Student EnergyAuditor Training

1

Introductions Your name Your greatest environmental concern

2

Goals of the Day To learn how to use the tools To be able to calculate how much energy and

money things in schools use Come up with data-based suggestions for

saving energy to share with students, teachers, school staff, etc.

3

Energy and Efficiency Concepts

What is Energy? Energy makes things go. It is the capacity to

do work, heat something up, or change it in some way.

Uses of Energy To generate electricity for

our computers, lights,

refrigerators, washing machines,

and air conditioners For gasoline used in our cars, and diesel fuel

used in our trucks

Brainstorm: In what ways did you use energy so far

today?

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Mechanical (also called kinetic) energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Chemical energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Electrical energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Light (radiant) energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Heat (thermal) energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Nuclear energy

Energy Takes Many Forms, Including…

Gravitational (also called potential) energy

Brainstorm: What form of energy did you use the most so

far today?

1. THE ENVIRONMENT Cutting back on electricity means using

fewer fossil fuels, thus saving precious energy resources, reducing pollution, and cutting CO2 emissions.

This protects our air, water, and the global climate.

Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?

16

Power Plants and Pollution Burning a fuel such as coal produces

pollutants, including the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)

The release of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels to create electricity is the number one contributor to climate change.

17

Power Plants and Pollution

Not all power plants create the same amount of pollution. Some fuels and some technologies are cleaner than others

18

Renewable SourcesAn energy source that can be replenished in

a short period of time

Solar-from the sun Wind Geothermal –from inside the earth Biomass-from plants Hydropower-from water Ocean Energy-from water

19

Nonrenewable SourcesAn energy source that we are using up and

cannot recreate in a short period of time

Fossil Fuels- Oil

- Natural Gas

- Coal Uranium (Used in nuclear energy)

20

Where Does Our Electricity Come From in DC?

COAL, HYDRO, OIL, NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR, RENEWABLES

Where Does Our Electricity Come From in DC?

Coal: 45.1%

Nuclear: 38.3%

Natural Gas: 9.6%

Oil: 4%

Hydro: 0.9%

Renewables:1.2%

COAL, HYDRO, OIL, NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR, RENEWABLES

Electricity Basics

Electricity has three basic units: voltage (v), current (I), and resistance (r).

Voltage is measured in volts

(Like the water in a pipe) Current is measured in amps

(Like the flow rate of the water in the pipe) Resistance is measured in ohms

(Like obstructions in the pipe)

Electricity: from producer to consumer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeXG8K5_UvU

OATMEAL EXPERIMENT

Energy Conversion In order to do work, energy

transforms, or converts, from one form to another.

Whenever energy is converted, some of the energy is wasted.

Energy, from one form to another

chemicalchemical

heatheat

mechanicalmechanical

electricalelectrical

Power Plant Efficiency

Transmission & Distribution92-94%

Transmission & Distribution92-94%

Combustion Turbine33-35%

Combustion Turbine33-35%

Generator60-80%

Generator60-80%

Conclusions:- Energy is wasted at EVERY POINT across

the system

- In a traditional coal plant, for example, only about 30-35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator.

- We can’t necessarily improve the efficiency of the GRID, but we can make better use of the energy that reaches us

Questions?

Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?

2. MONEY Schools pay more for energy than

textbooks and computers combined! Schools nationwide spend more than

$8 billion/year on energy Every dollar saved is income that can

benefit your school31

Why Should We Care About Saving Electricity?

2. MONEY Annual electricity cost per building type:

Educational facilities are some of the most expensive to operate when you compare them to other commercial buildings.

32

Education Food Sales

Food Service

Lodging Retail (other than mall)

Office Religious Worship

$21,100 $20,900 $17,400 $37,100 $11,600 $20,700 $4,400

What is energy efficiency?

Energy efficiency means…

using less energy to accomplish the same task, such as heating or lighting a building.

33

Energy Efficiency- Energy efficiency: the ratio of how much useful work

we can get out of any system to how much energy goes in.

- The human body, for example, converts about 5-15% of the chemical energy we consume as food into useful work.

- Thus our bodies are about 5-15% energy efficient.

energy in(gasoline)

useful energy out

(work)

Waste energy out (heat)

Efficiency= of engine 34

Electricity: Easy to Use, Easy to Waste

Electricity is a widely used energy input – flip a switch and something turns on.

It’s also easy to waste – you can leave a lamp or computer and forget that it’s on.

35

Measuring Energy POWER = Watts (W) and kilowatts (kW)

Instantaneous reading

ENERGY = Watt-hours (Wh) and kilowatt-hours (kWh) Usage over time

36

More about Watts, Kilowatts, and Kilowatt-Hours Most electrical devices have a label that says how many watts they use at any given point OR you can use a watt meter to find the watts

Kilowatt-hours (kWh) are the unit your power company uses to charge for electricity.

Using the wattage, we can calculate how many kW the device uses and then how much energy in kWh it will use over time.

37

Figuring Kilowatt-hoursFOUR EASY STEPS:

1. Find wattage the device

2. Divide by 1,000 to get kilowatts (kW).

3. Estimate how many hours the device is used

4. Multiply hours of use by kilowatts (kW) to determine kilowatt-hours (kWh).

Here’s the formula:

kWh use of hours 1,000

Watts

38

1

2

4 3

Kilowatt-hours (kWh)

We pay for electricity based on the number of kilowatts (or 1,000 watts) used per hour

The power company bills you in cents per kilowatt-hour

How many cents do you think schools in DC pay/kWh?

15.21cents, or $0.1521

39

Energy and PowerFor example, a device requiring one watt of power to run will use one watt-hour (Wh) during one hour…and 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) over a thousand hours.

(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use ofhour 1 x watts1000

(kwh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 10 x watts100

(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 100 x watts10

(kWh)hour -kilowatt 1 use of hours 1,000 watt x 1

(Wh)hour - watt1 use ofhour 1 1

watt

40

Using kWh to Figure Yearly Costs Estimate the number of hours the device will be

used during a year. Multiply this by the power (kW) rating of the device.

Multiply the result by the charge from the utility per kWh.

Here’s the formula:

costyearly kWh per cost year per kWh

:simply year,per kWh knowalready you if OR,

costyearly kWh per cost year per use of hours 1,000

Watts

41

Question

About how much money does Wilson High School pay for electricity each month?- $19,640.95 (average from Oct ‘07 – Aug ’09)

42

Light Bulb Experiment

43

LIGHT EXPERIMENT

Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb

Measured Wattage

Light Output

Temperature

44

Financial: How much $ can ONE bulb save?

Convincing people to pay more up front to buy CFLs

Life-cycle cost calculation

Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb

Total cost/year:

Savings/year: n/a

45

Environmental: How much CO2 can ONE bulb save?

• Carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels = largest contributor to global warming• In DC:

• CO2 = 1.139 lbs/kWh

• National Average:• CO2 = 1.329 lbs/kWh

Calculate CO2 emissions for an incandescent bulb and CFL in a year:

Incandescent Bulb Compact Fluorescent Bulb

kWh/year:

Total CO2 emissions:46

Conclusions Which bulb is more efficient at producing

light? How do you know?

- They do the same JOB – same number of footcandle output

- CFL does it using LESS energy

47

Conclusions The “expensive” bulb is really much cheaper

when you factor in energy costs Using less energy also means less CO2

emissions

48

Questions?

49

5 minute break

50

What Is an Energy Audit? Provides a “snapshot” of how energy is currently

being used in the facility. Identifies the energy and cost savings to be

achieved by changing the way energy is used in a building or group of buildings.

They reveal the ways a home, school, or other facility AND the people in it can save energy.

51

SEAT ENERGY AUDIT You will be doing some of the same

activities that are done in a full audit: 1. Data Gathering & Analysis2. Energy Plan: Recommendations

for Changes and Savings Analysis3. Project Report

52

Brainstorm:

Where should you focus your energy saving efforts?

What activities will save the most energy? What things in schools use the most

electricity? What are the best ways to save energy in

schools?

53

How electricity is used in schools nationwide:

54

Auditing a School1. Lighting

2. Behavior patterns

3. Plug loads

4. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC)

55

1. LIGHTING Often a large portion of electricity use (~30%)

and one of the most controllable The cost of ENERGY represents about 90%

of the cost of light over the life of a lamp.- (As we learned in the light bulb experiment)

56

1. LIGHTING: Factors to Consider

A. Light level requirements vs. current level

B. Type of lighting technology

C. Ballast type

57

1a. Light levels Every task has an associated recommended

lighting level Illuminance is measured in footcandles (fc)

- Illuminance = how much a light source illuminates an area

- Footcandle = the light from one candle held one foot away

58

1a. Light LevelsFactors That Determine

Appropriate Light Levels Type of activity Age of occupants Length of time at task Contrast / Surroundings Expert recommendations/

standards User expectations/ existing lighting

they’re accustomed to 59

1a. Light levelsActivity Type Footcandles Area Type How Measured

Public Spaces 2 – 5 Foyer/entry way

General lighting average throughout

the space

Simple Orientation 5 – 10 Hallway

Working Spaces, occasional visual tasks

10 – 20 Lobby

Visual Tasks; high contrast, or large size

20 – 50 Lecture

Measured on the surface/area where

task is being performed

Visual Tasks; medium contrast, or small size

50 – 100 Writing/reading

Visual Tasks; low contrast, or very small size

100 – 200 Sewing, woodwork, surgery, etc.

60

1a. Light Meter Shows how much light is in an area A light meter measures the illuminance

of a given area or work surface in footcandles Two ways to measure:

- Take light meter readings in representative areas of the room and average

- OR for task-specific places, put on the surface where you need light

61

1b. Lighting Technologies Screw-in light bulbs Basic light source Used in lamps

62

1b. Incandescent vs. CFL

Incandescent Compact Fluorescent (CFL)

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

WATTAGE

100  23 - 28 13

75 18 - 22 10

60 13 - 18 7

40 8 – 10 5

LIFETIME 1,000 6,000 50,000

BULB COST ~$0.75 ~$5.00 ~$50-$100

With incandescent bulbs, up to 90% of electricity is wasted as heat instead of light

63

1b. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps

Very efficient, long lasting lighting technology Commonly used in illuminated exit signs,

digital displays, traffic signals, holiday decorative lights

Still expensive and not common in overhead lighting applications

Can signal “phantom loads” – more on that later

64

1b. Lighting Technologies

Fluorescent Tube Lamps

There are many different types and sizes of fluorescent lamps.

Can be “U” shaped, circular, or straight Used in overhead fixtures in schools, stores,

offices, and industrial plants.

65

1b. T12 vs. T8 Fluorescent Lamps

Tube-shaped fluorescents come in different lengths and diameters.

T5s and T8s can be used to replace T12s and save energy.

Number refers to 8ths of an inch- T12 1.5” diameter- T8 1” diameter- T5 5/8” diameter

T8

T12

66

1b. T12 vs. T8 Fluorescent Lamps

67

Lamp Type

Diameter Typical Wattage

Average Life Cost/lamp

T12 1.5” 40 watts 20,000 hours $2.00

T8 1” 32 watts 24,000 hours $3.50

T5 5/8” 28 watts 30,000 hours $11.00

• Number refers to how many 8ths of an inch in diameter

• T12 1.5” diameter• T8 1” diameter • T5 5/8” diameter

1b. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Four types Used mainly for street lighting or industrial

uses, common in gymnasiums Use a specific ballast so not easily replaced

by a different bulb type

68

1b. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Lamp Type Picture Application Wattage Range

Notes

Mercury Vapor Lamps

Industrial applications; outdoor lighting

40 – 1,000 Long life (16,000 – 24,000 hrs)

Metal Halide Lamps

Industrial applications; outdoor lighting

175 – 1,650, orcompact = 32 - 250

Similar to mercury, but 1.5-2x more efficient

High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

Street/ outdoor lighting, industrial plants, commercial/ institutional

35 – 1,000 Highest lamp efficiency of all commonly used indoors

Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps

Street/highway lighting; outdoor areas/security lighting; warehouses

18 – 180 Most efficient of all, but reds, blues & other colors look gray or yellow

69

1c. What are Ballasts? Fluorescent and high-intensity discharge

(HID) lamps require ballasts. Ballasts help these lamps start up, and

regulate light output by maintaining normal operating current and voltage.

Ballasts consume some energy – typically about 10% of the total used by the fixture

70

1c. Two Main Ballast Types

There are two main types of ballasts for fluorescent tubes: Magnetic and Electronic

Ballast Type Notes Comfort Efficiency

MAGNETIC Older technology, not very efficient

Can produce a flicker and noise

ELECTRONIC Newer and today don’t cost much more than magnetic

Produce little-to-no flicker; lighter, cooler, less noisy

Use about 3 to 8 watts less per ballast than magnetic

71

1c. Flicker Checker Tests fluorescent lights to determine

whether they have magnetic or electronic ballasts.

Detects “flicker” in lights Checker pattern = magnetic Smooth circles = electronic

72

Lighting Levels Worksheet

Find if the room is over lit, - i.e. can we eliminate bulbs or replace bulbs with

more energy efficient ones?

- What behavior changes would help save energy in this room?

Calculate cost of lighting in room Determine ballast type

 

73

LIGHTING Recommendations

How do you save energy used by lighting?- Conserve

• Behavior – turn off lights• Set timers/sensors if present; inside and outside/parking lots

- Improve/reduce light levels• Delamp (remove lamps from fixtures)• Use daylighting and turn off lights• Use bulbs with more appropriate (less) wattage/light output• Clean or replace dirty or warped fixture covers

- Switch to more efficient lighting• Swap incandescents for CFLs• Suggest T8s for T12s• Upgrade ballasts from magnetic to electronic 74

Questions?

75

Lunch

76

2. BEHAVIOR Changes One of the easiest ways to save

energy is to reduce the amount of electricity we use - CONSERVE

Start with appliances, lights, and other daily used devices

77

2. Behavior Makes a Difference…

Some simple energy behavior rules: Turn it off Turn it down Take it out Unplug it Use available daylight

78

…and so does Awareness

The US Department of Energy reports that simply raising awareness at a school about saving energy can save between 1 - 3% – without spending any money on efficient new equipment.

79

2. Energy Bills: Demand Charge WHEN you use things can matter as much to

your energy bill as HOW MUCH you use This is called a demand charge When everyone uses energy at the same time, it

costs more for the utility to produce, causing PEAK DEMAND and higher costs

Brainstorm: When does peak demand occur? How could you avoid getting peak demand charges?

2. Behavior tracking BRAINSTORM: what activities could you

carry out to track energy behavior patterns? What could you do to encourage energy

saving behaviors/deter waste?

81

Questions?

82

3.PLUG LOADS Receive electrical power

through a cord plugged into an outlet.

Include computers, copiers, refrigerators, vending machines and more.

Some are very inefficient.

83

3. PLUG LOADS: Factors to consider

A. Phantom loads

B. Efficient models/Energy Star

C. Efficient usage

84

3a. Phantom Loads Many appliances suck up energy even when they

are supposedly turned “off” 75% of the electricity that powers home

electronics is consumed while these devices are turned off!

Look for things with remote controls, small LED lights, that give off heat BRAINSTORM:

- What items do you suspect to have phantom loads?

85

3a. Phantom Loads Can be eliminated by unplugging the

device OR use a power strip to plug in multiple

devices and flip the switch to power them all down simultaneously

If you can’t turn off the computer – what about the monitor? Printer? Speakers? - (The monitor uses about 2/3 the

power of the computer)

86

3b. Efficiency/Energy Star Save by reducing wattage

Most appliances have steadily gained efficiency over the years

Look for the Energy Star label - Incorporate advanced

technologies that use 10–50% less energy and water than standard models

87

kWh use of hours 1,000

Watts

3b. Refrigerator Example Today’s new

refrigerators use 75% less energy than in 1973

From 1972 to 2003:- Energy Use

down 74 %

- Capacity up 29%

- Price down 64 %Source: Graphic -- Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program

Statistics – Art Rosenfeld (CEC) and David Goldstein (NRDC)

3c. Efficient Usage Save by reducing the time that it is in

operation

Behavior changes to turn off appliances when not in use

Can also use more efficiently: - Fully load dishwasher before running- Don’t prop refrigerator door open/set to a medium

temperature

89

kWh use of hours 1,000

Watts

3c. Efficient Usage

This first thing to remember is: if you can, turn it off and unplug it.

For example, the average computer is used for only a few hours a day, but is usually left on for a much longer time.

If you can’t turn off the computer – what about the monitor? Printer? Speakers? - (The monitor uses about 2/3 the power of the

computer)90

3c. Watt Meter Shows how much power an appliance is using Measures in watts Energy is billed in kilowatt hours (1000 watts) SAFETY: Remove from the wall/appliances

carefully USE: Always make sure you are

measuring Watts by pressing that

button once and reading the unit

displayed 91

Wattage Activity• What are 4 things in the room that we can

plug into the watt meter and find the wattage of?

92

3. PLUG LOAD Recommendations

How do you save energy used by plug loads?- Unplug it

• Or plug everything into a power strip and switch that off

- Turn it off• Or turn off all auxiliary items (printer, speakers, etc)

- Remove unnecessary appliances What devices do you think are the biggest energy

users in a school?- Refrigerators/cafeteria equipment, computers (use

less but lots), copy machines93

Questions?

94

4. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and AC)

Often the biggest use of energy in any “conditioned” building

Often powered by natural gas or oil as opposed to electricity

Can be difficult to control as a building user, but still possible to influence

95

4. Investigate HVAC Thermostat

- Can set a few degrees warmer/cooler Obvious drafts

- “Weatherize” – seal drafty windows/doors Time of use

- Make sure unoccupied building isn’t being heated/cooled Window coverings

- Close drapes/blinds at night in winter to keep heat out, open during day to let sun in; opposite in summer

Natural ventilation/insulation- Open windows instead of turning on heater; dress warmer

in cold weather 96

4. Temperature Gun Shows the surface temperature of objects Measures in DEGREES FARENHEIT Useful because usually the hotter

objects are, the more

electricity they are using Also useful to see window temp

to check insulation of school SAFETY: Don’t point at people

97

4. Humidity/Temperature Pen

Shows the air temperature and humidity of the room

Typical comfortable humidity levels range from about 35-50%

Measures in DEGREES FARENHEIT, and PERCENT HUMIDITY

Use when taking the temp of a space vs. the surface temp of an object

USE: Hold away from your body so it doesn’t take your temperature

98

4. HVAC Recommendations How do you help keep the school at its

desired temperature?- Thermostats

• Lower thermostat settings to 70°F in the winter, and raise them to 78°F in the summer.

• Keep heat/cold producing things away from thermostats

• Turn off lights when not needed. Their heat makes your cooling system work harder in the summer and is an expensive way to heat a room in the winter.

99

4. HVAC Recommendations- Natural ventilation/insulation

• During cold weather, open window draperies and blinds on sunny days to let the daylight in and warm rooms. At night, close the draperies to conserve heat. During the summer, close draperies during the day to keep heat out and open at night to cool the building.

• Dress warmly in winter and wear light clothing during the summer.

• Keep doors/windows closed and sealed in winter; open in nice weather

100

4. HVAC Recommendations- Turn it off

• Eliminate unnecessary heating or cooling when the building is unoccupied.

• Turn the heating and cooling system off at night and over the weekends and holidays.

• Do not heat or cool unused office space, storage rooms, closets and other unoccupied spaces. Close duct registers in these areas.

101

Building tour – what to look for?

Use checklist to assess energy use in the school

Determine areas of probable energy waste Go back with tools later to find wattage/light

levels/etc and calculate saving potential

102

Brainstorm

• How are you going to save energy?How to convince others to save energyLightingEfficiencyNeedless appliancesTemperatureWeatherization

103

Brainstorm•Who will you tell?- Who can help you implement your recommendations?- How will you present the information so that they care?- People at the school- People at the district- Parents/community members- Other students and friends 104

Brainstorm

•How are you going to move forward with this?Meeting timesAuditing the rest of the schoolOrganizationCommunicationStudent roles to distribute tasksCommunity impactOutreach

105

Thank you!

Supplemental Questions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)What kind plant is most efficient