students: crina aloman victor constantin simona curtasu alexandru manea “elie radu”...
TRANSCRIPT
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Migration – Threat or opportunity ?
Students:
Crina Aloman
Victor Constantin
Simona Curtasu
Alexandru Manea
“Elie Radu” Technical College Ploiesti,
Romania
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human migration - a movement of humans from one place to another, with the intention of settling in the new location.
some modern migration - a byproduct of wars, political conflicts, and natural disasters.
contemporary migration is predominantly economically motivated.number of international migrants - 220 million in 2013; it could reach 405
million by 2050. 1 of every 35 persons in the world is a migrant.
Human migration: basic notions and facts
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Pre-modern migrationsHistorical migration of human populations:begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia
about a million years ago; Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years
ago;Homo sapiens moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across
Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years BC; migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago;by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized.
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Modern migrations:why do people migrate?
Reasons for migrating:
• Economic Migrants – few opportunities to earn money in their own country. Leave to seek higher paid and more regular wages in more developed countries.
• Political Migrants – refugees from civil wars, or a persecuted minority within their own country; seeking safety.
• Social Migrants – seeking a better opportunity for their future lifestyle. Often affects families seeking a future with more opportunities for their children.
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Push Factors: not enough jobs ■ few opportunities ■ primitive conditions■
■ desertification ■ famine or drought ■ political fear or persecution ■ slavery or forced labour ■ poor medical care ■ loss of wealth ■ natural disasters ■ death threats ■ pollution ■ bullying ■ war ■ discrimination.
Pull factors: job opportunities ■ better living conditions ■ political and/or religious freedom ■ enjoyment ■ education ■ better medical care ■ attractive climates ■ security ■ family links ■ industry ■ better chances of marrying.
Factors causing migrations
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Impacts of migrationhuman migration affects:
population patterns and characteristics, social and cultural patterns,processes, economies, and physical environments;
as people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating and modifying cultural landscapes;
there are many arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of migration and how it has affected us locally.
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Positive impacts on host countries (1)job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled;economic growth can be sustained;services to an ageing population can be maintained when there are
insufficient young people locally;the pension gap can be filled by the contributions of new young
workers and they also pay taxes;immigrants bring energy and innovation;host countries are enriched by cultural diversity;
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Positive impacts on host countries (2)facilitated growth in the economy;brought benefits to the tourism industry through the
development of new air routes;had a positive influence on the productivity or
efficiency of local workers;contributed new ideas and a fresh approach to firms;and greater cultural links with developing nations that
will prove useful in growing international trade.
In addition to these economic benefits: incomers have helped the health and care
services to continue functioning; contributed to cultural diversity; increased the vitality, especially of some
rural schools.
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Negative impacts on host countriesdepression of wages may occur but this
seems to be temporary;having workers willing to work for
relatively low pay may allow employers to ignore productivity, training and innovation;
migrants may be exploited;increases in population can put pressure
on public services;unemployment may rise if there are
unrestricted numbers of incomers;there may be integration difficulties and
friction with local people;large movements of people lead to more
security monitoring;ease of movement may facilitate
organised crime and people trafficking.
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Impacts on countries of originPositivedeveloping countries benefit from
remittances (payments sent home by migrants);unemployment is reduced and young
migrants enhance their life prospects;returning migrants bring savings, skills
and international contacts.
Negativeeconomic disadvantage through the loss of
young workers;loss of highly trained people, especially
health workers;social problems for children left behind or
growing up without a wider family circle.
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Is migration a threat or an opportunity? rapid increase in the number of
immigrants worldwide → perception of immigration as a threat to security
In the most general sense of the term, security refers to the absence of threats.
The following slides → investigate the claim that immigration is a threat to security by focusing on:
social, economic public security,
arguing that immigration is a constructed and perceived threat rather than a real, objective danger.
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Immigration and social securitysocial security - ways in which
members of a state perceive their cultural, linguistic, religious or national identity to be threatened by immigrants.
inability of immigrants to integrate or assimilate → argument for having a negative effect on the society and government’s stability.
On the other hand: an immigrant-receiving state may
hold a different notion of national identity → may be more tolerant and accepting different languages, cultures, and religions, supporting its policy of multiculturalism.
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Immigration and economic security
labour migration → can be argued to pose a threat to the economic security of both the sending and the receiving state;
the emigration of highly skilled and qualified workers from developing countries:
“brain drain” in the sending country,
undesirable economic consequences in the receiving country.
On the other hand: immigration often has a positive
impact on the employment levels of the host state.
effect of temporary unemployment → dissipates over time, as the state’s economy begins to adjust to the increase in labour supply.
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Immigration and public security immigration has been related to increased criminality →
perception that immigration is a threat to public security.there has been a connection between increased immigration
flows and increased crime rates;there is a trend showing that cities and countries that have
high crime rates tend to have a higher immigrant population;
On the other hand: an abundance of evidence demonstrates that the correlation
between immigration and criminality is very weak or non-existent;some studies report: neither wave of immigrants impacted rates of violent crime; immigrant arrest rates were no higher than native arrest
rates.
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Summary and conclusion (1)immigration poses a number of challenges to receiving states;it is inevitable that immigration would be viewed as a threat to society
and the economy, as well as to internal security and public order; however, immigration is a perceived threat rather than an objective one. ideas of national identity and notions of which cultural and ethnic groups
can be accepted into a community inevitably change over time;the act of labeling immigration as a security threat does more to harm
society than it does to protect it;it often results in xenophobic and racist attitudes, the exclusion of
immigrant groups, and the perception of the immigrant as the enemy.
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Summary and conclusion (2)immigration can be beneficial for migrants, but only if their rights are
protected properly;immigration can be economically beneficial for both countries of
origin and host countries; however, with present economic and trading structures it is the rich
and powerful countries that benefit most;migration brings social and cultural pressures that need to be taken
into account in planning for future services;migration has the potential for bringing peoples together culturally but
friction occurs if efforts are not made to dispel the myths held by local people;
it is also essential to provide good information about the local way of life to newcomers and ensure opportunities for people to mix and integrate;
where the economic preconditions exist, migration is inevitable. When people try to prevent immigration it just goes underground.
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References1. International Organization for Migration: http://
www.iom.int/jahia/page3.html
2. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/policies/immigration/pdf/general/emn_immigration_2006_en.pdf
3. http://www.embraceni.org/migration/the-pros-and-cons-of-migration/
4. The Economic, Labour Market and Skills Impacts of Migrant Workers www.delni.gov.uk/skillsimpactsmigrantworkers
5. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Available at url: http://www.unhcr.org/
6. http://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/24/is-immigration-a-threat-to-security/
7. International Labour Organization: www.ilo.org