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Strengthening the air quality management community in Asiawww.cleanairnet.org/caiasia

Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance in Asia

Sustainable Urban Mobility in AsiaA CAI-Asia Program

15 September 2006Islamabad, Pakistan

Cornie Huizenga Clean Air Initiative

for Asian Cities


0

100

200

300

400

500

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Vehicle Growth in Asian Countries(in Millions of Vehicles)

Note: Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y Ltd

China, P.R.

0

100

200

300

400

500

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

India

0

20

40

60

80

100

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Thailand

0

20

40

60

80

100

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Indonesia


2- and 3-wheelers in Asia

0

50

100

150

200

250

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

mill

ions

India China Thailand

Note: The forecasts used were developed by Segment Y Ltd

• Increasing use of motorcycles – India, China and Thailand:–2005: 100 million–2008: 140 million– 2015: 250 million

• When will the tipping point be reached after which more people switch to cars: China 2025?

• Motorcycles now breaking into new markets e.g. Philippines

• 2-3 wheelers play an important role in transit in Asia, e.g. –Tricycles in Philippines–Rickshaws in South Asia–Tuk-tuk in Thailand


Comprehensive Approach to Reducing Vehicle Emissions

Air Pollution

VehicleEmission

Standards

Fuel Specifications

Inspection&Maintenance

Transport Planning &

Management


Emission Standards (1)

• Tightening of emission standards for new vehicles is the best way to reduce mobile source pollution

• I&M programs need to be linked to in-use emission standards: these in-use standards need to be linked to the type approval standards for new vehicles

• Most Asian countries follow ECE (Euro) standards, but adopting them at different speeds

• Little regional discussion on harmonization of standards

• New cars sold in Asia today are potentially cleaner than standards require in many Asian countries but poor fuel quality makes it difficult to realize reductions in emissions


Emission Standards (2)

• Motorcycle standards are very important, and in several countries Asia is ahead of Europe and USA

• No proper link between in-use and new vehicle emission standards- Difficulties with second hand imports

• In-use standards will become increasingly differentiated

• If in-use standards are too strict emerging I&M systems will face problems


Country 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

European Union

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Bangladesh Euro 2 (under discussion)

Hong Kong, China

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

Indiaa Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Indiab E1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Indonesia Euro 2

Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2 E4

Nepal Euro 1

Philippines Euro 1

PRCa Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3

PRCc Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Singaporee Euro 1 Euro 2

Singaporeg Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4

Sri Lanka Euro 1

Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieseld

Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro4

Viet Name Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Viet Namf Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Institutionalizing Vehicle Emissions Standards

(new light duty vehicles)

Source: CAI-Asia, 2006


• Hong Kong – centralized system works• Singapore – centralized system works• Bangkok, Thailand – centralized I&M facility is

underutilized, laboratory under lock and key• PRC – centralized system in key cities• India – centralized facility in Delhi not used?, PUC

certificate system did not work for a long time, improved system

• Philippines – centralized system, emissions testing only

• Dhaka, Bangladesh – centralized I&M facilities is remaining idle for several years now

• Sri Lanka – government about to sign deal with ESP

Status of a few I&M Facilities in Asia


Components of a Successful I&M Program

GoodQuality I&M

CentralizedTesting

AppropriateTest Procedures

PublicAwareness

Strong Enforcement

GovernmentOversight and

Auditing

InspectorTraining

AppropriateStandards and Norms

Privatized with appropriate

test fees


Institutional Arrangements

• Centralized system whereby inspection is separate from maintenance operates best- yet several Asian countries ignore these lessons of experience and go for decentralized or hybrid systems

• Private sector is best qualified to implement I&M systems regulated by government

• Success of I&M in Asia will depend on support of senior decision makers and institutional capacity to manage and regulate the system

• I&M works best if linked to the annual registration of vehicles

• Mixed responsibilities for I&M often results in problems between departments of environment, transport and police


Contracting Issues

• Quality: engage reputable companies• Single vs. multiple contractors• Minimum contract length (+7 to 10

yrs)• Setting and adjusting prices• Promoting competition at re-bid

- Ownership of land, facilities and software

• Risk management- Revenue adjustment provisions


Government Coordination and Management

• “Vertical” coordination (national, state, local)

• “Horizontal” coordination (environment, transport or police agency)

• Key Issue: integration with road worthiness inspections


Technical Issues

• Fleet characterization• Test procedures• Emission standards• Frequency of inspection• Trend towards “loaded test” to

measure compliance with tighter standards- this will require major overhaul of many existing I&M stations

• Technical quality of I&M systems run by government is often weak


Quality Assurance and Audit

• To control corruption, a well established QA and audit mechanism is essential

• Computerized systems are essential• Governments often lack the capacity to

regulate and to carry out QA efficiently• QA and audit is best undertaken by

independent groups• Often there are no effective procedures

against corrupt inspectors


Enforcement and Compliance Promotion

• Link to periodic vehicle registration- Need to enforce vehicle registration requirement

• Linkage to insurance coverage• Need for complementary public

awareness campaigns• Differing views on roadside

inspections


Managing Resources

• Financial resources: setting fees and recovering costs

• Management and technical resources: ensuring adequate capacity

• Political resources: ensuring popular support


Setting Fees and Recovering Costs

• Fees should be set to recover all costs- to include costs of govt oversight and quality assurance

• If necessary fees could be augmented by earmarking charges on fuels or vehicles

• Essential that concession period be of sufficient length to recover costs at lowest possible charges


Public Participation

• Public perception on effectiveness and transparency of I&M will determine the willingness to cooperate in the I&M system

• Few countries in Asia have effective, sustained awareness raising campaigns focusing on I&M

• Performance standards are required for I&M stations that guarantee fast and reliable tests

• Transparency is important: produce an annual report, make it available to the public


The Importance of “M” in I&M

• It is the “M” that actually reduces pollution not the “I”, yet in most Asian countries few efforts are made to improve the quality of maintenance

• “M” industry needs to be an active partner in discussions on emission standards

• Referee stations are required to offer a second opinion to vehicle owners


Roadside Testing

• Roadside testing can complement I&M but not replace it

• Roadside testing is needed to keep the public focused on the issue of vehicle pollution

• Roadside testing should focus on gross polluting vehicles

• Roadside testing is difficult to oversee and more open to corruption


Cost Effectiveness and Impact

• More stringent emission standards are more effective in the long term, I&M can have a short term impact

• Although I&M is increasingly used as an instrument to reduce pollution, no efforts are made to quantify the environmental impact

• Little is known about actual cost-effectiveness of I&M systems in Asia

strengthening the air quality management community in asia vehicle inspection & maintenance in...

Documents

countries asia

motorcycle standards

caiasia program

emissions slide

thailand slide

ece euro standards

type approval standards

south asia tuktuk