modern day1,000 years ago2,000 years ago3,000 years ago4,000 years ago5,000 years ago6,000 years ago7,000 years ago8,000 years ago9,000 years ago10,000 years ago11,000 years ago12,000 years ago

Numerous Paleoindian kill sites (places where animals are killed and butchered) and campsites have been found in southeastern New Mexico. Most are along the Llano Estacado and the Guadalupe Mountains. The Clovis (Blackwater Draw Locality 1) and Milnesand sites north, west, and south of Portales near the Llano Estacado; Burnet Cave west of Carlsbad and the Lusk Ranch site northeast of Carlsbad; and Hermit’s Cave in the Guadalupe Mountains are but a few of the better-known examples of Paleoindian sites.

A.D. 2000A.D. 100001000 B.C.2000 B.C.3000 B.C.4000 B.C.5000 B.C.6000 B.C.7000 B.C.8000 B.C.9000 B.C.10000 B.C.

PALEOINDIAN – 8,000-12,000 years agoBig Game Hunters Nomadic Hunters and Gatherers Farmers

Settlers

ARCHAIC – 1,700-8,000 years ago CERAMIC 500-1,700 years ago PROTOHISTORIC

PAST FUTURE

HISTORIC 300-50 years ago

Archaic-age sites have been found in many of the same places that Paleoindian sites have been found. For example, Archaic-age deposits representing kill sites and camps have been found near water sources on the plains (Blackwater Draw, Rattlesnake Draw), along the Pecos River (sites in the vicinity of Brantley and Avalon reservoirs), near the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP) site near Carlsbad, and from dry cave sites in the Guadalupe Mountains.

Notable Eastern Jornada Mogollon sites and clusters of sites in southeastern New Mexico include the Bloom Mound and Henderson sites on the Rio Hondo west of Roswell, the Mescalero Sands District sites east of Roswell, the Red Tank site east of Roswell, various components of the Monument Springs site south of Hobbs, and the upper level of Hermit’s Cave west of Carlsbad.

The Garnsey site southeast of Roswell, a location where bison were killed on many different occasions between around A.D.1450 and A.D.1600, is one of the notable protohistoric sites in the region.

300-500 years ago Nomadic Hunters and Gatherers

4,000 years 6,300 years 1,200 years 200years

250years

Produced by the SRI Foundation under a contract with Statistical Research Inc. and the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Base Map ©1992 Raven Maps and Images, www.ravenmaps.com;historical period photos and photos of the pots, atlatl, and dart, courtesy of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico; territory ranges of the Kiowa and Apache from Native American Territorial Ranges in theCentral Region of Texas, courtesy of the Fort Worth District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; stone projectile points produced by Bruce Huckell; metal point by Ian Thompson. Thanks to all who assisted with this project.

Elevations

Atlatl dart point

Atlatl dart shaft

Modern bison(Bison bison)

Group of teepeeson hillside near

Mescaleroagency in the

early days.

Oklahoma City

• Apache

Lawton

Atlatl throwing stick

Archaeological Sites

Milnesand Site

Anderson Basin

Hermit's Cave

Monument Springs Site

Garnsey Spring Site

Rattlesnake Draw

Blackwater Draw

Mescalero Sands Arch. District

Bloom Mound

Lusk Ranch Site

Red Tank

Burnet Cave

Henderson Site

Rio

Gra

nde

Pecos

Riv

er

Carlsbad

Mescalero

Ft. Stanton

Hobbs

TEXAS

TE

XA

S

NE

W M

EX

ICO

Roswell

Guadalupe

Mountains

TEXASOKLAHOMANEW MEXICO

COLORADO

KANSAS

ARKANSAS

MISSOURI

NEBRASKA

SOUTH DAKOTAMINNESOTA

IOWA

LOUISIANA

WYOMING

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Houston

Fredericksburg

San Antonio

Austin

Amarillo

Springfield

Kansas City

El Paso

Pueblo

Albuquerque

Lincoln

Des Moines

Shreveport

Tulsa

New Orleans

Present Home Lawton, Oklahoma

Comanche

MEXICO

The Comanche

Comanche Traditional Use Areas

TEXASOKLAHOMANEW MEXICO

COLORADO

KANSAS

ARKANSAS

MISSOURI

NEBRASKA

SOUTH DAKOTAMINNESOTA

IOWA

LOUISIANA

WYOMING

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Fort Sill

Houston

Fredericksburg

San Antonio

Austin

Amarillo

Springfield

Kansas City

El Paso

Pueblo

Albuquerque

Lincoln

Des Moines

Shreveport

Tulsa

New Orleans

Present Home Apache, OK

Present Home Mescalero, NM

Mescalero Apache

Fort Sill Apache

MEXICOApache Traditional Use Areas

The ApacheTribe

Is there an overlap of traditional use areas?

photographer Clarence JefferisChupadero

Black on WhiteThree Rivers Red on Terracotta

El Paso Polychrome Mesquite

Yucca

Agave

Clovis 11,600-11,000

years ago

Folsom 10,900-10,200

years ago

Plainview 10,500-10,000

years ago

Eden 9,600-8,600

years ago

Jay 8,000-6,800

years ago

San Jose 5,500-3,500

years ago

Augustin 4,400-3,400

years ago

Pedernales 4,500-3,000

years ago

Palmillas 4,500-3,000

years ago

San Pedro 3,000-1,500

years ago

Perdiz 1,200-200 years ago

Fresno 1,200-200 years ago

Harrell 750-400 years ago

Metal 300 years

ago-present

Southern PlainsBrush House

0 200 400 600 800 1000 150 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 8000 9000 10000Feet

0 61 122 183 244 305 457 610 762 914 1067 1219 1372 1524 1676 1829 1981 2134 2438 2743 3048Meters

• Carnegie