis istoriis daweris miTologiuri, an
miTologizirebuli realobis dasawyisiT. `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebic am
tradiciis mimdevrebi arian. Tanac mematianeTa mier
bun-TurqTa rolis gamokveTas alegoriuli
datvirTvac aqvs, rac ukavSirdeba aleqsandre
makedonelis saxels. Sua saukuneebSi gaidea-
49
lizebuli gmiri aleqsandre makedoneli, axali
msoflio wesrigis Semqmneli, berZnuli civili-
zaciis gamavrcelebeli, ebrZvis ukulturo da
CamorCenil xalxebs. aseT xalxebad, ZiriTadad,
iTvlebian kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma mcxovrebi
xalxebi, romlebic periodulad, Semosevebis Tu
devnis Sedegad xvdebian civilizebul qveynebSi,
sadac maT TavianTi Cvevebi SeaqvT. aleqsandres
kulturisTvis maTi kultura ucxoa da igi maT
ebrZvis, rogorc politikuri miznebiT, ise
kulturuli msoflxedviT. avtorebi momTabare-
barbarosul samyaros upirispireben kulturul
msoflios, romlis gansaxierebac aleqsandre makedo-
nelia. aleqsandres laSqrobebis erT-erT punqtad
mematianeebi kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs moiazreben
(dariali, darubandi) da maT `aleqsandres karis~
saxeliTac moixsenieben. am karis warmomavloba
ukavSirdeba makedonelis mier veluri xalxis
damarcxebas, CrdiloeTis mTebSi maT gadarekvas da
maTi Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixe-
simagreTa sistemis Seqmnas. aRniSnul tomebSi
bibliuri gogisa da magogis xalxebi moiazrebian,
romlebic iranulenovan da Turqulenovan eTno-
sebTan arian dakavSirebulni.
amave dros, legendebis umetesi nawili
garkveul wilad istoriul realobas asaxavs.
aseTad gvesaxeba Zveli iranuli eposis, zoro-
astrizmis uZvelesi literaturuli Zegli `avesta~
(umTavresi wyaro `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris da leontis).
50
igi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde Seiqmna, misi
Cawera daiwyo Zv. w. III saukuneSi arSakidebis
dinastiis dros, sabolood ki Camoyalibda sasa-
nidebis xanaSi. `avestas~ mixedviT brZolebi
mimdinareobs iranelebsa da Turqebs Soris, kerZod,
mefe qaixosrosa da Turq afrasiabs Soris. maTi
dapirispireba sabolood sruldeba qaixsosros mier
afrasiabis mokvliT. aRniSnuli legenda aqemeniduri
xaniT TariRdeba. istoriuli perspeqtiviT rom
SevxedoT, sparsuli tomebis gaZliereba-gaaqtiureba
da hegemonobisTvis brZola istoriuli realobaa da
iwyeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. VII saukunidan. iranis
CrdiloeTiT arsebuli samyaro (kaspiis zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi), aseve cnobilia, rom ukaviaT
momTabare, avi znis xalxebs, savaraudod, Turquli
modgmis tomebs. iranelTa eqspansiis erT-erTi
mimarTulebaa kaspiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (Tura-
ni), xolo CrdiloeTis xalxebis eqspansiis samxreT-
dasavleTiT. am brZolebSi damarcxebulebi ltolvi-
lebad ifantebian da erT-erTi aseTi nakadi
TavSesafars poulobs qarTlSi. am istoriul
procesebSi qarTvelebic iyvnen CarTulni, erT
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc uSualo monawileebi
brZolebisa, meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc devnilTa
TavSesafrad qceuli teritoriis mkvidrebi. am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi xdeba Turquli nakadis
Semosvla qarTvelTa teritoriaze. araferi ara-
realuri am faqtSi araa, radgan istoriuli wya-
roebiT cnobilia sxvadasxva xalxebi, romlebic
51
Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Cvens teritorias afarebdnen
Tavs, magaliTad, asurelebi, urartuelebi, ebra-
elebi, berZnebi da sxva. aRniSnulis gaTvalis-
winebiT, vfiqrobT, rom bun-TurqTa yofna qarTlSi
istoriuli faqtia da ara miTiuri ambavi.
gvinda SevexoT kidev erT problemas. kerZod,
`moqcevaÁs~ avtoris cnoba qarTlSi bun-TurqTa
saxlobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa mier gagebulia,
rogorc maTi am teritoriaze aborigenoba. rac,
vfiqrobT, ZirSive mcdaria, radgan toponimebi: kaspi,
ufliscixe, urbnisi, sarkine da sxva yvela,
romlebic wyaroebSi moxseniebulia bun-TurqTa
sxdomis adgilad, uklebliv qarTulia, rac
gamoricxavs bun-TurqTa aRniSnul teritoriaze
avtoqTonobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia `moqcevaÁs~
avtoris Txrobis lakonuri, qronistuli stili da,
zogadad, Zeglis arqiteqtonika, ris mixedviTac
ikveTeba mematianis idea aCvenos aleqsandre makedo-
neli, ara civilizebul qarTvelebTan, aramed velur
xalxebTan mebrZoli gmiri, msoflios mxsneli da
ganmanaTlebeli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa didi nawili bun-
TurqebSi skviTebs moiazrebs. miuxedavad rigi
saintereso da gasaziarebeli argumentebisa,
calsaxad ver miviRebT amgvar mosazrebas. sakiTxi
rTuli da bundovania, rac ZiriTadad ganpiro-
bebulia wyaroebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT, anaqro-
nizmebiT da urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebiT. marTa-
lia, mematianeebi skviTebis nacvlad xan xazarebs,
52
xan yivCayebs (SesaZloa, bun-Turqebsac) moixsenieben,
magram gaugebaria, ratom, maSin, rodesac hero-
dotedan moyolebuli, Zveli antikuri, elinisturi
da adre Suasaukuneebis istoriografia, romelic
Zalian kargad icnobs skviTebs, ansxvavebs maT sxva
xalxebisagan. sainteresoa, igive codna qarTvel
mematianeebs ar hqondaT? ras niSnavs leontisTan
daculi cnoba `xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidaman
andriam megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~
[2,43]. Zneli dasajerebelia, Zvel qarTvel
meistorieT ar hqonodaT codna skviTebze da ver
ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisgan skviTebi da Turqebi.
metic, is rom Turqebi ixseniebian Zvel qarTul
wyaroebSi, aCens cdunebas, vivaraudoT kaspiis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi Turquli warmo-
Sobis xalxis migracia qarTlSi.
aqedan gamomdinare `avestas~ sparsul-Turqul
brZolebSi moxseniebuli Turqebi (Turqulenovani
masivi) istoriis asparezze ufro aqtiurad anu
maTi samxreT-dasavleTiT eqspansiis TvalsazrisiT
mogvianebiT Cndebian, radgan jer kidev Zlieria
regionSi iranelTa gavlena, magram `moqcevaÁs~ bun-
Turqebi SesaZloa, eTnikur TurqTa swored is
mcire nakadia, romlebic devnilebad Semodian
qarTlSi (ara dampyroblebad) da romlebTan
erTadac qarTvelebi antiiranul koalicias qmnian.
53
literatura
1. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1963.
2. `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, Tb., 1955, s. yauxCi-
Svilis redaqciiT.
3. g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi,
Tb., 2008.
4. m. gogolaZe, qarTlis socialuri da politikuri
istoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Tb.,
2004.
5. v. vaSakiZe, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ wyaroebi aleqsan-
dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.
6. e. TayaiSvili, sami istoriuli qronika, Tb., 1890.
7. o. lorTqifaniZe, mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis isto-
riisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
moambe, XXIX, 6, Tb., 1962.
8. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebis da saxel-
mwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979.
9. S. mesxia, leonti mroveli saqarTvelos is-
toriis ori periodis Sesaxeb, krebuli `kavkasiis
xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1966.
10. m. sanaZe, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos
istoriis uZvelesi periodi, Tb., 2001.
11. g. yoranaSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-
xebi, I, Tb., 1994.
12. Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тб.,
1969.
54
Medea Gogoladze
“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?
According to Georgian historical sources, in “Mokcevai Kar-tlisai” (The Conversion of Georgia) by anonymous author and Leonti Mroveli’s “Mepeta Tskhovreba” (The Lives of Kings) “Bun Turks” are mentioned in connection with Alexander III of Mace-don’s campaigns in Kartli.
These data of Georgian sources were discussed by histo-rians from the different aspects: weather these people lived in Georgia or not and on the other hand to which ethnic group “Bun-Turks” were belonged. One group of scientists thinks that “Bun-Turks” were not living in Georgia and it is only a legend, others believe it was a true historical fact. Most of the scientists suppose that “Bun-Turks” are people of Iranian - Scythian origin.
In our opinion, the data of “Conversion” and “The Life of Kartli” about Bun-Turks’ coming in Kartli should have been a ref-lection of historical reality. It also should have been that men-tioned “Bun-Turks” belonged to those people of Turkish origin who were living to the north-east of the Caspian Sea.
55
daviT merkvilaZe
rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi
polkovnik burnaSevis arqivis
masalebis mixedviT
(1783-1787 ww.)
Sesavali
polkovniki stefane burnaSevi ruseTis saimpe-
ratoro karis mier 1783 wels dainiSna ruseTis sa-
gangebo warmomadgenlad (`komisionerad~) qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis erekle II-isa da imereTis mefis so-
lomon I-is karze. amas mowmobs burnaSevis arqivSi
arsebuli grigol potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,
daTariRebuli 1783 wlis 3 apriliT, e.i. jer kidev
georgievskis traqtatis gaformebamde. amasTan bur-
naSevs daevala georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT
saqarTveloSi imave wlis 2 noembers Semosul eger-
Ta ori rusuli batalionis meTauroba. rusi pol-
kovniki saqarTveloSi imyofeboda oTxnaxevar weli-
wads. 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers mefe erekles meTau-
robiT qarTul jarTan erTad Tavisi batalionebi-
TurT ganjasTan dabanakebulma burnaSevma miiRo
brZaneba (kvlav gr. potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,
daTariRebuli amave wlis 29 agvistoTi), rusul
jarTan erTad daetovebina saqarTvelo da ruseTSi
gabrunebuliyo.
s. burnaSevs uSualo urTierToba hqonda ro-
gorc qarTvel mefeebTan erekle II-sa da solomon
I-Tan, aseve mudmiv miwer-moweras awarmoebda kavka-
siis xazis sardalTan, general-poruCik pavle po-
56
tiomkinTan, romelic Tavis mxriv general grigol
potiomkinis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTavda ruseTis
saimperatoro karis kavkasiur politikas.
1901 wels s. burnaSevis SvilTaSvilma al. ca-
garelis rekomendaciiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebis~ 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamosca s.
burnaSevis arqivis epistolaruli nawili. burnaSe-
visadmi mimarTul oficialur brZanebebTan (orde-
rebTan) erTad aq Tavmoyrilia polkovnikisadmi mi-
marTuli piradi werilebi: yvelaze meti, 36 werili
ekuTvnis pavle potiomkins, aseve aq aris kidev ram-
denime rusi samxedro piris werili da qarTvel me-
feTa, ereklesa da solomonis ramdenime werilis
rusuli Targmanic. es werilebi naTlad asaxavs im-
droindel rusul-qarTul urTierTobebs, ruseTis
interesebs saqarTveloSi da zogadad kavkasiaSi,
aseve qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis
cvlilebas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.
es viTareba pirdapir fiqsirdeba rogorc erekle II-
is mier, aseve Tavad rusuli umaRlesi generali-
tetis mxridanac. es poziciaa erT-erTi mizezi, ri-
Tac rusuli sardloba axsnas uZebnida saqar-
Tvelodan rusuli batalionebis gayvanas im dros,
roca qarTuli samefos sazRvrebTan SemosaWrelad
gamzadebuli omar-xanis laSqari idga.
s. burnaSevs ekuTvnis aseve naSromi: `saqarTve-los suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera~. igi man gamosca ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1793 wels kurskSi, sa-
57
dac samxedro samsaxuris datovebis Semdeg guberna-
torad iqna daniSnuli. naSromi warmoadgens rusi
polkovnikis TvaliT danaxul saqarTvelos da im
periodis saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani saistorio
wyaroa. es naSromi asiode wlis Semdeg xelmeored
iqna gamocemuli n. begiCevis mier.
orive zemodasaxelebuli gamocema (epistoleebi
orderebiTurT da `saqarTvelos suraTi~) ukve na-Targmni gvaqvs qarTul enaze da vamzadebT gamosace-
mad. es miT ufro saSuria, ramdenac bolo dros
ruseTSi kvlav aRorZinda tendencia, rom imperiis
mier qarTuli saxelmwifos aneqsia qarTveli xal-
xis sakeTildReod ruseTis mier iZulebiT gadadg-
mul nabijad warmoCindes. msgavsi mcdari Sexedule-
bebi jer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa mraval-
wliani propagandis Sedegad dRemde fexmokidebulia
qarTul sazogadoebis nawilSic. aRniSnul xanebSi
rusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis siRr-
miseuli mecnieruli Seswavla udavod xels Seu-
wyobs istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenas da cru-
propagandis savalalo Sedegebis gaqarwylebas, rac
Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli saxel-
mwifoebriobis aRdgena-gaZlierebis saqmes.
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis mizezebi
aRniSnuli wyaroebi sayuradRebo masalas iZ-
leva georgievskis traqtatis Sesaxeb. kerZod, gvex-
mareba imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda
am dros TiToeul mxares da ra Sedegebi moutana am
SeTanxmebam maT.
58
`saqarTvelos suraTSi~ burnaSevi cdilobs aR-
niSnos `mizezebi, romlebmac ubiZga mefe erekles, Sesuliyo ruseTis mfarvelobiTi Zalauflebis qveS~. Tavidan igi wers: `qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen ra damonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis ga-mo Zveli droidan yovelTvis eZiebdnen ruseTis did xelmwifeTa daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram ar SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoT cnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindeli midrekilebis aRmZvrel mTavar mizezTagan ki Semdegi aris: bunebrivi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxti-sa, romelzedac mefe irakli ayvanilia Sah-nadiris mier, arsebiTad arian STamomavlebi mefe vaxtangisa, ruseTSi gaiqceulisa Turqebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisas. Tavadma aleqsandrem, Zem baqar uflis-wulisa da SviliSvilma vaxtang mefisa, mefe irak-liT ukmayofilo qarTlelebTan urTierTobisas da darwmunebulma mefed gaxdomis SesaZleblobaSi, da-tova ruseTi mamiseul samemkvidreo taxtze asvlis ganzraxviT... mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezi uki-duresad SeSfoTebuliyo mosalodneli arasaimedo Sedegebis gamo...~ 1 [1, 18-19].
cxadia, burnaSevisaTvis cnobilia qarTvel me-
feTa swrafva, mezobeli mahmadianuri saxelmwi-
foebis agresiisagan TavdasaRwevad mieRoT Semweoba
ruseTisagan da miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc ar fi-
qrobs, rom es garemoeba yofiliyo mizezi ge-
orgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul
1 rusuli teqstis Targmani aqac SemdegSic Cvenia – d.m.
59
`cnobil damokidebulebaSi~ maTi moqcevisa. es lo-
gikuricaa: gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo im
dros araTu `damonebuli ar yofila mahmadianebis mier~, traqtatis gaformebis wina xanebSi samxedro-politikur sarbielze mezobel mahmadian mflobe-
lebTan brZolaSi miRweuli warma-tebebisa da hege-
monobis damtkicebis Semdeg mefe ereklem Tavis Za-
lauflebas iqiT dauqvemdebara ramdenime islamuri
saxanoc.
faqtobrivad, erTaderT mizezad, ramac ubiZga
erekle II-s ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo, bur-
naSevi asaxelebs aleqsandre baqaris Zis mcdelobas
qarTlis samefo taxti waerTmia ereklesaTvis. amas
exmianeba erekles werilic p. potiomkinisadmi, sadac
mefe Tavis SeSfoTebas ver malavs amis gamo da iT-
xovs, momavalSic ar hqondes adgili msgavs gamox-
domebs. erekles SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar yofila:
mefobis msurveli marto ar moqmedebda, mas Tanam-
zraxvelebi hyavda rogorc saxelmwifos samezoblo-
Si, ise Tavad qarTlSidac da, rac mTavaria, aleq-
sandre batoniSvilis gaaqtiurebaSi erekle II-ze
zewolis mosaxdenad aSkarad Cans rusuli xeli, ra-
Ta mefe mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebaze
daeyoliebinaT. traqtatis sagangebo muxliT erek-
lem ruseTisagan qarTlis taxtis Tavisi STamomav-
lobisaTvis SenarCunebis ga-rantia miiRo [4]. sxva
sakiTxia, rogor Seasrula (ufro sworad, ar Sea-
srula) ruseTma micemuli piroba.
60
mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandre baqaris Zem amrigad
ruseTisaTvis `Tavisi misia~ Seasrula, erekles mTa-
var metoqesTan da dauZinebel mterTan, faT-ali-
xanTan myofs p. potiomkinis brZanebiT Tavis ua-
xloes garemocvasTan erTad ruseTSi daabrunes. amis
Taobaze 1783 wlis 11 dekembers p. potiomkini bur-
naSevs werda: `moaxseneT mefe iraklis saidumlod, rom Tavadi aleqsandre baqarovi da masTan erTad amilaxvarovi ucxviro, da kidev ori kaci derben-tidan ayvanilia da ukve moyvanilni arian astraxan-Si, da ramdenad bevradac ar unda aeridebina Tavi faT-ali-xans maTi gadmocemisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo. amrigad, SeiZleba mefes mielocos, rom is am mxri-vac damSvidebuli darCeba~ [2, 14].
erekles damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi
burnaSevisadmi miweril p. potiomkinis weri-
lebSi ikveTeba traqtatis gaformebis win erekles
meryeoba da undobloba rusebis mimarT, ris gamoc
saqarTveloSi movlenili polkovniks mieTiTeboda:
rom saWiro iyo qarTvelebSi ruseTis mimarT yo-
velgvari eWvis gafantva da mas yvela Rone unda
exmara, raTa moexerxebina `mefis undobloba Seec-vala saWiro pirdapiri erTgulebiT.~ werili dawe-
rilia traqtatis gaformebamde 4 dRiT adre 20
ivliss [2, 6].
sxvagan Cans, rom p. potiomkini xvdeba ra, rom
erekles misi sityvebis (misi saxiT ki saerTod ru-
seTis) maincdamainc ar sjera, amitom roca saidum-
lo baraTs ugzavnis erekles, burnaSevs avalebs,
61
urCios mefes, rom baraTis Targmani burnaSovisave
meTvalyureobiT Seasrulos gaioz arqimandritma da
bolos dasZens: `imeds gamovTqvam, rom mefes yvela sityvas daajerebT~. 10 marti, 1784 w. [2, 19].
erekles amgvari damokidebulebis fonze aqve
TvalSisacemia rusuli mxaris gansakuTrebuli da-
intereseba traqtatisadmi. georgievskis traqtatze
xelmoweris win p. potiomkini burnaSevs Txovs,
Seatyobinos, `rogori suliskveTebiT miiRebs mefe traqtatis dadebas~ [2, 7]. unda vifiqroT, rom
traqtats erekle didi aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.
Tumca, traqtatis dadeba TbilisSi aRniSnes zeimiT,
risi aRwerilobac burnaSevs p. potiomkinisTvis
gaugzavnia. `Tqveni dResaswaulebi aris kmayo-filebis gamoxatuleba~ _ Tavis mxriv kmayofi-
lebiT aRniSnavs Tavadi potimkini amis gamo imave
wlis 31 agvistos werilSi [2, 8]. magram traqtatis
dadebis Semdeg mefes ruseTSi kmayofilebisa da
madlierebis gamoxatviT aRsavse werilebi ar gaug-
zavnia, raSic kavkasiis xazis meTaurs didi keTil-
ganwyobilebis niSani ver amoukiTxavs. `Zalze uc-nauria CemTvis, rom traqtatis dadebis Semdeg mefe iraklis CemTvis arc erTi sityva ar uTqvams, rasac TviT keTilganwyobileba moiTxovda~, _ aSkara uk-mayofilebiTa da iWvneulad werda general-poruCiki
burnaSevs da iqve dasZenda: `macnobeT, kmayofilni arian Tu ara misi elCebi aq cxovrebis pirobebiT, miRebiTa da saCuqrebiT~ [2, 9]. undoda ra gaego,
62
qarTveli elCebi aqedan raimeTi ukmayofiloni xom
ar wabrZanebulano.
ruseTis mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi prorusuli
orientaciis gasaZliereblad
burnaSevis arqivis masalebSi p. potiomkinis uk-
mayofileba ereklesadmi sxvaganac SeimCneva: kavkasiis
jarebis meTauri ver malavs, rom ar esiamovna mi-
sadmi erekles rekomendacia vinme rusi moxele
apraqsinis Sesaxeb: `gulaxdilad getyviT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi me visurvebdi mefisagan met yuradRebas. apraqsini CemTvis ufro adridan nacobia, vidre misTvis, xolo aderbiJaneli mTavrebis saqme, raze-dac is dums, ufro moiTxovda misi mxridan axnas... axla ki, Cemdami jerovani uwyebis nacvlad, mefem brZana sityvierad eTqvaT CemTvis, rom ibrahim-xanze dayrdnoba ar SeiZleba,... magram me visurvebdi, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi mefes sityvierad ar ecnobebina CemTvis. me mis saxls imdenad bevri sikeTe gavukeTe, ufleba maqvs, moviTxovo Cemdami meti gul-rwfeloba.~ werili daTariRebulia 1783 wlis 8
noembriT [2, 12].
p. potiomkinma SesaniSnavad icoda ra erekles
ganwyobilebaTa Sesaxeb, vinaidan TviTon iyo qarT-
veli mefisadmi traqtatis Tavs moxvevis saqmis mTa-
vari ganmaxorcielebeli piri, cdilobda igi mudmiv
kontrolSi hyoloda. solomon I-is moulodneli
gardacvalebis Setyobis Semdeg, imereTis saqmeebze
miTiTebebis Tanadroulad, p. potiomkini burnaSevi-
sagan iTxovda: `Tavis mxriv saWiroa, mefes miaqcioT
63
yuradReba~. 13 maisi, 1784 weli [2, 24]. SesaZlebe-
lia, ufrTxodnen imereTis saqmeebSi erekles Care-
vas, rac am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisi
gavlena daemyarebina dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gasage-
bi mizezebis gamo, ruseTis interesebSi sulac ar
Sedioda.
epistoleebSi araerTi uwyeba gvxvdeba imisa,
rogor cdilobda ruseTis xelisufleba, rac ar
unda dajdomoda, moepovebina mTlianad samefo oja-
xisa da aseve qarTveli warCinebuli zedafenis ke-
Tilganwyobileba (ase rom, mxolod traqtatis xel-
mosawerad Casuli qarTveli elCebis gulis mosage-
bad ar uzrunia). am mizniT p. potiomkini impera-
tricas saxeliT mravlad agzavnida saCuqrebs sa-
qarTveloSi da Semdeg Tavis polkovnik `komision-
ers~ Txovda ecnobebina misTvis, ramdenad kmayofil-
ni darCnen saCuqrebiT dedofali, mefis asulebi da
erekles umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxeleebi, iseve ro-
gorc surda Seetyo, rogori kmayofili iyo erekle
mefe ekaterines `guluxvobiT~, roca imperatorisa-
gan eboZa `mowyalebis niSnebi, romelmac ase mniSvne-lovnad aamaRla misi mefuri Rirseba~ [2, 16]. Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, erekles isedac maRal `mefur Rirse-
bas~ es niSnebi bevrs verafers Sematebda. TviT me-
fisTvis ki traqtatis dadebis aRsaniSnavad p. po-
tiomkins saCuqrad cxeni mourTmevia mozdokeli ia-
sulis xeliT (1783 w. 31 agvistos werili) [2, 8].
ruseTis xelisuflebas, bunebrivia, yuradRebis
gareSe ar dautovebia erekles vaJebi. 1783 wlis 8
64
noembriT daTariRebuli werilis mixedviT p. poti-
omkini elodeba batoniSvil mirianis gamgzavrebis
Sesaxeb cnobebs [2, 12]. rogorc Cans, ruseTTan ur-
TierTobis gamo garkveul ukmayofilebas gamoxatav-
da vaxtang batoniSvili. amitom p. potiomkini bur-
naSevs avalebs batoniSvilis darwmunebas, `rom is ar darCeba gamxnevebis gareSe~ (26 dek. 1783 w.) [2, 15]. batoniSvilebze meti STabeWdilebisa da gavle-
nis mosaxdenad gadawyda ruseTSic miewviaT zogier-
Ti maTgani. amisaTvis Sesaferis drod ki erekles
mier damtkicebuli georgievskis traqtatis ruseT-
Si waReba iqna SerCeuli. 1784 w. 11 maiss burnaSevma
miiRo uwyeba: `droa, raTa mefiswulebi gaemgzavron peterburgSi, rameTu baton tomarasaTvisac ratifi-kaciis waRebis droa. TxoveT mis umaRlesobas, raTa inebos [maTi] gagzavna~ [2, 23]. momdevno werilSi p.
potiomkini sagangebod interesdeba vaxtang batoniS-
vilis pirovnebiT: `CemTvis saWiroa, vicode vaxtang mefiswulis Tvisebebi, ris Taobazec mauwyeT~ _
wers p. potiomkini burnaSevs [2, 23].
erTxel p. potiomkinis yuramde mouRwevia
xmebs, rom `TavadebisaTvis naboZebi saCuqrebidan, isini zogierTebs hyidiano~, rasac masSi garkveuli
aRelveba gamouwvevia (SeiZleba im mosazrebiT, rom
iqneb maTTvis es saCuqrebi arc ise mniSvnelovan fa-
seulobas warmoadgens, raki ase iolad imeteben ga-
sayidad) da kvlav burnaSevs Txovda: garkveuliyo
am sakiTxSi da misTvis moexsenebina (werili burna-
Sevma miiRo 1784 wlis 15 maiss) [2, 23].
65
imxanad ruseTisaTvis aq Tavisi gavlenis gaZ-
lierebis gzad qarTvelebis gulis mogeba rom hqon-
daT dasaxuli, amaze uSualo pirdapirobiT met-
yvelebs kidev erTi detali: Tavad erasti amil-
axvars saCivriT miumarTavs p. potiomkinisaTvis, rom
saqarTveloSi gagzavnil rusul jarSi momsaxure
`mkurnalma waarTva mas coli, xolo TviT mas Tavi gautexa~. amis gamo burnaSevma miiRo davaleba, gar-
kveuliyo saqmis viTarebaSi da Sedegi ecnobebina
zemdgomisaTvis. amas Tan axlda mkacri miTiTebac:
`ar dauSvaT TviTnebobis dawyeba im qveyanaSi, sadac
unda movigoT gulebi da mivibaT Cvenze~ (не
допускайте своеволству начинатся в той земле, где
должно ловить сердца и привязывать к себе) [2, 15]. rusuli xelisufleba gulmodgined cdilobda,
ar daeSva erekles gulSi ruseTisadmi eWvisa da
undoblobis gaRviveba da mefis araprincipul Txov-
nebis Sesrulebazec uyoymanod iZleoda Tanxmo-bas:
`mefis Txovna _ aswavloT medoleebsa da fleitis-tebs, unda Sesruldes, rameTu saxelm-wifoebs So-ris mWidro SeerTebas ar SeuZlia dauTmos adgili mcire eWvsac ki~. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi
rusuli batalionebis meTaurs aseTi umniSvnelo
sakiTxebis gadawyvetis ufleba ar hqonda da iseve
rogorc yvela wvrilmani zemdgom xelmZRvanelobas-
Tan unda SeeTanxmebina. p. potiomkini burnaSevs iqve
nebas rTavda, rom `regularobis zogierTi wesis SemoRebac daubrko-lebriv SeiZleboda Sesrulebu-liyo~ [2, 15]. NniSan-doblivia, rom saubari aris
66
regularobis mxolod `zogierT wesze~, _ es naT-
lad miuTiTebs, rom sakuTar mfarvelobaSi miRebul
samefoSi adgi-lobrivi efeqturi mudmivi jaris Ca-
moyalibeba ruseTSi mizanSewonilad ar miaCndaT.
ruseTis interesebi da miznebi saqarTveloSi
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilvisas ibadeba kiTxva: ra
ganapirobebda ruseTis aseT dainteresebas erekle
II-Ti? burnaSevis arqivi am sakiTxebzec naTel war-
modgenas iZleva.
ruseTma 1782 wels warmatebiT gadaWra ra Ta-
vis sasargeblod yirimisa da yubanispireTis sakiTxi
osmaleTis xarjze, imavdroulad erTob gaaqtiura
Tavisi politika amierkavkasiaSic, sadac Tavis er-
TaderT metoqed isev osmaleTi esaxeboda. p. poti-
omkini burnaSevs traqtatis xelmoweris win kmayo-
filebiT atyobinebs, rom vinaidan CrdiloeT Sa-
vizRvispireTidan gaZevebis miuxedavad, `dadas-turebulia yvelgan portaSi, gamoTqvan samSvidobo ganwyobileba~, `es garemoebebi, Cans, gauxsnis, ase vTqvaT, xelebs maT amorecxvas amierkavkasiis mxareSi, da amitomac saWiroa, rom maTi mdgomareoba vicodeT male~ [2, 7]. ufro adre, ruseTis imperiis sagareo politikis warmmarTveli grigol potiomkini 1783
wlis 16 ivnisis sagangebo brZanebulebaSi burnaSevs
avalebda `uswrafesad Seedgina saqarTvelos ruka, misi sazRvrebis SeZlebisdagvarad zusti gansa-zRvriT, gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mxridan~ [2, 3].
ruseTi cdilobda aseve gamoeyenebina erekle
mefis sadazvervo qseli, raTa mieRo dawvrilebiTi
67
cnobebi TurqeTSi, gansakuTrebiT mis aRmosavleT
mxareebSi mimdinare ambebis Sesaxeb. p. potiomkini
1783 wlis 19 noembers burnaSevs swers, rom mas
ereklesaTvis uTxovia `ecnobebina misTvis yvela ga-remoebaTa Sesaxeb, rac ismis Turqul sazRvrebSi~ da amgvari cnobebi rac SeiZleba xSirad miewodebina
misTvis. aqve vigebT, rom mas aseve uTxovia mefisaT-
vis, `SeerCia sando kaci, romelic SeiZleboda ga-moyenebul yofiliyo konfidentad (jaSuSad)~ [2, 12-13]. Cans, rom generali ar apirebda dakmayofilebu-
liyo mxolod erekles mier miwode-buli cnobebiT
da surda jaSuSobisaTvis gamosadegi iseTi kacis
moZebna, romelic uSualod mas miawvdida mopovebul
informacias, raSic isev erekles daxmarebas saWi-
roebda.
burnaSevis arqividan Cans aseve, rom ruseTSi
Wareli lekebis sakiTxsac ganixilavdnen da saWi-
roebis SemTxvevaSi maT damorCilebasac ar gamoric-
xavdnen. es daRestnuri Temebi maT mier mitacebul,
kaxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareSi binadrobdnen
da erekle II-is ruseTTan kavSiris gamo, osmaleTis
waqezebiT sxvebze metad azaralebdnen aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos. p. potiomkini saidumlod iTxovda
burnaSevisagan `naTel da dawvrilebiT cnobebs~, raTa `safuZvlianad scodnoda~ `ra xalxia Warele-bi, saqarTvelos romel nawilSi arian, rogori sa-fuZveli aqvT, vis emorCilebian, didi xania, rac mi-si brw. mefe iraklis xelisuflebis winaaRmdegni arian? ramdeni SeiaraRebuli unda daviTvaloT yve-
68
la maTgani, romeli mxridan da rogor ufro mosax-erxebelia maTi damorCileba?~ [2, 11]. ufro gviande-li werilidan (miRebuli 1784 wlis 15 maiss), sa-
dac potiomkini iTxovs met demografiul da samxe-
dro xasiaTis cnobebs Wareli lekebis Sesaxeb, vi-
gebT, rom es informaciac erekle mefisagan unda
yofiliyo miRebuli: `miviRe cnobebi lekebis yvela dasaxlebebis Sesaxeb, magram me visurvebdi, raTa ma-Ti dasaxlebis CamonaTvalTan iqve naTqvami iyos, sad ramdeni macxovrebelia da ramdeni mebrZoli kaci SeiZleba Seikribos. TxoveT mefes, raTa aseTi cno-bebi momawodos~ [2, 23]. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sakiT-xi ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyrobamde
Teoriuli damuSavebis dones ar gascdenia.
miuxedavad solomon I-is gamokveTili antios-
maluri orientaciisa, ruseTma uari Tqva imereTis
samefos mfarvelobaSi miRebaze da amis mTavari mi-
zezi swored osmaluri faqtori iyo. Tumca Tavis
politikur gavlenas dasavleT saqarTveloSi gul-
modgined ufrTxildebodnen. amitom iyo, rom pol-
kovniki burnaSevi sagangebo warmomadgenlad iniSne-
boda rogorc erekle II-is, aseve solomon I-is
karze. amave mizezebis gamo ruseTSi frTxilobdnen,
rom solomonis politikuri veqtori osmaleTisaken
ar gadaxriliyo. marTalia, solomon I, erekle II-
isagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis sagareo-politikur ur-
TierTobebSi aranairi xelSekrulebis ZaliT ar yo-
fila xelSekruli, potiomkini cdilobda srul
kontrolqveS hyoloda imereTis mefis diplomatiu-
69
ri urTierTobebic da pirvel rigSi, swored Tur-
qul mxaresTan warmoebuli. igi saswrafod avalebs
burnaSevs `moipovos solomonisagan axalcixis fa-Sis mier misadmi gagzavnili werilis dedani~ (26 dek. 1783 w.) [2, 16]. potiomkinis SiSi solomon II-
is diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze advili
asaxsnelia: didi mondomebis miuxedavad, imereTis
mefem verc sasurveli daxmareba miiRo ruseTisagan
da verc mfarveloba, mxolod `guluxvi~ dapirebebi.
amis gamo ruseTisadmi misi gulacrueba sulac ar
iqneboda gamoricxuli.
ruseTSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals imere-
Tis samefoSi solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg
Seqmnil viTarebasac, raTa aq rusuli politikuri
gavlena kvlav osmalurs ar Caenacvlebina. amitom
p. potiomkini burnaSevs avalebda: `Zalze unda eca-doT, rom imereTSi iyos simSvide,... raTa Turqebi amasobaSi ar SemoZvrnen.~ (13 maisi, 1784 weli). im-
ave werilSi p. potiomkini burnaSevs wers: `me veli Tqvengan utyuar cnobebs, solomonis Semdeg vin darCa imereTSi mflobelad~ [2, 23-24]. momdevno
werilSi ki burnaSevs avalebs, saswrafod Cavides
imereTSi da Seiswavlos iq arsebuli mdgomareoba.
amasTan p. potiomkini iTxovs: `Cemi rCevebis ZaliT axal mefes da yvela Cinosnebs miscemT ra dadebiT safuZvels, SematyobineT ra ganwyobilebaSi naxavT maT, Tu mSvidad da rigze, maSin dabrundiT~ [2, 24]. `dadebiTi safuZvelis micema~, sxva ara unda iyos ra, Tu ara, axali dapirebebiTa da daimedebiT im-
70
ereTis axali monarqis rusul orientaciaze myarad
dayeneba.
amierkavkasiaSi rusuli gavlenis mkveTr zrdas
osmaleTi gulxeldakrefili ver Sexedavda. ruseTis
SiSi, osmaleTs ar esargebla Zlieri xelisuflis
moulodneli gardacvalebis gamo imereTSi dawyebu-
li Sida areulobiT, asaxulia burnaSevi-sadmi mi-
marTul p. potiomkinis kidev erT werilSi: `Turqe-bis TavSeyra yarsisa da xaziurumis2 mxarisaken Tumca ki warmoadgens maTi mxridan sifrTxiles, raTa ar dauSvan am mxareSi Cveni gaZliereba, magram maTi ganzraxva, Tuki marTalia, SeiWrnan imereTSi, Zalze miuRebelia. amisaTvis saWiroa miRebul iqnas usafrTxoebis yvela SesaZlo zomebi!~ (19 ivlisi
1784 weli) [2, 24].
rac Seexeba irans, is aRniSnul xanaSi qaoss da
anarqias moecva. odesRac Zlevamosili da mezo-
blebisaTvis SiSismomgvreli saxelmwifo aRar arse-
bobda. igi mraval urTierTmoqiSpe saxanod iyo
daSlili. Sahobis pretendentebi ki TviT eZiebdnen
regionSi fexmodgmuli ruseTis mxardaWeras [5, 89-
119]. aseT viTarebaSi amierkavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis
ruseTi irans, bunebrivia, metoqed ver miiCnevda. sa-
magierod aqtiurad cdilobda azerbaijanul sax-
anoebze Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas. am saqmeSi ruse-
TisaTvis gansakuTrebuli roli swored erekle II-s
unda Seesrulebina, vinaidan peterburgSi cnobili
iyo, rogori avtoritetiT sargeblobda erekle xa-
2 igulisxmeba erzrumi.
71
nebs Soris. misi ridic hqondaT da SiSic met-
naklebad.
burnaSovis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTs gansa-
kuTrebiT mizanSi hyavda amoRebuli SuSis anu yara-
baRis xani ibrahimi. amas ramdenime garemoeba ga-
napirobebda: a) ganjis, erevnisa da naxWevnis saxanoebi
erekles emorCilebodnen da varaudobdnen, qarTvel me-
feze rusuli gavlenis damyareba am saxanoebzec avto-
maturad unda gavrcelebuliyo. b) ibrahim-xanTan ki
erekles gamorCeulad axlo politikur-samokavSireo
urTierToba da megobroba akavSirebda. amitomac ru-
seTSi miaCndaT, rom erekles mis gadawyvetilebebze da
orientaciaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo
da amitomac Riad akisrebdnen kidec am misias.
aseTi viTareba araerTxel iCens Tavs burnaSe-
visadmi mimarTul werilebSi. 1783 wlis 11 de-
kemberi: `gmarTebT, ukiduresad ecadoT, raTa mefe (aqac da SemdegSic igulisxmeba mefe erekle II _
d.m.) urCevdes ibrahim-xans, gamoagzavnos CemTan sa-patio moxeleebi. me macnobeben, rom ibrahim-xani, SeSinebuli Cveni jarebisgan, ara marto gasama-greblad emzadeba, aramed [saWiroebis] SemTxvevaSi gaqcevasac fiqrobs. es yvelaferi ar Tanxvdeba Cvens varaudebs da saWiroa misi dayvaveba da daimedeba. mefesTan misi megobrobis gamo, vgoneb, rom is mas daujerebs~ [2, 14]; 1784 wlis 10 marti: `gTxovT, auxsnaT mefes, rom ibrahim-xanis saqcieli jer su-lac ar aris gulrwfeli~, `is mxolod gvimtkicebs, rom aris mefis megobari da surs misi mibaZva, da
72
ar gadascdeba mis rCevebs. Tuki igi namdvilad is-mens mefis rCevebs, marTebs, rom mefem igi daarwmu-nos~ [2, 19-20]; 13 aprili 1784 weli: `mefes mar-Tebs ibrahim-xanis Segulianeba WeSmariti Semobrune-bisaken~ [2, 20]. burnaSovis arqivis mixe-dviT dava-lebebiT ase datvirTuli, sxva xanebis mimarT er-
ekle namdvilad ar yofila.
cxadia, ruseTi yarabaRis xanze iseTive poli-
tikuri gavlenis damyarebas cdilobda, rogoric es
qarTl-kaxeTze moaxerxa. amitom cdas ar aklebdnen
ibrahin-xans Tavis megobar ereklesTvis `miebaZa~,
rac ueWvelad ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlas
gulisxmobda. iseve rogorc xanis `WeSmariti Semo-bruneba~, rasakvirvelia ruseTisaken Semobru-nebas,
Ria rusul politikur orientacias unda niSnavdes.
am saqmeSi ki erekles umTavresi roli unda See-
srulebina. magram masalebidan Cans, rom SuSis xani
ruseTs ar endoboda. kavkasiaSi misma samxedro-
politikurma aqtiurobam xani daafrTxo da winaaR-
mdegobis gasawevadac ki daawyebina samzadisi (marc-
xis SemTxvevaSi ibrahims saxanos datovebis SemT-
xvevac hqonia gaTvlili). aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc
burnaSevisadmi mimarTuli erTi werilidan Cans, Se-
Sinebuli xanisaTvis isev erekles unda `daeyvavebina da daeimedebina~. rodesac diplomatiurma zewolam
sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ruseTi ibrahim-xanze
zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro
SesaZleblobebiT muqaris gamoyenebasac ki Seecada.
am SemTxvevisaTvis ki erekles TvalSi iseT elferi
73
undoda mieca, TiTqos qarTuli samefos usafrTxoe-
bisaTvis zrunavda. 1784 wlis 15 aprils p. potiom-
kinisgan burnaSevma miiRo davaleba: `saWiroa, ganam-zadoT mefe, raTa man Tavisi jarebi miaaxlovos, warmoudginoT ra mas sabuTad, rom roca ibrahim-xani da sxvani SeiaraRebulni arian, saWiroa, rom igic SeiaraRebuli iyos, raTa moulodnelad mas raime ziani ar miayenon~. bunebrivia, georgievskis
traqtatis dadebis Sedegad, rusuli interesebidan
gamomdinare, axali politikuri sinamdvilis Camoya-
libebis gamo ereklesa da ibrahims Soris urTier-
Tobis gaciveba gardauvali iyo. rusuli safrTxiT
Sefiqrianebuli ibrahim-xani erekles kargi TvaliT
aRar uyurebda da male Ria mtrobac ki dauwyo.
Tumca urTierTobis saboloo gafuWebamde ruseTSi
jer kidev cdilobdnen erekles faqtoris gamoyene-
bas. p. potiomkinisagan burnaSevis piriT erekles
miTiTeba eZleoda, `raTa man es saZageli xani ar ga-iucxoos, misi daimedebiT moiyvanos CemTan mWidro kavSirSi, xolo amasobaSi ganze ar gauSvas~ (1784 wlis 7 aprili) [2, 21].
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan sasurveli xelSek-
rulebis gaformebis Semdeg, ruseTis politikuri
ambiciebi kavkasionis gadmoRma sul ufro da ufro
izrdeboda. is Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas ukve samx-
reT, anu iranis azerbaijanSiac lamobda da amisaT-
vis mzad iyo nebismieri xelsayreli SemTxveva ga-
moeyenebina. ase mag., Tavrizis xans kavkasiis xazis
mTavarsardlisaTvis Tavis werilSi uTxovia mkur-
74
nali eqimis gagzavna. p. potiomkinma aseTi `arapo-
litikuri~ Txovnac ki maSinve ruseTis velikoder-
Javuli interesebisaTvis gamosayeneblad mimarTa da
burnaSevs miswera: `gaugzavneT mas [eqimi] Tqveni we-riliTurT, uTxariT ra, rom me moviwere brZaneba mkurnalis gagzavnisa, romelic TqvenTan imyofeba, da Tuki is saimedoa, daavaleT mas, xanis ganwyobileba ruseTis pirdapir erTgulebamde miiyvanos. daavaleT mas, raTa man ganuwyvetliv umtkicos xans ruseTis didebulebis Sesaxeb, imperatricas Seudarebeli gu-luxvobis Sesaxeb, rom STaunergos, ramdenad didia Cveni jarebis dideba da ramdenad sasargebloa misTvis mfarvelobis SeZena didi ekaterinesi!~ (26 dekemberi, 1783 weli) [2, 16].
aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes erekles samefo
karze moRvawe germaneli eqimi iakob rainegsi. doq-
tori rainegsi ukve sargeblobda didi ndobiTa da
pativiscemiT samefo karze, Seswavlili hqonda qar-
Tuli enac, amitom CaiTvala Sesaferis pirovnebad
ruseTis imperiuli miznebis gansaxor-cieleblad
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT. igi saswrafod dai-
bara TavisTan p. potiomkinma. gadaibira ra Tavis
samsaxurSi, mianiWa mas polkovnikis wodeba da da-
niSna Tavis `komisionerad~ erekles karze. rainegss
Tavis saeqimo moRvaweobis kualad, gamoiyenebda ra
samefo ojaxisagan ukve mopovebul ndobas, unda
daerwmunebina erekle, miemarTa ruseTis imperatri-
casaTvis mfarvelobis miRebis TxovniT [3, 14]. rain-
egsi TbilisSi dabrunda 1782 wels da erekles
75
momdevno politikur nabijebi cxadad adasturebs,
rom mogzavnili eqimis `sakomisionero~ misia ruse-
TisaTvis erTob Sedegiani aRmoCenila.
yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, ra gasakviria, ukve
warmatebiT mosinjuli xerxis gamoyeneba potiomkins
Tavrizis xanis mimarTac ecada. Tu sasurvel Sedegs
ar gamoiRebda, dasakargic araferi iqneboda. Tumca-
Ra burnaSevis arqividan aRar Cans, ra bedi ewia am
wamowyebas.
burnaSevis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTis kavkasiuri
politikis ganmaxorcielebeli p. potiomkins ar gamoh-
parvia erTi SexedviT politikurad iseT umniSvnelo
sakiTxi, rogorc iyo erekles vaJebs Soris dava sapa-
tarZlos gamo, romelic ufross, giorgis Tavis sar-
Zlod moswonebia, xolo vaxtang batoniSvils igive
qali TavisTvis ndomebia. burnaSevs es ambavi iseTi
mniSvnelobisaTvis ar ucvnia, rom igi kavkasiis xazis
sardlisaTvis Seetyobinebina. amis gamo man 1784 wlis
13 aprils potiomkinisagan miiRo sayveduri da iqve _
sagulisxmo miTiTebac: `girCevT yvelanairad SeecadoT maT Serigebas. daarwmuneT isini, rom saSinao dava aris maTi saxlis daRupva da Sercxvena da sargebeli maTi mtrebisaTvis... SeecadeT, auxsnaT maT, rom ar arsebobs dedamiwaze arc erTi qali, romlis gamoc Zmebma Se-iZleba iCxubon, miTumetes samefo gvaris Zmebma; da mi-Tumetes ar SeeferebaT maT, rameTu arc erTi maTgani sapatarZlos ar icnobs~ [2, 20]3. p. potiomkini, ro-
3 es faqti imiTac aris saintereso, rom p. potiomkins Tavisi sxva
damatebiTi sainformacio wyaroebi gaaCnda saqarTveloSi da mxolod
76
gorc Sors-mWvreteli diplomati kargad acnobierebda,
rom mefiswulebs Soris dawyebuli dava Tu gaRrmavde-
boda, mas SeiZleboda politikuri saxec mieRo da
erT-erTi maTganis mier meoris sapirispiro, xolo
ruseTisaTvis arasasurvel politikur orientaciaze
gadasvliT dasrulebuliyo, rac Tavis mxriv samefoze
ruseTis ucilobel gavlenas Seuqmnida safrTxes.
msgavsi principiT xelmZRvanelobs p. potiom-
kini, roca mondomebiT cdilobs erekle II-sa da so-
lomon II-is Serigebas: mTavari iyo, arcerT maTgans
meoresTan dapirispirebis gamo prorusuli orien-
tacia ar unda Seecvala. amave dros maT Soris sa-
davo sakiTxebis mogvareba xels Seuwyobda orive
mefis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis warmarTvas ruseTis
interesebis Sesabamisad. imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis
mefeebis Serigebis miTiTeba burnaSevs miuRia 1783
wlis 20 dekembers [2, 15]. samiode kviris Semdeg,
potiomkini imeorebs solomonisa da erekles Seri-
gebis saWiroebas: `Tu mSvidobis aRdgena SesaZlebe-lia or mefes Soris ise, rom arcerTi maTgani ar darCes Seuracxyofili, miT ukeTesi~ [2, 15-16]. Se-rigebis sakiTxi asaxulia solomon I-is 1783 wlis
19 oqtombris werilSic burnaSevisadmi, sadac im-
ereTis mefe ayalibebs mefeTa Soris uTanxmoebis ga-
momwvev mizezebs da gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, rom
polkovnikis ZalisxmeviT am mizezebis aRmofxvris
burnaSevis mowodebul cnobebs ar sjerdeboda. unda vifiqroT, rom
am wyaroebiT garkveulwilad Tavisi komisioneris mowodebuli
cnobebis gadamowmebasac axdenda.
77
Semdeg man erekle II-sTan `Zmuri~ urTierToba iqo-
nios [2, 34].
qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareoba geor-
gievskis traqtatis gaformebis Semdeg
qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis cvli-
lebas misi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
sainteresod aRwers ruseTis sagangebo war-
momadgeneli erekles karze, stefane burnaSevi Tavis
TxzulebaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: `sruliad ruse-Tis imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSi saqarTvelos miRebis Sesaxeb traqtatis sazeimod dadebis Semdeg, rogorc ki Cveni jarebi Sevidnen iq, mTeli aderbijaneli xanebi da sxvebic ufro iqiT sparseTSi Zlier SeSfoTdnen, miuxedavad maTi ke-TildReobisa da sargeblobisadmi ruseTis keTili ganwyobis Sesaxeb daimedebisa, winaswar Sepyrobilni TavianTi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSiT, da ganmtki-cebulni iyvnen am azriT kidev ufro otomanTa portas STagonebiT, romelic ganuwyveteli misiebi-Ta da mflobelebisTvis arcTu mcire saCuqrebis da-rigebiT cdilobda mflobelTa rac SeiZleba Zlie-rad maT aRZvras mefis winaaRmdeg, da amasac miaR-wia: ibrahim-xan SuSelma dauwyo mavnebloba Tavidan saidumlod, yoveli xerxiT, Tumca ki es SesamCnevi iyo. misi mecadineobiT morCilebidan gandga ganja.~ erevanSic `suleiman-faSas uwyveti xrikebiT~ `mefes xarks aRar uxdian sxvadasxva sababiT da erevanic mefis Zalaufle-bisagan Camocilebis ukanasknel mij-naze dgas. mefis mflobelobaSi myofi TaTari xal-
78
xebi: yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi, saukeTeso meomrebi da mdidari adamianebi, datoves ra TavianTi miwebi, wavidnen SuSis xanis mxareSi da axla mas emsaxurebian mefis winaaRmdeg.~ TurqeTis portam, _ ganagrZobs burnaSevi _ saqarTvelodan
Cveni jarebis gamosadevnad `ganavrco Tavisi Cagone-bani xarb daRestnelebze,... fulisa da daimedeobis meSveobiT imoqmedon axalcixis mxridan kavSirSi, daarwmuna avariis uma-xani (igulisxmeba omar-xani _
d.m.) mTielTa SesaZlebeli Zalebis SeyriT aSkara omiT wamovides mefeze.~ omar-xanmac `moagrova ra sxvadasxva mTiel xalxTagan 11000-mde, movida mdi-nare alazanze da SeuerTda ra aq mTielebsa da be-laq-nelebs, saqarTvelos Seurigebel mtrebs, gaZ-lierda 20000-mde~ da saqarTveloSi SemoiWra [1,
15-17].
saqarTveloSi myofi rusuli jarebis meTauris
mier gakeTebuli es mokle daxasiaTeba mTeli si-
sruliT asaxavs qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTis mfa-
rvelobaSi Sesvlis Sedegad samefoSi Seqmnil mZime
politikur viTarebas, rac gansakuTrebiT damZimda
aq ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlis Semdeg. ni-
Sandoblivia, rom rusi komisioneri ar asaxelebs
arc erT dadebiT Sedegs, rac traqtatis dadebasa
da rusuli jarebis Semosvlas moutania erekles
samefosaTvis. amrigad, burnaSevis mixedviT, politi-
kuri mdgomareobis cvlileba gamoxatula SemdegSi:
1. qarTuli samefos SeSinebulma da SeSfoTebulma
yvela mezobelma xanma saerTo mtrobis piri Sekra
79
erekles winaaRmdeg. mefes zurgi aqcies misma mokav-
Sire xanebmac. erT dros misi megobari da erTguli
SuSis xanic erekles mtrad moekida.
2. erekles morCilebaze uari ganacxada misma
moxarke ganjis saxanom. erekles Zalaufleba im-
denad Seryeula erevanSic, rom igi ukve bewvzec ki
ekida.
3. erekles qveSevrdomobaSi myofi muslimuri
Temebi (yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi),
romelTagan qarTl-kaxeTis laSqari saimedo da
arcTu umniSvnelo Sevsebas iRebda, yarabaRSi ga-
daixvewnen da axla iqaur xans daudgnen gverdSi
erekles winaaRmdeg.
4. erekles ukiduresad gaufuWda urTierToba
osmaleTTan (ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-74 wlebis omSi
ruseTis mxareze brZolis gamo masTan erTxel ukve
gafuWebuli urTierTobis mowesrigeba manamde erek-
lem didi Zalisxmevis fasad SeZlo), romlis-Tvisac
ruseTi umTavresi metoqe iyo regionSi. osmaleTma
yvela saSualebiT daiwyo qarTl-kaxeTis isedac
SeSfoTebuli mahmadianuri samezoblos amxedreba
rusebis mokavSire qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg.
5. qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg muSavdeboda sam-
xedro gegma, romlis mixedviT, samefoze erTdroulad
unda mietanaT ieriSi axalcixis safaSodan da daRes-
tnidan. sabolood osmalTa waqezebiT, avariis xani
daRestnelTa Zalebis iSviaTi mobilizaciis Sedegad,
20 aTasiani jariT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, soflebisa
da savargulebis garda aaoxra spilenZisa da vercxlis
80
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi (burnaSevi mxolod verc-
xlisas asaxelebs). daRestnelTa didi Zalebis mra-
valgzis dammarcxebelma ereklem ki amjerad ver SeZ-
lo omar-xanis SeCereba da iZulebuli gaxda mas Zalze
arasasurveli pirobebiT dazaveboda.
sxvagan burnaSevi aRniSnavs, ra rom darejan de-
dofali, romelic Tumca `imave saSiSroebis gamo (qarTlis taxtis dakargva _ d.m.) gadaixara ruseT-Tan traqtatis dadebisaken~, ris gamoc erekle II,
igi `axla xelidan ar uSvebs SemTxvevas, rom ar usayveduros mefes qveynis gaCanagebis gamo~ [1, 19]. aq rusi polkovniki misdauneburad iribad miuTi-
Tebs, rom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam samefos
mdgomareobaze yovelmxriv uaryofiTad imoqmeda da
`qveynis gaCanageba~ gamoiwvia.
p. potiomkini ki rusuli jaris saqarTvelodan
gayvanis Taobaze burnaSevisadmi mimarTul orderSi
pirdapiri daskvnis saxiT aRiarebs, rom rusuli ba-
talionebis Seyvanam erekles araTu raime politi-
kuri sargebloba ar moutana, metic, mxolod mtre-
bi moumravla qveyanas: `Cveni batalionebis yofniT mefes meti mteri hyavda~ da maTi gamoyvanis Semdeg ki `igi Svebas igrZnobs mtrebis TavSeyrisagan~ [2, 29].
saqarTvelodan rusuli jaris gawvevis mizezebi
da garemoebebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri
mdgomareoba ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. samefoSi
arsebuli ori rusuli batalioni (daaxl. 2000 ka-
81
ci) sakmarisi ar iyo amave batalionebis aq yofnis
gamo qveynis winaaRmdeg darazmuli sxvadasxva ju-
ris mtrebis (maT Soris yofili mokavSireebis) mo-
sagerieblad.
1787 wlis 4 oqtombers erekle burnaSevs at-
yobinebda, rom mas mouvida cnoba, rom omar-xani
jariT ukve belaqanSi iyo Semosuli da kaxeTSi Se-
moWras apirebda [2, 37]. oriode wliT adre omar-
xanis gardauvali Tavdasxmis samzadisis Sesaxeb
rusma polkovnikma pataki gaagzavna kavkasiis xazze
da jaris damatebac iTxova. imave Sinaarsis werile-
bi gaugzavnia sardlobis StabSi mefe ereklesac.
amaze metyvelebs im momentSi kavkasiis xazis sar-
dlis, general leontievis sapasuxo werili burna-
Sevisadmi: `Cems mier misi umaRlesoba mefisagan mi-Rebuli werilebidan, aseve Tqveni patakidanac vxe-dav, ramdenad saWiroa Cveni jarebis gagzavna sa-qarTveloSi~. am saWiroebis aRiarebis miuxedavad,
generali acxadebda, rom ramdenadac igi droebiT
cvlida p. potiomkins, `mTavari xelmZRva-nelobis nebarTvis gareSe amis gadawyveta ar SeeZlo~. garda amisa, imizezebda mTielebis masobriv ajanyebebs, rac
Tavis mxriv xels uSlida `saqarTvelos gzis Seke-Tebas~, ris gareSec SeuZlebeli iyo jaris gamog-
zavna (1785 wlis 15 agvisto) [2, 30].
aseT viTarebaSi gen. leontievi burnaSevis mi-
marT `mtrebze gansakuTrebulad gamarjvebis~ sur-
vilis gamoxatviT Semoifargleba mxolod da kidev,
samagierod, qarTveli `xalxis gasamxnevebel~ erT
82
rCevasac aZlevs: daeyara cru xmebi, TiTqos rusuli
jarebi Tavs iyridnen da sul male saqarTveloSic
Semovidodnen [2, 31].
1787 wlis 13 seqtembers Tavis batalionebiT
erekle II-is mxadasaWerad ganjasTan mdgarma bu-
rnaSevma miiRo orderi, romliTac mas ebrZaneboda
saqarTveloSi myofi egerTa am ori batalionis
dauyovnebliv `xazze gamoyvana.~ orderi gacemuli
yofila 29 agvistos pavle potiomkinis mier. or-
derSive Cans, rom mas Tavis mxriv safuZvlad dasde-
bia grigol potiomkinis 19 agvistos brZaneba da
swored am brZanebaSia dasaxelebuli am gadawyve-
tilebis oficialuri mizezi: jaris `gamokvebis ukiduresi garTuleba~. aqve, rogorc zemoT aRvniS-neT, potiomkini imeds gamoTqvamda, rom maTi aq yof-
nis gamo momravlebuli mtrebisagan Sewuxebul mefe
ereklesaTvis ruseTis mTavrobis es nabiji erTgvari
Svebis momgvrelic ki iqneboda [2, 29].
rogorc Cans, es gadawyvetileba erTbaSad ar
miRebula. jer kidev 1786 wlis 9 oqtombers burna-
Sevis razmeli, saqarTvelodan mozdokSi Casuli
oficeri merlini polkovniks atyobinebda, rom mas
orjer miscemia p. potiomkinTan Sexvedris SesaZleb-
loba. masTan saubrisas `kavkasiis xazis sardali~
Turme mxolod zedapirulad Tu interes-deboda sa-
qarTvelos Sesaxeb da isic movaleobis moxdis miz-
niT. vinaidan, rogorc merlini iwereboda, _ iq yve-
laferi isedac zustad icodnen saqarTveloSi arse-
buli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavi ise mohqon-
83
daT, `TiTqos ar icodnen da arc undodaT, codno-daT da Tuki SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT, davi-wyebasac miscemdnen yvelafers~ [2, 31].
amave werilidan vigebT, rom p. potiomkinma am
dros ukve icoda, rom mis `kavkasiis xazze~ yofnas
didi dro aRar ewera da winaswar Tadarigsac
iWerda _ bargis didi nawili ukve astraxanSi gaeg-
zavna. mas mosaxleobisagan rusuli jarisaTvis sur-
saTis `Tavisufal fasebSi~ Sesasyidad saqarTve-
loSi proviantmeisteri ki gamougzavnia, `magram ufulod, ar miucia ra misTvis arc erTi kapiki fuli~. aseve saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni artileria
da amunicia vladikavkazSi gagzavnila, magram merli-
nis azriT, is iq iseve idgeboda, rogorc manamde
sxvagan idga _ gzas ar akeTeben da arc apirebeno.
sagulisxmoa, rom am dros mozdokSi amaod mdgaran
pasuxis molodinSi imereTis elCebic [2, 31-32].
am fonze bolomde damajerebeli ar Cans mer-
linis STabeWdileba, rom kavkasiis xazze `ras SeiZleba velodoT momavalSi, mcire Sexedulebac ar aqvT~. gamoricxuli ar aris, kavkasiis xazis
sardlobaSi zusti warmodgena ar hqonodaT ruse-
Tis momavali politikis Taobaze saqarTvelos mi-
marT, Tumca amavdroulad, etyoba, samagierod kar-
gad xvdebodnen imas, rom ruseTSi raRacas elodnen,
amierkavkasiisadmi interesic TiTqos droebiT Se-
nelda da rusuli jarebis saqarTve-lodan gayvanac
TiTqos gadawyvetili Canda. es sakiTxi uaxloes mo-
mavalSi rom unda ganxorci-elebuliyo, ikveTeba
84
merlinis sityvebSic, sadac igi burnaSevs usurvebda
`swraf da mSvidobian gamosvlas~ [2, 32]. am `gamosv-laSi~ udavoa, saqa-rTvelodan ruseTSi, kavkasiis
xazze gasvla igulisxmeboda.
aqve saWirod vcaniT, SevxebodiT erT arcTu
umniSvnelo sakiTxsac. bolo dros ruseTis garkv-
eul wreebSi gamoikveTa erTgvari tendencia. es aris
mcdeloba, dasabuTdes, rom georgievskis traqtatma
erekles mxridan misi darRvevis gamo (ruseTis
zurgsukan xelSekrulebis dadeba osmaleTTan) Zala
dahkarga. amis Sesabamisad, ruseTi TiTqosda aRar
iyo valdebuli uzrunveleyo qarTl-kaxeTis dacva
da amitom gaiyvana kidec aqedan traqtatis Tanaxmad
Semoyvanili rusuli jari [6]. cxadia, sakiTxis amg-
varad dayenebis gziT istoriis winaSe Tavis mar-
Tlebas cdiloben ruseTSi imis gamo, rom Tavis
droze ar Sesrulda qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT
maT mier nakisri valdebulebebi. mefe erekle da mi-
si samefo ki swored ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Ses-
vlisa da, miT ufro, aq rusuli jaris Semo-yvanis
Sedegad gaavebuli mtrebis winaSe marto-dmarto mi-
atoves, roca damatebiTi jaris Semoyvanis nacvlad
aq myofi isedac mcirericxovani SenaerTi ukan ru-
seTSi iqna gawveuli.
rodesac laparakia erekles mier ruseTTan da-
debuli xelSekrulebis darRvevaze, rus oponentebs
mxedvelobaSi aqvT mefis mier axalcixis faSasTan
dadebuli SeTanxmeba. rusuli jaris Semosvlis Sem-
deg erekles samefo mudmivad ormxrivi (daRestnidan
85
da axalcixis safaSodan) dartymis safrTxeSi imyo-
feboda da amave dros yofili samcxe-saaTabagos mi-
wa-wyali darestneli marbieli laSqrisaTvis mniSv-
nelovan damatebiT placdarmad iqca (pirveli aRmo-
savleT mxares lekebis mier mitacebuli War-
belaqani iyo), xolo Seqmnil mZime viTarebaSi qveya-
naSi Semoyvanili ori rusuli batalionis daxmareba
mtrebis mosagerieblad mniSvnelovan rols ver
asrulebda. am mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
erekle Seecada diplomatiuri manevriT garkveul-
wilad ganemuxta viTareba da axalcixis faSasTan
amis Taobaze gaaforma xelSekruleba, romelic ar
ewinaaRmdegeboda traq-tatiT gaTvaliswinebul pi-
robebs.
ramdenad ukavSirdeboda axalcixis faSasTan da-
debuli zemonaxsenebi xelSekruleba qarTl-kaxeTis
samefodan rusuli jaris gayvanas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemisas amjerad SemovifarglebiT mxolod
s. burnaSevis arqiviT. aq am mxriv iseTi saintereso
monacemebi moipoveba, marTebuli daskvnisaTvis esec
sakmarisi iqneboda.
1. orderSi, romlis Tanaxmad burnaSevs ebrZa-
neboda rusul batalionebTan erTad saqarTvelos
datoveba, rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, aRniSnulia am
gadawyvetilebis erTaderTi mizezi: batalionebis
`gamokvebis ukiduresi garTuleba~. rusi egerebis
gamokvebis probleba, Cans, marTlac Seqmnila. magram
rogorc arqividan irkveva misi warmoqmnis mizezic
ruseTSi unda veZioT. rogorc merlinis werilidan
86
Cans, 1787 wlis gazafxulze ruseTidan jaris ga-
mokveba aRar finansdeboda. amas adasturebs jaris
sursaTiT mommarageblis (proviantmeister kozlo-
vis) ufulod gamogzavna mosaxleobisagan sursaT-
sanovagis SesaZenad. aseve burnaSevisadmi erekles
werilidan irkveva, rom mefe cdilobda am danakli-
sis garkveulwilad anazRaurebas saxelmwifo xar-
jebiT [2, 39].
2. polkovnik burnaSevis Tanaxmad, axalcixis
faSas, romelsac didi xania osmaleTisagan damouki-
deblobis miRwevis survili amoZravebda, ereklesTan
saidumlo piroba daudevs `ruseTis taxtis winaSe misTvis Suamdgomlobis gawevis Taobaze~. amis gaT-valiswinebiT burnaSevi askvnis, rom regionSi ruse-
Tis momavali eqspansiis SemTxvevaSi `axalcixis faSa ar dauSvebs~ ruseTis `winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi didi da myari warmatebis SeZenas~ [1, 20]. garda
amisa, p. potiomkini jer kidev 1784 wlis 27 Teber-
vlis werilSi, aRiqvamda ra Turqebis mxridan zavs
maTi sisustis niSnad, imeds gamoTqvamda, rom `mezo-beli faSebi iqnebian mefesTan kvlav megobrulad~ [2, 18]. aqedan Cans, rom ruseTSi winaaRmdegi ar yo-
filan faSasTan erekles megob-ruli urTierTobisa.
metic, amave wlis aprilSi p. potiomkini burna-
Sevs miuTiTebda: `mefe Tavisufalia yvela SesaZle-bel saqmeSi, iseve rogorc adre. Turqebs amJamad ise unda moeqces, rogorc mokavSireebs~ [2, 20]. es miTiTeba ZalaSi rCeboda ruseT-TurqeTis axali
omis dawyebamde (1787 weli). rusuli jaris gayvanis
87
Taobaze saidumlo orders darTul P. S.-iT burna-
Sevs daevala: `uSualod ki gamoucxadeT mis umaR-lesobas (mefe erekles _ d.m.), raTa man moagvaros saqme axalcixis faSasTan~ [2, 29].
3. merlinis werilidan aseve aSkarad Cans, rom
rusuli jarebis gayvanis oficialuri brZanebis
mosvlamde es sakiTxi ramdenime TviT adre faqto-
brivad ukve gadawyvetili iyo: garda imisa, rom
aRar finansdeboda jaris gamokveba, jars aRar mie-
wodeboda saWiro sabrZolo aRWurviloba da amuni-
cia (mxolod garegnulad iqmneboda STabeW-dileba,
rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan saamisod zrun-
va grZeldeboda). rac mTavaria, ikveTeba suraTi,
TiTqos yovelgvari interesi saqarTvelos sakiTxe-
bis mimarT sruliad gamqra-liyo: icodnen yvelaferi da amave dros mzad iyvnen es yvelaferi samudamod daeviwyebinaT. mizezi: ruseTi TurqeTTan omisTvis
emzadeboda da kavkasiis frontze omis warmoebas ar
gegmavda.
4. saintereso suraTs iZleva p. potiomkinis we-
rilebis mTlianobaSi warmodgena da maTi saerTo
analizi. 1783 wlis ivnisidan (roca miwer-mowera
daiwyo saqarTveloSi komisionerad movlenil burna-
SovTan) wlis bolomde gamoigzavna 14 werili. 1784
wlis manZilze burnaSevs aseve miuRia 14 werili.
anu sul 1783-1784 wlebSi, weliwadnaxevris man-
Zilze _ 28 werili. es maSin, roca 1785-1787
wlebSi TiTqmis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi burnaSevs
potiomkinisagan miuRia mxolod 5 werili (me-6 ukve
88
saqarTvelos datovebis oficialur brZanebas war-
moadgenda). kidev ufro sagulisxmo suraTs gvi-
xatavs am werilebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi. 1783-
1784 wlebSi potiomkins ainterebs yvelaferis sa-
qarTvelosa da misi mezoblebis Sesaxeb. iTxovs kon-
kretuli saxis informaciebsac. Cans aqtiuri dain-
tereseba amierkavkasiis sakiTxebiT. 1785 wels es
interesi umniSvneloa. am wels potiomkini mxolod
orjer Tu iclis korespodenciis gamosagzavnad.
1786-1787 wlebSi gamogzavnili mcire raodenobis
werilebi ki ukve mTlianad moklebulia politikur
xasiaTs. kavkasiaSi rusuli politikis warmarTveli
TbilisSi Tavis komisioners amjerad mxolod azi-
uri Zvirfasi SenaZenebis gakeTebaSi Txovs daxmare-
bas [ix. 2, 26-27]. aSkarad Cans, poti-omkini Cqarobs,
cdilobs moaswros sasurveli Zvirfasi da fufune-
bis sagnebis (kolenkori, marmaSi da a.S.) xelSi Cag-
deba burnaSevis meSveobiT, vinaidan male amis sa-
Sualeba mas aRar eqneba.
sabolood burnaSevis arqivis mixedviT amis Ta-
obaze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, erekle II-sa da axal-
cixis faSas Soris gaformebul samSvidobo xel-
Sekrulebas saqarTvelodan ruseTis jaris gayvana-
sTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqonia, vinaidan:
1. ase rom yofiliyo, jaris gayvanis oficia-
lur brZanebaSi es aucileblad aRiniSneboda, maSin
roca amis mizezad masSi sul sxva garemoebaa dasax-
elebuli (ruseTis samefo karze amis merec azrad
aravis mosvlia georgievskis traqtati Zaladakar-
89
gulad gamoecxadebina da amaSi erekle daedanaSau-
lebina); 2. ruseTSi aRniSnul xanaSi wina-aRmdegi
ar yofilan erekles mSvidobiani (`mego-bruli~)
urTierToba hqonoda mezobel faSebTan. aRsaniSnavia,
rom am dros ruseT-osmaleTs Soris samSvidobo za-
vi moqmedebda da ereklesac neba eZleoda faSebis
mimarT mokavSiris (garegnulad mainc) pozicia dae-
Wira. rusuli jaris gayvanisas ki axalcixis faSas-
Tan ruseTis gamo gafuWebuli urTierTobis gamos-
woreba mTlianad erekles diplo-matias daakisres;
3. p. potiomkinis werilebis rao-denobis mkveTri
Semcireba da maTi Sinaarsobrivi analizi cxadyofs:
ruseTSi saqarTvelodan Tavisi batalionebis gawve-
vas ukve 1785 wlidan fiqrobdnen, sanam saerTod
gaformdeboda ereklesa da axalcixis faSas Soris
raime SeTanxmeba.
literatura
1. Картина Грузіи или описаніе политическаго
состоянія Царствъ Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго.
Сдѣланное пребывающим при Его Высочествѣ царѣ
Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракліи
Темуразовичѣ полковникомъ и кавалеромъ
Бурнашевымъ в Тифлисѣ въ 1786 г., издание К. Н.
Бѣгичева, Тифлисъ, 1896 г.
2. Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и
дѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіи
съ 1783 по 1787 г., Собралъ и издалъ съ
приложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н.
90
Бурнашевъ, подъ редакціей профессора А. А.
Цагарели, С.-Петербург, 1901.
3. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germa-
nulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo
g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.
4. Г. Г. Паичадзе, Георгиевский Трактат, Тб., 1983.
5. z. SaraSeniZe, iranis XVIII saukunis meore na-
xevarSi, Tb. 1970.
6. А. Епифанцев, Была ли Грузия союзником России,
Политическая модель выживания грузинской
государственности, http://www.apn.ru/publications.
irma kvaSilava
samegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofis
zogierTi sakiTxi XVIII saukunis
II naxevarSi
(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)
samegrelos istoriul-eTnologiuri Seswavlis
saqmeSi metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicaven,
gvianSuasaukuneebis ucxoel mogzaurTa da
misionerTa naSromebi. cnobilia, rom maT Soris
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT kaTolike
misionerebs, romlebic XVII saukuneSi mTeli
91
gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen regionis ama Tu im
socialur-kulturul parametrebs. am periodis
misioneruli moRvaweoba evropelTa aRmosavluri
eqspansiis aRmavlobas emTxveva da maT interesebs
isaxavda miznad. saqarTvelosadmi, rogorc strate-
giuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri da savaWro-satran-
zito SesaZleblobebis mqone qveynisadmi interesi
mogvianebiT kidev ufro gaizarda, rac XVIII s-Si
gamoixata carizmis administraciis mier kavkasiaSi
sagangebod dagegmil da ganxorcielebul rusi
akademikosebis samecniero-dazverviTi xasiaTis eqspe-
diciebsa da samxedro-diplomatiur misiebSi. eseni
gaxldaT samuel gmelini, iohan giuldenStedti,
petre palasi, aleqsandre iakovlevi, stefane
burnaSovi da a.S. `aRniSnul mogzaur-mkvlevarTa,
diplomatTa, carizmis aparatis moxeleTa Tu
axaldapyrobili qveynebis monaxulebis romantikuli
xibliT Sepyrobili sazogado moRvaweTa naSromebsa
da CanawerebSi, garkveul politikur dakveTebTan
erTad, uxvi da mravalferovani cnobebia daculi
adgilobriv xalxTa yofisa da kulturis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebze~ [8, 121].
kaTolike misionerebma TavianTi xangrZlivi
moRvaweobis manZilze, imdenad srulyofilad
aRweres samegrelos socialur-kulturuli viTa-
reba, rom Tamamad SeiZleba ganzogaddes XVIII
saukunesa da Semdgom periodze, Tumca aRniSnul
epoqas Tavisi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi hyavs.
saxeldobr, iohan giuldenStedti da iakob rainegsi,
92
romlebic ufro saqarTvelos aRmosavleT
provinciebSi mimdinare procesebs adevnebdnen Tvals,
xolo dasavleTi regionebi maTi interesis miRma
darCa. i. giuldenStedtis cnobiT, samegreloSi mis
mogzaurobas xeli SeuSala mTavar kacia dadianis
ruseTisadmi arakeTilganwyobilma damokidebulebam.
`amasTan misi miwebi ufro ukeT ar iyo uzrunvel-
yofili mezobelTa Zarcvisa da Tavdasxmebisagan,
vidre orive qarTveli mefis qveynebi... qveynis
batonis gansakuTrebuli dacvis da amalis gareSe aq
mogzaurobaze fiqric zedmeti iyo~ [1, 319].
XVIII saukunis wyaroTa am Zunw nakadSi,
arsebuli xarvezi SeiZleba Seivsos mogzaur
vasilia zuevas CanawerebiT, romelic 1777 wliT
TariRdeba. igi bevrs sesxulobs misi winamorbedi
Sardenisagan, magram sakuTari dakvirvebebic aqvs.
gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelo politikurad
ukidures mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. gareSe mtris
dapyroba-Zaladobas Tan sdevda Sinafeodaluri
Tavdasxmebi da tyvis syidvis barbarosuli procesi.
datyveveba da ucxoeTSi gayidva emuqreboda
socialuri kategoriis TiTqmis yvela warmoma-
dgenels. cxadia, moiSala soflis meurneobis
tradiciuli dargebi, Seviwrovda qristianuli
religia, e.i. rjulis msaxureba gaZnelda; mosaxleo-
bis socialuri protestis formam, ayra-gadasaxlebam
farTo xasiaTi miiRo. mxaris aseTi gaveranebis
ZiriTadi mizezi, Turqebis moZaleba iyo, magram
mosaxleobis Zlieri antiTurquli ganwyobilebis
93
gamo, `TurqeTis mTavrobas dasavleT saqarTveloSi
vasaluri morCilebis damamtkicebel pirobad, mosa-
xleobis gamahmadianeba ar mouTxovia~ [10, 482].
mogzaur v. zuevas CanawerebSi yvelaze Semza-
ravi tyved Cavardnili adamianebis gasayidi fasebia,
romlebic imdenad dabali iyo, cxenis fassac ki
Camouvardeboda. mogzauris azriT, tyvis aseTi
siiafe gamowveulia imiT, rom gamyidveli cdilobs
swrafad moiSoros arasasurveli `savaWro
saqoneli~ [11, 237-238]. mimoqcevaSi am dros iyo
Turquli fulis erTeuli, `sxva fuls dadiani ar
sWrida~ [1, 321]. vaWrobis sagans agreTve warmoa-
dgenda abreSumi, bamba, tyaveuli, xe-tye, Tafli,
cvili da misTana. vaWroba iseTi farTomasStabiT ar
vrceldeboda, rom mosaxleoba socialuri
krizisidan gamoeyvana. SeiZleba iTqvas, mas mxolod
sezonuri xasiaTi hqonda. kerZod, `abreSumi ra moi-
wevdnen ivnissa da ivlisSi; abreSumis naqsovi _
Semodgomaze; bewveuloba zamTarSi, simindi gazaf-
xulze, Romi da Tambaqo zamTarSi, sanTeli _
martSi~ [4, 148]. XVIII s-Si, simindi da Tambaqos
kultura jer kidev ar iyo samegreloSi Semosuli;
zemoT aRniSnuli gviandel suraTs asaxavs, xolo
v. zuevas dros, megrelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi Romi
(igive Romis Romi) da lobioa, zamTarSi _ xorce-
uli, Cveulebriv saqonlis da Roris xorciT
inaxavdnen Tavs, xolo marxvaSi Sebolili TevziT
da xizilalaTi ikvebebodnen [11, 233]. niSandoblivia,
v. zuevas Tanamedrove i. rainegsis SeniSvna, rom meg-
94
relebisTvis ucxo iyo vaWroba, naosnoba da
TevzWera [5; 122]. i. rainegsis cnobas am SemTxvevaSi
obieqturad unda SevxedoT, vinaidan vaWroba maSin
mTlianad TurqTa xelSi iyo moqceuli. saxmeleTo
gzebzec sul ufro xSirad Turqi vaWrebi Candnen,
romlebsac SemohqondaT iaraRi, mSvild-isrebi,
cxenis akazmuloba, Tavsafrebi, sufrebi, spilenZi
da rkina [6, 34].
gauTavebel Sinafeodalur omebSi Cabmuli
mosaxleobisaTvis, iaraRi da sabrZolo aRWurvi-
loba udavo saWiroebas warmoadgenda. v. zuevas
mixedviT, am xanebSi cecxlsasrol iaraRs cotani
Tu iyenebdnen. samagierod, Subis xmarebaSi iyvnen
daostatebulni. maT SeiaraRebas mSvild-isari,
xmali da didi joxi _ kombali warmoadgenda [11,
230]. mSvild-isari saqarTvelosi uZvelesi droidan
gavrcelebuli sasroli iaraRia, romlis srolas
oTxi wlidan aswavlidnen bavSvebs, romlebic, `ise
kargad euflebodnen mas, rom gafrenil patara
Citasac ki axvedrebdnen isars~ [9, 119]. amgvari
wvrTnis Semdeg, aravis gaukvirdeba mamakacebis karg
mxedrebad da meomrebad Camoyalibeba, romlebic
maRal sabrZolo xelovnebas flobdnen. samwuxarod,
es meomruli suliskveTeba Sinafeodalur omebs
ewireboda. Tavadebi SeiaraRebuli jariT Tavs
esxmodnen erTmaneTs. saxls, mindvrebs _ yvelafers
arbevdnen, wvavdnen da spobdnen. v. zuevas cnobiT,
mosalodneli Zarcva-rbevis Sesaxeb, erTmaneTs
winaswar ar afrTxilebdnen. maTi urTierTTareSi
95
erT kviras grZeldeboda. tyvedCavardnil qalebsa
da bavSvebs Turqebze hyiddnen, xolo mamakacebs da
saqonels adgilze xocavdnen [11, 229]. J. Sardenis
mixedviT, megrelebisa da maTi mezoblebis omebi
arsebiTad Tavdasxmas da Zarcvas warmoadgens,
romelic xangrZlivi ar aris da naxevar TveSi
yvelaferi mTavrdeba. `tyveebi rac SeiZleba meti
mihyavT. Tu mxedari gadmoagdes unagiridan, maSinve
Camoxtebian cxenidan, damarcxebuls SeboWaven im
TokiT, romelsac qamarze atareben da sakuTar
mxlebels miabareben xolme. Sepyrobilis sikvdil-
sicocxlis saqme damtyveveblis xelTaa, romelsac
Tavisi survilis mixedviT SeuZlia moeqces. mas
Cveulebriv tyved aqcevs da Semdeg Turqebs mihyidis
[9, 126].
advili warmosadgenia sasamarTlo procesi da
samarTlis warmoebis done. amis Sesaxeb mogzaur-
misionerTa naSromebSi isedac mcireodeni cnobebi
gvxvdeba, vinaidan imdroindeli mZime saSinao da
sagareo pirobebis gamo, klasobriv urTierTobaTa
mowesrigeba feodaluri samarTlis normebis
mixedviT iSviaTad xdeboda. faqtobrivad, aSkara
Zalmomreoba batonobda [10; 483]. CvenTvis sakvlev
periodSi, vaxtangis kanoni didi xnis SemoRebuli
unda yofiliyo samegreloSi, daaxloebiT 1744
wels, otia dadianis dros [4, 125]. Tumca,
samegrelos mTavari Tavis samTavroSi samarTals
TviTon awarmoebda, romelic maincdamainc
lmobierebiT ar gamoirCeoda. saqme imaSia, rom
96
mTavar dadians ganuzomeli ufleba hqonda Tavis
qveSevrdomebze, rogorc ityvian maT sikvdil-
sicocxleze, iseve rogorc aznaurebs TavianT
mamulebSi. aseTi mmarTveloba, romelic ar
eyrdnoboda mtkice kanonmdeblobas, qveSevrdomebs
sacodavi pirutyvis mdgomareobaSi agdebda; autanel
situacias gaqceviT Tu daaRwevdnen Tavs [9, 227].
garda oficialuri gadasaxadebisa, glexi valdebuli
iyo yovelwliurad ramdenime dRe Seenaxa Tavisi
batoni, romelic mravalricxovani amaliT (qalebi,
bavSvebi, mosamsaxureebi, stumrebi) mogzaurobda da
mTeli wlis manZilze adgilidan adgilze
gadadioda. bargi mihqondaT cxenosnebs [11, 227].
Sardenis cnobiT ki, tvirTi mihqondaT qveiTad
maval mamakacebs da qalebs, romlebic naxevrad
SiSveli, Tavze da mxrebze modebuli bargiT,
sirbiliT misdevdnen maT [9, 117]. swored amgvari
mogzaurobisas, dadiani gzadagza arCevda sadavo
sakiTxebs da daadgenda samarTals. xalxiT gar-
Semortymuli mTavari mudmivad mzad iyo sadavo
saqme sityvierad gaerCia. `megrelebi bednierebi
arian imiT, rom maTi mTavari yovelTvis da
yovelgan mzad aris moisminos saCivari da mouZebnos
wamali Tavis qveSevrdomTa saWiroebas. gind
TaTbirobdes da da gind puris Wamad ijdes, Tundac
cxeniT seirnobdes an nadirobdes, mTavari
yovelTvis moismens saqmes da Sesaferis ganCinebas
dasdebs~ [3, 78]. imdroindeli samegrelos mosa-
xleoba mTavris samarTlis warmoebis principiT,
97
rogorc Cans, ukmayofilo ar yofila da rusi
moxeleebis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom samegreloSi
ruseTis Semosvlamde araviTari sasamarTlo
institutebi ar arsebobda ar Seefereba sinamdviles
[7, 38]. saCivris wardgenis martivi wesi arsebobda.
kerZod, momCivani dgeboda Sua gzaSi, mTavris
pirispir da rodesac igi mas miuaxlovdeboda,
momCivani da misi Tanmxlebni maSinve iwyebdnen
xmamaRal yvirils. isini zecisken xelapyrobilni
oxravdnen, joxebs urtyamdnen miwas. orive mxare
cdilobda, erTimeorisTvis gadaeWarbebina. mTavars
Tavisi saboloo gadawyvetileba gamohqonda. yoveli-
ve es xdeboda gzadagza, radganac mTavari ar Cer-
deboda, magram midioda Zalian nela, rom advilad
misdion mas. sxvadasxva batonis glexebis dava
wydeboda maTive batonebis mier zemoaRniSnuli
wesiT... TviT batonebs Soris davas Zala wyvetda.
imarjvebda is, vinc ufro Zlieri iyo. Tu mTavramde
miaRwevda momCivanTa saCivari, mas dadianisadmi
mirTmeuli saCuqrebiT gamoisyiddnen da gamoas-
worebdnen [9, 118; 11, 228].
amdenad, samegrelos samTavroSi umaRles
msajuls mTavari warmoadgenda, romelic
yovelwliuri mogzaurobis dros awarmoebda sadavo
sakiTxebis garigebas. megrelebi sTvlidnen, rom
fexiT mosiarule amala, romelic axlda am SemTxve-
vaSi mTavar dadians, ufro sanaqebo iyo, vidre
cxenosani mxleblebi. megrelebi, rom Zalze mamaci
cxenosnebi iyvnen amaze i. rainegsic mogviTxrobda,
98
romelic maT erTaderT sasaxelo saqmianobad
miiCnevda; mogzauris cnobiT, cxovrobdnen ra Zalze
rbil havian da unayofieres niadagian mxareSi,
romelsac uwvalebladac ki Warbad mohqonda yvela
saWiro da aucilebeli ram cxovrebisaTvis,
miCveulni iyvnen udardelobasa da usaqmurobas [5,
122]. qarTvelebi, romlebsac miwis muSakoba
(damuSaveba) keTilSobilur saqmed miaCndaT, ofliT
mopovebuli naSrom-naRvawiT irCendnen Tavs da
mcirediTac kmayofilni iyvnen, maT usaqmurobaze
fiqrsac ki gamoricxavs. imdroindeli saSinao da
sagareo viTareba, mwarmoebel mosaxleobas met
gasaqans ar aZlevda. i. rainegsis cnobebi winaaR-
mdegobaSi modis v. zuevas CanawerebTan: saxeldobr,
v. zuevas mixedviT, meabreSumeobas da bambis kultu-
ris moyvanas aqtiurad misdevdnen [11, 226], xolo i.
rainegsi werda, rom abreSumis warmoeba am qveyanaSi
Zalze Semosavliani da ayvavebuli iqneboda, magram
is aris mxolod usaqmuri Tavadis qalebisa da
zarmaci aznauris colebis saqmianoba, amdenad, ara
aqvs didi sargebeli [5, 123]. erTaderTi, raSic
SeTanxmebas aRweven aRniSnuli mogzaurebi, imaSi
vlindeba, rom megrelebi arian didad morwmune
qristianebi. saqme imaSia, rom mahmadianuri agresiis
garemocvaSi myof mosaxleobas gansakuTrebiT gafaqi-
zebuli hqonda qristianuli rjulis mimdevroba da
msaxureba. Tumca, xSirad damaxin-jebuli formiT
asrulebdnen. SesaZlebelia zogierTi avantiu-
ristuli bunebis mqone mogzauri, sarwmunoebriv
99
principebs gangeb auferulebda, magram qveynis
ukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolaSi, rjulisadmi
erTgulebam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula.
mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi yofis Sesaxeb
warmodgena rom viqonioT, qorwinebisa da
dakrZalvis wesebs unda SevexoT. v. zuevas cnobiT,
dakrZalvisa da glovis rituali religiuri wesebis
sruli dacviT mimdinareobda. kerZod, gansvenebuls
gardacvalebidan meoTxe dRes krZalavdnen,
dakrZalvamde mas taZarSi gadaasvenebdnen, iq wess
augebdnen, saflavs akurTxebdnen, erTi wlis Semdeg
glovas Sewyvetdnen da misTana [11, 237].
erT-erTi Tavisebureba, rac ucxoelebis
gaocebas iwvevda, Wirisufali mandilosnebis
mwuxarebis gamoxatvis gadaWarbebuli forma gax-
ldaT, rac vlindeboda loyebisa da gulmkerdis
frCxilebiT dakawrvaSi, Tmebis daglejvasa da
xmamaRal kivilSi. xSirad qalebs Wirisufali
kacebic ahyvebodnen TavianTi xmamaRali godebiT.
glovis aRniSnuli Cveuleba gvianobamde SemorCa da
mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelosTvis tradiciad
damkvidrda. ase, mag.: XX s-is dasawyisSi, frangi
eTnografi Sarl lefori baTumsa da guriaze
datovebul mogonebebSi, am sakiTxsac Semdegnairad
exeba. igi Wirisufals mimarTavs, rom Rrmad
moxucebuli micvalebulis dros aseTi vai-
uSvelebeli imarTeba da warmodgenili maqvs ra
moxdeba maSin, Tu axalgazrda gardaicvleba-meTqi.
100
man mipasuxa, rom aseTi tradicia aqvT da mas yvela
icavso [2, 90].
rac Seexeba qorwinebis saidumloebas,
arsebuli wyaroebis mixedviT, mas samegreloSi
`savaWro xelSekrulebas~ uwodebdnen. maWanklis
SuamavlobiT mogvarebul kavSirs, qalis tradiciul
mziTevs da sasiZos saCuqrebs, ucxoelebi savaWro
garigebad aRiqvamdnen, vinaidan mziTevic daaxloebiT
imave Rirebulebis iyo, rac sasiZos saCuqrebis
saxiT mohqonda. qorwinebis ceremonialSi mravali
niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia
patarZlis axal ojaxSi Semoyvanisas, mis mier mTel
darbazSi Rvinis mimoqceva iatakze da Romis fafis
naWrebad mimobneva. jvriswera Cveulebriv eklesiaSi
sruldeboda, magram dasaSvebi iyo ojaxSic
aRsrulebuliyo [11, 235].
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yoveldRiur
yofaSi aRmosavluri wesebis gavlena ar SeimCneoda.
Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom samegreloSi arsebuli
wesebis Tanaxmad, sadil-vaxSmobisas sufris wevrebi
Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen da aRmosavleTis
xalxis wesisamebr, fexmorTxmiT sxdebodnen [11, 234].
amrigad, gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelos
tradiciuli yofis Taviseburebebze v. zuevas
Canawerebs wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba
mieniWos, vinaidan avtors mis winamorbedebTan
yovelmxriv gamarTuli da Sejerebuli monacemebi
gamoaqvs. Cven ar mogvepoveba XVIII s-is II naxevris
ufro originaluri da srulyofili xasiaTis
101
aRweriloba, amitom v. zuevas cnobebi Tavisi
obieqturobiT da sizustiT mkvlevarTa saTanado
yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
102
literatura
1. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. 1, 1962, germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargamniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma.
2. gogoliSvili o. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxoel mogzaurTa CanawerebSi, Tb., 2009.
3. lamberti arq. samegrelos aRwera, italiuridan Targmna al. Wyoniam, Tb., 1991.
4. meunargia i. samegrelos samTavros ukanaskneli periodi da daviT dadiani, Tb., 1939.
5. rainegsi i. mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanu-lidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.
6. rommeli d. kavkasiis xalxebi, Targmani germanul-idan n. gioSvilisa, Tb., 2011.
7. qadaria T. samegrelos samTavro XIX saukunis I naxevarSi, Tb., 2003.
8. SamilaZe v. qarTvel da ucxoel mogzaur-mkvle-varTa eTnologiuri cnobebi kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2001.
9. Sardeni J. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma.
10. CxataraiSvili q. dasavleT saqarTvelos socia-lur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis 40-80-ian wlebSi, wign. saqarTvelos istoriis nar-kvevebi, t. 4, Tb., 1971.
11. Зуева В., Выписка из путешественних записок Василья Зуева из месяцослова на 1777 года, М., 1823.
103
Irma Kvashilava
Some Problems of Megrelian Society Every- day Life in the Second Half of the 18th Century
(according to V. Zueva’s records)
The records of Vasilia Zueva are a part of that scientific re-connaissance expeditions planed by Tsarist Russia, which was carried out before entering Russia in Georgia for different rea-sons. The author of this small length work accepts much from her predecessors, but has her own observations as well. To illuminate some peculiarities of the Megrelian Society’s every- day life we used the description of the travel, as we do not possess the mate-rials of the second half of the 18th century.
The social – economic situation and the details of every- day life in Megrelia are given in the work; mainly, in the sphere of labor, rendering judgment, the rights of wedding and mourning, etc.
V. Zueva’s records full fill the gaps of those sources which have been existed before and despite its small length are note-worthy.
104
papuna gabisonia
ruxis brZola da misi mniSvneloba
gviani Sua saukuneebis Crdilo-dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
mniSvnelovani migraciuli procesebi ganviTarda, ra-
mac Rrma kvali daamCnia am mxaris eTnikur suraTs.
moyolebuli XVI saukunidan adiReur-afxazuri
modgmis tomebi etapobrivad mkvidrde-bodnen Taname-
drove afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo -
dasavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTamde. es procesi
XVIII saukunis II naxevramde met-naklebi intensi-
vobiT, magram ganuxrelad xorcieldeboda. am migra-
ciis dros adiReur-afxazuri modgmis tomebi, rom-
lebsac qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi tradiciis
mixedviT isev afxazebad, oRond ,,uRmTod da usju-
loebad moqceul afxazebad’’ icnobs, mkidr qarTul
mosaxleobas adgilze aRar aCerebs, anu maTTan Ta-
nacxovrebas ver iwynarebs. aqedan moyolebuli qar-
Tuli mosaxleoba an gaJletis an tyved gayidvis
obieqti xdeba. afxazur enaSi tyvis sinonimad sity-
va ,,agrua” _ igive megreli xdeba.
Tavis mxriv odiSis (samegrelos) jer erisTa-
vebi, Semdeg ki mTavrebi Crdilo-dasavleT saqarT-
velos mimarTulebiT laSqrobebs awyoben. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia odiSis erisTav mamia III dadianis da
guriis erisTav mamia I gurielis erToblivi sazR-
vao laSqroba SavizRvispireTSi jiqebis winaaRmdeg,
romelic marcxiT damTavrda 1, 497. odiSis pirvel
105
mTavar levan I dadiansac saomari mdgomareoba hqon-
da jiqTa tomebTan. levan II dadianma 1628 da 1634
wlebSi mdinare kelasurs iqiTa afxazeTSi ilaSqra
da mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipova [2, 35].
afxazi mflobelebi odiSis mTavris siuzereno-
bas aRiarebdnen, gamoyavdaT laSqari saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, zogjer gasaWirSi myofi samegrelos
mTavrebi afxazebs afarebdnen Tavs, magram rogorc
ki samegrelos mTavris xelisufleba Sesustdeboda,
afxazebi umalve iwyebdnen TareSs da axal eqspan-
sias, romelic gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda odiSis
Zlieri mTavris levan II dadianis gardacvalebis
Semdeg. Tu jer kidev XIV saukuneSi italiuri
saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT soxumi samegrelos
sanavsadguro qalaqi iyo, XVII saukunis Sua xanaSi
sazRvari samegrelo _ afxazeTs Soris mdinare ke-
lasurze gadioda, sadac levan II-m sanapirodan mTe-
bisaken simagreTa mTeli sistema Seqmna afxazuri
tomebis Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad. levan II-is Semdeg
dasavleT saqarTvelos poli-tikur arenaze afxazi
mflobelebi SarvaSiZeebi ufro metad aqtiurdebian.
1660-iani wlebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi Si-
na omi daiwyo, riTac afxazebma da maTma monaTesave
adiReuri modgmis tomebma kargad isargebles. 1672
wels Jan Sardenis cnobiT, afxazebma samegrelos
samTavros teritoria isgauridan (tyauru, skurCa)
anakliamde safuZvli-anad daarbies [3, 215-216]. am
darbevaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas vaxuSti batoniS-
vili, rodesac werda: ,,xolo JamebTa amaT Sina iyo
106
kirTeba odiSs afxazTagan” [4, 842]. afxazebi Zarcva-
ven caiSis da walenjixis eklesiebs, arbeven da ty-
veebad mihyavT mosaxleoba. italieli kaTolike mi-
sioneris Zampis cnobiT ,,samegrelo samegrelo aRar
aris... mudam afxazis dacemis SiSia” [5, 204-205].
ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi gulistkiviliT
aRniSnavda, rom dadianis samflobelo ,,abazgebma
gaanadgures. . . aikles moqvi, xofi, qiaCi, zugdidi
[6, 46] XVII saukunis 60_70-ian wlebSi afxazTa am
Tavdasxmebs xelmZRvanelobs saustan SarvaSiZe. af-
xazebma miitaces odiSis samTavros teritoria mdi-
nare kelasuridan RaliZgamde, rasac vaxuSti bato-
ni-Svili aRniSnavs: ,,garna iyo Wiri didi odiSs,
viTarca aRvswereT da umetes afxazTagan, rameTu
movidodian navebiTa da xmeliTa da styuevnidian,
daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaremde, da daeSeneboden
TviT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqvs
episkoposni“ [4, 845].
vaxuStim Zalian kargad dainaxa is faqti, rom
am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris Cveulebrivi, feodaluri
samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli omi. niSandoblivia mi-
si termini _ ,,daeSenebodnen”, anu es iyo axali te-
ritoris, samkvidrebelisaTvis brZola.
1681 wels, rodesac odiSis mTavari levan III
gardaicvala, garkveuli areulobiT isargebla
saustan SarvaSiZis vaJma savarexma (sorex) da Tavi
odiSis mTavrad gamoacxada. Tumca is win ver aRud-
ga samegrelos samTavros faqtobriv gamgebel gior-
gi Ciqvans, igive lipartians. savarexma odiSis sam-
107
Tavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilze kontroli mainc
SeinarCuna [7, 113-115].
afxazi mflobelebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ga-
mudmebiT arbevdnen qarTul mosaxleobas, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi garkveuli mosazrebiT mainc iyvnen kav-
SirSi qarTul feodalur samyarosTan. TviTon maTi
feodaluri saxlis kulturuli garemo mainc qar-
Tul kulturas da enas ukavSirdeboda. isini da-
savleT saqarTvelos poli-tikur cxovrebaSi mona-
wileobdnen. 1689 wlisTvis arCil mefes, romelic
afxazeTSi gadavida, Rirseuli maspinZloba gauwia
afxazTa upirvelesma Tavadma zegnay SarvaSiZem [4,
851].
miuxedavad imisa, rom sorex SarvaSiZem odiSis
Crdilo-dasavleTi teritoria miitaca, es miwa-
wyali mainc samegrelod iwodeboda da sorexi af-
xazTa upirveles zegnays, mis biZas ar emorCilebo-
da. 1685 wels afxazebi sorexis samflobelos Se-
moesivnen da aikles. zegnayis Semdeg misma Svilebma
mdinare bzifsa da engurs Soris teritoria daina-
wiles. ufrosma rostomma daisa-kuTra mdinareebs _
bzifsa da kodors Soris miwa-wyali, SuaTana jiqe-
Siam kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris teritoria (afxa-
zurad ,,abJua”_Sua nawili), xolo umcrosma yvapum
RaliZgasa da engurs Soris miiRo samflobelo. yva-
pus memkvidris murzayanis saxelis mixedviT am te-
ritorias Semdgom samurzayano ewoda. yvapum bzifis
afxazeTidan gadmoasaxla Tavad-aznaurTa ramdenime
gvari: anCabaZe, emxuari, marRania, inalifa, romlebmac
108
TavianTi mokidebuli glexebic wamoiyvanes. magram
miuxedavad amisa RaliZgasa da engurs Soris mosax-
leoba ZiriTadad mainc qarTuli darCa, rasac dasav-
leT saqarTvelos kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis
mier gacemuli dokumentebic adasturebs [7, 116-117].
afxazebma gandevnes mdinare kelasursa da Ra-
liZSgas Soris teritoriaze mosaxle qarTuli mo-
saxleoba da TviTon damkvidrdnen. maT am procesisi
ganxorcieleba RaliZgasa da engurs Soris terito-
riaze ver moaxerxes. aq mosaxleobis udidesi nawi-
li qarTuli iyo, xolo gabatonebuli mdgomareoba
afxazma feodalebma moipoves.
1702 wels imereTi faqtobrivma mmarTvelma
giorgi abaSiZem da samegrelos faqtobrivma gamge-
belma giorgi lipartianma erToblivad gaila-Sqres
afxazebze da mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipoves [4,
863]. engursa da RaliZgas Soris miwa-wyali isev
odiSis samTavros iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, Tumca am
mxaris gamgebloba yvapu SarvaSiZis memkvidreebs
darCaT.
1703 wels osmaleTis imperiam dasavleT saqar-
Tlos sruli dapyroba ganizraxa. Tumca maTi es
mcdeloba maleve marcxiT damTavrda. qarTvelebTan
erTad afxazebmac miiRes monawileoba osmalebis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1723 wlisTvis Turq-osmalebma
mainc moaxerxes saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis nav-
sadgurebSi: foTSi, anakliaSi da soxumSi TavianTi
mecixovneebis Cayeneba. SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxes
osmalebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. 1744 wels manu-
109
Car SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi soxumis,
xolo Servani foTis cixes ganagebda. zurabma Tavi-
si Zmiswuli qelaiS ahmad begi (manuCaris Ze) Tavis
memkvidred gamoacxada, xolo meore ZmisSils beqir
beis (Servanis Ze) abJua uboZa. SemdgomSi am orma
samegrelos winaaRmdeg laSqrobis mowyobaSi, rasac
ruxi brZola mohyva, didi roli iTamaSes [7, 131].
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi osmalTa winaaRmdeg
brZolam dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTo gaqaneba
miiRo da am erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas
saTaveSi imereTis saxelovani mefe solomon I
(1752_1784) Caudga, romelmac 1757 wels xresilis
omSi osmalebi sastikad daamarcxa. am brZolaSi mas
odiSis da guriis samTavroebis laSqaric exmarebo-
da. samegrelos jars kacia dadiani sardlo-bda da
mas samurzayanos mflobeli xutunia Sarva-SiZec Tan
axlda, romelic xresilis brZolaSi gmirulad dae-
ca.
solomon I-is mowveviT 1770_1771 wlebSi da-
savleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro saeqspedi-
cio korpusi imyofeboda. imereTis da ruseTis
gaerTianebulma jarma imereTidan osmalebi gaaZeva.
osmalebma samegreloSi dacales anakliisa da ruxis
cixe-simagreebi. osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi same-
grelos mTavari kacia II dadiani (1758_1788) imere-
Tis mefes da rusebis saeqspedicio korpuss ki ex-
mareboda, magram sakmaod orWofuli mdgomareoba
ekava, radgan xresilis brZolis Semdeg mas solo-
mon I-Tan urTierToba daeZaba. 1774 wels, quCuk-
110
kainarjis zavis Semdeg osmaleTs imereTi faqtobri-
vad dakarguli hqonda. sulTnis karma samegreloSi
poziciebis ganmtkiceba gadawyvita da aseT viTareba-
Si, kacia II-m radgan rusebTan da imereTis mefesTan
erTad maT winaaRmdeg miiRo monawileoba, afxazi
mflobelebi waaqeza samegrelos winaaRmdeg farTo-
masStabiani Tavdasxma moewyoT. afxazi Tavadebi am
laSqrobisTvis sagul-dagulod moemzadnen. sakuTriv
afxazeTis teritoriaze Sekrebili molaSqreebis
garda, maT mouwodes mezoblad mcxovreb jiqebs,
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb adiReur_Cerqezuli
modgmis tomebs, yirimel TaTrebs samegreloSi er-
Tobliv laSqrobaze. osmalebma maT zarbaznebic
miaSveles.
gaerTianebul koalicias saTaveSi Caudgnen: af-
xaz TavadTagan upirvelesi zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumis
cixis gamgebeli da zurabis memkvidre qelaiS ahmad
begi, abJuas mflobeli beqir bei. gadamwyvet moment-
Si samegrelos mTavars ganudga da maT miemxro sa-
murzayanos gamgebeli levan SarvaSiZe. zogierTi
wyaros cnobiT gaerTianebuli jaris sardali ara
zurab SarvaSiZe, aramed qelaiS ahmad begi iyo [7,
161-162].
kacia II dadiani moaxlovebul safrTxes kargad
momzadebuli Sexvda. Sekriba odiSis, leCxumis da
svaneTis laSqari, magram istorikos nikoloz dadia-
nis sityvebiT: ,,garna ra scno simravle da Zali
SarvaSiZeTa, maSin Tumca iyvnen mterad mefe solomon
da daiani, garna maSinca miuwera avraTi mefesa da
111
SeuTvala: moviden agarianni dasamxobelad Cemda da
samflobeloisa Cemisa da SebRalvad qristianobisa
da nu moixseneb Cven orTa urTierTsa wyenebasa da
moved Semwed Cemda saxelovniTa guliTa da aha Jami
moixseno msaxureba Cemi xresilis brZolisa” [8, 180].
solomon I-ma umal gaiazra Tu ra safrTxis matare-
beli iyo dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis afxazTa da ma-
Ti mokavSireebis Tavdasxma samegrelos samTavroze.
is Tavisi laSqriT sofel banZasTan mivida, iq daiba-
ra guriis mTavari jariT, Semdeg gaerTianebul laS-
qars Tavad waruZRva da ruxis cixe-simagresTan
SeuerTda odiSis mTavris molaSqreebs. dadiani da
misi TanamebrZolebi solomons didi sixaruliT See-
gebnen.
brZola gaimarTa 1780 wlis martSi ruxis cix-
esTan axlos enguris napiras da is istoriaSi ruxis
brZolis saxeliT Sevida. simravliT Segulianebuli
momxdurebi niko dadianis sityvebiT: ,,Semdgomad
raodenisme Jamisa moviden afxazni miurideblad gamo-
vidnen engurs da dasdgen pirispir maTsa. meoresa
dResa amxedrden afxazni da warmoe-marTen zarbazan-
artileriiTa da didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefesa da
dadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen spani mefisa da dadiani-
sani, da Seiqmna saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe am-
xedrda CveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa da waruZRva ra-
modensame gundsa mxedrobasa imerT-odiSarTasa da
miuxTa marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa ur-
TierTisa brZolisa ganglija razmi, da Sevidnen spa-
ni mefisa da dadianisani razmsa Sua. da mxilveli
112
amisani afxazni ver winaRudgnen, da iltvodnen af-
xazni mravalni da Sepyrobilica warmoiyvanes mra-
valni tyved da gamarjvebuli da mxiarul qmnilni
ukmoiqcnen” [8, 180].
ruxis brZolaSi qarTvelTa didma gamarjvebam
wertili dausva afxazTa Semdgom Setevebs odiSis
samTavroze da maT eqspansias samxreT-aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT. am brZolis monawile poetma besa-
rion gabaSvilma _ besikma poema ,,ruxis brZola”
dawera. momdevno saukuneSic ar ganelebula am omis
mimarT interesi. ruxis brZolas poemebi uZRvnes
grigol dadianma (kolxidelma) da daviT dadianma
(noRelma). Semoinaxa zepirTqmulebanic, romelic
eqvTime TayaiSvilma krebul ,,Zvel saqarTveloSi”
gamoaqveyna. am zepirTqmulebebis safuZvelze mwe-
ralma niko lorTqifaniZem SesaniSnavi moTxroba
,,raindebi” dawera.
ruxis brZolis Semdeg afxazeTSi Sida dapiris-
pireba daiwyo da ukve samegrelos mTavari Caeria
maT Sida saqmeebSi. samurzayanos teritoria isev
samegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi darCa. afxa-
zebs amis Semdeg aRar ucdiaT qarTuli teritorie-
bis Semdgomi aTviseba.
literatura
113
1. axali qarTlis cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t., II, Tb., 1959.
2. И. Г. Антелава, очерки по истории Абхазии
XVII_XVIII веков, изд. 2, сухуми 1951.
3. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosa-
vleTis qveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamo-
kvleva da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobli-
Svilam, Tb., 1975.
4. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadge-nili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t., IV, Tb., 1973.
5. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa
Soris, tf., 1902.
6. Путишествие Патриарха Досифеия, М. Селезнов,
руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. I, СПБ., 1847.
7. b. xorava, odiS_afxazeTis urTierToba XV_
XVIII ss., Tb., 1996.
8. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,
winasityvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi
daurTo S. burjanaZem, Tb., 1962.
Papuna Gabisonia
114
The Battle of Rukhi and its Importance
In the middle centuries on the territory of modern “Abkhazeti”
Abkhazians and their relative North-Caucasian tribes eventually were trying to capture the territories of principality of Samegrelo. The prince of samegrelo Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657) could sup-press their attacks. But after his death it was impossible to repulse Abkhazian’s aggression. In 1780 Abkhazian feudals: the Zurab, Kelaish, Bekir and Levan Sharvashidze togather with the tribes of Jikis and other North-Caucasian tribes planned the aggression against Samegrelo. In difficult situation the king of Imereti Solomon I helped to the prince of Samegrelo Katsia II Dadiani. The battle was on the bank of the river Enguri in the village of Rukhi. So this battle is known in history as “The battle of rukhi”. Georgians gained the brilliant victory against the aggressors. After the defeat in Rukhi Abkhazians never tried the exspansion on the principality of Samegrelo.
115
zurab sulaberiZe
serbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveyne-
bis damokidebuleba balkaneTis problemi-
sadmi 1885-1886 wlebSi
1885 wlis 6 seqtembers ruseTisa da sxva didi
saxelmwifoebis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod
q. plovdivSi bulgareTma da aRmosavleT rumeliam
gamoacxades gaerTianeba. ramac warmoqmna bulga-
reTis krizisi. serbeTi winaaRmdegi wavida samxreT
da CrdiloeTi bulgareTis gaerTianebisa. serbeTis
xelisufleba miiCnevda, rom amgvari gadawyvetileba
daarRvevda ZalTa balanss balkaneTis naxevar-
kunZulze [3, 256]. rogorc bulgareli istorikosi
venediktovi werda, serbeTs antibulgarul gamos-
vlaSi mxars uWerda osmaleTi, romelic serbeTs
samxreT bulgareTis miwebis xarjze pirde-boda te-
ritoriis gafarToebas [1, 38].
bulgareT-serbeTis omis mizezi aseve ganapiroba
md. timokze or qveyanas Soris arsebulma sazRvris
problemis gadauWrelobam. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mdi-
naris kalapotis Secvlis Sedegad, sofel bregovos-
Tan mdebare serbeTis sasazRvro hauptvaxti bulga-
reTis sanapiro zolSi moeqca. bulgareTma mimarTa
serbeTs moexdina hauptvaxtis evakuacia, razec pa-
suxad uari miiRo. ris Semdeg, serbeTis mesazRvreebi
bulgareli samxedroebis ZalisxmeviT gaiyvanes. ase
daiwyo e.w. „bregovos konfliqti“ [1, 39; 11].
116
1886 wlis 15 oqtombers serbeTis jaris nawi-
lebi bulgareTis teritoriaze Sevida [1, 58]. didi
iyo rigiTi mosaxleobis mxardaWera bulgarelebi-
sadmi. daaxloebiT 60000-ian jaris nawilSi 15000-
ze meti saxalxo razmis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
rac Seexeba Tavad aRmosavleT rumeliis avto-
nomiis Seqmnas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, avtonomiis
Seqmnis gadawyvetileba miiRes berlinis kongresze.
1879 wels evropis saerTaSoriso komisiam gan-
sazRvra misi statusi rogorc „Statut organique
de la Roumelie Orientale“, romelic imarTeboda
general-gubernatoris mier. gubernatori bulgaru-
li warmoSobis qristianuli aRmsareblobis pirov-
neba unda yofiliyo, romelsac evropis qveynebis
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze qveynis 5 wlis vadiT marT-
vis uflebiT oficialurad waradgenda sulTnis
xelisufleba. avtonomiis warmomad-genlobiTi orga-
no 10 kacisagan Semdgari saxalxo sabWoTi gani-
sazRvreboda.
rumeliis pirvel general-gubernatorad daamt-
kices bulgaruli warmoSobis aleko-faSa, igive
aleqsandre bogoridi. misi 5 wliani mmarTvelobis
periodi rumeliisaTvis sakmaod mSvidobiani iyo. ma-
gram aRmosavleT rumelia warmoadgenda TavSesafars
bulgareTidan politi-kurad devnili pirebisaTvis,
rasac rusuli diplomatia winaaRmdegobas uwevda.
aleko faSa xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT
cdilobda evropuli diplomatiis mxardaWra mieRo.
miuxedavad amisa, 1884 wels aRmosavleT rumeliis
117
general-gubernatorad damtkicebul iqna gabriel
krestoviCi. imave wels aRmosavleT rumeliidan
gaemgzavra deputacia evropaSi qveynis bulgareTTan
mierTebis TxovniT. magram, berlinis, venisa da pe-
terburgis karis mier es Txovna imTaviTve uaryo-
fil iqna. xolos parizsa da londonSi deputaciam
ver moaxerxa oficialuri miRebac ki. miuxedavad
amisa, moZraoba friad popularuli gaxda aRmosav-
leT rumeliaSi. am garemoebiT isargebla al. beten-
bergma da policiis oficrebisa da revoluciuri
komitetis wevrTa daxmarebiT daiwyes agitaciis ga-
tareba rumeliis bulgareTTan mierTebis Sesaxeb.
revoluciur partias saTaveSi edga zaqaria stoaia-
novi. 1885 wlis maisSi plovdiviSi konspira-ciulad
moRvaweoba daiwyo bulgareTis farulma revolu-
ciurma komitetma, romelsac al. betenbergi finan-
surad da moralurad uWerda mxars. es iyo pirveli
organizacia, romelic ibrZoda bulgareTisa da aR-
mosavleT rumeliis gasaerTianeblad. pirveli mRel-
vareba 1885 wlis 2 seqtembers daiwyo. 5 seqtembers
mRelvareba gavrcelda da antiosmalurma Zalebma
daikaves rigi punqtebi [9].
general-gubernatori krestoviCi dapatimrebul
iqna da gasaxlebul iqna regionidan. Seiqmna droe-
biTi mTavroba doqtor stranskis xelmZRvanelobiT.
al. betenbergma, romelic imJamad varnaSi imyofebo-
da, 8 seqtembers miiRo telegrama saxelmwifo ga-
datrielebis warmatebulad dasrulebis Sesaxeb. im-
ave dRes betenbergma sazeimo viTarebaSi gamosca ma-
118
nifesti aRmosavleT rumeliis bulgareTTan mierTe-
bis Sesaxeb [10].
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa uwyeba al. betenber-
gisgan iTxovda, rom ar daeWira mxari aRmosavleT
rumeliis gamowvevisTvis da daecva berlinis traq-
tatis saerTaSoriso mowyobis ZiriTadi principebi
[6, 210].
zemoaRniSnul politikur procesebs met-
naklebi sisruliT exeba Tavad al. betenbergi Tavi-
si mogonebaSi. Canaweridan Cans, rom al. batenbergi
aRniSnul viTarebas varaudobda jer kidev erTi
wliT adre. ramdenadac aRmosavleT rumeliis po-
litikur da sazogadoebriv Zalebs momavali cxo-
vreba mxolod bulgareTTan mierTebiT warmoedginaT
[4].
al. betenbergi rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
betenbergs piroba hqonda dadebuli ruseTis saimpe-
ratoro karis winaSe, rom mxars ar dauWerda aRmo-
savleT rumeliis gamowvevas, faqtobrivad ki aRmo-
savleT rumeliis mxardamWerad gamodioda. didi iyo
betenbergis SiSi osmalebis mxridan agresiis ga-
movlenisa da qveynis intervenciis mxrivac [5, 73].
saberZneTi da serbeTi moiTxovdnen terito-
riebis kompensacias. evropeli diplomatebi stam-
bulSi mTeli 1 kviris ganmavlobaSi bWobdnen sakiT-
xis daregulirebas, magram Sexvedram aranairi Sede-
gi ar gamoiRo [6, 212].
1885 wlis noemberSi serbeTis mefe milanma omi
gamoucxada bulgareTs.
119
samxedro dapirispirebam, romelic erT welze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, saerTaSoriso
politikuri Zalebis Careva gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT
winaaRmdegi Sexvda am faqts avstria-ungreTis impe-
ria, ramdenadac bulgareTis gaZliereba safrTxes
uqmnida mis poziciebs balkaneTSi.
omis dasawyisSi serbeTi varaudobda, rom mas
mxars dauWerda osmaleTis imperia. magram ruseTis
diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, sulTnis xelis-
uflebam ar ganaxorciela konfliqtSi Careva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtis dasawyisSi bul-
gareTi faqtobrivad samxedro oficrebis gareSe
darCa. radgan ruseTma ori qveynis gaerTianebis Se-
saxeb gamocxadebisTanave, gamoiyvana bulgareTis ja-
ris nawilebSi momsaxure rusi oficrebi. ris Sem-
deg, bulgarelebi, ZiriTadad artileriis imedad
darCnen.
rac Seexeba serbeTis armias, is im periodisT-
vis aRWurvili iyo Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraRe-
biT. magram maT mainc ver miaRwies samxedro warma-
tebas. ZiriTadi mizezi warumateblobisa, iyo ofi-
crebisa da samxedroebis araprofesionalizmi da
sabrZolo aRWurvilobis auTvisebloba. omis dawye-
bidan cota xanSi, serbeTis jariskacebi dadgnen
samxedro aRWurvilobis deficitis winaSe. araswori
iyo aseve serbeTis mefis milan I-is mier ganxor-
cielebuli samxedro strategia, ramac dabneulobaSi
Caagdo jaris nawilebi.
120
warumatebeli Setakebis Semdeg, serbeTi Tav-
dacvaze gadavida. bulgareTma ki samxedro moqmede-
bebi serbeTis teritoriaze gadaitana. maT daikaves
qalaqi piroti. ris Semdeg, 1885 wlis 28 noembers
avstria-ungreTma ultimatumi gamoucxada bulga-
reTs, rom omis arSewyvetis SemTxvevaSi samxedro
procesSi CaerTveboda.
avstria-ungreTis amgvarma gancxadebebma saqme
iqamde miiyvana, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, avstria-
ungreTi, ruseTi da osmaleTis imperia omis
zRvarze aRmoCndnen. aq ZiriTadad erTmaneTs ejax-
eboda ruseT-avstriis interesebi. germania, rogorc
berlinis traqtatis mTavari novatori, gulgrili
ver darCeboda im procesebisadmi, romlebic traq-
tatis Semdgom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Seiqm-
na. is farulad uWerda mxars avstria-ungreTs, ram-
denadac misi daintereseba imTaviTve didi iyo bul-
gareT-serbeTTan mimarTebaSi.
bismarkis 1885 wlis 9 oqtombriT daTari-
Rebuli werilidan Cans, rom germania gamodioda
xelSekrulebis damcvelad da samxedro konfliqtis
warmoSobisTanave emxroboda status qvos SenarCune-
bas balkaneTze [7, 12-13]. magram bulgareTi rasak-
virvelia winaRmdegi iyo am SemoTavazebisa. ruseTi
Tavs aridebda bulgareT-serbeTis urTierTobebis
problemasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari azris sajarod
gamoxatvas. razec germaniis kancleri ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamda ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT. germa-
121
niis mTavroba cdilobda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina
Tavisi gavlena orive imperiaze [7, 15].
ruseTic oficialurad TiTqos ar ereoda Seqm-
nil viTarebaSi, Tumca mTavar betenbergis winaaRm-
deg gamosasvlelad bulgareTis liberalur Zaleb-
Tan amyarebda farul kontaqtebs. aseve rusuli na-
cionalisturi panslavuri presa pirdapir gamodi-
oda „bulgareli Zmebis“ dacvis mxareze [6, 210; 5,
73].
1885 wlis 22 noembrisaTvis, evropis TiTqmis
yvela saxelmwifo SeTanxmebuli iyo bulgareTisa
da serbeTis teritoriebis status qvos Senar-
Cunebaze [7, 16]. es gadawyvetileba, rasakvirvelia,
imTaviTve mimarTuli iyo ruseTis poziciebis Sesa-
susteblad baklaneTsa da kavkasiaSi.
1885 wlis 24 noembers TurqeTisa da evropis
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen graf qe-
venhiulerTan serbeTis Sesaxeb mSvidobiani xelSe-
krulebis gaformebis Taobaze, rac dadastu-rebulia
germaniis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis graf breis
bismarkisadmi miweril werilSi [7, 21]. aRniSnul
SeTanxmebaSi, germania ruseTTan da avstria-
ungreTTan erTad, moiTxovda ZmaTamkvleli omis sa-
swrafod Sewyvetas rasac mxars uWerdnen inglisis,
italiisa da safrangeTis diplomatiuri warmomad-
genlobebi [7, 23].
am mowodebis miuxedavad, 1885 wlis 25 noem-
bers bulgareTma uari ganacxada saomari moqmedebis
SeCerebaze. serbeTi yovelgvari samxedro amuniciis
122
gareSe iyo darCenili da savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo
bulgarelebs belgradamde mieRwiaT. arsebuli viTa-
rebidan gamosasvlelad, avstriis xelisufleba arw-
munebda berlinis kars, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
optimaluri varianti avstriis mier serbeTis oku-
pacia iqneboda. ris Semdeg, TiTqos, bulgareTi Se-
wyvetda agresias am qveynisadmi [7, 24]. avstria-
ungreTis am gegmaSi, rasakvirvelia, serbeTis inter-
sebi yvelaze bolo adgilas iyo. misTvis umTavres
mizans warmoadgenda, arsebuli viTarebis gamoyene-
biT, bosnia-hercogovinis aneqsia da serbeTze saku-
Tari gavlenis damyareba.
avstria-ungreTis gadawyvetileba germaniis xe-
lisuflebam dadebiTad ar aRiqva. 1885 wlis 23
noembers germaniis elCi TurqeTSi fon radovitci
bismarks werda, rom 22 noembisaTvis sabolood ver
SeTanxmdnen serbeT-bulgareTis sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, ris ZiriTad mizezad ruseTis gadawyve-
tilebis miuReblobas asaxelebda, ramdenadac ver
miiRo saTanadao miTiTeba peterburgidan. avstriasa
da italias araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gaaCnda.
Tanxmobas acxadebda aseve safrangeTis diplomatiuri
warmomadgelobac. orazrovani iyo mxolod ruseTis
karis damokidebuleba aRmosavleT rumeliis bulga-
reTTan mierTebasTan dakavSirebiT [7, 18].
1885 dekemberSi germaniis mTavroba srulad iyo
informirebuli avstriis ganzraxvaze, serbeTis oku-
paciasTan dakavSirebiT. magram avstria-ungreTis
aSkarad mxardaWerisgan Tavs ikavebda. avstria germa-
123
nias umtkicebda imas, rom misi Sesvla serbeTSi
mxolod droebiTi xasiaTis iqneboda. rasac germania
ar miiCnevda mizanSewonilad [7, 31].
fon bismarkis azriT, avstriis serbeTSi SeWra
gamarTlebuli iqneboda, mxolod ruseTis mier
bulgareTis aneqsiis SemTxvevaSi. magram, rogorc
masalebidan Cans, bulgareTis okupacia im periodis
ruseTis samxedro-politikur gegmaSi saerTod ar
ganixileboda [7, 34].
sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom avstria-ungreTis
mier serbeTis viTarebis destabilizaciis SemTxvevaSi,
ruseTis mTavar politikur kozirs Cernogoria war-
moadgenda. Tumca Cernogoriis xelisuflebas ruseTis
saimperatoro kari mouwodebda Tavi Seekavebina samxe-
dro-politikuri gamosvlebisagan da saTanado moments
dalodeboda [7, 31].
am TvalsazrisiT germaniis kancleri sworad
gansazRvravda ruseT-Cernogorias Soris arsebul
politikur realobas. avstriis mxridan serbeTis
okupaciis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs namdvilad ar gau-
Wirdeboda Cernogorelebis provocireba da svamda
kiTxvas, ramdenad SeeZlo avstrias Tavi gaerTva
SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli rTuli politikuri pro-
cesebisaTvis [7, 34]. germaniis sagareo uwyebisaTvis
aseve naTeli iyo, rom avstriis mTavrobas ar Ses-
wevda Zala viTareba mxolod serbeTis mTavar mila-
nisaTvis sasargeblod waremarTa [2, 33]. miT ufro,
rom jer kidev berlinis traqtatis dadebidan
moyolebuli ruseTi aqtiurad inarCunebda dominan-
124
tis pozicias bulgareTze da mTlianad balkaneTis
naxevar-kunZulze. amrigad, rogorc ruseTi, ise ger-
mania im periodis saerTaSoriso urTieraTobis
fonze ar dauSvebda avstria-ungreTis gabatonebuli
poziciis Seqmnas balkaneTze [7, 34].
germaniis mTavroba arc imas malavda, rom av-
striis mier provokaciis ganxorcielebis SemTxve-
vaSi, mas win aRudgeboda [7, 35]. germaniis rkinis
kancleri Tavis werilSi dasZenda, rom avstriis
mier serbeTis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, igive argumenti
SeeZlo moeyvana ruseTs bulgareTis, rumineTis da
Tundac konstantinopolis okupaciaze. aseve in-
gliss egviptis srul kolonizaciaze. rac ewi-
naaRmdgeboda im sammxrivi molaparakebis Sedegad
miRweul SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebda
„status qvos“ SenarCunebas balkaneTze [7, 35-36].
avstriis sagareo uwyeba mxedvelobaSi ar iReb-
da me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebisaTvis Cernogoriis
gansakuTrebulad axlo urTierT-kavSirs ruseTTan.
aseve ugulebelyofda bosniaSi arsebul eTnikur
suraTs. romlebic ara mxolod politikuri, aramed
religiuri TvalsazrisiTac daZabul urTierTobaSi
iyvnen serbeTTan [7, 37].
germaniis mxridan gamoxatulma neitralurma
poziciam avstriis mier serbeTis okupaciasTan da-
kavSirebiT, avstria-ungreTis xelisuflebaSi gaaCina
eWvi, rom germaniis saimperatoro kari prorusul
politikur orientaciaze idga. bismarki Tavis mxriv
umtkicebda avstriis xelisuflebas, rom aRmosav-
125
luri politikis gadawyveta SeuZlebeli iyo ru-
seT-avstriis mowesrigebuli urTierTobis gareSe.
amiT arwmunebda avstrias kidev erTxel imaSi, rom
avstriis msgavsi moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi
xeldakrefili ar darCeboda misi „slavi Zmebis“
dacvis saqmeSi [7, 37].
germaniis saimperatoro kari aseve uaryofda
avstriis politikuri wreebis Sexedulebas imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom germaniisaTvis balkaneTze stabi-
luri viTarebis SenarCuneba Zalze mniSvnelovani
iyo [7, 38].
serbeT-bulgareTis samxedro-politikuri dapi-
rispireba sabolood dasrulda 1886 wlis 7 dekem-
bris buharestis sazavo xelSekrulebiT. aRniSnul
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen germa-
niis, ruseTis, avstria-ungreTis, safrangeTis, in-
glisis, italiisa da TurqeTis warmomadgenlebi [8,
12]. saerTaSoriso zewolis (gansakuTrebiT avstria-
ungreTis) Sedegad, bulgareTi iZulebuli gaxda
daTanxmeboda omamdeli viTarebis SenarCunebas. ser-
beTisa da bulgareTis teritoriebi ucvleli darCa.
mxolod bulgareTisa da aRmosavleT rumeliis
gaerTianeba aRiares didma saxelmwfoebma. rogorc
bulgareli mecnierebi aRniSnaven, omis Semdeg gaixs-
na Semdgomi gza bulgareTis momavali warmatebuli
ganviTarebisa.
serbeTi ki didi moraluri dartymis qveS aR-
moCnda. bulgareTisa da serbeTis politikur ur-
TierTobebSi seriozuli bzarebi gaCnda. qveynebi
126
romlebic saukuneebis manZilze erTad ibrZodnen os-
maluri batonobis winaaRmdeg, 1885 wlis samxedro
konfliqtis Semdeg erTmaneTis mimarT mtrul damo-
kidebulebaSi aRmoCndnen. ganviTarebis axal fazaSi
gadavida germania-bulgareTis urTierTobebi rogorc
politikuri, ise ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sa-
ganmanaTleblo TvalsazrisiT.
literatura
127
1. Венедиктов, Й. История на доброволците от
Сербско-Балгарската война 1886, «Сливница», 1935.
2. Гоков Олег, Образ князя Александра Баттенберга в
российской мемуаристике последней четверти ХІХ –
начала ХХ вв; [eleqtronuli resursi]; http://libra-
ry.by/portalus/modules/history/readme.php?subaction=s
howfull&id=1297706545&archive=&start_from=&ucat
=&; daSveba 25.08.2012.
3. Краткая история Болгарии, под редакции Г.
Литаврина, Москва, 1987.
4. Fuerst Aleksander von Bulgarien, Mittheilungen aus
seinem Leben und seiner Regierung, Darmschtadt 1887.
5. Bulgarische nationalismus und die Politik bismarcks.
Author, Roland Schaller. Publisher, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universitat, 1975. Original from, gv. 73]--’-50;
6. Björn Opfer, Alexander v. Battenberg und die Anfänge
des Bulgarischen Fürstentums, Zeitschrift für hessische
Geschichte und Landeskunde, #108 (2003), Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt am Meine 1975.
7. Die Große Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-
1914; B. 5, Berlin 1922.
8. 1200 Jahredeutsch-bulgarische Beziehungen – in Über-
blick Professor Dr. Heinz-Günther Borck, eleqtro-nuli resursi: http://www.obere-
meerbach.de/Bulgarien.pdf; daSveba 15.08.2012.
9. http://www.slovo.bg
10. http://www.studhistory.ru
11. http://ru.wikipedia.org
Zurab Sulaberidze
128
The Serbian-Bulgarian War and the Relation's of the
European Countries with the Balkan's Started in 1885-1886
The Serbian-Bulgarian war in 1885-1886 is considered in
the publication. On September 6th 1885 in the city of Plovdiv Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia publicly declared the association of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia to against Russia and other great countries of interests which caused the Bulgarian crisis. Serbia went against the association of Northern and Southern Bulgaria and the Government of Serbia considered the association of Bul-garia to cause a violation of power balance on the Balkan Penin-sulas. The Ottoman Empire supported Serbia against anti-Bulgarian succession and the government of Turkey promised Serbia to broaden it's territories at the expense of the Bulgarian lands.
Military opposition which carried on for more than one year had incurred interventions of the international forces. The Austria-Hungarian empire was especially against this fact, whereas strengthening of Bulgaria foretold the danger of its positions in the Balkans.
After unsuccessful attacks on Bulgaria, Serbia shifted to self-defense and military operations had been transferred over to the territories of Serbia which were finally completed with the vic-tory of the Bulgarian military forces. On November 28th 1885 Aus-tria – Hungary declared an ultimatum to Bulgaria to cease military operations. In an opposite case they also promised to join in the war against Bulgaria.
On December 7th 1886 in Bucharest the peace agreement between Serbia and Bulgaria was signed. The diplomats of Ger-
129
many, Russia, Austria - Hungary, France, England, Italy and Tur-key also signed on the Agreement. As the result of this interna-tional pressure, Bulgaria was compelled to agree on maintenance of a pre-war situation. The territories of Serbia and Bulgaria re-mained indisputable. The association of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia was recognized only by the great countries.
The Bulgarian scientists claim that after the war the new way of future successful development was opened to Bulgaria. Serbia's indifference from Bulgaria was under big moral and ma-terial threat and serious cracks appeared in the Bulgarian- Ser-bian relations. The countries which battled together against an Ottoman yoke throughout the centuries , after the military conflict of 1885, became the enemies to each other.
Сулаберидзе Зураб
130
Политические и экономические аспекты
Немецкой восточной политики в конце
19 – начале 20 вв.
Целью нашей публикации является краткое
рассмотрение политических и экономических аспектов
восточной политики Германии в конце 19 и начале 20
века.
На основании русской и немецкой научной
литературы и источников, мы представим системную
картину турецкой и ближневосточной политики
Германии в конец 19 и начале 20 века.
Итоги франко-прусской войны в 1870 – 1871 годах
создали совершенно новую ситуацию в Европе.
Образование Германской империи имело большое
международное значение и оно изменило
политическую карту Европы. После этого, Берлинский
трактат 1878 года особенно упрочил немецкий
авторитет и ее роль на международной арене в 70-80
годах 19 века1.
В конце 19 века политические и экономические
интересы Германии пересекаются на востоке в
основном в двух направлениях. Первым являлось:
воздействие Германии непосредственно на северо-
восток, который объединял Прибалтику, Польшу,
Беларусь, Украину. Вторым же было усиление влияния
Германской империи на юго-восточные территории:
Балканы, Турция, Кавказ, ближний восток до Персии2.
1 Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 12. Sept. 1919, N443, S.4
2 Д.Сейдаметов, Н.Шляпников, Германско-Австрийская разведка в
царской России, М., 1939, стр. 5
131
Канцлер Германии Бисмарк хорошо понимал, что
экспансия Германии в Турции и на Балканах зависела
от временных обстоятельств3.
С начала 19 века немецкие востоковеды начали
многосторонне изучать Турцию. Кроме этого,
немецкие политики и военные лица внимательно
исследовали возможность распространения немецкой
политики в ближневосточном регионе.
После Русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 года
Турецкому султану Абдул-Хамиду II-му было
необходимо восстановить боеспособность армии.
Ввиду тяжелого финансового и морального положения
Османской империи, выбор султана пал на Германию.
Поскольку, до собрания Берлинского конгресса, Отто
фон Бисмарк выражал поддержку Абдулахмаду II-му и
его Визирям. Поэтому, Бисмарк положительно отнесся
к просьбе Абдул-Хамида направить в Стамбул
немецких чиновников и офицеров для оказания
помощи в деле реформирования армии4.
После заключения русско-австро-германского
союза 1881 года, отправка миссии в Турцию затянулась.
Наконец, в 1882 году миссия во главе с фон-дер
Гольцем, прибыла в Стамбул, где работала до 1893 года5
.
В первые годы своей деятельности, немецкая
военная миссия практически не была допущена к
3 История 19 века, под редакции Лависа и Рамбо, книга 7, стр. 425 4 Силин А.С. Германская военная миссия фон дер Гольца в Турции в
1882 – 1895 гг. – М., 1956. с.56-58 5 Силин А.С. Экспансия Германии на Ближнем Востоке в конце XIX
века. – М., 1971, с. 64-67
132
руководству вооруженными силами Турции. В 1882 –
1885 годах германские офицеры практически оказались
в двусмысленном и унизительном положении. Было
очевидно, что Османский двор, используя немецких
офицеров, держал своей целью произвести впечатление
наличия политической поддержки. Надо отметить, что
из всего состава германской военной миссии, с самого
начала лишь фон-дер Гольцу удалось достичь
некоторого успеха. Он сумел добиться частичной
реорганизации турецких военных училищ. Фон-дер
Гольц был назначен начальником главной
Стамбульской военной школы, готовившей офицеров
генштаба и соответствующей военным академиям в
европейских государствах. Фон-дер Гольц стремился
приблизить систему обучения и распорядок школы к
известной ему Берлинской военной академии. Но
Абдул-Хамид испугался европеизации военной школы
и чинил препятствия деятельности фон-дер Гольца.
Таким образом, фон-дер Гольцу приходилось
преодолевать сопротивления и в 1886 году он был
назначен генеральным инспектором всех турецких
военных школ. Фон-дер Гольц пользовался в Турции
влиянием и это облегчило в последующем вовлечение
младотурок в орбиту германского влияния, так как
лидеры младотурецкой партии были его учениками и
выходцами из руководимых им военных школ.
С 1885 года начинаются реальные сдвиги германо-
турецкого сотрудничества6.
6 Еремеев Д.Е., Мейер М.С. История Турции в средние века и новое
время. – М., 1992, с. 142-143
133
Государственный переворот, произошедший в
Турции в январе 1913 года, был осуществлен
младотурками, руководящий комитет которых -
“Единение и прогресс” - поддерживал тесный контакт с
германским послом в Стамбуле бароном Г. фон
Вангенхаймом и германским военным атташе майором
фон Штремпелем. Это создавало благоприятную почву
для укрепления германских позиций в Османской
империи7.
Соответствующий договор с Османской империей
был подписан 28 октября 1913 года в Берлине8. Тесные
связи между Германией и Турцией привели этих два
государства к союзу в первой мировой войне.
К концу XIX века были созданы все условия для
расширения германского капитала в Турции. В самой
Германии происходил бурный рост промышленных
монополий и в конце 80-х годов XIX века. Георг фон
Сименс – глава Немецкого банка – заявил, что “прошли
те времена, когда германский капитал был лишь
участником английских и французских предприятий в
Турции; теперь этот капитал окреп и может
действовать самостоятельно”9.
7 Секретный договор – контракт о немецкой военной миссии //
Юровская Е.Е. Практикум по новой истории 1870 – 1917 гг. – М., 1974.
с. 221-222 8 Хальгартен Г. Империализм до 1914 года. Социологическое
исследование Германской внешней политики до Первой мировой
войны. – М., 1961, с. 324 9 Туполев Б.М. Германский империализм в борьбе за «место под
солнцем”: Германская экспансия на Ближнем Востоке, в Восточной
Африке и в районе Индийского океана в конце XIX – начале XX веков.
– М., 1991 с. 33
134
Стремительная экспансия немецких банков на
Ближнем Востоке свидетельствовала о вступлении
Германии в борьбу за передел сложившихся в этом
регионе мира сфер экономического влияния других
европейских государств.
В 1888 году в Стамбуле открыл свое отделение
крупнейший в Германии Немецкий банк (Deutsche
Bank), а в 1906 году в Стамбуле группой немецких
банков был основан Немецкий Восточный банк,
конкурируя с британскими и французскими
финансовыми учреждениями и внедряясь в экономику
Ближнего Востока. Позиции германских банков в
экономике Османской империи быстро укреплялись.
Немцы добились также права на осуществление
судоходной связи между Хайдарпашой и Стамбулом10
.
Вторым особенным направлением немецкой
восточной политики является проникновение Германии
в политическую и экономическую жизнь Персии в
конце 19 и начала 20 века. По договору 1873 года
между Германией и Персией, Германия имела
возможность действовать на территории Персии.
Договор, безусловно, пересекал интересы Англии и
России в регионе Ближнего Востока.
Персия со второй половины 19 века являлась
полуколониальной страной: на северной части Персии
господствовала гегемония России, на южной части –
Англии.
В 1888 году «Дойче Банк» основал «Немецкое
Общество Анатолийских железных дорог» и получил
10 Jürgen Franzke, Bagdad- und Hedjazbahn. Deutsche Eisenbahngeschichte
im Vorderen Orient« DB Museum, Nürnberg 2003; s. 24-90
135
концессию на проведение рельсовой колеи по Малой
Азии до Ангоры с обещанием дальнейших концессий
до Багдада. Общая длина всей Багдадской железной
дороги должна была составить 3000 километров и весь
проезд от Константинополя до Багдада требовал всего
40 часов времени. Срок постройки был определен, по
концессии, в 8 лет, т.е. к 1908 году11
.
По первоначальному проекту, созданному
известным инженером Вильгельмом фон Пресселем,
Багдадская дорога должна была начаться у Хайдар-
паши на Мраморном море, т.е. именно у
Константинополя. От этого пункта дорога должна была
пройти по северной части Анатолии, почти
параллельно по побережью Черного моря, затем в юго-
восточном направлении через Сивас, где проходили
армянские и персидские караваны, откуда должно было
пойти разветвление на Эрзерум и Битлис, к кавказской
границе. Затем дорога, по проекту Пресселя,
поворачивала в юго-восточном направлении и шла
через Сивас, Диарбекир, Мосул к Багдаду, а оттуда к
Персидскому заливу. В действительности это была
великая военно-стратегическая дорога12
.
Турецкое правительство приняло проект Пресселя.
С 1871 по 1872 год была построена линия от Хайдар-
паши до Исмада в объемностью 92 километра. Но затем
в течение последующих десяти лет, с 1873 по 1889 год,
дело ни на шаг не продвинулось вперед. Было
11 Manfred Pohl, Von Stambul nach Bagdad. Die Geschichte einer berühmten
Eisenbahn, Piper Verlag, München 1999 12 Аветян А.С. Германский империализм на Ближнем Востоке. - М.,
1966, с. 111
136
очевидно, что Турция собственными силами не была в
состоянии осуществить даже часть этого грандиозного
проекта.
Проекты Багдадской железной дороги
согласовывались со стремлениями турецкого
генерального штаба соорудить эту линию ближе к
Закавказью. По так называемому «северному варианту»
Багдадскую железную дорогу намечалось продолжить
от Ангора через Иоз-гад, Токат, Сивас, Нижнюю
Малатию, Харпут и Диарбекир. От последнего пункта
железная дорога должна была спуститься в Северную
Мессопотамию.
Противодействие России принудило германцев
обратиться к «южному варианту» Багдадской дороги. В
апреле 1900 года между Германией и Россией было
оформлено секретное соглашение. По договору прорыв
Германии к кавказской границе был окончательно
предотвращен. По «южному варианту» железная
дорога должна была пройти от Эрегли через Адана,
Ислахие, Джерабулус, Рас-эль-айн, Мосул, Багдад,
Неджеф, Ковейт.
Буржуазная революция Персии 1905 года, создала
серьезное разногласие между Россией и Англией,
особенно в вопросе разделения политико-экономи-
ческого влияния над Персией13
.
Германия вела последовательную экономическую
политику и результатом этого стало на 3-е место во
внешней торговле Персии после Англии и России. В
период 1901-13 и 1913-24 годах немецкий
13 Архив внешней политики России, ф. Канцелярия, 1909 год., д. 17, л.
60
137
товарооборот в Персии вырос с 2,5 млн. кран до 33
млн. кранов14
. Персидский двор со своей стороны был
заинтересован расширять немецкую торговую,
индустриальную сферу, а также банковское дело15
.
В начале 1910 года был исчерпан срок Персидско-
Российского договора 1890 года. Берлин хотел
максимально использовать это обстоятельство16
.
После острого дипломатического реванша,
Лондон и Петербург потребовали от Персии без
консультации Англии и России не выдавать ни одной
концессии на строительство железной дороги17
.
Вопрос Багдадской железной дороги и Северного
Ирана стоял главной темой на повестке дня во время
встречи в Потсдаме в ноябре 1910 года. Соглашением
от 19 августа 1911 года Германия отказывалась от
экономических концессий в северной части Персии.
Стороны пришли к соглашению, что в будущем, когда
немцы завершили бы строительство железной дороги
до Ханекина, Россия имела бы возможность провести
ветку железнодорожной линии от Западной части
Тегерана до Ханекина18
.
В конце первой мировой войны, около 2000
километров пути были заложены на строительство
Багдадской железной дороги. Железнодорожный путь
начинался в Константинополе и завершался в Насирие.
14 С.Агаев, Германский империализм в Иране, М., 1969, стр. 7 15 Die Deutsche Politik der Europaische Kabinete, b. 25 (1), Berlin 1927,
N8566 16 АВПР, ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л. 16 Шебеко-Сазонову, 16/29, апреля
1910 года 17 АВПР, Ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л.л. 20-23, 19 апреля- 2 мая 1910 год 18 Die Deutsche Politik Europeische Kabinette, B. 27(2), N10159
138
В 1917 году восставшие бедуины в течение
четырех месяцев уничтожили 17 локомотивов и
взорвали 80 железнодорожных мостов. Следы этого
исторического события туристы все еще могут увидеть,
если они последуют по маршруту Хиджазе железной
дороги через юг Иордании, граница которая проходит с
Саудовской Аравией, на которой последний поезд
прошел осенью 1924 года19
.
В конце публикации отметим, что в конце 19 и в
начале 20 века Германия осуществляла успешный курс
политического и экономического влияния в Турции и
Персии. Поражение в первой мировой войне, весьма
отрицательным оказалось для будущего развития
ближневосточной политики Немецкой империи. По
условиям Версальского мирного договора Германия
была вынуждена насовсем отказаться от ближнего
востока и колоний в юго-восточной Африке.
19 DIE ZEIT 11.12.2003 Nr.51, S.3
139
zurab sulaberiZe
germaniis aRmosavluri politikis
aspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da
XX saukunis dasawyisSi
publikaciis mizania germanul da rusul
samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT warmova-
dginoT XIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunis
dasawyisis germaniis aRmosavluri politikis
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da politikuri aspeqtebi.
berlinis traqtatis Semdeg germaniisa da TurqeTis
samxedro-politikuri interesebi mWidrod dauax-
lovda erTmaneTs. 1882 wels germaniis misia fon-de
golcis meTaurobiT Cavida stambulSi raTa
daxmarebodnen sulTnis xelisuflebas saxelmwifo
administraciuli da samxedro reformis gatarebaSi.
aRniSnulma misiam imuSava 1893 wlamde.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel
wlebSi fon-de golcis misia faqtobrivad
umoqmedod iyo. realuri Zvrebi germania-TurqeTis
urTierTobaSi daiwyo mxolod 1885 wlidan.
TurqeTis daaxloeba germaniasTan ufro aqtualuri
xdeba 1913 wels `axalgazrda TurqTa~ mier ganxo-
rcielebuli revoluciis Semdeg. or qveyanas Soris
urTierTTanamSromlobis dokumenti oficialurad
1913 wlis 28 oqtombers gaformda.
me-19 s-is 70-iani wlebidan germania aseve
aqiturad ereva sparseTis politikur da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. 1873 wels germania-
140
sparseTis xelSekrulebis Semdeg germaniis
safinanso institutebis gavlena sparseTis
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi dRiTidRe izrdeboda.
sparseT-germaniis daaxloeba imTaviTve ejaxeboda
didi britaneTis da ruseTis interesebs axlo
aRmosavleTis regionSi. miuxedavad am viTarebisa,
1888 wels germaniis `doiCe bankma~ miiRo koncesia
baRdadis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze. cnobili
germaneli inJinris vilhelm fon preselis
proeqtiT, rkinigzis magistrali konstantine-
polidan baRdadamde 3000 kilometrs Seadgenda,
romlis mSenebloba 1908 wels unda dasrulebu-
liyo. ruseTisa da didi britaneTis mxridan didi
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, germania me-19 s-is
dasasrulisa da me-20 s-is dasawyisSi Tanmimdevrul
da warmatebul politikas atarebda axlo
aRmosavleTis regionSi. magram pirvel msoflio
omSi germaniis damarcxebam, ukiduresad uaryofiTi
roli Seasrula aRniSnuli politikuri kursis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze. versalis zaviT, germania
iZulebuli iyo sabolood uari eTqva, rogorc
maxlobel aRmosavleTze, ise samxreT-aRmosavleT
afrikis koloniebze.
142
igor kekelia
abaSis xeobis saistorio geografia
vaxuSti bagrationis naSromisa da
rukebis mixedviT
XVIII saukunis gamoCenili mecnieri da saxelm-
wifo moRvawe vaxuSti bagrationi sayuradRebo cno-
bebs gvawvdis zogadad, odiSis (samegrelos) samTa-
vrosa da, kerZod, cxeniswylisa da abaSis xeobebis
saistorio geografiis sakiTxebze. Tuki gaviTvalis-
winebT im friad mniSvnelovan da sagulisxmo gare-
moebas, rom vaxuSti odiSis saistorio geografiis
pirvel mkvlevrad gvevlineba, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba,
Tu raoden faseulia misi fundamenturi naSromi da
mis mierve Sedgenili atlasebi.
odiSis samTavros aRweras mematiane cxeniswy-
lis xeobiT iwyebs da cxeniswylis xeobaSi mdebare
dasaxlebul punqtTa Soris pirvelad banZas asax-
elebs: ,,...cxeniswylis dasavliT ars munve banZa da
cixe keTilnaSeni~ [11, 776].
vaxuStiseuli ,,cixe keTilnaSeni~, marTalia,
cxeniswylis dasavleTiT (marjvena mxares) mdeba-
reobs, magram ara cxeniswylis, aramed abaSis xeoba-
Si, md. abaSis marcxena napiras [msjelobisaTvis ix.
15].
banZa samegrelos ukidures aRmosavleT nawil-
Si, gaSlil velze mdebare sofeli da Temis cen-
tria. Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli
dayofiT martvilis raionSi Sedis da z. d. 90 m
143
simaRlezea. raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaq mart-
vils 12 km-iTaa daSorebuli... vfiqrobT, is gare-
moeba, rom ,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ vaxuStis
mier cxeniswylis xeobis aRwerisas aris moxseni-
ebuli, unda aixsnas banZis imdroindeli geogra-
fiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdgomac, XIX s-sa
da XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, sofeli banZa sakmaod
vrcel teritorias moicavda.
XVIII s. germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri iohan
anton giuldenStedti samegrelos or nawilad
yofs. dasavleT nawils odiSs uwodebs, xolo aR-
mosavleTs _ samegrelos. am ukanasknelSi igi Tavis
mxriv or mxares arCevs _ banZas da (v)abaSas. giul-
denStedti iqve CamoTvlis banZasa da abaSaSi Semav-
al soflebs [5, 323]. am cnobaze yuradReba gaamax-
vila mkvlevarma S. jRarkavam da SeniSna, rom sof-
lebis CamonaTvalis araTanmimdevrulobis gamo TiTq-
mis SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu romeli maTgani
miekuTvneboda banZis mxares, magram erTi ram cxadia:
banZis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoria banZis Semad-
genlobaSi iyo, xolo samxreTi vabaSas anu abaSas
ekuTvnoda [msjelobisaTvis ix. 32, 274]. mkvlevari
Tavis mosazrebas im faqtiT amyarebs, rom 1819 wels
Sedgenil saqarTvelos generalur rukaze, rac s.
janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi,
banZis samxreTiT mdebare teritorias aweria
,,Абашской~ [iqve].
144
ekaterine WavWavaZis mdivani (Semdeg senakis ma-
zris ufrosi) korneli borozdini, Tavis mogonebeb-
Si samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb, gadmogvcems
XIX s. I naxevris banZis geografiul mdebareobas da
wers, rom banZas eWira abaSasa da cxeniswyals Sua
mdebare, 40 versis sivrce adgili, sadac 75-ze meti
komli Tavadi faRava da 800 komli aznauri da
glexi mosaxleobda. ,,am saxiT, banZa senakis olqSi
Status in status-s (saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi)
hgvanda, xolo mebatone faRavebi _ calke elements,
calke Zalas~, _ wers k. borozdini [4, 248-249].
misive TqmiT, cxenis-wylis napiras mdebare soflebi
_ lexaindro da nagvazu, faRavebis saymos warmoad-
genda [4, 250].
banZis soflis sazogadoeba sakmaod didi mo-
culobis administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls
warmoadgenda mogvianebiTac, XIX-XX ss-Si.
odiS-leCxumis daviT dadianiseuli administra-
ciul-teritoriuli dayofiT banZa dasaxelebulia
sujunis mazris soflebs Soris, magram am dayofaSi
lexaindrao da nojixevi ar gvxvdeba [ix. 24, 113].
1886 wels ruseTis imperiis mier ganxorciele-
buli kavkasiis mxaris komlobrivi aRweris monace-
mebiT banZis soflis sazogadoeba senakis mazris na-
qalaqevis sapolicio ubanSi Sedi-oda banZis soflis
sazogadoeba aerTianebda oTx sofels _ banZas (373
komli, 2212 suli), vedid-kars (132 komli, 835
suli), maxaTs (14 komli, 99 suli) da muxurCas
(70 komli, 413 suli).
145
1930 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr pirveli ad-
ministraciul-teritoriuli dayofis cnobaris mix-
edviT, banZis sasoflo sabWo aerTianebda soflebs
_ sakuTriv banZas (574 komli, 2853 suli), vedid-
kars (263 komli, 1226 suli), leva-xanes (49 kom-
li, 253 suli), lefoCxues (108 komli, 536 suli),
muxurCas (134 komli, 658 suli) da orqas (89
komli, 380 suli).
werilobiTi wyaroebis pirdapiri da arapirda-
piri cnobebis gaanalizebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
banZis SemogarenSi mdebare soflebi _ lexaindravo,
najaxu, nagiberu, onoRia, vedidkari, lefoCxue, max-
aTi da muxurCa sxvadasxva dros banZis Semadgenlo-
baSi erTiandeboda.
abaSisa da inCxias xeobebSi, zRvis donidan 170
m-ze mdebareobs raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaqi
martvili. qalaqis centris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,
Wvenias maRal serze, martvilis samonastro kom-
pleqsia aSenebuli, rac aerTianebs gegmaSi jvris
formis taZars, XVIII saukunidan Ciqovanebisad miC-
neul eklesias (VII, X s.) da mesvetis sacxovrebel
eklesia-svets (X-XI ss.). winaqristianul xanaSi
taZris adgilas mdgara uzarmazari muxa Wyondidi,
rac kerpad miiCneoda. Zvel saqarTveloSi xeTa Tay-
vaniscemisa da mcenareulobis mZlavri kultis arse-
bobaze miuTiTebda akad. ivane javaxiSvili da amis
erT-erT saukeTeso damamtkiceblad swored Zvel
samegreloSi saxelganTqmul Wyondids Tvlida, rac
megrulad ,,did muxas~ niSnavs da, mecnieris azriT,
146
ueWvelad miuTiTebda am adgilas muxis msaxurebis
salocavi adgilis arsebobaze [31, 134].
werilobiTi wyaroebidan irkveva, rom martvi-
lis uwindeli saxelwodeba swored Wyondidi iyo.
VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, arabTa laSqrobis Se-
degad iavarqmnili taZari X saukuneSi safuZvlianad
aRudgenia egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgi II-s, romel-
sac Wyondidi saepiskoposo kaTedrad gamoucxadebia
[msjelobisaTvis ix. 28, 139; 7, 20-23]. ,,matiane
qarTlisas~ avtori mogviTxrobs: giorgim ,,ganagna
da ganawyuna yovelni saqmeni mamulsa da samefosa
missa: aRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskopo-
sod, da ganaSuena igi nawilTa simravliTa wmidaTa
martuilTaTa~ [27, 265]. mematianis am cnobis si-
zustes Tu virwmunebT, naTeli xdeba, rom giorgi
mefes wmida martvilTa (mowameTa) nawilebiT _
qristianuli siwmindeebiT Seumkia Wyondidis aRdge-
nili taZari. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad VI-VII
ss. yvela wmindanis (,,martuilTa~) saxelze agebuli
taZari, swored X saukunidan, mefe giorgis mier
misi aRdgenis Semdeg, iwoda martvilis RvTismSob-
lis miZinebis taZrad, romlis saxelsac atarebs
dResac [ix. 18, 13-14].
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom probizantiur xa-
naSi daarsebul saeklesio kaTedrebs Soris uadresi
da upirvelesi iyo Wyondidi. swored Wyondidis
daarsebiT unda dawyebuliyo bizantiuri kaTedrebi-
saTvis qarTuli saeklesio kaTedrebis Canacvlebis
procesi [22, 64].
147
Wyondidis kaTedra warmoadgenda fazisis sami-
tropolitos samarTalmemkvidres. aRniSnuli faqti
ganapirobebda imas, rom Wyondidi mTeli saqarTve-
los masStabiT upirvelesi kaTedra iyo erTiani
qarTuli monarqiis arsebobis periodSic [ix. 22,
113].
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom kons-
tantinepolze daqvemdebarebis periodSi pativis Tan-
mimdevrobiT faziseli pirveli mRvdelmTavari iyo
dasavleT saqarTveloSi da mitropolitis wodebiT
iqvemdebarebda oTx saepiskoposos (rodopolisisas,
caiSisas, ZiRanevisas, petrasas), misi, Wyondidis
saeklesio kaTedriT Canacvlebis Semdeg, fazisis sa-
mitropolitos teritoriuli memkvidreoba da fa-
ziselis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli _ pati-
vi, bunebrivia, Wyondidsa da Wyondidelze unda ga-
dasuliyo [msjelobisaTvis ix. 22, 102]. aseTi upi-
ratesoba Wyondids arc momdevno periodSi daukar-
gavs.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Wyondidi iyo
,,warCinebuli saRvTismoZRvroÁ saydarTa Soris sa-
meufoÁ isa misisaTa~, mefe bagrat IV-m (1027-1072
ww.) swored amitom ,,Tavisi saflavi mun ganemzada~,
e. i. Tavis saZvaled Wyondidi airCia.
sakmaod saintereso da mravlismomcveli infor-
maciis Semcvelia vaxuSti bagrationis Semdegi la-
konuri cnoba: ,,banZas zeiT da cxeniswylis dasav-
liT, da misi mWvreti, maRals adgilzed, ars Wyon-
didi, eklesia gunbaTiani, didSeni, martvirisa. es
148
aRaSena h mefeman afxazTaman giorgim da Seamko
yovliTa SemkobilebiTa saeklesiosaTa. dafluli
ars mefe bagrat. amanve dasva mun episkopozi, da
awca ars mwyemsi unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswy-
lamde~ [11, 167).
mecnierebs garkveuli aqvT, rom vaxuSti Tavis
fundamentur naSromze (,,aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa~) muSaobis droisaTvis ukve icnobda da kidec
iyenebda winamorbed mematianeTa, maT Soris juanSe-
risa da ,,matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobebs.
Wyondidis monastris aSenebisa da xelmeored aRdge-
nis Sesaxeb vaxuStiseuli informacia da mefe gior-
gis saxelTan misi dakavSireba, sxva mraval cnobas-
Tan erTad, swored am garemoebiT unda aixsnas [ix.
3, 55].
martvilis aSenebis Sesaxeb aseTive cnobas gvawvdis niko dadiani, Tavis TxzulebaSi (,,qarTvelT cxovreba~), rac Tavis mxriv warmoad-gens vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebis erTgvar Se-moklebul variants: ,,eklesia martvirisa (ese igi Wyondidisa) aRaSena mefeman afxazTaman giorgi. iq daflul ars mefe bagrat~ [ix. 6, 150].
Wyondidis adgilmdebareobis vaxuStiseuli aR-
weriloba, rom es punqti banZis ,,zeiT~, e. i. Crdi-
loeTiT, da md. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT, ,,misi
mWvreti, maRals adgilzed~ mdebareobs, sinamdviles
Seefereba.…oRond am SemTxvevaSic unda dazustdes
erTi sakiTxi, kerZod: Secdomaa, roca vaxuSti am
punqtsac, banZis msgavsad, ara abaSis, aramed cxenis-
149
wylis xeobis aRwerisas asaxelebs, rasac, Cveni fi-
qriT, md. cxeniswylis xeobis banZa-WyondidTan
siaxlove ganapirobebda.
odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvle-
vari T. beraZe miiCnevda, rom Wyondidis adgilmde-
bareobis vaxuStiseuli aRweriloba imdenad zustia,
rom SesaZlebelia, mas es saydari TviTonac hqonoda
daTvalierebuli [3, 55]. sworia vaxuStis cnoba im-
azec, rom Wyondidis taZari aris saZvale mefe ba-
gratisa. aq uTuod igulisxmeba saqarTvelos mefe
bagrat IV, romelic mefobda 1027-1072 wlebSi.
,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianis CanarTi gvamcnobs:
WyondidSi ,,...Seqmna bagrat saflavi Tvisi da daus-
venebian mravalni wmidaTa martvilni~ [ix. 27, 303-
304].
davubrundeT kvlav erT sayuradRebo sakiTxs.
kerZod, Tu ra teritorias moicavda saqarTvelos
es erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi eparqia vaxuStis mo-
nacemebiT. mematiane aRniSnavs, rom Wyondideli
flobs ,,unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswylamde~ ar-
sebul teritorias. miCneulia, rom unagirad iwode-
boda abaSisa da texuris wyalgamyofi qedi, rac
ramdenime mTis _ dadiaS taxtas, naqalaqevis, abeda-
Tisa da kalamonas krebiT saxeladaa aRiarebuli. es
mTebi erTmaneTisagan unagiriseburi dadablebebiTaa
gamoyofili. unagira orografiuli toponimia da
niSnavs unagiris kexiviT Cazneqil adgils serze.
naqalaqevis cixesTan texuri unagiras or nawilad
kveTs. texuris marjvena mxares aRmarTuli mTa aR-
150
wevs sofel TeklaTamde, md. ciis xeobamde. amdenad,
vaxuSti cdeba, roca wers, rom unagiras mTa tex-
uris ,,dasavlis kidursa rionidam warmosdevs~-o. es
mTa iwyeba TeklaTTan da, amasTanave, yovelTvis ro-
di miuyveba texuris marjvena sanapiros [ix. 23,
231].
saWyondidlos teritoriis gansazRvris Tval-
sazrisiT vaxuStis naSromSi mocemul cnobas mniSv-
nelovnad avsebs gviani Sua saukuneebis ramdenime
Sewirulebis wigni. beJan dadianis (1714-1728 ww.)
mier sujunis eklesiisaTvis miwebis Sewirulobis
wignSi, rac 1714 wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, rom
odiSis mTavars Wyondidlobidan gadauyenebia Tavisi
Zma gabrieli. ,,...RoRabariZe evdemon mitropoliti
gvikurTxebinebia da WyondidlaT dagvijdenia da sa-
Wyondidlo amisaTvin migvicemia... anjeli da kodora
gaRmarTi texuris piramdis rac aris, ZvelTagan
WilaZeebs SeewiraT, magram kidev vinme daobda... es
pirveli garigebuli da wigni Cven ase xelaxla
gangviaxlebia da Segviwiravs...~ [ix. 14, 113]. TiTqmis
aseTive Sinaarsisaa meore Sewirulobis wigni, rac
Cven gamovaqveyneT 2011 wels. masSi ufro dazuste-
biTaa mocemuli saWyondidlos saeklesio erTeulis
sazRvrebi. dokumenti daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumca
bolos dasmul beWedSi ikiTxeba 1717 weli:
,,ganvaaxleT. davTari ese. da SevswireT Sens:. suju-
nis eklesias wmindis giorgisas. Dda giZRveniT Sen.
dedao macxovrisa:. cxenis wylis rionis Sesayaridam
gaRmarTSi. kukuTi. cxepiji. uCa Relidgan. fiCors
151
aqeTi. Aanjeli da samarRanao srulad: rions gamoR-
ma. siriaCqonis Tavis pirdapir: dabla isulas rions
Rele CaerTvis. RaluCa qvian. k-Tis tyes Suazed ga-
moivlis. ontyoros tbidgan gava. texuramdis moa-
wevs da imas aqeT. aw texurs gamoRma. beruRalu
rom texurs CaerTvis iqedam da iwyeba. wmindis.
stefanes saydars aqeT: nosiris ewerSi Suazed uCa
Rele rom gaivlis. gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvars
aqeT. da suRirs. aqeT abaSis wylamdis: didis gamo-
ZiebiT gamovikvlieT. da Tu visme udroobiT eWira...
xeli avaRebineT da gangisakuTreT... Sens didebuls
eklesias SevswireT. martvilsa da sujunas~ [ix. 21,
46-47].
aRniSnuli dokumentidan irkveva, rom cxenis-
wylisa da rionis SesarTavidan texur-beruRalis
SesarTavamde (sof. nosiri) mdebare teritoria
martvilis eklesiisadmi yofila Sewiruli, nawili
ki WilaZes Seuwiravs. mogvianebiT beJan dadians da
misi ojaxis wevrebs Zveli davTrebi ganuaxlebiaT
da saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebi daudgeniaT. doku-
mentSi mocemuli aRweriloba TiTqmis mTlianad
moicavs axlandeli abaSis raionis teritorias da
senakis raionis mcire nawils. kerZod, irkveva, rom
saeklesio mamulis dasavleTi sazRvari ,,texuramdis
moawevs~ da ,,aw texurs gamoRma~, wmida stefanes
taZramde vrceldeboda. nosiris CrdiloeTiT, sae-
klesio mamulis dasavleTi sazRvari suRirze ga-
dioda da ,,gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvars aqeT... aba-
Sis wylamdis~ vrceldeboda [iqve].
152
Sewirulebis wigni 1760 wlisaTvis ganuaxlebia
odiSis mTavar kacia dadiansac: ,,...rionis da cxenis-
wylis Sesayridgan texuris Sesayramdis sul gaR-
marTi, kodora, cxepiji, kukuTi, samarRnao da an-
jeli, eseni ZvelTagan WilaZis Yyofiliyo da Wi-
laZes Sewira...~ [ix. 14, 13].
k. borozdini Wyondideli episkoposis mdgoma-
reobas adarebs kaTolike episkoposis mdgoma-reobas
dasavleTSi da aRniSnavs, rom mwyemsmTavari flobda
uzarmazar saeklesio mamuls. is iyo patroni sa-
Wyondidlod wodebul mamulze mosaxle aznaurebisa
da glexebisa. es mamuli gafantuli iyo mTels same-
greloSi, magram umTavresi nawili 3000 komlze
meti glexiT, mdebareobda mdinareebs _ abaSas,
texursa da rions Soris. saWyondidlos ,,Suaguli
sofeli~ anu sarezidencio kera iyo sujuna [4, 79-
80].
saWyondidlos sazRvrebs mogvianebiT Seexo
mkvlevari ioseb yifSiZe. misi ganmartebiT ,,sa-
Wyondido _ название округа около Мартвильского
монастыря, части Сенакского уезда~ [8].
vaxuSti bagrationis, giuldenStedtis, k. bo-
rozdinisa da i. yifSiZis, agreTve XIX saukunis
ramdenime saarqivo dokumentis gaanalizebis safuZ-
velze, g. eliava saWyondidlod wodebuli saekle-
sio sauflos SemadgenlobaSi aqcevda abaSisa da
martvilis (yofili gegeWkoris) raionebis terito-
rias da senakis raionis teritoriis nawils [ix. 8,
5-6]. amasTanave, mkvlevari eWvqveS ayenebda vaxuStis
153
cnobis siswores saWyondidlos dasavleTis sazR-
vrad unagiras miCnevis Sesaxeb, vinaidan, g. eliavas
mosazrebiT, saWyondidlod saxeldebul terito-
riul erTeulSi vaxuSti bagrationi gulisxmobda
ara mTlianad unagiras, kerZod, masSi Semavali
saxarbediosa da ekis mTebiT, aramed unagiras, vidre
noqalaqevamde. g. eliavas mosazrebiT, texurispireTi
noqalaqevis qvemoT ukve salipartianos Semadgenlo-
baSi unda yofiliyo, e. i. salipartianosa da sa-
Wyondidlos gamyofad da am ukanasknelis dasavleT
sazRvrad mkvlevari md. texurs varaudobda. g.
eliava Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad toponimeb-
sac imowmebda. ,,saWyon-didlo mamuli, anu saekle-
sio xat-mamulebi _ saWyondidlos saxelwodebiT
mxolod abaSispireTSi vrceldeba: balda, martvili,
banZa, onoRia, vedid-kari, sefieTi, ontofo, abaSa,
sujuna-maranis xazis gaswvriv~ _ wers igi [8, 8-9].
salipartiano-saWyondidlos gamyofi sazRvris
Sesaxeb g. eliavas Tvalsazrisi dazustebas saWi-
roebs. qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier ukve garkveu-lia,
rom feodaluri erTeuli salipartianos saxelwo-
debiT gacilebiT vrcel teritorias moicavda,
vidre es g. eliavas mier aris SemosazRvruli.
,,afxazeTis sakaTalikoso didi davTridan~ irkveva,
rom sofeli nagvazau lipartianis mflobelobaSi
yofila XVII s. I naxe-varSi. lipartianTa sakuTre-
bas warmoadgenda sofeli bonboTic (axland. bombo-
Ti), rac martvilis samxreT-dasavleTiT, md. abaSis
marjvena napirze mdebareobs [ix. 2, 126-130].
154
salipartianos feodaluri erTeulis sazRvre-
bis Sesaxeb arsebuli naratiuli wyaroebis Sejere-
biT irkveva, rom lipartianebi mamulebs flobdnen
saWyondidlos teritoriazec.
maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sauflis-
wulo da saTavado mamulebis sazRvrebi xSirad ar
emTxveoda saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebs. qveyanaSi
mimdinare socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi, bune-
brivia, ganapirobebda imas, rom icvleboda saeklesio
da saTavado-saufliswulo mamulebis sazRvrebic. am
sakiTxze Tavis droze yuradRebas amaxvilebda g.
eliava da savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavda: saWyon-
didloSi saTavado, sabatoniSvilo mamulebis arse-
bobis miuxedavad, abaSis xeobis es erTaderTi sa-
meurneo-politikuri da teritoriuli erTeuli
mainc ganuyoflad miiCneoda da mTavarTa da Tavad-
TaTvis xelmiu-wvdomeli iyo [8, 8].
qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikuri
cvlilebebi, bunebrivia, ganapirobebda imas, rom ic-
vleboda saeklesio da saTavado-saufliswulo ma-
mulebis sazRvrebic, rac TvalsaCinod dasturdeba
Wyondidis saepiskoposos Sesaxeb arsebuli da Cven
mier nawilobriv ganxiluli werilobiTi wyaroe-
biTac.
banZisa da Wyondidis aRweris Semdeg vaxuSti
exeba hidronim ,,abaSis~ etimologias da saxarias
cixe-sasaxlis adgilmdebareobas: ,,amaTTa (banZisa da
Wyondidis _ i. k.) dasavliT dis mdinare abaSa, pir-
vel sxvis saxeliT wodebuli. Semdgomad, moiqca
155
/ra/ anakofiidam murvan yru, aq dabanakebulTa moaS-
To aman pC abaSi, da mieriTgan iwoda abaSa. /amazed
ars saxaria, cixe da sasaxle dadianisa/. ese sigr-
ZiT ars texuris SesarTavamde. gamosdis kavkass,
odiSsa da svaneTs Soriss, da dis Cdilodam sam-
xriT. ara ars mas Sina Tevzi, Tvinier kalmaxisa~
[11, 167].
abaSis saTaved vaxuSti kavkass asaxelebs. kavka-
si, kavkaseTi igive kavkasionia. magram mecnieri kavka-
sionis mTianeTis sxvadasxva nawils im saxeliT
moixseniebs, romel mxareSic is mdebareobs. ase ma-
galiTad, kavkasi alanisa, vaxuStis aRweriT, ewode-
ba kavkasionis mTianeTis im nawils, rac kodor-
yubanis wyalgamyofs warmoadgens; leCxumis kavkasi
axlandeli leCxumis qedia cageris raionSi; kavkasi
svaneTisa ewodeba enguris saTaveebs. svaneTis sazR-
vrebis aRwerisas vaxuSti asaxelebs ,,svaneTsa da
odiSs Soris kavkass~. misive TqmiT svaneTi
,,(s)igrZiT ars raWis kavkasis Txemidam odiSis kav-
kasis Txemamde...~ [11 173]. mecnieris msjelobiT, aba-
Sisa da texuris saTaveebi kavkasionis mTavar qedze
ki araa, aramed im qedze, rac warmoadgens odiSis
CrdiloeT sazRvars: ,,Takversa da odiSs Sorisi
mTa, kavkasidam Camosuli samxriT da kvalad Takve-
ridamve warsruli kavkasi CdiloT, vidre egrisis
saTavemde, odiSsa da svaneTs Sorisi~ [11, 167].
md. abaSa saTaves iRebs asxis kirqvuli masivis
samxreT nawilSi (martvilis r.). misi saTave-
mdgenlebia toba da raCxiswyali. mdinaris sigrZe
156
66 km-ia da marcxena mxridan uerTdeba texurs za-
naTis teritoriaze. vaxuStis cnobiT, mdinaris
saxelwodeba VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi egrisis
samefoSi arabTa laSqrobis istorias ukavSirdeba.
mematiane juanSeri Tavis TxzulebaSi _ ,,cxovreba
vaxtang gorgaslisa~, mogviTxrobs: ,,..aRdges mdina-
reni sastikad, da mimarTa umcrosman wyalman spasa
abaSTasa, da wariRo maTgan mkuircxli ocdasami
aTasi. da mieriTgan saxel-edva orTa maT mdinareTa:
erTsa cxeniswyali da erTsa abaSa~ [27, 237-238].
aseTive ganmartebaa mocemuli warmoSobiT germaneli
mkvlevris, karl hanis naSromSi _ ,,kavkasiis geo-
grafiuli saxelebis ganmartebaTa pirveli cda~, sa-
dac vkiTxulobT: ,,Абаша приток Техура, получиль
названые отъ того, что въ немъ утонуло 8000
абхазов (абашовъ) узъ войска арабского полководца
Мурванъ-кру~ [33, 2].
vaxuSti miiCnevs, rom ,,abaSa~ mdinaris gviande-
li saxelwodebaa. arabTa laSqrobamde mdinare
,,pirvel sxvis saxeliT~ yofila cnobili, magram
konkretulad Tu ra saxeliT, amis Sesaxeb mematiane
arafers ambobs. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,abaSa~
am mdinaris qvemo welis, kerZod, im monakveTis
saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo, rac abaSis raionis
sof. Zveli abaSis midamoebidan texuris SesarTa-
vamde mdebareobs.
zemo welze mdinare ueWvelad im mTis saxeliT
unda yofiliyo cnobili, sadac saTaves iRebs. aseTi
ki raCxis mTaa. md. abaSis marcxena mdgenelis _ to-
157
bas paralelur saxelwodebad Cawerili gvaqvs
agreTve toponimi ,,tanwyari~. SesaZlebelia am ori
toponimidan erT-erTi md. abaSis zemo welis
saxelwodebad gvevarauda. savele ZiebiT momavalSi
am xeobis Sua welis saxelic SeiZleba gamovlindes
(msjelobisaTvis ix. i. sixaruliZisa da i. kekelias
naSromi. ibeWdeba Jurn. ,,cotneidelSi~).
miaCniaT, rom hidronim abaSaSi aba/-ba elementi
adamianis sakuTar saxels, xolo -Si/-Sa mawarmoebel
sufiqss unda warmoadgendes (aba-Si_>aba-Si-
a_>abaSa_>aba-si, e. i. abaSa ,,abas samkvidrod, sam-
flobelod~ moiazreba [30, 19]. dasaSvebia Semdegi
mniSvnelobac: abCa_>abaSa: ab spars. ,,wyali~, Ca
sparsuli kninobiTobis aRmniSvneli nawilaki; maSa-
sadame, abCa_>abaSa ,,patara wyali; patara mdinare~
(?) (Sdr. obCa) [ix. 20, 17].
sad mdebareobda vaxuStiseuli ,,saxaria~? aR-
niSnuli punqtis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia
ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba. mxareTmcodne g.
eliavam toponimi ,,saxaria~ sof. salxinosTan gaai-
giva. sazafxulo agarakad da rezidenciad SerCeul
soflis mTian mxareSi, abaSis xeobis gadasaxedze,
mdgara dadianTa cixe da sasaxle saxaria. mogviane-
biT, aRniSnavs mkvlevari, _ es adgili odiSis mTa-
vris kuTvnil sarezidencio soflad gadaqceula da
Tvalwarmtaci mdebareobis gamo salxino darqmevia
[9, 82]. Cans, rom mkvlevari salxinosa da saxarias
igiveobas am ori saxelwodebis fonetikuri msgavse-
158
biT xsnida. es mosazreba gaiziares gogilo da de-
mur basilaiebma [1, 29-30].
p. zaqaraiam da T. kapanaZem mematianis mier
moxseniebuli saxaria banZis ukidures CrdiloeTiT,
md. abaSis marcxena napiras mdgari cixe-darbazis
saxelwodebad miiCnies, Tumca, sruliad samarTlia-
nad, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanisgan Tavi Sei-
kaves. ,,es is adgilia Tu ara, amis zustad dadgena
Znelia, aseTi toponimi dRes ar arsebobs~, _ weren
isini [12, 234].
saqme isaa, rom banZis cixe SeuZlebelia saxa-
riad miviCnioT da es kargad Cans TviT vaxuStis
cnobidan, romelic wers: ,,cxeniswylis dasavliT
ars munve banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [11,167]. banZa,
rogorc zemoT vimsjeleT, marTalia, cxeniswylis
dasavleTiT mdebareobs, magram ara cxeniswylis,
aramed md. abaSis xeobaSi. cixec, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena na-
pirze, abaSa-martvilis saavtomobilo gzasa da mdi-
nares Sua, velze dgas da nangrevebi nojixenis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. esaa soflis saxelis ad-
gilobrivi araoficialuri variantic. najixu, no-
jixeni megrulSi ,,nacixars~ niSnavs (jixa ,,cixe~).
amrigad, es saxeli savsebiT Seefereba cixis naSTeb-
sac. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom vaxuSti bato-
niSvilis dros, kerZod, XVIII s. I naxevarsa da
ufro adrec, cixis saxeli nojixeni ver iqneboda.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom cixis arsebobis pe-
riodSi sofels jixa erqva, xolo mas Semdeg, rac,
159
aq mdgari nagebobebi daingra, sofelsac nojixeni
(,,nacixari~) ewoda. es unda momxdariyo XVIII s.
bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi [ix. 13, 55].
Cveni azriT cixis garSemo mdebare dasaxlebas
nojixenamde banZa unda rqmeoda. es savsebiT damaje-
rebeli variantia maSin, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im
sagulisxmo garemoebas, rom banZa, gvian Sua sauku-
neebsa da, Semdegac, XIX saukuneSi, moicavda sak-
maod vrcel teritorias abaSidan cxeniswylamde [ix.
16, 7; 17, 14]. swored amitom unda miuTiTebdes
vaxuSti cxeniswylis dasavleTiT banZas
,,keTilnaSeni~ cixiT.
Zegli, rasac vaxuStiseul banZis cixed miviC-
nevT, Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli
dayofiT, banZis Temis ukidures CrdiloeT mxares,
lexaindravos Temis sof. nojixevSi, md. abaSis
marcxena mxares mdebare SemaRlebazea. nacixaris
garSemo amJamad saxnavebia da adgilobrivni
,,abaSaWaes~ eZaxian, xolo TviT nacixari ,,jixad~ da
,,nojixenad~ moixsenieba.
banZis Semdeg, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuSti
aRwers Wyondidis adgilmdebareobas, saubrobs hi-
dronim ,,abaSis~ warmomavlobaze da amis Semdeg
gvawvdis cnobas saxarias cixesa da sasaxleze. amas-
Tanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom
vaxuStis rukaze toponimi ,,saxaria~ naCvenebia ban-
Zis maxloblad, md. abaSis marjvena napiras, dRevan-
del abedaT-sergieTis teritoriaze.
160
mkvlevar Salva jRarkavas varaudiT vaxuSti-
seuli ,,saxaria~ saxarbedios damaxinjebuli forma
unda iyos. xarbediebi abedaTSi mosaxleobdnen.
,,sainteresoa, ratom aRniSnavs vaxuSti am adgils
saxariad. SesaZloa es misi Zveli saxelwodeba iyo.
am adgilis Seswavlam erT sayuradRebo garemoebaze
SegvaCera. aq cxovroben xarbediebi. dRes ramdenime
ojaxia darCenili, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom winaT
xarbediebs marsilSi ekavaT garkveuli teritoria
da es adgili iwodeboda saxarbediod... vaxuStim Se-
saZloa saxarbedio aRniSna saxariad... vfiqrobT, rom
vaxuStis saxaria, ,,cixe da sasaxle dadianisa~, aris
igive marsilis dadianis sasaxle~ [32, 287].
S. jRarkavas mosazreba gaiziara Tamaz beraZem.
Tumca sxva, damatebiTi argumenti S. jRarkavas va-
raudis gasamyareblad mkvlevars ar warmoudgenia.
[ix. 3, 56].
S. jRarkavas zemoT moxmobili msjelobidan ga-
modis, rom arqanjelo lambertis rukaze aRniSnuli
marsili da vaxuStiseuli saxaria erTsa da imave
punqtSi, sof. abedaTis teritoriaze, an mis Semoga-
renSi lokalizdeba.
saqme isaa, rom am ori punqtis _ saxariasa da
marsilis igiveoba piradad nakleb sarwmunod migvaC-
nia. am igiveobis marTebulobas ufro is garemoeba
arTulebs, rom toponimi saxaria abedaTis terito-
riaze damowmebuli ar aris. amasTanave, Secdomaa,
roca S. jRarkavas vaxuStiseul ,,saxariad~ sof.
abedaTSi, marsilis velze, xarbediebis gvariT dasa-
161
xlebuli Tu maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli da, uwin,
albaT, saxarbediod saxeldebuli garkveuli teri-
toria esaxeba. am mosazrebis mcdarobaze metyvelebs
Semdegi garemoebani: 1. xarbedia erT-erTi ricxvmra-
vali gvaria. am gvariskacni mosaxleoben menjSi, ki-
wiaSi, TeklaTSi, lesiWineSi, sergieTSi, qariataSi,
xobSi, axalsofelSi (zugdidis r.), foTsa da sxva-
gan. abedaTis Temis arc erT sofelSi (abedaTi,
jolo, lemiqave, leqajaie) xarbediebis mosaxleoba
ver davadastureT. S. jRarkavas naSromis gamoqveyne-
bis TariRis (1965 w.) gaTvaliswinebiT, abedaTSi
xarbediebs ar ucxovriaT arc gasuli saukunis 60-
ian wlebSi, Tumca S. jRarkava darwmunebiT wers,
rom am adgilis Seswavlam igi erT sayuradRebo ga-
remoebaze SeaCera; kerZod, imaze, rom abedaTSi TiT-
qos xarbediebi mosaxleoben. realuri suraTi ki
sxvagvaria: Cven mier mowyobili istoriul-
geografiuli eqspedi-ciebis dros xarbediebis gva-
ris kompaqturi dasaxleba dadasturda ara abedaTSi
(rogorc aRniSnavs S. jRarkava), aramed mezobel
sofel sergieTSi (administraciul-teritoriuli
erTeulis centri abedaTis CrdiloeTiT, md. abaSis
marjvena mxares), sadac am gvariT dasaxlebuli uba-
ni winakverkvesa da naxunus sazRvrebTan
,,saxarbediod~ iwodeba. aqve davadastureT gvarTan
dakavSirebuli ori toponimi: neZgidea//xarbediefiS
oneZe _ ferdobi arjaniaS Rees Senakadis _ noRis
marcxena napirze, da xarbediefiS noxori
,,xarbediebis nasaxlari~ _ saxnavi naxunus sazRvar-
162
Tan. amasTanave, XVII_XVIII ss. istoriuli wyaroe-
bis mixedviT xarbediebi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen.
Tuki sergieTSi komlmraval gvarebad iTvleboda ga-
werelia, surmava, bedia, sulava, quTaTelaZe, Todua,
injgia da sxv., xarbedias gvari ricxovnobiT gamor-
Ceuli ar yofila da araa savaldebulo, rom uwin
damoukidebeli soflis an soflis SigniT dasaxle-
buli ubnis saxiT arsebuliyo.
prof. iuri sixaruliZis varaudiT, geografi-
ulad md. abaSis napirze mdebare sofeli naxarebao
saxeliT ufro axlosaa saxariasTan (saxararui?).
amitom saxelwodebaTa msgavseba CvenTvis saintereso
punqtis arsebobas mkvlevars swored abaSis xeobaSi,
am soflis teritoriaze afiqrebinebda [26, 3].
SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom vaxuStim soflis
saxelwodeba naxarebao marTlac saxariad gaiazra da
am formiT kidec moixsenia Tavis naSromSi, magram am
varaudis daSvebis SesaZleblobas mainc arTulebs
ramdenime garemoeba: 1. vaxuSti saxarias aRniSnavs
banZis pirdapir, md. abaSis marjvena mxares. naxareba-
vo ki banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena napirze
da noRelis namdinarev velze mdebareobs. 2. Cvenamde
moRweul arcerT werilobiT dokumentSi naxarebus
uwindel Tu paralelur formad saxaria naxsenebi
ar aris. ufro metic: vaxuStis cnobis TiTqmis Ta-
nadroul, 1771 wliT daTariRebul anton cagerelis
Sewirulebis wignSi soflis saxelwodebad miTiTe-
bulia naxarboi: [ix. 14, 43]; 3. axlandel naxarebus
teritoriaze cixis naSTi SemorCenili ar aris.
163
saxarias lokalizaciis sakiTxs Seexo mkvleva-
ri d. WiTanava da gamoTqva varaudi, rom vaxuStis
mier md. abaSasTan moxseniebuli cixe da dadianis
sasaxle sof. vedidkarSi, abaSis marcxena napirTan
axlos mdebare, ,,nojixevad~ (nacixari) saxeldebuli
adgili unda iyos, sadac SemorCenilia ekal-
bardebiT dafaruli riyis qvis kedlis naSTebi [29,
208]. imave naSromSi mkvlevari erTgan aRniSnavs,
rom vedidkar-muxurCis cixe igivea, rac vaxuStis
,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [29, 213].
,,saxarias~ istoriisa da lokalizaciis sakiTx-
Tan mimarTebaSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTve
soflis saxelwodeba lexaindravom (araoficialuri
saxelwodebaa lexaindre). vaxuSti bagrationis mier
Sedgenil rukaze, md. cxeniswylis marjvena mxares
aRniSnulia punqti lexainas formiT. vaxuStiseuli
lexaina formiTac da rukaze mocemuli adgilmdeba-
reobiTac dRevandel lexaindres Seesabameba [ix. 19,
66]. xaindravebis mier 1770 wels xonis mTavare-
piskopos maqsimesadmi micemul pirobis wignSi das-
turdeba ,,mowme sul erTobiT saxaindrao~ [ix. 14,
175]. saxaindraoSi swored saTavado aznaurTa _
xaindravebis (adg. varianti xaindraa) mflobelobaSi
arsebuli mamuli, sofeli lexaindre unda igulisx-
mebodes. rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukuneSi erTi da
igive punqtis paralelur saxelwodebad lexaindre
da saxaindrao dasturdeba. 1997 wels soflis is-
toriul-geografiuli aRwerisas CaviwereT toponimi
,,saxariaS foni~. ase ewodeba fons soflis aRmo-
164
savleTiT, md. cxeniswyalze. 2007 wels fexdafex
SemoviareT lexaindravos TemSi Semavali soflebi
(sakuTriv lexaindravo, stefasdabali, nojixevi) da
misi Semogareni. Tumca cxeniswylis gayolebiT, arc
,,saxariaS fonis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili adgilis
maxloblad da arc mezobeli soflebis (nagvazu,
nageberu, najaxu) teritoriaze cixisa da sasaxlis
naSTebs ver mivakvlieT. TviT ,,saxariaS fonis~ sax-
eldebis motivis Sesaxeb ki Semdegi ganmarteba Cag-
vawerines: saxaria erqva pirovnebas, romelic cxe-
niswylis napiras, saxeldebuli obieqtis maxloblad
cxovrobda.
Cveni mizani iyo ,,saxarias~ lokalizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazre-
bebis mimoxilva. Yyvela Tvalsazrisi mxolod va-
raudis doneze rCeba, vidre TiToeuli maTgani saTa-
nado argumentebiT ar gamyardeba.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxuSti
bagrationis Sromisa da mis mier Sedgenili rukebis
monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe gviani Sua sauku-
neebis samegrelos warsulis Seswavla, rasakvirve-
lia, srulyofili ar iqneba. davesesxebiT prof. le-
van maruaSvils: ,,vaxuSti bagrationis giganturi
Sroma, rac gamoixata mSobliuri qveynis detalur,
Tavisi epoqisaTvis zust aRweraSi da gamosaxvaSi,
STamomavalTa aRtacebas iwvevs. mxolod samSoblos
siyvarulma SeaZlebina CrdiloeTSi gadaxvewil ba-
toniSvils esoden xangrZlivi da bejiTi Sroma.
STamomavloba qeds ixris am fenomenis winaSe, ro-
165
melmac ase solidurad Seavso qarTuli mwerlobis
Tavisufali Taro~.
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3. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis isto-
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noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1991.
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arqeopolisi_noqalaqevi, Tb., 1984.
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18. i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiur-
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21. i. kekelia, e. kurdRelia, i. xarebava, masalebi
odiSis samTavros istoriisaTvis, kr. ,,mxareT-
mcodne~, II, quT., 2011.
22. b. kudava, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX-XI
ss.), istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecni-
ero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili dis-
ertacia (xelnaweris uflebiT), Tb., 2022.
23. l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geogra-
fia, Tb., 1964.
24. i. meunargia, odiSis samTavros ukanaskneli peri-
odi da daviT dadiani, tf., 1939.
25. i. sixaruliZe, odiSis saistorio geografiis
wyaroebi, gaz. ,,maxaria~, #1 (28), 2003.
26. ,,qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I, Tb., 1955; t. IV, Tb., 1973.
27. g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria,
t. I, 1961.
28. d. WiTanava, saeklesio da saero nagebobani same-
greloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.
29. o. xuxua, abaSa, baSi, barda, lebarde, cxenis-
wylis etimologiisaTvis. gegeWkoris saraionTa-
168
Soriso samxareTmcodneo muzeumis XXVI samecni-
ero sesia (masalebi), Tb., 1981.
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Tb., 1979.
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fiuli daxasiaTeba), Tsu Sromebi, ist. mecniere-
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32. К. Гань. Опыт объяснения кавказских геогра-
фических названии. СМОМПК,. вып. 40. 1909.
169
IGOR KEKELIA
VAKHUSHTI BAGRATIONI AND THE ISSUES OF HISTORIC GEOGRAPHY OF ABASHA GORGE
The research work by Vakhushti Bagrationi, the well-known
Georgian scientist and statesman of the 18 th century, represents a very important treasure in the history of Georgian culture and science.
For the thorough study of historical-geographical and social-economic situation of Georgia in the Middle Ages his major work ,, Descripition of the Kingdom of Georgia~, based on his own ob-servations and the study of historical sources, and his cartograph-ic atlas are priceless.
Vakhushti deals with the small Kingdoms and principalities created as a result of disintegration of the unified Georgia (the second half of the 15 th century) and provides us with a description of historical past and geographic specificities.
In his work Vakhushti described Qartli, kakheti, Hereti, Kuk-heti, Didoeti, Samtskhe-saatabago, Klarjeti and some regions of western Georgia. Vakhushti’s description of these regions (espe-cially Abkhazia, odishi, Guria, Svaneti) is schematic and less pre-cise. this was caused by the lack of information about these re-gions.
The proposed paper is dealing with the study of historical geography of abasha gorge as reflected in Vakhushti bagrationi’s work. In terms of investigation of the above-mentioned issue the geographical atlases compiled by the scientist in 1735 and 1745 are very important.
While examining the issues of historical geography of Aba-sha gorge, the author discusses the etymology of hydronim
170
,,Abasha’’, and the settlements (Bandza, Chkondidi, Sakharia). At the same time, the history of Epharkia of Chkondidi and localiza-tion of mountain Unagira are highlighted, taking into consideration the modern historiography.
171
igor kekelia
enguris xeobis saistorio geografia
vaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSi
enguris xeoba uZvelesi droidan iqcevda uc-
xoel da qarTvel mematianeTa yuradRebas, masze ga-
mavali mniSvnelovani strategiuli, politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri komunikaciebiT. xeobis aRweriloba mo-
cemulia XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieris,
kartografisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis _ vaxuSti
bagrationis fundamentur naSromSi _ ,,aRwera same-
fosa saqarTvelosa~.
Waniswylis xeobisa da walenjixis aRweris
Semdeg vaxuStis naSromSi gadmocemulia enguris
xeobis geografiuli mdebareoba: ,,amis (walenjixis
_ i. k.) CdiloT dis mdinare eguri, wodebuli da-
bis gamo. gamosdis masve svaneTsa da odi[S]s Soriss
kavkassa, modis aRmosavleTidam dasavleTad, mierT-
vis /zRvas/ anakrias. anakrias aRaSenes osmalTa
cixe, qristessa CRg, qarTulsa tJa, awca upyravT
maTve. anakriis aRmosavliT am mdinarezed ars ruxs
cixe didSeni, Sig wyaro gamomdinare. aRaSena levan
dadianman qristessa Cqmz. qarTulsa tle, Semdgomad
Semusres osmalTa welsa CRke, qarTulsa uig, da
amis qviT aRaSenes anakria umtkicesad. ruxs iTxre-
bis kaJi Caxmaxisa friad keTili da mravali. ruxs
zeiT, mTasa Sina ars saafacio saTavidam~ [8, 168-
169].
172
enguris xeobis aRwerisas vaxuSti zogjer
scodavs. T. beraZis dakvirvebiT, mas xSirad erTma-
neTSi ereva ,,Crdilo~ da Crdilo-dasavleTi an da-
savleTi. amitom vaxuStis zemoT moxmobili cnoba
md. enguris walenjixis ,,CdiloT~ dinebis Sesaxeb
Secdomaa, rameTu es mdinare walenjixis monastris
dasavleTiT moedineba [ix. 4, 60]. amasTanave, gasaT-
valiswinebelia is garemoeba, rom md. engursa da
walenjaxis Soris moedineba kidev erTi mdinare
CxouSias saxelwodebiT, rac md. jums marjvnidan
SeerTvis axland. sof. didi neZis kaxaTis terito-
riaze. CxouSias vaxuSti ar icnobs da Sesabamisad
arc mis naSromSia dasaxelebuli. aseve SecdomiTaa
miniSnebuli mdinaris saTave. enguri moedineba zemo
svaneTidan, kavkasionis mTavari qedidan, da misi sa-
Tave bevrad daSorebulia ,,svaneTsa da odiSs So-
riss~ mdebare ,,kavkass~, anu egrisis qeds. enguris
zemo weli svaneTSia, Sua welSi egrisis qeds Cauv-
lis dasavleTiT (q. jvaris Semogareni walenjixis
raionSi), xolo qvemo weli moicavs odiSis dab-
lobs, sof. tyaiadan (Cxoriis Temi) Savi zRvis Se-
sarTavamde.
sainteresoa dakvirveba hidronimis vaxuStiseul
dawerilobaze _ eguri. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
mecnieri batoniSvili mdinaris saxelwodebas swori
formiT unda gadmoscemdes. ,,is gardamavali unda
iyos ,,egridan~ ,,enguramde~, _ wers T. beraZe da
iqve Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad gvianfeo-
daluri xanis ramdenime sabuTsac imowmebs. kerZod,
173
sqolioSi (#34) miuTiTebs wigns _ ,,masalebi sa-
qarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa da toponimiki-
saTvis, w. I~. wignSi, rac 1964 wels gamoica, aR-
niSnulia, rom 1512-1532 wlebiT daTariRebuli do-
kumentis Tanaxmad ,,mamia dadianma Seswira biWvintis
RvTismSobels eguris piras naJaneo 60 komli ka-
ciT~ [ix. 16:78]. amas garda, afxazeTis kaTalikos
grigol lorTqifaniZis 1706 wlis sigeli gvamc-
nobs: ,,...elibaxu nanaisSÁli eguris gaRmidam wamo-
viyvaneT da magierSid da xibulas davasaxleT~ [ix.
11, 92].
vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom engurs (,,egurs~) saxeli
unda mieRo amave saxelwodebis dabisagan, magram
saqme isaa, rom mis mier Sedgenil arc erT rukaze
am saxelis matarebeli daba aRniSnuli araa [msje-
lobisaTvis ix. 4, 60-61]. etyoba, rom mematianesac
eWvi epareboda am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtis
realurad arsebobaSi.
lamberti kolxidis ,,umTavres da ufro cno-
bil~ mdinareebs Soris asaxelebs engurs, rac, misi
azriT uwindeli astelefosi unda iyos. gvTavazobs
mdinaris aRwerilobasac: ,,enguri Camodis didis si-
swrafiT svaneTis mTebidan. zafxulis sicxeebSi
Tovlis dnobis dros igi saSinlad matulobs, da
unavod gasvla masSi SeuZlebelia. ramdenadac ufro
grilia. wyali riyis qvebs Sua iwmindeba da metad
mSvenieria. am mdinareSi mravali nair-nairi Tevzia,
romelsac mkvidrni iWeren badiTac da xis kavebiTac.
roca zafxulobiT wyali matulobs, am mdinaris
174
zRvasTan SesarTavSi Zalian bevr zuTxs iWeren~ [14,
200-201].
mdinares araerTgzis moixseniebs Engour-is
formiT Jak fransua gambac [5: 83, 94, 104, 105, 111,
112, 317, 321, 329].
Savi zRvis piras, enguris SesarTavis marcxena
mxares, mdebareobs erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebuli
punqti anaklia. vaxuSti mas moixseniebs anakrias
formiT. ucxour da qarTul kartografiul masa-
lebsa da werilobiT wyaroebSi dasturdeba toponi-
mis orive forma.
anaklia Tavis rukaze datanili aqvs kastels
[13, 187; sur. # 524]; erT-erT naxatze ki Semdegi
warwera aqvs gakeTebuli: ,,Cveni patrebis navi so-
fel anakliaSi~ (sur. #473).
pirveli wyaro, sadac anakliaa dasaxelebuli,
aris lui granJies 1615 wliT daTariRebuli weri-
li, sadac igi am punqts herakliad moixseniebs. le-
van II dadianis Sewirulobis sigelSi, rac 1628
wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, rom odiSis mTavars
biWvintis RvTismSoblisaTvis Seuwiravs ,,anaklias
koCilai Codia... kidev anaklias faculai wawulua~
[11, 41; 14, 19]. romis papisadmi patr Zampis mier
1675 wels gagzavnil werilSi dasaxelebulia
,,anakria~ da ,,arkama~ [12: 204-205). anakliaze cnobe-
bi daculia frangi mogzauris _ Jan Sardenis na-
SromSi. igi saubrobs anakliis eklesiaze:
,,...anakliaSi me wirvasac daveswari, romelic iseTive
upativcemulod da daudevrad sruldeba, rogorc es
175
aRniSnuli iyo samegrelos religiis Sesaxeb traq-
tatSi. erTxel mowme gavxdi wirvis saseiro Sewyve-
tisa; TeaTinelTan erTad mivdiodiT Cven TavSesafar
koSkSi; gaviareT eklesiasTan, sadac wirva mimdina-
reobda…~ [ix. 22, 255]. lamberti kolxidis (odiSis)
monasterTa CamonaTvalSi asaxelebs anakrias (d`
Anarghia) da aRniSnavs, rom misi Zveli saxeli he-
raklea (Heraclea) iyo. misive miTiTebiT aq uwin sae-
piskoposoc yofila, rac sxva wyaroebiT ar dastur-
deba [ix. 14, 138]. iohan anton giuldenStedtis
TqmiT anaklia ewodeba cixes enguris SesarTavTan [6,
325, SeniSvna]. 1823 wlis 6 (18) ivniss soxumidan
fregatiT gadmosuli frangi mogzauri gamba meore
dRes anaklias swvevia. ,,dilaadrian ukve anakliaSi
aRmovCndiT, _ wers mogzaurobis dRiurSi, _ igi
pontis samefos, Zveli herekleas erT-erTi kolonia
gaxldaT. es navsadguri gaSenebulia ajisa (Agis) da
enguris SesarTavTan; Zvelad igi trapizonsa da
konstantinopolTan Zalze mniSvnelovan vaWrobas
awarmoebda, rac ZiriTadad tyveTa syidvas emyarebo-
da~ [ix. 5, 94].
anaklias axsenebs Sveicarieli mecnieri da
mogzauri frederik diubua de monpere. man XIX s.
30-ian wlebSi imogzaura SavizRvispireTSi. ,,rodesac
mivcuravdiT enguris SesarTavis siaxloves, _ wers
diubua, _ am Cqari mdinaris marcxena napirze Tvali
movkari anakrias, berZenTa herakleas, misi Zveli nan-
grevebiT~. anaklia moxseniebulia moric vagneris
TxzulebaSi, rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare
176
sanavsadguro adgili da ,,samegrelos ukiduresi
Crdilo sasazRvro~ punqti [7, 134].
germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri eduard aix-
valdi asaxelebs anakliis dangreul cixes, rogorc
dadianis sakuTrebas. misive cnobiT, aRniSnuli cixe
ekuTvnoda samegrelos mTavar giorgi dadians. 1779
wels anakliis cixes dapatronebia afxazeTis mTava-
ri qeleS bei ServaSiZe [2: 184, 214]. aixvaldi gad-
mogvcems mis mdebareobasac: ,,redut-kaledan cota
CrdiloeTiT, aqedan ufro Sors, vidre samxreTiT
foTia, ingurze Zevs anaklia~ [iqve, 211]. saintere-
soa eduard aixvaldis cnoba md. anakliis Sesaxeb:
,,...mdinare anaklia am dros araa sicocxlisaTvis
uxifaTo gasasvlelad~ [iqve, 197].
,,anakliis~ saxelwodebiT mdinare cnobili araa.
soflis teritoriaze gaedineba md. Tiqori, rac
amave saxelwodebis soflis teritoriaze (anakliis
Temi) uerTdeba Sav zRvas. misi Senakadia Rele far-
ToRal(?), rac sof. cvanedan moedineba. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom anaklia Tiqoris uwindeli saxel-
wodeba yofiliyo.
anakliaze cnobebi daucavs iakob rainegssac,
romelic aRniSnavs: ,,...mdinare enguris marjvena na-
pirze, mis SesarTavTan, mdebareobs qalaqi da iqve
cixe anaklia. es aris afxazeTis mTavris levan Ser-
vaSiZis rezidencia. cixis Sida farTobi sigrZiT
ToTxmeti saJenia, siganiT _ cameti; mas Semovle-
buli aqvs sami saJeni simaRlisa da xuTi futi sis-
177
qis galavani. kari ornaxevari wyrTis simaRlis da
erTnaxevari wyrTis siganisaa~ [19, 108].
TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobis naSTi SemorCeni-
lia enguris marcxena mxares da zRvas 0,5 km-iT
aris daSorebuli. adgilobrivni mas jixas eZaxian.
SemorCenilia kvadratuli gegmis mqone cixis oria-
rusiani galavani sam mxares (garda dasavleTisa) da
kuTxeebSi mdgari sami koSki, rac dasavleTiT,
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa
aRmarTuli. md. enguris, e. i. dasavleT mxares mdga-
ri koSki sworkuTxaa, danarCenebi _ cilindruli
formisa. meoTxe koSki mdgara agreTve mdinaris
mxares, rac cixis galavanTan erTad engurs waule-
kia. aq SemorCenili kedlebis naSTi adasturebs mdi-
naris mxares 3 m-ze ufro ganieri WiSkris arsebo-
bas. galavnis zeda iarusze saTofurebia CarTuli.
koSkebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi zeda sarTulebis
sabrZolo daniSnulebaze metyvelebs kedlebSi sa-
Tofurebis arseboba [9, 117-118].
soflis saxelwodebis adgilobrivi araoficia-
luri variantia anarkia. aRniSnuli forma dastur-
deba toponimebSic. kerZod, zugdid-anakliis
gzatkecilis monakveTs sof. ingiris teritoriaze
anarkiaS Sara//naWkira hqvia. igive saxeliT iwodeba
gza zugdididan anakliisken, sof. kaxaTis gavliT
[24, 158].
megrul xalxur sityvierebaSic gvxvdeba
,,anarkia~ forma. movixmobT sailustracio masalas:
178
yursalefiS naxvamlefi, yursalTa gatacebuli
,sqani da do jimalefi, Seni da da (Seni) Zmebi,
xe do kuCxi krilefi xel-fexgakoWilebi
anarkias rCxvianduni? anakliaSi (rom) kiodnen!
an
zugiduri, anarkuli, anakliel-zugdideli,
arTianiSi moxvarefi! erTmaneTis damxmareni.
an kidev
pirvel Tias mi merCandes, pirvel wils vin
mogcemdaT,
va imendaT anarkia. imedi ar hqondes anaklias.
da bolos
aba, jima, ria, aba, Zmao, ajanyeba,
martvil-anarkia... martvil-anaklia...
[20, 60, 83, 107; 21, 150].
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuSti anakliis cix-
is aSenebas osmalebs ukavSirebs. mematianis cnoba,
rom osmalebma ruxis cixis nangrevebisagan ,,aRaSenes
anakria umtkicesad~, Zneli dasajerebelia. amaSi qve-
moT davrwmundebiT.
cnoba ruxis cixis Sesaxeb daculia Sardenis
,,mogzaurobaSi~, roca igi gadmogvcems 1672 wlis,
179
osmalTa SemosevasTan dakavSirebul ambebs. ufro
adre, zugdidTan, kozxeTTan (korcxeli) da anak-
liasTan erTad, ruxi Tavis rukaze aRuniSnavs lam-
berts [14, CanarTi 1 _ ,,kolxeTis anu samegrelos
ruqa~]. ,,axali qarTlis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs, rom
ruxis cixeSi inaxeboda ofSqviTis brZolis dros
qarTlis mefe simonisaTvis dadianis molaSqreTagan
warTmeuli zarbaznebi [10, 282-288].
1700-1712 wlebis axlo xanebSi grigol kaTa-
likosis mier daweril ,,wignSi~ aRniSnulia: ,,ruxus
rom levan dadiani mokuda, misi sicocxleSid da-
dianis alnebiT nemsaZe kzs mosloda~ [11, 102].
,,ruxu~ swored axland. sofeli ruxia. 1712 wlis
garigebis wigni gvamcnobs: ,,SarvaSiZe ruxs mokvda,
wavediT da vitireT, niSnic marTebuli aviReT...~
[iqve, 104-105]. giuldenStedtis cnobiT ruxi cixea
enguris marcxena napirze, rac uwin TurqTa xelSi
iyo, amJamad ki mitovebulia [6, 325]. ruxis Sesaxeb
cnobebs gvawvdis germaneli mogzauri iakob raineg-
si, romelic gvauwyebs: rusTa razmebis mier dan-
greuli afxazuri patara cixe ruxi enguris marj-
vena napirze mdebareobs da lazebSi mimavali gzis
Camketia. iqve axlos mdebare sofelsac ruxi ewode-
ba, xolo misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Svid versze,
enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs samegrelos
yvelaze mZlavri da didi cixe egersi, anu egeria
[19, 121]. rainegsis cnoba ruxis adgilmdebareobaze
arasworia. igi enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs.
180
ruxi gvxvdeba megrul xalxur saistorio
leqsSic:
,,vo, dadia, dadia, vo, dadia, dadia,
ruxiSi dénabadia! ruxSi danabadoo...~
[23, 233].
odiSis samTavroSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sa-
fortifikacio nagebobis _ ruxis cixis mSenebloba
ukavSirdeba levan II dadianis saxels, rasac cixis
dagegmareba da kedlebis wyobac adasturebs. cixis
aSeneba umTavresad ganpirobebuli iyo afxazTagan
odiSis dasacavad. levanisave iniciativiT XVII s.
30-ian wlebSi ganxorcielda Cxaridan da Cixoridan
imereTis mefe giorgi III-is (1605-1639 ww.) gamosa-
syidSi miRebuli somexi da ebraeli vaWrebis ruxSi
Camosaxleba. ase daarsda aq savaWro saxelosno ad-
gili qalaqis statusiT. somxebiT dasaxlebuli
borcvi ruxSi, jixaSkaris ubanSi, dResac naso-
mex(u)d iwodeba.
ruxis mSeneblobaze cnoba daculia arqanjelo
lambertis naSromSi. ,,mxolod somxebis qalaqSi, _
gvauwyebs lamberti, _ romelic aSenebulia awindel
mTavris dros, aris moedanze ramdenime duqani, sa-
dac iyideba tilo da iranuli Sali~ [14, 179]. som-
xebis qalaqSi TeaTineli misioneri swored ruxs
gulisxmobs.
mkvlevar i. anTelavas marTebuli mosazrebiT,
ruxSi cixis ageba, misi ,,gaqalaqeba~ da levan da-
181
dianis mier gatarebuli sxva cnobili RonisZiebebi
(vaWrebis mowveva, zarafxanis gaxsna...) mTavris
proeqtis mizandasaxulobaTa realizacias, kerZod,
evropasTan satranzito vaWrobis ganviTarebas isax-
avda miznad [1, 113-114].
TviT cixe agebulia enguris gavakebis Sua
welze, engursa da mis marcxena Senakads _
rux(iS)wyars Soris, SemaRlebaze. erT ha-mde far-
Tobis mqone cixe Tavisi masStabebiT, galavnisa da
koSkebis sisqe-simaRliTa da mSeneblobis simtkiciT
mnaxvelebze did STabeWdilebas tovebs. cixes adgi-
lobrivni uwodeben ruxiS jixas, jixas. iqve mde-
bare ubans, sadac duqnebi yofila ganTavsebuli,
jixaSkars eZaxian. amasTanave, ruxis cixesTan gama-
vali saxmeleTo gza ,,jixaSkariS Sarad~ iwodeboda.
p. zaqaraias msjelobiT, uwin enguri cixes uSua-
lod uvlida, amJamad ki mdinaris marcxena napirs
300-400 m. aSorebs [10, 162-174]. aSenebulia riyis
qviTa da kiriT. cixeSi Sesvla samxreT-
aRmosavleTis koSkSi datanebuli kariTaa SesaZle-
beli. cixis garekedlis simaRle daaxl. 10-12 m-ia,
saSualo sisqe _ 2,80 m. dasavleTiT da aRmosavle-
TiT simaRle 14-40 m-s aRwevs. SemorCenilia 5
koSki (saS. zoma 8,45X9,65 m). cixis Sida zomaa
94X57 m, rac ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. cixe-simagre
1725 wels daurbeviaT Turq dampyroblebs. XVII s-
Si odiSis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi da cixe-
simagre, amis Semdeg qalaqis statusiT istoriul
wyaroebSi ar moixsenieba [18: 46]. sainteresoa Sar-
182
denis cnoba, rom ruxis cixe samegrelos mTavris
adgilsamyofelsac warmoadgenda.
vaxuStis cnobiT ruxis cixe 1647 welsaa aSe-
nebuli levan dadianis mier (,,qristessa Cqmz, qar-
Tulsa tle~). CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT Tvlis vaxuSti ruxis cixis agebis Ta-
riRad 1647 wels [4, 62). gamoTqmulia mosazreba,
rom aq cixis mSenebloba somex-ebrael vaWarTa gad-
mosaxlebisTanave, 1635-1636 wlebSi unda dawyebu-
liyo. vaxuStis, etyoba, miaCnda, rom ruxis
,,aRSeneba~ 1647 wels dasrulda, ,,Torem, _ wers
ilia anTelava, _ yovlad SeuZlebelia aseTi didi
nagebobis erT weliwadSi dasruleba~ [1, 113-114].
p. zaqaraia SeniSnavs, rom uzustobas Seicavs
vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba ruxis cixis dangrevaze.
osmalTa mier cixis dazianeba SesaZlebelia, magram
ruxis dangreuli cixis qvebiT anakliis mSeneb-
lobaze cnobis am nawilis dajereba Znelia, Tundac
im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iqidan aTeuli
kilometriT daSorebul anakliamde riyis qvis gada-
zidva gaumarTlebeli iqneboda [9, 117].
sworia vaxuStis cnoba ruxis cixeSi wyaros
arsebobis Sesaxeb. es wyaro cixis CrdiloeTiT,
gzatkecilsa da engurs Soris, galavanTan gamoedi-
neba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mas ,,oZiles~ eZaxis,
rac jiles, darans, Tevzis samyofels niSnavs.
swavluli mecnieri enguris xeobis im nawilSi,
rac mdebareobs egrisis qedsa da sof. ruxs Soris,
asaxelebda feodalur erTeuls saafacios saxel-
183
wodebiT. mis mier Sedgenil rukebze saxeldebuli
obieqti xan mdinaris marcxena napirzea aRniSnuli,
xan marjvenaze. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteres-
da odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvleva-
ri Tamaz beraZe. ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis kuTxiT
warmoebuli kvleva gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
gamoqveynebul naSromSi man Semdegi saxiT Camoayali-
ba: is faqti, rom vaxuStis Tavis rukaTa meore
atlasis arc erT Sesabamis rukaze saafacio, ro-
gorc punqti, ar aRuniSnavs, im garemoebiT unda
aixsnas, rom saxelovan mecniers eWvi epareboda am
saxelwodebis punqtis realurad arsebobaSi. vaxuS-
tis cnobis Tanaxmad, saafacio iseTive feodaluri
erTeulia, rogoricaa salipartiano, magram saqme
isaa, rom odiSis am nawilis sofelTa toponimia ar
icnobs punqts ,,saafacios~ saxelwodebiT. mis arsebo-
baze arafers gveubneba xalxuri gadmocema da vinaidan
werilobiT wyaroebSic araferia cnobili afacias, ro-
gorc feodaluri gvaris Sesaxeb, saafacios feodalu-
ri erTeulis arsebobac eWvs iwvevs. saafacioSi,
daaskvnis mkvlevari, SeuZlebelia vigulisxmoT sof.
ruxis erTi ubani safarcvanio, vinaidan araa savalde-
bulo Zvel droSi damoukidebel soflad misi miCneva.
amasTanave, rac mTavaria, farcvaniebis gvareulobidan,
vaxuSti bagrationis mier nagulisxmevi saafacios
feodaluri erTeuli ver Seiqmneboda, radgan am gvaris
kacni glexebi iyvnen [4, 61].
T. beraZis aRniSnuli msjeloba rom damajere-
belia, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom ruxeli
184
farcvaniebis gadmocemiT, maTi winaprebi XIX sauku-
nis 50-ian wlebSi Camosaxlebulan salipartianodan.
gadmocemis siswores adasturebs erTi saistorio
wyaroc, saidanac irkveva, rom salipartianos sof-
lebidan – kurZudan da namkoludan 85 komli glex-
is (maT Soris – Todua 14 komli, farcvania _ 13 k;
janaSia _ 12 k; okujava – 3 k; facia – 3 k; naWye-
bia – 2 k.) ruxSi Camosaxleba momxdara 1859 wels,
niko dadianis iniciativiT, romelsac TiToeuli
axalmosaxle ojaxisaTvis engursa da kuCxiobonus
Sua ufasod miucia 15 qceva miwa da 5 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi yvela gaunTavisuflebia gadasaxadisagan.
Semdeg gadasaxadis saxiT dawesebula 5 maneTi da
erTi koka Rvino TiTo ,,gramotaze~. amis gamo so-
fel ruxs, rac niko dadianis sakuTrebas warmoad-
genda, nikosia darqmevia [26, Canaw. 898]. nikosiis
sasoflo Temi 233 komliT dasaxelebulia kavkasiis
mxaris komlobrivi aRweris masalebSi (1886 w.)
zugdidis mazris zugdidis sapolicio ubanSi. 1930
wels gamocemuli ,,saqarTvelos ssr administra-
ciul-teritoriuli dayofis~ mixedviT arsebobda
zugdidis mazris zugdidis raionSi Semavali niko-
siis sasoflo sabWo, rac aerTianebda sam sofels:
nawulukous (94 komli, 232 suli), nikosias (566
komli, 131 suli) da ruxs (70 komli, 333 suli).
prof. p. cxadaias TqmiT nikosia sofels 1926
wlamde erqva [24, 269]. ,,yazayiSi gazeTis~ 1932
wlis #181 ki gvamcnobs, rom nikosias 1932 wlis
15 seqtembers daubrunda Zveli saxeli ruxi.
185
safarcvanio ubania sajanaSiosa da qvemo saTo-
duos Sua. p. cxadaias cnobiT, radganac ,,gramotas~
Camoyolili farcvaniebi waCxuruSi (martvilis r.)
yovel wels salocavad ver midiodnen, ,,sawaCxuro
lagvani~ aq, ruxSi mouwyviaT [24, 272].
sakvlevi toponimis (,,saafacio~) lokaliza-
ciaze msjelobisas sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sof.
ruxSi mosaxleobs 30 komlamde facias gvariskaci
da maTi dasaxleba iwodeba safaciod. udaod Tval-
Sisacemi garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad
(,,saafacio~ _ ,,safacio~) vaxuStiseuli saxelwode-
bis amosavali Ziris mniSvnelobis SeZlebisamebr
mkafiod ilustirebisaTvis ruxSi mdebare faciebis
gvaris kompaqturi dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli saxeli
,,safacio~ mainc ver gamodgeba, kvlav im umTavresi
garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom faciebic (farcva-
niebis msgavsad) glexebi iyvnen da, Tu vigulisx-
mebT, rom vaxuStis mixedviT, saafacio marTlac
garkveuli feodaluri erTeulis saxelwodeba iyo,
glexTa gvareuloba am erTeulis saxelis ,,naTlia~
ver iqneboda.
saafacios garSemo vrceli msjeloba imisTvis
dagvWirda, rom savsebiT gagveziarebina Tamaz bera-
Zis sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevi mosazreba topo-
nim ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis, ufro zustad engu-
ris xeobaSi am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtis
arsebobis eWvqveS dayenebis Sesaxeb. amave dros an-
gariSgasawevia Semdegi Tvalsazrisic: vaxuSti ba-
grationi SesaZlebelia arasworad iZleodes am
186
feodaluri erTeulis saxels, an zustad ver gan-
sazRvravdes mis mdebareobas, magram isic Zneli da-
sajerebelia, rom mas saerTod moegonebinos
,,saafacios~ arseboba [4, 61].
enguris xeobaSi ,,ruxs zeiT, am wyalzed, mTasa
Sina... saTavidam~, saafacios, rogorc soflis Tu
feodaluri erTeulis, arseboba da zogierT rukaze
misi aRniSvna, Zneli saTqmelia, vaxuSti bagrationis
subieqtur mosazrebas mivaweroT, Tu xalxur gad-
mocemaze dafuZnebul Tvalsazrisad miviCnioT. Tum-
ca ufro sarwmunod is garemoeba gvesaxeba, rom
mecnieri saafacioze werisas xalxisagan miRebul
cnobebze dafuZnebul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs,
oRond – araswori saxiT.
T. beraZe ganagrZobs msjelobas saafacios
garSemo da varaudobs, rom vaxuStiseul saafacioSi
SesaZlebelia werilobiT wyaroebSi XIII s-dan mox-
seniebuli odiSis Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos
– afaqiZeebis (adg. gamoTqmiT afaqiebis) feodaluri
erTeuli saafaqiZo//saafaqio davinaxoT. am gvarSi
Semonaxuli erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad afaqiZeTa sam-
flobelo erT dros md. maganamde aRwevda, rac vax-
uStis mier mocemuli ,,saafacios~ teritorias na-
wilobriv emTxveva. T. beraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs
XVII s. pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul sabuTSi
,,saqoCaqiZeos~ moxseniebis faqts, rac iyo ,,dadianis
levanis wyaloba mamuli~. wyarod miTiTebulia
prof. sargis kakabaZis mier 1914 wels gamoqveyene-
buli ,,afxazeTis saeklesio glexebis didi davTari~
187
[gv. 43]. toponimi ,,saqoCaqiZo~ dasturdeba md. en-
guridan ramdenime km-iT daSorebul sof. CqvalerSi
(walenjixis r.). saqoCaqiZo, masSi Semavali jgalis
cixe-sasaxliT, vrceli ,,qveyana~ unda yofiliyo.
rac, T. beraZis azriT, nawilobriv Tavsdeba vaxuS-
tis rukaze mocemul teritoriaze. ,,saafacio~ Se-
saZlebelia damaxinjebuli ,,saqoCaqiZo~ iyos. erTi
ram cxadia, daaskvnis mkvlevari, rom vaxuStiseuli
saafacio romeliRac realurad arsebuli feodalu-
ri erTeulis gamomxatvelia, Tumca saxelovani mec-
nieri mis saxelsa da mdebareobas arazustad gad-
moscems [4, 62].
saafacios mdebareobis Sesaxeb T. beraZis mosa-
zrebis analizi mocemulia d. WiTanavas naSromSi,
romelic saanalizod miuTiTebs istoriis mecniere-
baTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad
T. beraZis mier warmodgenili sadisertacio naSro-
mis Sesabamis gverds. toponimi ,,saafacio~ am mxare-
Si verc d. WiTanavas daufiqsirebia. mkvlevari em-
xroba im azrs, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi afaciebis
feodaluri saxli da gvareuloba ar ixsenieba,
Tumca damatebiTi masala ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis
Taobaze mas ar warmoudgenia [25, 381-382].
am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs zugdidis
r-nis sof. WkaduaSSi dadasturebuli toponimi
,,saafaqioS CxouSia~. ase ewodeba mdinares, rac war-
moadgens CxouSiis marcxena mdgenels. mis saTavesTan
mdebare farTo vakes ,,saafaqio~ hqvia (saxelmdebni
akonkreteben: saanTioS CxouSia, TordinefiS Cxou-
188
Sia//yaliCefiS CxouSia, Tudoleni CxouSia, naoCeS
CxouSia, saafaqioS CxouSia). sainteresoa isic, rom
engur-Waniswylis wyalgamyofze, sof. WkaduaSsa da
jvars Soris mdebare maRlobi da sofelic saafa-
qiod iwodeboda. WkaduaSis nawils rom afaqiebi
(afaqiZeebi) flobdnen, mowmobs soflis Crdilo-
dasavleT nawilSi, walenjixis raionis sof. didi
eweris sazRvarze, sajinjolaSi mdebare sasaflaosa
da naeklesiaris saxelwodeba naoxvam(u)//buWueS ox-
vame. informatorebi aq eklesiis aSenebas Tavad bu-
Wue afaqias miaweren [24, 397].
d. WiTanava sof. WkaduaSis siZveleebze saubri-
sas p. cxadaias naSromidan [24] Sesabamisi gverdebis
miTiTebiT imowmebs sofelSi toponimebad dadastu-
rebul naeklesiar adgilebs. asaxelebs naoxva-
mus//buWueS oxvames da am eklesiis mSeneblad Sec-
domiT Tavad buWue alanias miiCnevs [25, 139].
literatura
189
1. i. anTelava, levan II dadiani, Tb., 1990.
2. eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX sau-
kunis pirveli mesamedi), germanulidan Targmna,
Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma,
Tb., 2005.
3. g. bedoSvili, qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiT-
etimologiuri leqsikoni, I, Tb., 2001.
4. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis isto-
riuli geografiis sakiTxebi, ,,saqarTvelos is-
toriuli geografiis krebuli~, IV, Tb., 1971.
5. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi,
frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo mzia
mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1987.
6. iohan anton giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarT-
veloSi, t. I, germanuli teqsti qarTuli Targ-
maniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. ge-
laSvilma, Tb., 1962.
7. moric vagneri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanuli
teqsti Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da sa-
Zieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.
8. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geografia, Tb.,
1997.
9. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos saero xuroTmoZRvrebis
Zeglebi, Tb., 1960.
10. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos gvianfeodaluri xanis
cixe-simagreebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeu-
mis moambe, t. XXVI_В, Tb., 1970.
11. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sa-
buTebi, tf., 1921.
190
12. mixeil TamaraSvili, 1902 _ istoria kaToli-
kobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902.
13. don kristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti Targmna, gamokvleva
da komentarebi daurTo beJan giorgaZem, Tb.,
1976.
14. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb.,
2011.
15. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,
Tb., 1941.
16. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisa
da toponimikisaTvis, Tb., 1964.
17. m. paWkoria, furclebi kolxeTis istoriidan,
Tb., 1974.
18. m. paWkoria, vicnobdeT kulturis Zeglebs, Tb.,
1975.
19. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, ger-
manulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daur-
To gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.
20. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis masalebi
(megruli nimuSebi), Tb., 1971.
21. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis sakiTxebi
(megruli nimuSebis mixedviT), Tb., 1979.
22. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmo-
savleTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb), frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da
komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma, Tb.,
1975.
191
23. a. canava, qarTuli folkloris sakiTxebi (me-
gruli masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1990.
24. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxel-
wodebani, II. zugdidis raioni, Tb., 2007.
25. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi
samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb.,
2010.
26. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. V, Тифлис,
1879, Canaw. 898.
192
Igor Kekelia
The Historical Geography of the River Enguri Valley in Vak-hushti Bagrationi’s Work
The well-known scientist and public man of XVIII century in
Vakhushti Bagrationi’s fundamental work are given the descrip-tions of the different parts of Georgia according to the natural consequence and military-political division of these places.
The geographical atlases with the maps of the different parts of Georgia are very important. They were made by Vak-hushti in 1735-1745 years. On these maps we can see the histor-ical-geographic parts of the country, settlements, relief and hy-drography.
In this review of Vakhushti Bagrationi with his maps and other written sources, there are given the materials about histori-cal Geography of the Enguri Valley.
193
giorgi grZeliZe
Tbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebi
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT saqarTvelos nebismier
kuTxes, qalaqsa Tu sofels, mravlad aRmovaCenT
galavans, cixesimagres Tu e.w. nacixvars, romlebic
erT dros mniSvnelovan movaleobas asrulebdnen
qveynisa Tu calkeuli kuTxis Tavdacvis saqmeSi.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi TavdacviTma nagebobebma
dakarges Tavdapirveli funqcia, Tumca maTi
mniSvneloba uzomod didia istoriul-kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT.
amjerad Cvens mizans warmoadgens Tbilisis
Zveli istoriuli galavnis sazRvrebis, masSi
arsebuli karibWeTa da im cixe-simagreTa ganlagebis
mimoxilva romlebic mdebareobdnen qalaqisa Tu mis
mosazRvre teritoriebze.
Zvelad qalaqebi SemosazRvrulni iyvnen farTo
da masiuri kedliT, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda aramxolod omianobis periodSi, aramed
mSvidobiani cxovrebis drosac.
qalaqis cixe-koSkebsa da karebs, sagangebod
miCenili mcvelebi hyavdaT, maT `mcvelni qalaqisani
ewodebodaT~ [4, 1214].
`qalaqis mcvelebs evalebodaT uzrunveleyoT
qalaqi moulodneli Tavdasxmisagan, daecvaT qalaqis
karebi, gaeRoT igi diliT adre ciskrisas, rom mis
kedlebTan RamiT gaCerebuli qaravani, saTanado
194
nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg qalaqSi SemoeSvaT, RamiT
ki qalaqis karebi iketeboda [4, 124].
rogorc cnobilia qalaq TbilisSi pirvelad
galavnis mSeneblobas qalaqis damaarsebeli vaxtang
gorgasali Seudga, magram gardacvalebis gamo misi
dawyebuli saqme mefis memkvidrem daCim ganagrZo,
juanSeris sityviT: `ganasrula zRudeni Tbili-
sisani~ [4, 116].
aRniSnuli galavani VII-s. jibRu xakanma da
herakle keisarma daangries, imis gamo, rom qviT-
kiris kedlis Seneba metad rTuli da Zviri iyo,
qalaqisaTvis xis galavani da xis koSkebi augiaT [4,
116].
qalaqis xis galavniT da koSkiT isargebles
arabebma da buRa Turqma VII s. da gadawves qalaqi
[4, 117].
xis galavnisa da koSkebis gadawvis Semdgom
qalaqis garSemo alizis aguris kedeli SemouvliaT,
X s. arabi istorikosis cnobiT Tbiliss im dros
ori alizis kedeli hqonia [4, 117].
qalaqis kedlebs exeba gviani periodis, kerZod
XVII-s. frangi mogzauri Jan-Sardeni, romelic
aRniSnavs: `qalaqi SemozRudulia mSvenieri da
magari kedliT. mdinarisaken ki ukedloa~ [4, 118].
galavnis Sesaxeb zogad cnobas gvawvdis aseve
1701 wels TbilisSi myofi gamoCenili frangi
botanikosi da mogzauri Jozef turnefori. is
aRniSnavs: `dRes Tbilisis galavnis simaRle, Cveni
baRebis, Robeebis simaRles ar aRemateba~ [10, 64].
195
rogorc Cans turneforis dros qalaqis galavnis
simaRle omianobis gamo metad Semcirebuli yofila.
garda werilobiTi cnobisa turnefori gvawvdis
qalaqis imdroindel grafikul gamosaxulebas,
romelic im droisaTvis meore gamosaxulebad
iTvleba, pirvelad iTvleba Jan Sardenis mier
Seqmnili 1671 wels, mesamed ki vaxuSti
batoniSvilis mier 1735 wels [10, 17].
rac Seexeba galavanSi arsebul karebs,
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobas gvawvdis arabi
geografi tabari cnoba X-s. ganekuTvneba [tabaris]
mixedviT qalaqs imdroisaTvis xuTi kari hqonia:
`maidnis kari~, `karis kari~, `mcire kari~, rabaTis
kari~ da `soRdebilis kari~ [2, 127],
droTa ganmavlobaSi, bunebrivia, qalaqis
zrdasTan erTad karibWeTa raodenobac izrdeboda,
Semosevebisa da omianobis periodSi nadgurdeboda
qalaqis rogorc galavnis calkeuli nawilebi, ise
karibWeebic, vaxuStis gegmisa da imdroindeli
rusuli gegmebis mixedviT Cans, rom 1800 wlisaTvis
qalaqs eqvsi kari hqonia [4, 123].
1. `abanos kari~ _ aRmosavleTiT, wavkisis xevis
gadalaxviT qalaqs abanoebis ubanTan da
seidabadTan akavSirebda [4, 123].
2. `ganjis kari~ _ qalaqSi samxreTis mxridan
Semodioda, ganjis kariT Semodioda qalaqSi
tabaxmeladan da krwanisidan momavali gzebi [4,
123].
196
3. `wavkisis kari~ _ vaxuStis mixedviT `kojris
kari~, sxva wyaroebiT ki `maRlakari~,
mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleT kedelze [4, 123].
4. `diRmis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleT
da CrdiloeTis kedelTa Sesayarze [4, 123].
5. `muxranis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis CrdiloeT
kedelze, vaxuSti mas uwodebs `wylis kars~.
muxranis kariT qalaqSi mcxeTidan momavali gzis
erTi ganStoeba Semodioda [4, 124].
6. `avlabris kari~ _ mtkvris marcxena napirze
mdebareobda da metexis cixis galavanSi iyo
moqceuli, avlabris kari erTis mxriv esazRvreboda
metexis cixis galavans, xolo meores mxriv ki
avlabris galavans, romelic aigo darejan
dedoflis brZanebiT XVIII-m. 70-ian wlebSi [2, 131].
avlabris kari qalaqs kaxeTTan da aRmosavleTis
sxva qalaqebTan akavSirebda [4, 124].
e. i. qalaqis karebTa mimarTuleba aseTi iyo:
qalaqs aRmosavleT nawilTan, abanoebis ubanTan da
seidabadTan `abanos kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].
samxreTis qveynebTan qalaqs `ganjis kari~ akavSirebda
[4, 123]. CrdiloeTis qveynebTan da dasavleT
saqarTvelosTan `wavkisis kari~, `diRmis kari~ da
wylis anu `muxranis kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].
kaxeTisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qalaqebTan
Tbiliss `avlabris kari~ akavSirebda [4, 124].
rac Seexeba simagreebis arsebobas qalaqsa da
mis SemogarenSi XX-s. 20-ian wlebamde anu sanam
komunistebi daangrevdnen maT, aTze meti didi Tu
197
mcire cixe-simagre iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom
dRevandlamde isic nawilobriv, mxolod Tbilisis
`dedacixem~ _ nariyalam moaRwia, yvela danarCeni
dangreuli iqna uaxloes warsulSi.
dabla CamoTvlilia yvela cixe-simagre,
romlebic mdebareobdnen dedaqalaqis farglebSi.
avlabris cixe-galavani
avlabris cixe galavani XVII-s. meore an mesame
meoTxedSi unda iyos agebuli [2, 131].
avlabars ori galavani hqonda, erTi avlabris
galavani, romelic mTel avlabars ertya gars da
meore Tbilisis anu qalaqis galavani isan-avlabris
garSemo [2, 131].
avlabris galavani naCvenebia vaxuStis gegmaze
[8, 459]. aseve piCeviCis gegmaze [8, 461].
avWalis cixe
avWalis cixe _ aigo 1734 wels, mtkvris
marcxena napirze, misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyo
lekTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmisagan qalaqis dacva,
cixe Sedgeboda 12 koSkisagan [7, 275].
cixes exeba germaneli mogzauri iohan
giuldenStedti. igi aRniSnavs: `mtkvris aRmosavleT
napirze davinaxe cixe `zemo avWala~, xolo erTi
versiT adre samxreTiT md. avWalis xevis Cr.
mxareze, aseve dangreuli simagre qvemo avWala~ [5,
198
61]. dRes cixisa da misi 12 koSkisagan araferi
aRaraa SemorCenili, simagre dangreul iqna XX-s.
20-ian wlebSi.
cixe darijeli
darijelis cixis zusti adgilmdebareobis
dadgena dRes veranairad ver xerxdeba. cnobilia
mxolod, rom is mdebareobda dRevandeli metexi
nariyalas mimdebare teritoriaze, cixe
moxseniebulia gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis
bagrat IV-is dedaqalaqSi SemosvlasTan
dakavSirebiT.
didubis cixe
didubis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marcxena
sanapiroze, cixis Sesaxeb mciredi saxis cnobas
gvawvdis XVIII saukunis gamoCenili germaneli
mogzauri iohan anton giuldenStedti, mogzauri
aRniSnavs: `diRmidan 1/2 saaTSi gaviareT qviSaqviani
mTa da gadavediT mdinare verisxevze, romelzedac
aris qvis xidi. aqedan zed mtkvris aRmosavleTiT,
napirze Cans dangreuli didubis cixe~ [5, 67].
Tbilisis istoriis gamoCenili mkvlevari
Teimuraz beriZe daaskvnis, rom didubis cixe-
galavani agebuli unda yofiliyo XVIII saukuneSi
da mdgara dRevandeli erovnuli stadionis
teritoriaze [11, 56].
199
1800 wels Sedgenil kapitan Cuikosa da
polkovnik tixonovis gegmaze aRniSnulia didubis
cixe, gegmis mixedviT didubis cixe galavani mogrZo
sworkuTxa formis sakmaod mozrdili nageboba
yofila, oTxive kuTxeSi ki cilindruli formis
koSkebi hqonia burjebad [11, 56]. didubis cixe
galavanma didxans ver gauZlo rbeva-awiokebas. 1772
wlis saqarTvelos rukaze didube `gapartaxebul
cixe-simagredaa aRniSnuli~. amis Semdeg igi aRarc
aRudgeniaT [11, 56].
diRmis cixe
diRmis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena
sanapirodan sakmaod daSorebiT dRevandel sofel
diRomSi. diRmis wm. marines eklesiis siaxloves.
cixe gzad moinaxula zemoT dasaxelebulma
germanelma mogzaurma giuldenStedtma, mogzauri
aRniSnavda: `devis namuxlaridan 5/4 saaTi mivdiodiT
TiTqmis pirdapir samxreTiT, vake mindorze,
romelsac qvia diRomis mindori da mivediT diRomis
cixemde, romelic mdebareobs ori versis daSorebiT,
im adgilidan, sadac md. diRomis xevi erTvis
mtkvars marjvena mxridan. es cixe mosaxleobas
mietovebina ori wlis win Wiris gamo [5, 61].
diRmis cixe dangreul iqna rusuli
mmarTvelobis periodSi, cixe mdebareobda
dRevandeli wm. marines taZris siaxloves, dRes
misgan araferi aRaraa SemorCenili [6].
200
erekles cixe
erekles cixe mdebareobda Tbilisis ukidures
aRmosavleTiT mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze,
navTluRis ubanSi, cixe-simagre agebul iqna mefe
erekle II-is mier. XVIII-s. meore naxevarSi, cixes
xSirad moixseniebdnen meore saxeliTac `navTluRis
cixe~ _ imis gamo rom igi mdebareobda uban
navTluRSi [3, 286].
1772 wlis TebervalSi aq gauvlia
giuldenStedts, romelic mokled aRnSnavs:
`sofeli navTluRi mdebareobs mtkvris marcxena
napiras, Sedgeba daaxloebiT 50 saxlisagan da garda
amisa, axlandelma mefem Semoartya oTxkuTxa kedeli
adgils, diametriT 80 nabiji da daatana mrgvali
koSki. amitom mas daarqves erekles cixe~ [5, 17].
erekles cixe mdebareobda iq sadac dRes
ganTavsebulia wm. barbares eklesia, mtkvris donidan
20.25 m. maRla mdebare adgilze, dRevandeli
rkinigzis xidis siaxloves [3, 286].
Taboris cixe _ igive yorCi-yala
Taboris cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena
sanapiroze Taboris mTaze, cixe agebuli iqna XI s.
[2, 256].
1747-1748 wlebSi Taboris cixe yizilbaSebs
ekavaT vidre erekle II-em sabolood ar
gaanTavisufla cixe sparselebisagan [1, 65].
201
Taboris cixis ganTavisuflebas erekles mier
aRwers Teimuraz bagrationi: `maSin Semokribna mun
mefeman mxedrobani kaxTani sruliad goridamaca
STamoatanina zarbazani igi didi, boWormisad
wodebuli, da aiRes metexi, xolo ukanasknel
Tabori da TaboriTa iwyes ra cema zarbazaniTa miT,
SeWirvebulTa maT erTa mosces cixe mefesa~ [1, 65].
cixes metad zogadad exeba vaxuSti, igi
aRniSnavs: `Tabors yofila cixe, aramed aw
Semusvruli ars~ [2, 53]. rogorc Cans vaxuStis
dros cixe dangreuli yofila, savaraudod igi
kvlav aRudgeniaT, amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom
sparseTis Sahis aRa mahmad-xanis Tbilisze
Tavdasxmis dros 1795 wels Taboris cixe
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qalaqis TavdacvaSi.
`xolo mefis Zem daviTman Seyara xevsa Sina
sagubrisaTa zarbazanni igi, romelic aqvnda mas
Tborisa kerZo, raTa ara dauSTes sparsTa~,
aRniSnavs Teimuraz bagrationi [1, 65].
1795 wels sparselTa mier dangreuli cixe
aRar aRudgeniaT, dRes mis adgilas agebulia ioane
naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesia.
didos cixe
cixe lilo mdebareobda mtkvris marcxena
sanapiroze, liloSi. mas gakvriT exeba soRaluRSi
myofi giuldenStedti, igi aRniSnavs: `navTluRidan
Cr. dasavleTiT Canda dangreuli cixe lilo~ [5, 65].
202
Znelia dRes imis dadgena Tu sad mdebareobda
lilos cixe, im mizeziT rom gansxvavebiT
dRevandelisagan XVIII-s. lilo ufro farTo
areals moicavda vidre dRes.
metexis cixe
metexis cixe aris igive isnis cixe [2, 132].
toponimi isani momdinareobs arabuli enidan , rac
niSnavs cixes, (hisan-cixe). metexis cixe rogorc
varaudoben unda yofiliyo agebuli arabebis
periodSi, XIII-s. aq sadilegoa, Semdeg igi qalaqis
amiras mier gadakeTda `soRdebilis medinad~ anu
cixed. IX s. aSenda qviTkiriT, Semoavles Txrili
da saxelad isani-cixe ewoda, xolo bolos isanSi
`metexis~ RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis agebis
Semdeg, am adgilma samudamod metexis saxeli
daimkvidra [2, 129].
`isani qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi pirvelad
XI s. gvxvdeba, 1045 w. qalaqis berebis mowveviT,
TbilisSi Semosuli mefe bagrat IV ipyrobs
mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare qalaqis damcvel
cixe-koSkebs da Sig Tavis mxedrions ayenebs. mefes
ar nebdeba `isnis~ cixe. mematiane mogviTxrobs:
`xolo isnelTa Caagdes xidi da ara mosces isni~.
miuxedavad amisa mefe gadadis mtkvarze da dgeba
`isnis velsa~, isnelebi mefes did winaaRmdegobas
uweven [2, 128].
203
isnis cixes mravali godoli hqonia datanebuli
[2, 123].
Semdgom xanSi `isanSi~ ukve saqarTvelos mefeTa
sasaxle dgas, swored aq gaigo Tamar mefem mamis,
giorgi III-is gardacvalebis ambavi [2, 128].
isnis cixe aRniSnulia metexis RvTismSoblis
taZarTan erTad vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tbilisis
1735 wlis gegmaze, nomriT #55 [8, 459].
cixeis Sesaxeb vaxuSti aRniSnavs: `xolo isnis
cixe yofil ars didi, romelsa ganaaxlebdnen
osmalni CRkÀ (1728 w.) da daSTaT usrulni [2, 131].
XVII s. rostom mefem metexis (isnis) cixis
zRude kedeli aRadgina [2, 133].
metexis cixe saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis
ermolovis mier gadakeTebul iqna satusaRod [2,
95].
cixe daangries XX s. 20-ian wlebSi.
nariyalas cixe
TbilisSi erTaderTi dRemde SemorCenili
cixesimagre, winandelisagan metad gansxvavebulis
saxiT, aris nariyalas cixe, igive qalaqis deda-cixe,
romelsac xSirad moixsenieben sxva saxeliTac:
`kala~ `Suris cixe~ da `deda cixe~.
cixe mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena napiris
siaxloves, cixe istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT
agebul unda iyos IV-V s. mijnaze, magram sruliad
sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba arqeologiuri monacemebi,
204
ris mixedviTac Cans, rom cixis teritoria
gvianbrinjaos xanaSic (Zv. w. XIII-XII ss.
dasaxlebuli yofila da SesaZloa igi gora
nasaxlars warmoadgenda [8, 40].
gamoCenili qarTveli mematianis leonti
mrovelis mixedviT nariyalas cixe agebul iqna 368
wels IX saukuneSi, sparsTa mefis pitiaxSis _ qram
xuar borzardis mier [7, 529].
saukuneTa manZilze mravaljer momxdara
Tbilisis dedacixis aRdgena-gadakeTeba, Tumca
adrefeodaluri xanis nagebobebidan mxolod cixis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT nawilSi mdgari koSkia
SemorCenili [8, 41].
vaxuSti Tbilisis aRwerisas mogviTxrobs:
`kala ars cixe naSeni maRalsa kldesa zeda, da
CamozRudvili salalakis xevi mtkvramde~ [2, 72].
garda zemoT aRniSnuli cnobisa cixe
aRniSnulia vaxuStis gegmazec [8, 461].
nariyalas Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian frangi
mogzauri Jozef turnefori [10, 65], germaneli
mogzauri iohan giuldenStedti [5, 87], da sxva
TbilisSi myofi mogzaurebi.
rostomis mefobis dros (1632-1658)
xidisyuridan kalis cixemde zRude gauvliaT da
qalaqi da cixe gauyviaT. amis Semdeg gaCnda
mikrotoponimebi: ~dabla cixe~ _ `maRla cixe~ [7,
530].
205
cixe mniSvnelovnad dazianda aRa-mahmadxanis
Semosevisas 1795 wels, magram maleve aRadgines _
1796 wels [7, 530].
cixe mniSvnelovnad daaziana 1827 wlis
miwisZvram, Seiwira stambolis godolis didi
nawili, XIX s. I naxevarSi cixis erT-erT SenobaSi,
denTis sawyobis afeTqebis Sedegad daingra cixis
TiTqmis yvela Senoba. saukuneTa manZilze
mravaljer dangreulma da aRdgenilma cixem Cvenamde
moaRwia XII-XIII s. da XVII s. Sereuli nagebobebis
saxiT.
cixis kedlebSi SemorCenlia ori karis naSTi,
erTi `ganjis karad~ wodebuli, axlandeli
botanikuri baRis mxares, meore ufro didi _ cixis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, am karTan uZvelesi, Tlili
qvis didi kvadratebiT nagebi kedlis naSTia [8,
530].
soRanluRis cixe
soRanluRis cixe mdebareobda erekles cixis
mopirdapired. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. sofel
soRanluRSi. dRevandeli qvemo foniWalis
teritoriaze, kerZod, rusTavi-marneulis
gzagasayarze, cixesimagre erT dros did kontrols
uwevda somxeTisa da sparseTisaken mimaval gzas.
cixesimagre agebul iqna 1765 wels, mefe
erekle meoris mier, savaraudod, rogorc Tbilisis
istoriis gamorCeuli mkvlevari Teimuraz beriZe
206
aRniSnavs, SesaZloa, cixe ereklemdec unda
arsebuliyo, 1765 wels ki moxda misi ganaxleba [2,
121].
cixe-simagre 1772 wels moinaxula
giuldenStedtma. mogzauri aRniSnavs: `mtkvris
marjvena napirze dgas sofeli soRanluRi,
gamagrebuli aseve koSkiT, romelic ekuTvnis Tavad
yaflaniSvils~ [5, 65].
cixe-simagre aRniSnulia giuldenStedtis 1772
w. rukaze, sofels uzis geometriuli niSani → ◊
rac aRniSnavs cixe-simagres [2, 121].
general cicianovis (ciciSvili) Tbilisidan
ganjaSi laSqrobis marSrutis 1803 wlis rukaze
cixe-simagre aRniSnulia mdinare mtkvarsa da gzas
Soris [2, 122].
1795 wels sparseTis Sahi aRa-maxmad xani gzad
soRanluRs gaCerda, amis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis
daviT batoniSvili: `warmomarTebuli aRa mahmad xan
movida da daibanaka 30000 kaciTa soRanluRsa Sina~
[1, 65].
1803 wels cixeSi myof rusul garnizons Tavs
daesxnen lekebi, `kvalad movidnen soRanluRs da
wartyvnes umetes orasisa rusni~, aRniSnavs daviT
batoniSvili [1, 70].
savaraudod, cixesimagre unda ganadgurebuliyo
XX-s. 20-ian wlebSi. dRes misgan araferi aRaraa
SemorCenili, metad rTulia da SeuZlebelic ki imis
garkveva Tu sad idga cixe-simagre. adgilobriv
mosaxleobaSi dRes araviTari cnoba an raime saxis
207
gadmocema araa Semonaxuli imis Taobaze Tu sad
mdebareobda nageboba da ra bedi ewia, maTTvis
sruliad ucnobia isic, rom erT dros qvemo
foniWala siaxloves mdgara cixe-simagre [6].
`mefem aRixuna koSki karTani Tavis kacTa, da
gaRiRo cixe qalaqisa darijeli, da ornive koSki
wyalyinisani da Tabori, da daadginna Sigan
laSqarni da erisTavni~ [8, 95].
wyalyinis cixe koSki
rac iTqva zemoT darijelis cixis Sesaxeb
igive unda iTqvas wyalyinis ori cixe-koSkis
Sesaxebac, samwuxarod dRevandlamde ucnobia zusti
adgilmdebareoba wyalyinis cixe-koSkisa [8, 95].
Cveni mimoxilvis mizani iyo im safostifikacio
qselisa da nagebobebis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,
romelic icavda qalaq Tbiliss da mis Semogarens.
arsebuli masalis mixedviT Cans, rom Tbilisi
sakmaod daculi qalaqi iyo da masTan misasvleli
yvela gza cixesimagreebiT kontroldeboda.
am cixesimagreTa umetesi nawilis zusti
mdebareobis dadgena werilobiTi wyaroebis
monacemebiT Wirs, Tumca am problemis gadaWra
arqeologiuri kvleva-ZiebiTaa SesaZlebeli, rac
metad mniSvnelovani iqneba Tbilisis istoriisaTvis.
208
literatura
1. T. bagrationi, axali istoria, Tb., 1983.
2. T. beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnis istoria,
Tb., 1977.
3. geografiuli sazogadoebis Sromebi, t. XII, Tb.,
1973.
4. d. gvritiSvili, S. mesxia, Tbilisis istoria,
Tb., 1952.
5. i. a. giuldenStedti, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,
t. I, Tb., 1962.
6. g. grZeliZe, piradi savele dRiuri, 2012.
7. enciklopedia, `Tbilisi~, Tb., 2002.
8. Tbilisis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1990.
9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb.,
1973.
10. J. p. de turnefori, mogzauroba aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi, Tb., 1988.
11. Jurnali `jvari vazisa~, #1, Tb., 1992.
209
Salva gloveli
unikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
samecniero biblioTekis raritetuli
fondidan
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologis
instituti saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
samecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic saTaves iRebs
jer kidev 1917 wlis 1 ivliss TbilisSi
daarsebuli – `kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri
institutidan~. aRniSnuli institutis daarseba
ganxorcielda akademikos niko maris moTaveobiT.
imdroindeli wesdebis Tanaxmad, instituti
warmoadgenda samecniero dawesebulebas, romlis
ZiriTadi amocana iyo kavkasiis mosaxleobisa da
lingvisturad Tu kulturulad misi monaTesave
xalxebis istoriis, enebis, yofisa da siZveleebis
Seswavla; kavkasiis mcodneobasTan dakavSirebuli
samecniero disciplinebis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelSewyoba, kavkasiis materialuri da sulieri
kulturis Zeglebis dacva-aRnusxva da Seswavla.
institutis pirvel `namdvil wevrebad~ (rogorc
amas gansazRvravda maSindeli wesdeba) arCeulebi
iyvnen eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili.
institutSi daarsebisTanave mimdinareobda istori-
uli xasiaTis masalis Segroveba, tardeboda
uaRresad mniSvnelovani eqspediciebi da mimdinare-
obda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba.
210
1918 wlis ianvarSi qarTveli xalxis
cxovrebaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlena moxda –
gaixsna Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
Tbilisis universitetTan kavkasiis istoriul-
arqeologiuri institutis mWidro kavSiris
damyarebis saWiroebas xels uwyobda am ori
dawesebulebis mecnieruli miznebis erTianoba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom institutis orive namdvili wevri
– eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili –
universitetis profesorebad iyvnen arCeulni, xolo
institutis direqtoris moadgile – eqvTime
TayaiSvili Tbilisis universitetis erT-erTi
damaarsebelTagani da arqeologiis kaTedris
pirveli gamgea.
1931 wels instituts ewoda `kavkasiis-
mcodneobis instituti~, xolo 1936 wels, morigi
reorganizaciis Semdeg man miiRo `akad. n. maris
saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri
kulturis institutis~ (enimki) saxelwodeba. aq
moRvaweobdnen didi qarTveli mecnierebi eqvTime
TayaiSvili, simon janaSia, giorgi axvlediani, niko
berZeniSvili, akaki SaniZe, varlam Tofuria, arnold
Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi Citaia, giorgi
nioraZe, grigol wereTeli, simon yauxCiSvili,
giorgi CubinaSvili, dimitri uznaZe, ilia abulaZe,
vera bardaveliZe, qeTevan lomTaTiZe, SoTa ZiZiguri,
sergi jiqia, vladimer maWavariani da sxv. enimkis
daarsebidanve aq mudmiv konsultantad mowveuli
iyo ivane javaxiSvili. enimki aerTianebda qarTvelur
211
enaTa, kavkasiur enaTa, leqsikologiisa da
samecniero terminologiis, maxlobeli aRmosavle-
Tis enaTa, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da anTropo-
logiis, istoriis, filologiis, zogadi enaTmecni-
erebis ganyofilebebs da fonetikisa da niko maris
kabinetebs.
1941 wlis 8 maiss enimki gaiyo da mis bazaze
Seiqmna ori instituti: `istoriis instituti~ da
`akad. niko maris saxelobis enis instituti~
(SemdgomSi enaTmecnierebis instituti). es iyo ivane
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
istoriaSi axali etapi. imdroindeli,
axladSeqmnili istoriis instituti gaxda
saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTveli xalxis yofisa da
kulturis Semswavleli ZiriTadi centri.
arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli samuSaoebis
gafarToebis gamo 1964 wels istoriis instituts
ewoda `ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis,
arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti~, xolo
1977 wels instituts gamoeyo da calke samecniero
centrad Camoyalibda `arqeologiuri kvlevis
centri~. 2006 wlidan instituti gaxda `sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piri ivane javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti~, xolo 2010
wlidan is aris ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero-
kvleviTi instituti.
ramdenadac STambeWdavia am institutis
istoria, imdenad mdidaria misi wignadi Tu saarqivo
212
fondebi. wlebis manZilze, ramdenadac didi
mecnierebi moRvaweobdnen istoriis institutSi,
imdenad didia maTi danatovari da maT mier
Semowiruli sabiblioTeko Tu saarqivo fondebi.
amjerad biblioTekis fondebze saubars ar
gavagrZelebT da SevexebiT mxolod erT wigns,
romelic institutis samecniero biblioTekis
unikalur erTeuls warmoadgens. saqme exeba
berZnul enaze gamocemul, sqeltanian gamocemas,
romelic warmoadgens ierusalimis patriarq
dosiTeosis `istorias~. calke aRsaniSnavia, rom
1839 wels mari brosem gamosca ierusalimis
patriarq dosiTeosis mier Segrovili cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
dosiTeosi daibada 1641 wels peloponesSi.
patriarqi iyo 1669 wlidan. is gamoirCeoda
marTlmadideblobis aqtiuri dacviTa da kaTolikur
eklesiasTan ukompromiso brZoliT. Tamar tivaZis
aRniSvniT, dosiTeosi `im pirTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda,
romelnic dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad yvela xerxs
gamarTlebulad Tvlidnen. es is pirovneba iyo, ro-
melic erekle pirvels werda: `... garemoebam gaiZu-
la gamogecvala mamapapuri wminda rjuli, magram
Sen es gamiznulad gaakeTe da ara imisaTvis, rom
cudi azri gamoZravebda. ecade, rom am dasaxul mi-
zans miaRwio... Seni mizani iyo garegnulad gvanebodi
ucxo rjulis adamians, gulSi ki qristiani yofi-
liyavi. rac Seexeba urjuloebs – moatyue isini,
gaucine maT, icrue, Tu saWiro iqneba, daufice ki-
213
devac, oRond qristianebs sikeTe moutane...~ [2,
248].
dosiTeos patriarqi saqarTveloSi orjer yo-
fila Camosuli, erTxel 1658-1659, xolo meored –
1681-1683 wlebSi.
dosiTeosis `istoria~, Tavis mxriv,
unikaluri gamocemaa Tavisi Sinaarsis da
wyaroseuli mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, magram
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis samecniero biblioTekaSi daculi es
egzemplari aramxolod Sinaarsobrivi da gamocemis
TvalsazrisiTaa unikaluri, aramed am erTeulis
warmomavlobiTa da kuTvnilebiTac. saqme exeba am
erTeulze arsebul warwerebs, romlebic sakmaod
mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian.
pirveli warwera ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da wignis
avtoris da saTauris Sesaxeb gvamcnobs:
`istoria dosiTeosisa sayovelTao~
214
`dosiTeos sanatrelisa patriarqisa ierusalimisa~
berZnul enaze am naSroms `istoria~ (`IΣTOPIA~)
aweria:
215
yvelaze mniSvnelovania Semdegi ori warwera.
kerZod, am warwerebSi saubaria am wignis mflobe-
lebze. pirvel warweraSi vkiTxulobT:
`saqarTvelo{s} mefis Ze daviTisais~
am teqsts mosdevs kidev erTi ganmartebiTi
warwera, sadac vkiTxulobT:
`saRmrTo wigni mravliTa wmidisa moTxro-
bebiTa da istoria ese, berZ{n}ul wignad sanatre-
lisa patriarxisa dosiTeosisa romelica iyo saku-
Tari saqarTuÀlos memkvidris mefis giorgis Zis
daviTisa da Semdeg misa CemTan daSTomili, aw mo-
saxsenebelad, sulisa mis mefis Zis daviTisa da
mSoblisa misisa mefisa giorgisa, wirviT da loc-
viT mivarTvi miss uwmidesobas ierusalimis pa-
triarxs kiriles, ÃeliTa berZnis arximandritis
uflis iakobisaTa, Tavadman nikolaos falavandovman,
Tbiliss, maisis a dResa Cymz welsa~
216
ese igi, aRniSnuli wigni samefo ojaxis kuTv-
nileba yofila da samefo ojaxis biblioTekidanaa.
rogorc warwerebidan irkveva, is yofila mefe
giorgis (qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII (1746-1800,
mefobis wlebi 1798-1800)) Zis daviTis (1767-1819)
kuTvnileba. amis Semdeg aRniSnuli wigni Tavad ni-
koloz falavandiSvils darCenia. Semdeg es wigni
nikoloz falavandiSvils gadaucia im dros Tbi-
lisSi myofi berZeni arqimandritisTvis – iakobisT-
vis, ierusalimis patriarq kirilesTvis gadasacemad
(1847 wlis 1 maiss). swored maSin, roca nikoloz
falavandiSvili am wigns ugzavnida patriarq ki-
riles, gaukeTebia zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebiTi war-
werac. anu, oficialurad es wigni qarTuli samefo
_ bagrationTa ojaxis kuTvnilebidan ierusalimis
patriarqis kuTvnileba gamxdara, magram faqtia, is
saqarTvelos wignTsacavSi aRmoCnda. naklebsavarau-
217
doa, rom aRniSnuli wigni waeRoT saqarTvelodan
da kvlav dabrunebuliyo ukan. savaraudod arqiman-
drit iakobs ar wauRia dosiTeosis `iastoria~ sa-
qarTvelodan.
mniSvnelovania, rom aRniSnuli warweris Ta-
naxmad, Tavad falavandiSvils ierusalimis patriarq
kirilesTvis wigni usaxsovria 1847 wels. marTlac,
am periodSi ierusalimis patriarqia kirile II. is
marTlac iyo saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli. cno-
bilia misi werilebi ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi (1816-
1882) [1]. kirile patriarqi iyo 1845-1872 wlebSi.
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis samecniero biblioTekis zemoaRniSnuli
erTeuli warmoadgens ara mxolod institutis bib-
lioTekis, aramed qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreo-
bis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nimuSs, samefo ojaxis
kuTvnil erTeuls, romelic dRes institutis bib-
lioTekis raritetul gamocemaTa fondSi inaxeba
nomriT RAR-4065.
218
literatura
1. kirile (ierusalimis patriarqi), wmida qalaq
ierusalimisa da sruliad palestinis patriar-
qis kiriles werilebi ekaterine Wav-
WavaZisadmi, Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #2, 1985.
2. T. tivaZe, ierusalimis patriarqis dosiTeosis
werili saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kr. qarTuli
wyaroTmcodneoba, III, Tb., 1971.
219
Shalva Gloveli
Unique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of the Javak-hishvili Institute of History and Ethnology
The article is about the unique unit (RAR-4065) of the rarity
publications fund of The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Eth-nology scientific library. It is a “History” by the patriarch of Jerusa-lem Dositheus. According to the colophons of the book we be-come aware that this unit was belonged to Prince David, the son of Kartl-Kakheti king Giorgi XII. That means that the mentioned book is from the royal library, family library of the Bagrations. Lat-er, in 1847 Nikoloz Palavandishvili with the help of archimandrite Iakob sent it to the Patriarch of Jerusalem Kirill (Kirill II – 1845-1871). Archimandrite Iakob took the book himself.
220
qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metri
`eTnografia xalxTan yvelaze axlo mdgomi mecnierebaa~
giorgi Citaia.
qarTul eTnologiur
mecnierebas gamoaklda dargis
erT-erTi mesaZirkvle, didi
moamage da qomagi istoriis
mecnierebaTa doqtori, simon
janaSiasa da giorgi Citaias
saxelobis premiis laureati,
profesori julieta ruxaZe,
romlis saxeli samaradisod
darCeba erovnul mecniere-
baSi, rogorc simbolo maRali profesionalizmisa
da Semoqmedisa. igi XX saukunis, am didi epoqis
erovnuli sulis, mrwamsisa da Rirsebis
Tavgamodebuli qomagi da damcveli gaxldaT,
gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli grZnobiT rom uyvarda
samSoblo da misi xalxi. axalgazrdobidan
moyolebuli xandazmul asakamde umwiklod emsaxura
eTnografiis dargs, namdvili profesionali am
sityvis saukeTeso gagebiT.
qalbaton julietas wilad xvda misi
maswavleblebis, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis
fuZemdeblebis, giorgi Citaiasa da vera
bardaveliZis gverdiT eRvawa da maT mier dawyebuli
221
didi mamuliSviluri saqme Rirseulad
gaegrZelebina. rogorc mecnieri yovelTvis miyveboda
dargis ganviTarebaSi kardinalur gzas da cdilobda
yoveli movlena drosa da sivrceSi gaeazrebina.
amitom iyo ara mxolod tradiciuli skolis
principebis mtkiced damcveli, aramed araerTi
novatoruli azris dammkvidrebeli.
julieta ruxaZem mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
cxovreba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis, ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutSi gaatara, dawyebuli mecnieri
TanamSromlobidan ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobamde.
wlebis manZilze saTaveSi edga ganyofilebas,
romelic giorgi Citaias mier iyo daarsebuli da
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qarTuli eTnogafiis
SeswavlaSi.
julieta ruxaZis rogorc eTnologi
mkvlevaris mecnieruli biografia 1945 wlidan
iwyeba. 23 wlisa iyo, roca institutSi movida.
samuSaod vera bardaveliZis rekomendaciiT da simon
janaSias xeldasmiT. manamde ki Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis warCinebiT
kursdamTavrebuls, visac leqciebs XX saukunis
didi prozeliti mecnirebi simon janaSia, niko
berZeniSvili, giorgi Citaia, vera bardaveliZe da
sxvebi ukiTxavdnen, garkveuli pedagogiuri
gamocdileba hqonda miRebuli, jer aspinZaSi
(mesxeTi), Semdeg Tbilisis skolebSi. es iyo mZime
wlebi. meore msoflio omi axlad damTavrebuli
222
gaxldaT da qveyana TandaTan Zalebs ikrebda. am
dros mTavrobas mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
sagangebo dadgenileba hqonda gamocemuli
(`stalinis dekreti~). eTnografiul dargSi,
romelsac saTaveSi v. bardaveliZisa da g. CitaiasTan
erTad SesaniSnavi enTuziasti axalgazrda
mkvlevarebi edgnen, pirvel samkals imkidnen.
yuradReba gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,
fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis, raWis, svaneTis mimarT
iyo gadatanili, radgan aq ukeT iyo Semonaxuli
qarTuli xalxuri memkvidreoba, materialuri da
sulieri kulturis saganZurebi. amasTan erTad dro
moiTxovda ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politikisa
da reJimis pirobebSi (romelic Taviseburad
sabWour xanaSic gagrZelda) e.w. `tuzemcebis~, da
gvarovnuli sazogadoebis gadmonaSTebad miCneuli
yofiTi kulturis realuri obieqturi midgomiT
gaanalizebas, rac Cvenma ufrosma Taobam Tavis
mxrebze itvirTa da warmatebiT ganaxorciela.
jer kidev XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi ivane
javaxiSvilis mier dawyebuli saqme _ Sekrebiliyo
eTnografiuli masala TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos
masStabiT, omis Semdegac intensiurad gagrZelda.
ewyoboda didi eqspediciebi (axla rom legendebadaa
qceuli) giorgi Citaiasa da vera bardaveliZis
TaosnobiT da maTi mowafeebis, axalgazrda mecnier-
TanamSromlebis monawileobiT (aq ramdenime
studenti iyo CarTuli). axla am jgufidan bevri
maTgani cocxali aRar aris, savele masalebi ki rac
223
maT mier iqna mopovebuli unikaluri da
pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobisaa. julieta ruxaZes am
masalebis Sexebasa da daunjebaSi lomis wvlili
miuZRvis. igi wlebis manZilze saTuTad qmnida
uiSviaTes eTnografiul arqivs, romelSic misi
sakuTari masalac (dRiurebi) inaxeboda. amJamad es
arqivi istoriis da eTnologiis institutis mTavar
saganZurs warmoadgens.
gadmocemiT vici, rom julieta ruxaZe didi
eqspediciebis suli da guli iyo, rogorc ara
marto Cveulebrivi wevri, savele masalebis
Semkrebi, aramed yvela SeWirvebulTa damxmare,
qomagi da mzrunveli, mkurnali da wamalTmcodne,
romelsac abgaSi uamravi medikamenti ewyo da
avadmyofebs (maT Soris mTxroblebs) mkurnalobda,
zogjer maT `receptebsac~ ki uwerda.
julieta ruxaZe aseTma gamorCeulma Tvisebebma,
xasiaTma, bunebam imTaviTve Zalian popularuli
gaxada. mas yvelgan pativs scemdnen.
Sromismoyvareoba da `Tanmimdevruli wesrigi~,
keTilzneoba, didsulovneba, sxvebze fiqri da
zrunva ojaxidan _ usaTnoesi dedisa da mamisagan
gamoyva (aseTive sulisa iyo misi dac, cnobili
biblioTekari eliko ruxaZec). am paTosiT ganvlo
qalbatoma julietam cxovrebis didi gza,
meuRlesTan, SesaniSnav pirovnebasTan, gamorCeul
inteligentTan da cnobil maTematikosTan avTandil
benduqiZesTan. am suliskveTebiT zrdida is mis
224
Svilebs nunu da kaxa bendubiZeebs, moZRvravda
SviliSvilebsa da SvilTaSvilebs.
Znelia dRes erT werilSi moaqcio julieta
ruxaZis mecnieruli memkvidreobis analizi, es
TavisTavad sagangebo kvlevis sagania. amdenad
Sevecdebi mxolod mokled zogierT aspeqts Sevexo.
pirveli monografiuli naSromi, romelmac mis
avtors, sayovelTao aRiareba moutana `qarTuli
xalxuri dResasawauli~ _ berikoba-yeenobaa. igi
pirveli iyo, vinc eTnografiuli kuTxiT Seiswavla
es didebuli xalxuri Teatralizirebuli sanaxaoba
da evropuli saturnaliebis darad masSi bunebis
aRorZinebis Zalebisadmi miZRvnili Rrma, religiuri
da eTnofsiqologiuri safuZvlebi dainaxa. es
dResaswauli aris eris istoriis organuli nawili,
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis calkeuli etapebis, misi
socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis aspeqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT da rogorc Tavad julieta ruxaZe
werda masSi agrarul kultmsaxurebasTan erTad
(niRabosnebis qmedebebSi nayofierebisa da siuxve-
baraqianobis gamomxatveli niSnebi) religiurad
aixsneba eris erTianobisa da simtkicis azri,
cxovrebis mankieri da dadebiTi mxareebi,
mTlianobaSi groteskul ferebSi gamoxatuli
erTgvari socialuri protesti arsebuli
reJimisadmi, romelsac aseTi alegoriuli formiT
xSirad mimarTavda xalxi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli monografiis Semdeg
aRniSnul Temas julieta ruxaZe ramdenjerme
225
miubrunda da gamosca kidec misi gadamuSavebuli,
axali masalebiT gajerebuli, didi fundamenturi
monografia `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri
dResaswauli berikaoba-yeenoba~, Tb., `inteleqti~
1999. am wignisaTvis is saxelmwifo premiiT
dajildovda. ufro mogvianebiT ki eTnografiul
dargSi gaweuli damsaxurebisaTvis giorgi Citaias
saxelobis premiac daimsaxura.
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo julieta ruxaZis
SemoqmedebaSi, qarTuli tradiciuli sameurneo
yofisa da materialuri kulturis sakiTxebis
kvleva. es Tema Sesulia mis mravalricxovan
statiebsa da monografiaSi (`agrikultura
dasavleT saqarTveloSi~), romelSic avtorma Tavi
mouyara da warmoaCina qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedo
sistemis zogadi da regionaluri eTnikuri
Taviseburebani, igi gaazrebulia kavkasiisa da
xmelTaSuazRvis auzis did sivrceSi moqceuli
xalxebis kulturul memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi,
urTierT gavlenebis, difuzuri da spontanuri
movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es naSromi aris kidev
erTi dasturi imisa, rom qarTuli eTnologiuri
skola da wminda eTnografiuli kvlevebi,
kompleqsur intensiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT (avtori
g. Citaia) yovelTvis iyo da rCeba Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso samecniero standartebis
SesabamisobaSi da is arasodes ar moqceula viwro
nacionalur CarCoebSi. amasTan aseTi xasiaTis
kvlevebs wminda mecnierulTan erTad praqtikuli
226
mniSvnelobac gaaCnda, radgan xalxuri codna-
gamocdileba fasdaudebeli saganZuria warsulisa da
dRevandelobis Sesabamisad. axla amas uTuod
saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, dacva da gamoyeneba
sWirdeba. xalxuri kulturis drosa da sivrceSi
gaazrebis sanimuSo magaliTia julieta ruxaZis
TanaavtorobiT jer kidev 1961 w. gamocemuli
koleqtiuri naSromi `sofeli akura~, romelic
imTaviTve bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. yofis
kulturul-istoriuli da sistemur-SedarebiTi
kvleva, im realuri sinamdvilis asaxva, rac moxda
Cveni xalxis cxovrebaSi, adreul warsulSi da
omis Semdgom periodSi 1960 wlamde. aq Sedis
rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis (mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis,
memindvreobis), aseve saojaxo yofis, qorwilebis,
sulieri kulturis sakiTxebi. vfiqrob aseTi
xasiaTis kvlevebis gagrZeleba dResac sistematurad
kompleqsuri midgomiT unda mimdinareobdes, metadre
dRevandeli globalizaciis pirobebSi, roca
mravali erovnuli Rirebuleba ikargeba an misi
mkveTri transformacia xdeba.
julieta ruxaZe mravalmxrivi Semoqmedi iyo.
mis kalams wminda samecniero gamokvlevebTan erTad,
romlis raodenobac 100-ze met erTeuls iTvlis
(ix. julieta ruxaZe, 85, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
artanuji, 2007, red. n. saganeliZe), ekuTvnis
samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis naSromebi: `vanis
dRiuris furclebi (1982) da xani imereTis
xevsureTia 1989). es wignebi ikiTxeba, rogorc
227
eTnografiuli romanebi, maRali mxatvruli stiliT
da gemovnebiT gamorCeuli. maTSi popularuli
eniTaa gadmocemuli Cveni xalxis yofiTi
tradiciebi, misi kuTxuri, lokaluri variaciebi,
empiruli codnis labirinTebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TiToeuli maTgani aris Taviseburi gzamkvlevi,
eTnografiuli suraTebis naTeli warmodgenisa.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos qalbatoni julietas
monawileoba samecniero konferenciebze, kongresebze,
saerTaSoriso kontaqtebze, rac Zalian bevria, aseve
unda iTqvas sagamomcemlo, saredaqcio muSaobaze.
misi TaosnobiT da xelmZRvanelobiT, redaqtirebiT
dastambul wignebze. maT Sorisaa `masalebi
saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis
istoriidan~ (ori tomi), krebulebi `masalebi
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, cnobili mxatvris
nino brailaSvilis unikaluri albomi `aseTi
maxsovs saqarTvelo~ (saqarTvelos eTnografia),
`saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli atlasi~
(ori nakveTi), `saqarTvelos eTnografia~
(bibliografiuli cnobari), eTnografiul arqivSi
daunjebuli masalebidan gamocemuli fafala
gardafxaZe-qiqoZis `qarTuli xalxuri
dResaswaulebi~ (raWa), broSurebi da mosagonari
werilebi akad. giorgi Citaiaze, vera bardaveliZeze,
r. xaraZeze da sxva, romelTa Sesaxebac saubars
aRar gavagrZeleb (ix. bibliografia, julieta
ruxaZe 85, dasax naSromi, gv. 119-130).
228
PS: 2006 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac istoriis da
eTnologiis institutSi reorganizacia Catarda,
qalbatoni julieta pensiaze gavida. magram
miuxedavad amisa, igi srulyofili mecnieruli
cxovrebiT cxovrobda da arasodes ar gamoklebia am
sferoSi mimdinare procesebs. eswreboda samecniero
forumebs, Sexvedrebs, iubileebs da a.S. rogorc
gulisxmier adamians Zalian uyvarda mimsvleli,
uxaroda TanamSromlebis xilva, gamoirCeoda
saocari stumarTmoyvareobiT, piradad gimaspinZlde-
boda da arasodes ar kargavda didi saxlis, didi
diasaxlisis funqcias. fiqrobda dargze, mis
momavalze, zogadad Cveni xalxis keTildReobaze.
me axlac Tvalwin midgas misi naTeli, odnav
sevdiani, magram Rimiliani saxe. erTxel xeli
momkida da sxvebis TandaswrebiT miTxra Cemi
biografi xar, `nekrologic~ Sen unda damiweroo.
sastikad ar miyvars es sityva, ganSorebis azriT
rom aris datvirTuli. da mainc, cremlmoreulma
movaxerxe gamosaTxovari sityva meTqva. gamoveTxove
Cems maswavlebels Cemi kolegebis da saerTod
eTnografebis saxeliT. ufals ki madlobas vwirav
imisaTvis, rom es SemaZlebina.
giorgi gociriZe
229
Tamaz beraZis xsovnas
baton Tamaz beraZes erTi werili aqvs,
romelsac lamazi saTauri aqvs _ `saqarTvelo erTi
Tvalis gadavlebiT~. mas didxans ufiqria, rom
moxdenili sityva, moxdenili fraza gamoeyenebina,
rac ase amSvenebs mis naSroms. misi gaxsenebis
yvelaze kargi Sesatyvisi swored misi werilis
saTauris cotaodeni Secvla iqneboda Sesaferisi:
`Tamaz beraZe Tvalis erTi SevlebiT~. es, ra Tqma
unda, mis mravalwlian dauRalav moRvaweobaze
saerTo warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis, magram baton
Tamazs zedmetad gajerebuli arc Txroba da arc
wera uyvarda: `mkiTxveli ar unda daRaloo~.
saerTod, batoni Tamazi mokrZalebuli da saocrad
uSualo, pirdapiri da megobruli adamiani iyo,
pirferoba ar uyvarda. bevrjer uTqvams Taviseburi
siyvarulnarevi viTom ukmexobiT: `roca movkvdebi,
ar daiwyoT mere es ra didi mecnieri davkargeT,
saerTod ar minda Tqveni qeba-dideba da Cemi
gakeTebulis saTiTaod CamoTvlao~. aseTi iyo, magram
baton Tamazs am Txovnas ver SevusrulebT. misi
moRvaweoba Tvalis gadavlebas aucileblad iTxovs
aramarto misi xsovnis gamo, aramed Semdgomi
TaobabisaTvis, romlebsac misi naSrom-naRvawi
bevrjer da bevrjer dasWirdebaT.
batoni Tamazi TiTqmis yvela humanitarul dargSi
gaTviTcnobierebuli iyo da amaze xSirad xumrobda:
`es iZulebiT gamomividao~. istoria misTvis mTeli
230
cxovreba iyo, romelSic `sanapiro curviT Soreul
okeaneSi SeaRwia~. uTqvams kidec: `warsulis suraTis
aRwera-aRdgena didi siamovneba ariso~ da es siamovneba
man mkiTxvels bevrjer agrZnobina misi wignebiT,
samecniero Tu samecniero-popularuli werilebiT,
romlebic didi interesiT ikiTxeba, mere ki didxans
xdeba fiqrisa da gansjis sagani.
Tamaz beraZe 1937 wels daibada TbilisSi. 1960
wels warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis istoriis fakulteti da muSaoba
daiwyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da
eTnografiis institutSi. am droidan misi
moRvaweoba, sicocxlis bolomde, am institutTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. igi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos Sua
saukuneebis istoriisa da istoriuli geografiis
sakiTxebs ikvlevda. samecniero muSaobaSi gamoikveTa
misi interesi dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa da
istoriul-geografiuli sakiTxebisadmi. 1967 wels
man daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze: `odiSis
istoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~, xolo
1985 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze:
`zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi~. wlebis ganmavlobaSi samecniero-
pedagogiur muSaobas eweoda saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetSi, sadac 1995 wels profesorad
airCies; 2007-2010 wlebSi iyo ivane javaxiSvilis
saxlobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare; daarsebis dRidan
231
muSaobda saqarTvelos universitetSi, iyo
saqarTvelos universitetis sruli profesori da
proreqtori samecniero dargSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs
100-ze meti naSromi, maT Soris 9 monografia. misi
statiebi Sesulia qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi
`saqarTvelo~ da sxv. saqarTvelos uaxlesi xanis
istoriaSi ar yofila raime mniSvnelovani problema,
romelsac Tamaz beraZe ar gamoxmaureboda.
jildoebi ar hqonda. 2011 wels afxazeTis
umaRlesma sabWom daajildova `sapatio sigeliT~
qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze wignis
`narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, afxazeTi
uZvelesi droidan dRemde~ momzadebasa da
gamocemaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis TanaavtorebTan
erTad da xumrobda, es ariso Cemi erTaderTi
saxelmwifo jildo, romelic mravalwliani
samecniero muSaobisaTvis mimiRiao.
Tamaz beraZe mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv
saqmianobasac eweoda. 1989-1992 wlebSi igi iyo
Jurnal `saqarTvelos bunebis~ saredaqcio kolegiis
wevri. Jurnalis mTavar redaqtorTan, oTar
WeliZesTan erTad misi wvlili Zalian didia imaSi,
rom es Jurnali erT-erTi saintereso da
informaciuli gaxda. ukanasknel wlebSi igi iyo
`Savi zRva _ kaspiis zRvis saerTaSoriso fondis
vice-prezidenti da fondis mier organizebul
saerTaSoriso forumebSi xSirad monawileobda.
Tamaz beraZis sakandidato naSromi `odiSis
istoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~ da Semdeg
232
gamoqveynebuli vrceli publikacia `odiSis
politikuri geografiidan~ umniSvnelovanesi
gamokvlevaa saqarTvelos am kuTxis istoriis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. man didi wvlili Seitana
samegrelos da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos
istoriisa da istoriuli geografiis SeswavlaSi.
misi vrceli nawili Sevida fundamentur
monografiul gamokvlevaSi `samegrelo, kolxeTi,
odiSi~ (Tbilisi-zugdidi, 1999) Zveli egrisis
samefos, axali egrisis anu lazikis samefos, egris-
afxazeTis samefos, odiSis saerisTavosa da
samTavros istoriaze. swavlobda imereTis
istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs; svaneTis Sua
saukuneebis istorias; mSvenieri samecniero-
popularuli naSromi uZRvna raWas.
Tamaz beraZe iyo saqarTvelos zRvaosnobis
istoriis kvlevis pioneri. zRvaosnobis istoria
qarTul istoriografiaSi manamde kvlevis sagani ar
gamxdara. erTxel, aseTi raRac gaixsena: erT-erT
konferenciaze momxsenebels ganucxadebia, Sav zRvas
saqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelo roli Seusru-
lebiao. Turme amas ar daeTanxma da am sakiTxis
Seswavla gadawyvita. dauRalavi Sromisa da kvleva-
Ziebis Sedegi iyo SesaniSnavi samecniero-
popularuli monografia: _ `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqar-
TveloSi~ (Tb., 1981), sadac Seswavlilia Zveli
qarTuli sazRvao terminebi, urTierToba ucxo
qveynebTan Savi zRvis meSveobiT... navebisa da gemebis
aRweriloba. 1989 wels rusul enaze gamosca
monografiuli gamokvleva `Мореплавание и морская
233
торговля в средневековой Грузии~. am naSromiT
TiTqos gacocxlda qarTuli zRvaosnobis
dakarguli warsuli. SavizRvispireTSi naosnobasa da
sazRvao-savaWro urTierTobebs man kidev mravali
naSromi uZRvna.
2003 wels manana sanaZesTan erTad gamosca
`saqarTvelos istoria, w. 1, antikuri xana da Sua
saukuneebi~. am wignSi, romelic Zalian sainteresod
ikiTxeba, axleburad aris danaxuli saqarTvelos
istoriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi. 2003 wels
gamovida `saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi~,
romelic manana sanaZesa da konstantine Tofuria-
sTan erTad moamzada. saintereso naSromi uZRvna
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebs (`ruseT-
saqarTvelos oTxi gamoucxadebeli omi~).
bevri SeiZleba daiweros Tamaz beraZis
pirovnebaze, mis moRvaweobaze. mas didi gegmebi
hqonda. apirebda xelaxla, axladmopovebuli
masalebis safuZvelze gamoeca Sevsebuli naSromi
`zRvaosnoba saqarTveloSi~; apirebda samegrelos
istoriis daweras; male dasruldeboda muSaoba
afxazeTis istoriul atlasze, romelsac man didi
dro da energia Sealia...
es saocrad keTilSobili da naTeli adamiani
tragikulma SemTxvevam Seiwira. misi am qveynidan
wasvliT gulistkivilTan erTad nacnob-megobrebSi
gaCnda Rrma sevda, rom Tamaz beraZe Cvens Soris
aRar aris.
papuna gabisonia
234
geronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvale
gulSematkivari
qarTuli mecnie-
rebisTvis es weliwa-
dic mZime danaklisiT
aRiniSna, gamogvakldnen
qarTvelologiuri dar-
gebis cnobili mkvlev-
rebi da Cveni institu-
tis Rvawlmosili Tana-
mSromlebi _ Tamaz be-
raZe, julieta ruxaZe, neli bregaZe, geronti
gasviani.
Tavisi qveynis mxurvale gulSematkivari, samar-
Tliani, vaJkacuri da simpatiuri _ ase dagixasia-
TebdaT geronti gasvians yvela, vinc mas Soridan
mainc icnobda.
mTeli Tavisi cxovreba batonma gerontim, sva-
neTis patara, magram Tavisi tragikuli istoriiT
cnobil, sofel xaldeSi dabadebulma, saqarTvelos
istoriis saWirboroto da mtkivneuli sakiTxebis
kvlevas miuZRvna. garda mniSvnelovani mecnieruli
moRvaweobisa, is Tavisi mtkice da samarTliani po-
ziciiT, svanuri pirdapirobiT, yovelTvis qveynis
interesebis damcvelad gvevlineboda.
geronti gasviani farTe diapazonis mkvlevari
iyo. misi naSromebi Seexeba saqarTvelos gviani Sua-
saukuneebis, axali da uaxlesi periodebis sxvadasx-
235
va sakiTxebs. Tavdapirvelad misi kvlevis interess
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, svaneTisa da raWa-
leCxumis istoriis sakiTxebi warmoadgenda. SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom istoriuli TvalsazrisiT naklebad
Seswavlili kuTxis, svaneTis kvlevaSi, mas udavod
mniSvnelovani roli aqvs Setanili.
batoni gerontis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom
is Tavidanve, sruliad axalgazrda mkvlevari, argu-
mentirebulad da mtkiced daupirispirda komunis-
turi ideologiis zegavlenis Sedegad mecnierebaSi
danergil mosazrebas, rom Turme svaneTi sruliad
karCaketil da feodaluri urTierTobebis armqone
kuTxes warmoadgenda; rom svaneTi mdidari iyo “gad-
monaSTebiTa” da uZvelesi tradiciebiT, rac sru-
liad uaryofiT konteqstSi iyo warmoCenili.
mecnieri saistorio wyaroebisa da eTnografi-
uli masalis safuZvelze, dasabuTebulad cdilobda
aseve im mcdari mosazrebis uaryofas, TiTqos sva-
neTSi socialuri diferenciaca ar iyo Sors wasu-
li procesi da aq sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba feo-
dalizmis adrindel fazaSi imyofeboda. mas am sa-
kiTxebis kvlevisas, garda arsebuli samecniero ma-
salis maRal doneze flobisa, xels uwyobda umTa-
vresi faqtori _ is Signidan, realurad da naTlad
xedavda svaneTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis peripe-
tiebs, vinaidan organuli nawili iyo am sazogadoe-
bisa. am yvelaferma erTad ganapiroba, rom svaneTTan
dakavSirebuli misi yoveli mosazreba damajerebelia
da safuZvlianad dasabuTebuli.
236
saqarTvelos istoriaSi bolo periodSi momx-
dari avbediTi movlenebis Semdeg, geronti gasviani
mTel Tavis Zalisxmevas afxazeTis istoriis kvle-
vas uZRvnis. misi damsaxureba da kvlevis Sedegebi am
mimarTulebiT, udavod mniSvnelovania da dasafase-
beli.
afxazeTis istorias, socialur-eTnikur viTare-
basa da politikuri procesebis Sewavlas mkvlevarma
ramdenime sqeltaniani monografia miuZRvna: “qarT-
veli mecnierebi pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebze
afxazeTis Sesaxeb”, “afxazeTi XIX saukunis bolos
da XX saukuneSi, (Tb., 2004), “afxazeTis omi”, (Tb.,
2005), “afxazeTi saqarTvelos organuli nawilia,
(Tb., 2008), “afxazeTi istoriuli saqarTveloa,
(Tb., 2011)”. Tanaavtoria naSromisa “afxazeTis an-
Tropologiuri istoria (Tb., 2005) da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevari afxazeTis isto-
riis saproblemo sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs Seiswav-
lis. mas ganxiluli aqvs am teritoriaze mosaxle
uZvelesi tomebis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxebi,
istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikis problemebi.
geronti gasviani gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Seis-
wavlis gvian SuasaukuneebSi afxazeTSi Crdilokav-
kasiidan mosaxleobis migraciis sakiTxebs, rac gax-
da kidevac erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezi am regionSi
warmoSobili konfliqtisa.
naSromebSi gaSuqebulia is negatiuri roli,
rac Seasrula ruseTma, carizmidan moyolebuli
dRevandeli epoqiT damTavrebuli, im sisxliani omis
237
gaCaReba-warmoebaSi, ramac Cvens qveyanas erTerTi
uZvelesi kuTxe droebiT daakargvina. gamovlenili
da pasuxgacemulia istoriuli faqtebis falsifika-
ciis SemTxvevebi.
geronti gasvianis naSromebi sayuradReboa im-
iTac, rom iq warmoCenili kvlevebi yovelTvis saar-
qivo masalebze da dokumentebzea dafuZnebuli.
mecnieris moRvaweobaSi didi adgili ekava
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis istoriis kvlevas, is
Tanaavtoria ortomeuli naSromisa “CrdiloeT kav-
kasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi” (Tb., 1978),
xolo 2006 wels gamosca monografia “CrdiloeT
kavkasiis xalxebi _ dasabamidan XX saukunemde”.
batoni geronti 120-ze meti samecniero naSro-
mis avtoria, maT Soris 18 monografiaa.
geronti gasvianis xsovna da samecniero memkvi-
dreoba yovelTvis sakadrisad iqneba dafasebuli mi-
si kolegebisa da STamomavlobis mier.
xaTuna ioseliani
sarCevi
redaqtorisgan.......................................................................... 3
238
xaTuna ioseliani
samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi.......................................... 4
Khatuna Ioseliani
Problems of the Military Etiquette............................... 24
giorgi mamardaSvili
afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiuri
cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi.................................
25
Giorgi Mamardashvili
Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia
Territory Population.....................................................
44
medea gogolaZe
`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi
_ miTi Tu realoba?.............................................................
46
Medea Gogoladze
“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?................ 54
daviT merkvilaZe
rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi polkovnik bur-
naSevis arqivis masalebis mixedviT
(1783-1787 ww.)..........................................................................
55
irma kvaSilava
samegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofis zogierTi
sakiTxi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi
239
(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)................. 91
Irma Kvashilava
Some Problems of MegrelianSociety Every- day Life
in the Second Half of the 18th
Century
(according to V. Zueva’s records).................................
103
papuna gabisonia
ruxis brZola da misi mniSvneloba.............................. 104
Papuna Gabisonia
The battle of Rukhi and its importance........................... 114
zurab sulaberiZe
serbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveynebis da-
mokidebuleba balkaneTis problemisadmi 1885-
1886 wlebSi..................................................................................
115
Zurab Sulaberidze
The Serbian-Bulgarian war and the relation's of the
European countries with the Balkan's started
in 1885-1886..................................................................
128
Сулаберидзе Зураб
Политические и экономические аспекты
Немецкой восточной политики в конце
19 – начале 20 вв..........................................................
130
zurab sulaberiZe
germaniis aRmosavluri politikis
aspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da
240
XX saukunis dasawyisSi....................................................... 139
igor kekelia
abaSis xeobis saistorio geografia vaxuSti
bagrationis naSromisa da rukebis mixedviT...........
141
Igor Kekelia
Vakhusti Bagrationi and the issues of historic geogra-
phy of Abasha Gorge..........................................
169
igor kekelia
enguris xeobis saistorio geografia
vaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSi.....................................
171
Igor Kekelia
The Historical Geography of the River Enguri valley
in Vakhushti Bagrationi’s work.....................................
192
giorgi grZeliZe
Tbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebi.......................... 193
Salva gloveli
unikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
samecniero biblioTekis raritetuli
fondidan.........................................................................................
209
Shalva Gloveli
Unique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of The
Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology..........
219
giorgi gociriZe
241
qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metri............... 220
papuna gabisonia
Tamaz beraZis xsovnas............................................................ 229
xaTuna ioseliani
geronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvale
gulSematkivari...........................................................................
234