stress, coping, and health
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Stress, Coping, and Health. Chapter 7. Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) - For student populations . Instructions: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 7
Stress, Coping, and Health
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Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) - For student populations
• Instructions: – People may use the following statements to describe
themselves. For each statement, decide whether the statement is uncharacteristic or characteristic of you using the following 5 point scale. Note that the 3 on the scale is Neutral – the statement is neither characteristic nor uncharacteristic of you. In the box to the right of each statement, fill in the number on the 5 point scale that best describes you.
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1. I often find myself performing tasks that I had intended to do days before.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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2.* I do not do assignments until just before they are to be handed in.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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3.* When I am finished with a library book, I return it right away regardless of the date it is due.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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4. When it is time to get up in the morning, I most often get right out of bed.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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5. A letter may sit for days after I write it before mailing it.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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6. I generally return phone calls promptly.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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7. Even with jobs that require little else except sitting down and doing them, I find they seldom get done for days.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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8. I usually make decisions as soon as possible.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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9. I generally delay before starting on work I have to do.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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10.* I usually have to rush to complete a task on time.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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11. When preparing to go out, I am seldom caught having to do something at the last minute.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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12. In preparing for some deadline, I often waste time by doing other things.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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13.* I prefer to leave early for an appointment.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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14.* I usually start an assignment shortly after it is assigned.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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15. I often have a task finished sooner than necessary.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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16. I always seem to end up shopping for birthday or Christmas gifts at the last minute.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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17. I usually buy even an essential item at the last minute.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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18. I usually accomplish all the things I plan to do in a day.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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19. I am continually saying “I’ll do it tomorrow”.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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20. I usually take care of all the tasks I have to do before I settle down and relax for the evening.
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Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• A. Demands, Strain, Coping, and Stress– Demands are environmental requirements that
motivate behavior.– Strain occurs when resources are inadequate to
meet demands.– Coping is behavior to meet demands.– Stress or distress is a case of excessive strain;
coping is inadequate.• Excessive demands• Limited resources
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• B. Characteristics of Stress– 1. Physical Symptoms of Stress
• Allergies, colds, flu, headache.
– 2. Psychological Symptoms of Stress• Anxiety, boredom, depression, feel helpless, negative
mood.
– 3. Behavioral Symptoms of Stress• Consume alcohol, nicotine, drugs, eat comfort foods,
waste time.
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• C. Characteristics of Stressors– 1. Negative Life Events as Stressors
• Same domain effect: negative life demands produce distress or stress; positive life demands produce eustress.
– 2. Magnitude of Life Events• Cataclysmic events are high magnitude stressors. Daily
hassles are low magnitude stressors. Daily uplifts bring relief, joy, amusement.
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• C. Characteristics of Stressors– 3. Predictability and Controllability of Life Events
• Predictable stressors are preferred over unpredictable stressors.
• Preparatory response hypothesis: predictive stimulus allows for preparation of shock.
• Safety hypothesis: person can relax and feel safe during signaled-shock free intervals.
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• D. Stressor-Stress Relationship• Generally stress increases with increases in stressors
magnitude.
– 1. Retrospective versus Prospective Research• Retrospective: stressed individual tries to recall past
stressors.• Prospective: measure person's stress level before and
after onset of suspected stressor.
– 2. Determining the Impact of Stressors• Life change unit: measure of amount of adjustment a
demand requires• Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire provide life change
units for demands faced by university students.
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I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• D. Stressor-Stress Relationship– 3. Stressor Magnitude and Stress
• Acute stress disorder: fear and helplessness reaction to a traumatic event that threatens death or serious injury; subsides in four weeks.
• Posttraumatic stress disorder: acute stress disorder lasts more than four weeks. Person experiences distressing recollections, physiological reactivity, social impairment, and avoids stimulus reminders.
• Terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 produced PTSD.– 4. Cumulative Effects of Stressors
• As life demands accumulate they become stressors and produce stress.
– 5. Racism as a Stressor• Racism experienced by African Americans and other minorities
is associated with stress and psychiatric symptoms.
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II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• A. Physiological Effects of Stressors– 1. General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1976)
• The body's physiological reaction to all stressors occurs in three stages:
• alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (adaptation energy depleted).
• death– 2. Psychological Stressors and Physiological Responses
• Such stressors as public speaking and job interviews can cause stress.
• B. Stressors and Psychophysiologic Disorders– Stressors, e.g., anger can interact with chronic risk factors
(cholesterol, high blood pressure) to increase the likelihood of heart attacks.
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II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• C. Stressors and the Immune System• Psychoneuroimmunology: study relationship between
psychological stressors, strength of the immune system, and disease.
• Immune system is body's line of defense against bacteria and viruses.
– 1. Stressor Effects on the Immune System• Stressors reduce effectiveness of immune system and
disease occurs.
– 2. Open Window Hypothesis• Few hours after strenuous exercise the immune system
is weak, which provides an open window for germs to invade and infect the body.
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II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• C. Stressors and the Immune System– 3. Stressors, Immune System, and the Common
Cold• Psychological stressors can downgrade the immune
system and increase the likelihood that a cold virus will result in a cold.
– 4. Multiple Stressor Effects• Stressors simultaneously affect a person's psychological,
physiological, and immune systems.
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III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• A. Appraisal of Life Events• Moderating variables: environment or person
characteristics that alter the relationship between the stressor and stress.
– 1. Appraisal and Stress• Primary appraisal: is event relevant, benign, positive, or
stressful?• Secondary appraisal: inventory resources for coping with
stressor.
– 2. Appraisal as a Moderator• With trauma orientation appraisal a gruesome event was
stressful; with denial or intellectualization appraisal, it was less stressful.
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III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• B. Coping and Behavior– 1. Coping
• Problem focused coping: identify problem clearly and consider potential solutions.
• Emotion focused coping: managing the distress the person feels.
• Appraisal and subsequent coping is a process, not static event.– 2. Health Behaviors
• Health enhancing behaviors help prevent stress or reduce its impact.
• Health impairing behavior increase the likelihood and severity of stress; such behaviors as alcohol, drugs, and tobacco use.
• C. Social Support as a Moderator• Buffering hypothesis: social support buffers or protects a
person from harm of a potential stressor. Social support also buffers immune system and physical health against stressors.
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III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• D. Personality Differences as Moderator Variables– 1. Procrastination
• Procrastinating students experience more stress at semester's end than do non-procrastinating students.
– 2. Sense of Humor• With this sense, a person is inclined to smile, laugh, and
be amused. It can help with stressor-appraisal and reduce the impact of stress.
– 3. Hardiness• With this personality trait, a person sees life events as
challenging, feels in control, and is committed to various activities.