stormwater ponds in coastal south carolinamedia.clemson.edu/public/restoration/carolina...
TRANSCRIPT
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Stormwater Ponds in Coastal South Carolina
Denise M. Sanger S.C. Sea Grant Consortium
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Outline
• Stormwater runoff • Why ponds? • Considerations • What can you do?
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Coastal Development • Decreases the number of trees • Increases the amount of impervious
surfaces – Roofs, driveways, roads and parking lots
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Stormwater Runoff • Impervious surfaces restrict the
movement of water into the ground and results in surface runoff or stormwater runoff.
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Water Budgets
Forested Watershed Groundwater
recharge
Evapotranspiration (PET)
Rainfall
Subsurface flow
Stormwater Runoff
Developed Watershed
Rainfall Evapotranspiration (PET)
Stormwater Runoff
Subsurface flow
Groundwater recharge
Source: Holland and Sanger 2008
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Coastal Development • Increases the pollutant loadings – Fertilizers (nutrients), pesticides/herbicides,
metals, fossil fuels, bacteria, sediment
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Regulations
• South Carolina regulations require stormwater best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate the impacts of disturbing the land.
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Types of BMPs • Rain Gardens, Bioswales, Pervious Pavers, etc. • Constructed Wetlands • Pre-Fabricated Control Devices • Stormwater Ponds (wet or dry) - most commonly used
BMP in coastal SC - detain runoff for a period of time.
Source: Crane et al. 2010
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Source: Modified from NCDENR
Coastal SC Approximately 52 in/yr
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Outfalls to Tidal Creeks/Salt Marshes
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Tidal Creeks Project
Nurseries & Refuges
Red drum
Flounder
White shrimp Black seabass Blue crab
Sheepshead
Spot Atlan9c silversides
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Why Ponds? • Intended – Meet stormwater
regulation requirements
– Provide fill for development
– Amenity • Unintended – Habitat
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Created Open-Water Ponds No natural ponds in coastal SC >14,000 ponds in 2006 No water quality standards
Source: Erik Smith, NI-WB NERR
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1994
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2007
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1994
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2007 Count: ~25 ponds
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Source: Messersmith 2007
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Source: Messersmith 2007
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Considerations • Water Quality/Quantity of Runoff Into Pond • Water Quality Within Pond • Water Quality Exiting the Pond
Source: goldenvalleymn.gov
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Considerations
• Quantity – Rate – Volume
• Quality – Nutrients – Chemicals – Pesticides – Sediments – FC Bacteria – Algae
Source: http://apwsm.org/raingarden
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Source: Drescher et al. 2011
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Water Quality
Source: Drescher et al. 2011
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
FC DO Chl a TN TP TSS
good moderate poor
Half of all the ponds had at least one poor rating
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Pollutant Removal Efficiency
71% -6% Total Phosphorus
39% -2.5% Total Nitrogen
88% 19% Total Suspended Solids
55% 14% Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Multiple Pond Single Pond Pollutant
Source: Messersmith 2007
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What Can Homeowner Associations Do?
• Education • Maintenance • Supplement
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Educate Homeowners • Purpose of the lake/lagoon in their backyard • Apply fertilizers and pesticides according to
directions, sparingly, and not before it rains • Reduce bacteria – pet waste, septic systems • Wash car on lawn • Dispose of lawn clippings in compost • Clean up spilled brake fluid, oil, etc. and do not
dump in ground or in a storm drain • Harvest rain water • Preserve mature trees
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Maintenance
• Inspections – guides available online – Inlet and outlet pipes – Debris – Erosion
• Dredging • “Weed” Control – mechanical, biological,
and chemical
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36% loss in storage capacity – after
5-7 years
Dredging
Source: Messersmith 2007
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“Weed” Control
• Mechanical • Biological • Chemical
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Supplement Add vegetation in the pond and along the pond edge
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Take Home Message • Stormwater pond issues are complex –
one size does not fit all. • Most stormwater ponds are not
operating at maximal benefit. – Education – Maintenance – Supplements