struktur dan fungsi system respirasi
TRANSCRIPT
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STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSISYSTEM RESPIRASI
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Saluran napas bagian atas :• Nassal/ oral
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Larynx pharynx
• oesopharynx
Saluran napas bagian bawah :• Trakhea
• Bronkus utama kiri dan kanan
• Bronkus lobular
• Bronkus segmental
• Bronkiolus terminalis
Tempat defusi/perfusi paru.• Bronkiolus respiratorium
• Ducctus alveolus
• Saccus alveolus
ANATOMI
SALURAN
NAFAS
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Cartilages of the Larynx
3 large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx:•the thyroid cartilage•the cricoid cartilage•the epiglottis
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v
Tracheobronchial tree.
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Epithelial lining of the tracheobronchial tree.
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The Respiratory Defense System
• Consists of a series of filtration mechanisms
• Removes particles and pathogens
• Goblet cells and mucous glands:• produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
• Cilia:• sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
• Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
• Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
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Struktur saluran napas bawah dan pembagian generasi percabangan
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Anatomi saluran napas bawah
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The Lungs
• Right lung• Has 3 lobes:
• superior, middle, and inferior
• separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
• Left Lung• Has 2 lobes:
• superior and inferior
• are separated by an oblique fissure
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Alveolar Organization
•Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts
•Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs: •common chambers connected to many individual alveoli
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Alveolar Epithelium
• Consists of simple squamous epithelium
• Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells
• Patrolled by alveolar macrophages, also called dust cells
• Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce surfactant
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Surfactant
• Is an oily secretion
• Contains phospholipids and proteins
• Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension
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Pleura
• terdiri atas 2 lapisan : • pleura parietal • pleura visceral
• Cairan pleura:
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Rongga toraks
Dibentuk oleh
- Clavicula
- Sternum
- costae
- Scapula
- Vetebrae Thoracalis
- Otot-otot dinding thorax
- Difragma
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The intercostalspace.
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Otot pernapasanOtot inspirasi Otot ekspirasi
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3 Muscle Groups of Inhalation
1. Diaphragm:• contraction draws air into lungs
• 75% of normal air movement2. External intracostal muscles:
– assist inhalation
– 25% of normal air movement
3. Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs:
– sternocleidomastoid
– serratus anterior
– pectoralis minor
– scalene muscles
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The diaphragm.
Scalenus muscles.
Sternocleidomastoid muscles.
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Respiration
1. External Respiration
- Includes all processes involved in exchanging
O2 and CO2 with the environment
2. Internal Respiration
• Also called cellular respiration
• Involves the uptake of O2 and production of
CO2 within individual cells
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3 Proses Respirasi External
1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)/ventilasi paru
2. Gas diffusionAcross membranes and capillaries
3. Transport of O2 and CO2:- between alveolar capillaries
- between capillary beds in other
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INSPIRASI DAN EKSPIRASI
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Figure 23–14
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
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Gerakan pump handle akanmeningkatkan diameter antero-posterior rangka toraks
Gerakan bucket handle meningkatkan diameter lateral rangka toraks
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Figure 23–16a, b
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Gas
Exc
han
ge &
Tra
nsp
ort
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Gas Exchange and Transport
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
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RESPIRATORY CENTER
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Figure 22.24a
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Figure 22.24b
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Pneumotaxic Area
•Located in upper pons
•Helps turn off inspiratory area
•Prevents overfilling of lungs
• Increased breathing rate
•Located in lower pons
•Activates inspiratory area
•Prolonged inspiration
•Overridden by activity of pneumotaxic area
Apneustic Area
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Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
Reflex control of ventilation
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Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors
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Figure 22.16
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Lung Volumes
• Tidal volume (TV): in/out with quiet breath (500 ml)
• Total minute volume: tidal x breaths/min• 500 x 12 = 6 L/min
• Exercise: even 200 L/min!
• Anatomical dead space:• Conducting zone
• Dilutes tidal volume, by a constant amount.
• Deeper breaths -> more fresh air to alveoli.
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Lung Volumes
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): extra (beyond TV) in with forced inspiration.
•Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): extra (beyond TV) out with forced expiration.
•Residual volume: always left in lungs, even with forced expiration.•Not measured with spirometer
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Lung Capacities
•Vital capacity (VC): the most you can actually ever expire, with forced inspiration and expiration.
VC= IRV + TV + ERV
•Total lung capacity: VC plus residual volume
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