strategies for collaboration and intervention · national gem and jewellery authority other...
TRANSCRIPT
Strategies for collaboration and intervention
Different types of actors and institutions involved in the management of crop genetic diversity
Each type of organization has a unique set of capacities, different interests, needs and objectives.
Need to balance the different interests to address the needs of all the parties involved and have a healthy system where crop genetic diversity is maintained and sustainably used
Institutional and Partner Diversity
Farmers and local communitiesEcologists or ecosystem health workersConservationists and breedersNational governmentsPrivate sector Consumers
For example, a project dominated by conservationists may fail to prioritize farmers' livelihoods, while a project dominated by agricultural development workers may not place enough emphasis on conservation.
Conservationists and breeders are interested in maintaining the genetic value of material (e.g. yield, resistance) without necessarily taking into consideration farmers’ needs and preferences
Partner Diversity:Different perspectives
Projects are often developed by a few persons, representing only a few of the totalstakeholders, who hope that once the funding is secured the project will be ‘explained’ andaccepted by the other stakeholders. The stage of explaining the project’s purpose and valueto team members is often not given adequate time. As a result some stakeholders may feel no ownership in the work they have been asked to perform
Multidisciplinary teams have to be established where all partners work together towards a common goal
Communication is effective, common understanding, equity at all levels, respect for the role of each individual or institution
Multidisciplinary Teamwork
Linkages (between disciplines, institutes, formal and informal sectors) TrainingEquity in participation and decision making
The institutional diversity is necessary
Farmers' Organizations
Farmers
Community-Based Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations
National research institutes
Ministries of Agriculture & Environment
International Institutes
Multidisciplinary Teamwork: Who is involved?
Global organizational structure
Bioversity
International
UNEP
Ministry of Environment (MoE)
National Steering
Committee (NSC)
Biodiversity
Secretariat
Forest
Dept
Ministry of
Agriculture (MoA)
Project Management Unit PDOAHORDI/FRU
PGRC
NRMC
EXT &TR
AVC
Department of
Agriculture
CDC
Green Movement
SSIP Sevalanka
NGOs
Peradeniya
Ruhuna,
Wayamba
Universities
IUCN
IWMI
INGOs
Dept of Wildlife Conservation; Dept of Animal
Production & Health; Dept of Export Agriculture;
Dept of National Botanic Gardens; Ministry of
Indigenous Medicine; Meteorological Department;
National Gem and Jewellery Authority
Other
Ministries and
Departments
Farmers and
Farmers
organizations
Collaborative Project Frameworks
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) - Formalizing partnerships to agree to enter into a collaboration at established terms
Between two or more institutes within a countryBetween international agencies and a national institutes
MoUs are particularly important in countries where upper-level administrators are frequently moved from one post to another, to provide continuity and commitment from an institute rather than an individual administrator.
Build collaboration with and among farming communities
Organization of meetings involving as many as possible actors to have a common discussion and understanding of plant genetic diversity and any other issue involved in its management
Strengthening national frameworks
Identify the partners Create linkages between them
Promote equity in participation and decision-making
Training both farmers and project personnel
Situation analysis
Taking into consideration all different perspectives
Build collaboration with farming communities
Representative partnership
Equitable collaboration
Mutual trust
Value and recognition of different knowledge
Diversity is accessible but is not used because it
is not valued or does not perform
Diversity exists, is accessible, is valued but
farmers do not benefit from its use
Jarvis, Hodgkin, Sthapit,
Fadda, Lopez, CRPS 2011
Diversity does not exist in the production system
Diversity exists but is not accessible
Constraints to
conserve and
use traditional
crop varieties,
livestock
breeds, aquatic
populations
Lack of funds
Social constraints, policy constraints
Not perceived as competitive, not evaluated
Poor performance or cultural acceptability
Management not optimal, policies inhibit use
Insufficient market or non market benefits from use
Weak local institutes and farmer/community leadership
Exists but not in sufficient quantities
Generalized Model (based >500 on farm studies
Improve availability of materials
Improve information and availability of information
Improving traditional variety materials and their
management
Improve processing
Market creation and market promotion
Build partnerships and trust
Change norms
Alternatives and modification to seed certification systems
Promote ecological land management practices
Categories of actions that we know promote sustainable use
Payment schemes for ecosystem services
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversity
Community Biodiversity Management
Community-based biodiversity management is a participatory
approach to empower farmers, and local institutions for managing
agricultural biodiversity, by enhancing the capacity of communities to
analyze livelihood assets, problems, and to seek and implement
solutions
Communities are empowered to exercise their rights and secure
access and control over their genetic resources.
Community Biodiversity Management:Empowering farmers’ communities
Formal research and development programme often fail toinvolve farmers and/or to strengthen the capacity of localcommunities for the management of their biodiversityresources.
1. Enhancing community awareness and
education on agricultural biodiversity
2. Understanding the local context
(biodiversity, social networks and
local institutions)
3. Setting up and building capacity of
community institutions
4. Consolidating community roles in planning,
and implementation
6. Community M&E System
5. Establishing a CBM Fund
Community Biodiversity Management:Empowering farmers’ communities
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversity:Conservation and utilization practices
Diversity Field Fora
Diversity Field Fora
• Strengthening farmers’ skills to manage their plant genetic resources; it strengthens human capital, through education and training, natural capital, by developing and improving access to adapted material, and social capital by facilitating systematic interactions among
•It consists of co-research and co-learning activities / tasks in the field, with periodic measurements and observations, meetings between partners (farmers, extension, development NGOs, research, etc.) to discuss about activities
•Teacher vs Facilitator
1. Teacher: a leader, teaches how to think, how to do
2. The facilitator : guides people to think, to do, not a leader.
3. Required qualities for a good facilitator: the 3L: look, listen, and learn. Should not dominate, should not interrupt
Diversity Field Fora:co-research and co-learning activities
Step 1: Participatory appraisal of the initial state of PGR
Objective: Seek for farmers’ buy-in, identify the real needs of farmers with respect to PGR management
• First organize site visit with farmers
• Inventory of existing varietal diversity at village level and map the importance of each variety to people
Diversity Field Fora
Step 2: Negotiating DFF activities
Objective: identify key activities, select both traditional and improved varieties to be tested
• Decide who is responsible of what
• There are short (pest & diseases, seed multiplication) and long term activities (PVS, PPB, CSB)
Step 3: Implementation of the DFF - field experiments
• Objective: Monitor crop cycle
• Co-research (co-learning) activities or tasks in the field
• Data collection
• Periodic visits to the field for data collection, measurements and observations, followed by gropu discussion about activities
• Periodic meetings held for data presentation and discussion
Diversity Field Fora
Step 4: DFF evaluation
• Objective: Share results and show to the audience what can be achieved though collective action
• Organize the feedback and validation meeting or community forum
• Present DFF results to other community members and
• Negotiate agenda for the next season
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversityConservation and utilization practices
Community Biodiversity registry
Diversity Field Fora
• To provide a record of local knowledge for the
use of present and future generations of village
community people.
• To promote the revitalisation of local knowledge
by: (a) recognising the range of such
knowledge; (b) rewarding outstanding
knowledge, skills, techniques and conservation
practices; (c) validating and promoting sound
local knowledge and resource management
traditions; and (d) promoting intercommunity
transfer of knowledge for capacity
enhancement.
• To alert conservationists about the need for
action concerning threatened resources and
the need for protection of local resource rights.
• To protect local biodiversity and knowledge
from misappropriation by companies such as
though patenting of modified products,
processes and biological resources.
Community Biodiversity Registry
Ownership
Documentation
Monitoring
Marketing
Exchange
Biopiracy
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversity
Community Biodiversity Management
Community Biodiversity Registry
Diversity Field Fora
Community seed bank
Community Seed Bank
Community seed banks are mainly informal institutions, locally governed and managed, whose core function is to preserve seeds for local use.
Community seed banks are trying to regain, maintain, and increase control over seeds by farmers and local communities and to strengthen or establish dynamic forms of cooperation among and between farmers and others involved in the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity.
Community seed bank represent an alternative source for seeds of local crops and varieties, as commercial seed companies, extension input depots, and private dealers are marketing only modern varieties and hybrids of a limited number of crops.
i. Situation analysis - To understand crop trends, the seed system analysis
ii. Formulation of objectives and functions of the seedbank - To ensure
a common understanding among the community
iii) Site selection and land acquisition
iv) Development of and agreeing to modalities of running the seedbank
To set the standard operating procedures for
Tougouri, Burkina
Faso, Seed bank and
underground genebank
Community Seed Bank: The process
v) Seedbank establishment
vi) Establishment of community management structure for the
storage facility - capacity building of office bearers, roles and
responsibilities.
vii) Development of work-plan and monitoring system
Community Seed Bank
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversity
Community Biodiversity Management
Community Biodiversity registry
Seed/Diversity fairs
Diversity Field Fora
Community seed bank
Objectives
To create public awareness on the value of local crop diversity
To locate prime areas of diversity and identify rare and unique
species
To promote exchange of community based seed and
knowledge as social learning
To improve access to rare germplasm
To identify key custodians who maintain high genetic diversity
and the reasons for conserving them
To document variety names and associated knowledge on
uses and other values for community biodiversity register
To educate young generation and also to influence policy makers on the value of agricultural biodiversity
Seed/Diversity fairs
Seed/Diversity fairs: the processi. Hold participatory planning meetings with grassroots institutions to
discuss guiding principles of the diversity fair and the criteria for
participating community selection, selection of the venue and date, in
consultation with local institutions.
ii. Establish organizing committee and sub-committees to identify roles and
responsibilities for each committee.
iii. Define agro-ecological zones to determine the participants of diversity fair
at the domain level.
iv. For each sample provide variety names, distinguishing traits and address
of custodians, passport information of materials, specific reasons for cultivation and valuable traits
v. Define clear criteria for evaluation of the stalls, rules for display or
competition, as number, and type of prizes and rules and regulations for
the fair.
vi. Provide orientation training to participating group members on
displaying materials, information to be shared, labelling the
materials.
vii. Participants should be guided to visit the stalls and facilitate in
sharing information and knowledge associated with the exhibited
material.
viii. Evaluation of the stalls should be done in advance
ix. Create, maintain or update a database/inventory of the local crop
diversity for future monitoring
Seed/Diversity fairs
Seed/Diversity fairs
Links between DFF and seed fairs
Community seed banks and
Community Biodiversity registries•Seed storage and conservation
•Physical access to quality seeds (both local
and improved varieties) by smallholder
farmers
•Promoting local crop and varietal diversity
•Increased resilience of local farming systems
Diversity Field Fora•Participatory selection of
local and improved varieties
adapted to local
environmental conditions
•Improvement of the quality
of seeds produced
•Capacity building for
smallholder farmers
Seed fairs •Dissemination of best adapted
varieties
•Promotion of technologies
•Income generation for farmers
•Reduction of risks of crop failure
•Feedback of the users of DFF
results collected
Supporting the maintenance and use of crop genetic diversity
Community Biodiversity Management
Improved processing
Community Biodiversity registry
Seed/Diversity fairs
Diversity Field Fora
Geographical indication
Community seed bank
Conservation and utilization practices
Improved processing
Geographical indication
•Active participation of both farmers and breeders for creation and
dissemination of new variety
•Complementary roles of farmers and breeders
•Action and learning in both research stations and farmers fields
•Highly relevant when specific adaptation is sought
•Complementary to conventional breeding (especially global plant
breeding)
Participatory Plant BreedingWhat is it?
Farmers
• Clarify local needs
• Local knowledge and genetic diversity
• Testing on their fields under their management
• Local adaptation
• Local institutions/system
Breeders
•New (exotic) genetic resources
•Difficult crosses
•Long-term view (e.g. climate
change)
•Key traits (e.g. heat tolerance)
•Scientific evaluation, interpretation
•Cross-region activity
•Scale-up opportunity
Participatory Plant BreedingWhat they contribute?
Note: F=Farmer ; S=Scientist.
Typology of PPB as defined by nature of farmer participation
F S F S F S F S F S F S
Model 1: Traditional
Farmer Breeding
Model 2: Model 3: Complete
Participatory Breeding
Model 4: Efficient
Participatory Breeding
Model 5: Participatory
Varietal Selection
Model 6: “Conventional” Plant Breeding
Selection of Source Germplasm (goal setting)
Trait Development
Cultivar Development
Varietal Evaluation
FB PPB COB PVS CPB
(Source: Modified from Morris and Bellon, 2004)
Grassrootsbreeding
GB
THANK YOU