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Stresul ocupaional
Cmpean Raluca Iulia
Cristea Andreea EmanuelaFrancu Ioana
Oltean Iulia
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DEFINIIIIMODELETEORETICE
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Stresul ocupaional
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Modelul tranzacional al stresului(Lazarus i Folkman,1984)
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Modelul tranzacional al stresului(Lazarus i Folkman,1984)
Coping-ul are dou funcii (cit Schwarzer, 1998):
coping focalizat pe problem (problem-focused coping)
coping focalizat spre emoie (emotion focused coping)
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Model cognitiv-emoional(Liu & Perrewe, 2005)
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Modelul Solicitrilor i Controlului (Karasek,1979)
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CAUZE ALE STRESULUI IREACIILA STRES
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Cauze ale stresului
Gradul de expereniere a stresului depindede cele 2 mecanisme psihologice
protective
reacia de alarmare
adaptarea
=> dac una din cele dou nu funcioneaz,apare stresul
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Factori de la locul de munccauzatori de stres
Intrinseci jobului - condiii fizice, pericole fizice,suprasolicitare, orar prelungit
Rolul n organizaie ambiguitate de rol, conflictde rol, responsabilitate fa de oameni, conflicteorganizaionale
Relaii la job comunicare deficitar cu efii icolegii, probleme de delegare a sarcinilor
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Reaciila stres, S. Michie, 2002
Experenierea stresului i vulnerabilitateala efectele adverse difer
- resurse materiale (sigurana financiar)
- resurse psihologice (stima de sine)
- reacii emoionale - comportament competitiv
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Reaciila stres, S. Michie, 2002
emoionale (anxietate, depresie)
comportamentale (agresivitate)
fizice (migrene) cognitive (probleme de concentrare)
= > stresul persistent duce la modificri lanivel neuroendocrin, cardiovascular,
imunitar i chiar la boli fizice sau psihice
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Reaciila stres
Exist o relaie de interdependen ntrestarea de bine general, funcionarea lalocul de munc i tensiunea de la locul de
munc
Dac tensiunea este foarte mare saufaorte mica, starea de bine i functionareasunt slabe
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Consecinelestresului, H. Pitariu,2006
Fizice i fiziologice ulcer, dureri de spate,artrita, ritm cardiac, boli hormonale, boli
cardiovasculare
Psihologiceanxietate, depresie, insomnii,burnout, conflicte familiale, insatisfacii
Comportamentaleabsenteism, consum desubstane, alcool i tutun, sabotaj, performansczut, luare de decizii deficitar
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RELAIADINTRE STRESUL
OCUPAIONALIPERFORMA
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Stresul ocupaional i performanala locul de munc
1. Performana individual
2. Tipuri de relaii ntre stres i performan3. Variabile moderatoare
4. Instrumente de msurare
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Performana la locul de munc
o persoan i realizeazbine sarcinile aferente postuluipe care l ocup.
performanaeste un criteriu extrem de important carerelaioneaza cu rezultatele i succesul organizatiei
din perspectiv psihologica, Campbell descrie
performana la locul de munc ca fiind o variabila la nivelindividual. Astfel, performana este ceea ce o singurpersoanface. Acest lucru difereniazconceptul deperforman la locul de munc de alte constructe cum arfi performanaorganizaionala sau performana
naionala, acestea fiind variabile de nivel superior.
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Tipuri de relaiintre stres iperforman
1. o relaie negativ-linear(Gupta si Beehr,
1979; Westman si Eden, 1996)
- o meta-analiza realizat de Muse icolab. (2003) a artat c 47% din studiileanalizate susin acest relaie
2. o relaie pozitiv-linear(Meglino, 1977)
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Tipuri de relaiintre stres iperforman
3. o relaie curbilinie (n forma de U) (Yerkes
si Dodson,1908; Scott, 1966; Baddeley,
1972; Cohen, 1980 )
4. nicio relaie(Dubin, Hedley si Taveggia,
1976; Taveggia si Kapln, 1998; Taveggia
si Santos, 2001)
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Variabile moderatoare
n relaiastres-performan
Inteligena emoional(Diggins, 2004, Lyons, Schneider, 2005, Lopes si colab.,
2006, Slaski, Cartwright, 2002)
Capacitatea de munc(Te-Yi Chang si Yu-Lien Chung, 2007 )
- reduc efectul negativ al stresului asupra performanei
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Instrumente de msurare
Evaluarea stresului ocupaionalEx: Chestionarul de Evaluare a Stresului
Ocupatonal (Job Stress Survey, abv.JSS,Charles Spielberger, Peter Vagg, 1999)
Itemi: - Munca peste program-Alocarea de sarcini noi i nefamiliare
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Instrumente de msurare
Evaluarea performaneiEx: Scale de evaluare cu ancore
comportamentale
S.E.A.C
(sistem de apreciere propus de Smith iKendall)
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RELAIADINTRE STRESUL
OCUPAIONALISATISFACIE
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Satisfacia profesional
-judecata individului asupra ocupaiei salen termeni de favorabil sau nefavorabil(Motowildo,1996)
- o atitudine sau o stare emoionalpozitiv rezultat n urma unei evaluri
realizate de individ fa de postul pe care ldeine i fa de experienele sale cumunca (Locke, 1976)
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Antecedente, corelate iconsecineale
satisfacieiprofesionale ( Kinicki icolab.,
2002)
Antecedente
Corelate
Consecinte
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Teorii ale satisfaciei profesionale
A. Teoriile situaionale ale satisfaciei profesionale(Herzberg, 1966; Hackman & Oldham, 1976).
B. Teoriile dispoziionale ale satisfaciei profesionale( Judge, 1998)
C. Teoriile interactive ale satisfaciei profesionale
(Hulin, 1991; Locke, 1976).
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Relaia stres ocupationalsatisfacie profesional
- o relaie de cauzalitate direct ntrestresul ocupaional i satisfaciaprofesional (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, & Weick,1970; Spector, 1987; Rose, 2003 )
- relaia ntre stres ocupaional - satisfacie
profesional este moderat de diverifactori ( ex. Locke, 1976, Hulin, 1991, Arnold 2005).
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Relatie stres ocupaionalsatisfacie profesional
Instrumente folosite pentru evidenierea relaieistres- satisfacie cu munca
- chestionar cu itemi cotai pe o scar Likert de la 1 la 5(1=niciodat, 5=ntotdeauna)
- itemi fac referire la 3 seciuni: stres fiziologic
stres psihologicsatisfacie profesional
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Exemple de itemi
Physiological stress: (Seawards ,2005)1) Indigestion and/or abdominal pain.
2) Weight loss or weight gain
Psychological Stress (Beehr et al.,2001; Cox et al.,2000;Newell,2002).
3) Find it difficult to control emotions.
4) Feel confuse and/or cannot concentrate.
Job Satisfaction (Dua, 1994;Fairbrother &Warn, 2003;Smith
et al.,1969; Sullivan &Bhagat)
2) I am satisfied with my chances for salary increases.
3) The work I do is appreciated
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Rezultate
-stresul fiziologic influeneazn mod direct satisfaciaprofesional,n timp ce stresul psihologic are efect moderator n relaie cusatisfacia profesional(Ismail, Yao, Kamal Yeop Yunus, 2009)
- exist diferene de gen n percepia stresului ocupaional i asatisfaciei profesionale ( McKean et al, 2000)
- insecuritatea locului de munc descrete satisfacia profesional iaccentueaz simptomele fizice ale stresului (Heaby, Israel, House,1994)
- comparnd sursele satiscaiei profesionale n rndul directorilorcolari, s-a identificat c pentru cei care au raportat satisfacie cumunca ar fi: factorii interpersonali, n timp ce pentru cei care nu au
raportat satisfacie profesional cauzele s-ar datora factorilorpersonali i structurali (Chaplain, 2001)
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MANAGEMENTUL STRESULUI
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Intervenii la nivel primar pentru aminimaliza/ elimina stresorii:
- cultura organizaionali climatul organizaional
- mbuntirea percepiilor controlului asupra muncii
- managementul stresului legat de cerinele muncii
- controlul stresului legat de cariera- insecuritatea muncii i oportuniti limitate de dezvoltare acarierei
- managementul stresului creat de o muncnestimulanti
plictisitoare- mecanisme alternative pentru ndeplinirea sarcinilor ca o
intervenie de control al stresului
- managemntul stresului legat de problemele de rol
- negocierea rolului ca i mecanism de control al stresului
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Bibliografie
C. Heaney, B. Israel,J.House,1994,Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers:
Effects on job satisfaction and health, Social Science & Medicine, 1431-1437
Chung-Lim, H., Wing-Tung, A. (2006). Teaching Satisfaction Scale: Measuring Job
Satisfaction of Teachers.Educational and Psychological Measurement , 66, 172-185
Judge, T., Parker, S., Colbert,A., Heler,D., Ilies, R.,(2002). Job Satisfaction: a Cross- Cultural
Review. n Anderson, N., Ones, D., Sinangil, H., Viswesvaradan,C.,Handbook of Industrial,Work and Organizational Psychology (pg. 25-53)
Azman Izmail, Yeo Suh-Suh, Mohd Naeim Ajis i Noor Faizzah Dolah (2009).
Relationship between Occupational Stress, Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: AnEmpirical Study in Malaysia
Pitariu, D. (2006). Proiectarea fielor de post, evaluarea posturilor de munc i apersonalului: Ed. Irecson
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Bibliografie
Te-Yi Chang i Yu-Lein Chang (2007). Relationship Between Role Stress and Job
Performance in Salespeople Employed by Travel Agents in Taiwan. In Intrenational Jurnal of
Stress Management, Vol.14, Nr.2 (p.211-223)
Stoica, M., (2007). - Stres, personalitate i performan in eficiena managerial, EdituraRisoprint, Cluj Napoca.
Jamal, M. (2007). Job Stress and Job Performance Controversy Revisted: An Empirical
Examination in Two Countries. In Intrenational Jurnal of Stress Management, Vol.14, Nr.2
(p.175-187)
Michie S. (2002). Causes and management of stress at work.Occup Environ Med, Nr. 59, (p.
67-72)
Lazarus S., Folkman S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. NY: Springer
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V mulumim pentru atenia
acordat
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