steven jacques laser-tissue interactions · 2010-09-22 · step 1. irradiation: a continuous argon...
TRANSCRIPT
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Laser-Tissue Interactions Steven L. Jacques [email protected] http://omlc.ogi.edu
Depts. of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Steven Jacques
1. Introduction
2. Photochemical
3. Photothermal
4. Photomechanical
Student Workshop, Univ. of Oulu, Oulu Finland, June 5, 2010 posted on http://omlc.ogi.edu/new/jun10/oulu/
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OUTLINE
13:00 - 14:30 Introduction
Photochemical
14:30 – 15:00 Coffee
15:00 – 16:30 Photothermal
Photomechanical
16:30 – 16:45 break
16:45 – 17:30 Discussion
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1. Where tissue affect photons...
diagnostic sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy,
2. Where photons affect tissues….
surgical and therapeutic cutting, dissecting, machining, coagulating, welding and oxidizing
Micromachining with lasers
Laser surgery
Photodynamic therapy of cancer
Computer simulations of laser effects in
tissues
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tissue
air
5mmx5mm
esophagus @ 630 nm wavelength
Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration
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A photon’s path is tortuous due to multiple scattering, like a ball of string.
Nevertheless, there is a total pathlength L, like the length of the string.
L
L
€
T = e−µa L
Mean free path = 1/µa
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cm2W
per W
incidentpower
r [mm]
z [mm]
Monte Carlo
photon diffusion
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Photochemical
Photothermal
Photomechanical
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Concentration Fluence rate [W/cm2]
Speed of light [cm/s]
[J/cm3]
= C F
c
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Concentration Fluence rate [W/cm2]
Speed of light [cm/s]
[J/cm3]
= C F
c
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Number density of photons
[#photons/cm3]
= C F
c
€
λhc1000Nav
Wavelength [m]
Speed of light,[cm/s]
Planck’s constant [J m]
[ph/J]
€
1 J /cm3 = 1.1×1010 photons /cm3
= 1.8 ×10−13moles / literW
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Concentration of photons
= C F
c
€
λhc1000Nav
[moles/liter]
# [cm3/liter]
# [1/mole]
€
1 J /cm3 = 1.1×1010 photons /cm3
= 1.8 ×10−13moles / literW
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Energy deposition
time [s]
Absorption coefficient [1/cm]
[J/cm3]
= Q Ft
Fluence rate [W/cm2]
µ a
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ΔT = µ a Ft
Temperature rise
€
1ρCp
density [g/cm3]
specific heat [J/(g K) [°C]
Fluence rate [W/cm2]
Absorption coefficient [1/cm]
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N = µ ax Ft
(moles/liter)/(J/cm3 absorbed)
# of photons participating in photochemistry
photochemistry
€
λhc1000Nav
Φ
Quantum efficiency
J/cm3 absorbed by photochemical reagent X
Absorption coefficient [1/cm]
of photochemical reagent X
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P = µ a Ft
€
Γ
Grüneisen coefficient [dimensionless]
1 [J/cm3] = 10 bar
Stress, or pressure
G = 0.12 at 25°C
--> 0.5 at higher temperatures
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photochemical
N = µ ax Ft
€
λhc1000Nav
Φ
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Photochemical effects …
celulares de cáncer
celulares de cáncer con fluorescent photosensitizer
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Reactive oxidizing
species
PDT human treatment center
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PDT horse sarcoids
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PDT horse sarcoids
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PDT horse sarcoids
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znecrosis
Pth
~exp(-z/δ)
ROS
prod
uction
[M
]
P at margin of necrosis
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€
Pth = E t ε C Φ fkill e−znecrosis /δ
Irradiance
Exposure time
Extinction coefficient of photosensitizer
Quantum yield of photosensitizer
Production of oxidizing species
Fraction of oxidizing species that attacks
lethal sites
Light penetration
Concentration of photosensitizer
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€
znecrosis = δ −logeE t ε C Φ fkill
Pth
€
Pth = E t ε C Φ fkill e−znecrosis /δ
Depth of necrosis
Optical penetration depth everything
else
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photothermal
ΔT = µ a Ft
€
1ρCp
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photothermal
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photomechanical
P = µ a Ft
€
Γ
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Explosive vaporization
Air pressure
front Surface evaporation
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Blow-off model
€
Uheat =Qth
µ a.eff
Uabl = Qthzabl
UKE = Up – Uabl - Uheat
Energy deposition
Q(z)
J/cm3
Depth in tissue, z [cm]
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Blow-off model
Q = µaH Qth
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1. Introduction
2. Photochemical
3. Photothermal
4. Photomechanical
Laser-Tissue Interactions Steven L. Jacques [email protected] http://omlc.ogi.edu
Depts. of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
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photochemical
N = µ a Ft
€
λhc1000Nav
Φ
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€
Nabs = φt λhc0
A (1−10−εCL )
# photons fraction absorbed
φ = fluence rate [W/cm2] t = time of exposure [s] c0 = speed of light in vacuum 2.98x1010 [cm/s] h = Planck’s constant 6.626x10-34 [Js] λ = wavelength [cm] A = area illuminated by light [cm2] ε = extinction coefficient [cm-1/M], M = moles/liter C = concentration [M] L = photon pathlength through medium [cm]
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€
Nabs = φt λhc0
A (1−10−εCL )
φ = fluence rate [W/cm2] t = time of exposure [s] c0 = speed of light in vacuum 2.98x1010 [cm/s] h = Planck’s constant 6.626x10-34 [Js] λ = wavelength [cm] A = area illuminated by light [cm2] ε = extinction coefficient [cm-1/M], M = moles/liter C = concentration [M] L = photon pathlength through medium [cm]
# photons fraction absorbed
[W/cm2] [s] [#/J] [cm2] [cm-1/M] [M] [cm]
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CA
CB
k [s-1]
€
∂CB
∂t= kCA€
k =ΦNabs per sNmolecules
=Φφ
λhc0
A (1−10−εCL )
CNAvV / (1000cm3 / liter)
φ [W/cm2]
€
CA = CA (0)e−kt
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€
CA = CA (0)e−kt
= CA (0)e−φt / Hth
Hth = threshold dose [J/cm2] for 1/e effect in the range of 10-100 J/cm2 for many
photochemical reactions
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MATLAB example
photolabile reagent in non-scattering gel
how will the fluence rate φ change as
reagent photobleaches?
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Photochemical
Comparison of PDT efficiencies
for photooxidation of substrate (NADPH)
using a photosensitizer (Photofrin II).
PR Bargo, P Diagaradjane, SL Jacques Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3909 (2000)
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φT φΔ
ps
ps* 3ps 1O2
3O2
φfluor
φheat photon
1O2 φD φI
Target
Targetox
crossing to triplet state
photoactivation transfer energy to singlet oxygen
diffusion to target
interaction with target
φheat oxidized oxidized
oxidized
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Figure 1 — Set-up for the irradiation and absorbance measurements. Samples were irradiated through the bottom of the cuvette with 488 nm light from an argon laser. Power delivered was 75 mW for exposure times ranging from 0 to 90 minutes. Aliquots of irradiated solution were
diluted 1 :40 and absorbance spectra were.
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Figure 2: Absorbance spectra of NADPH (1 mM ) + P11 (50 µg/ml) solution after different exposure times. Highlighted is the decay in the 340 nm peak after irradiation.
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Figure 3: Typical decay in absorbance at 340 nm due to oxidation of NADPH. Data is fitted with a decayingexponential and the remaining offset is due to photofrin absorbance. ΔA and τ are used in equations 2 and 3.
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STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples.
Aliquots of 500 .il of NADPH+PII solutions were placed into quartz cuvettes
(1cm pathlength) for irradiation, forming an effective sample volume of lxlxO.5
cm3. Laser power was 100 mW guided through a 600 µm core-diameter
optical fiber and the output was collimated with a bi-convex lens (f = 50 mm)
forming a 13 mm diameter uniform spot. The irradiation was done from the
bottom of the cuvette to avoid the influence of the meniscus. The effective
irradiation area was 1 cm2, leaving a final irradiation power of 75 mW. The
sample thickness along the vertical path of the beam was 5 mm. The
irradiation time ranged from 0 to 90 minutes. No temperature elevation was
observed.
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€
b =λhc
=€
Nabs = P τ b (1−T488)
€
µa,488PF = ln(10)εa,488
PF Cirr
€
(1−T488) = 1− e−µa,488PF Lirr( )
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Cm = 50e-3; % mg/ml epsilon = 5.9; % cm^-1 (mg/ml)^-1 L = 0.5; % cm
P = 0.075; % W tau = 14*60; % s b = 2.5e18; % ph/J
Apf = Cm*epsilon*L % [-] Nabs = P*tau*b*(1-10^-Apf) % # photons abs’d
RUN: Nabs = 4.54e+19 photons absorbed
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STEP 2. Spectrophotometric Assay: after exposure, transfer to assay
Absorbance measurements were taken in the 250-820 nm spectral range with a spectrophotometer
(Hewlett Packard). Solutions were diluted 1:40 (50 µl of solution into 1.95 ml of Trizma) and placed
into quartz cuvettes (1 cm pathlength). Spectra were recorded and absorbance at 340 nm was
measured to assay the kinetics of NADPH oxidation. Measurements of the extinction coefficients of
PIT at 488 nm (ε488PII = 5.9 [cm-1(mg/ml)-1] and NADPH at 340 nm (ε340
PII = 5.1x103 [cm-1M-1]) were
also measured.
after exposure, transfer to assay
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Figure 3: Typical decay in absorbance at 340 nm due to oxidation of NADPH. Data is fitted with a decayingexponential and the remaining offset is due to photofrin absorbance. ΔA and τ are used in equations 2 and 3.
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€
Nox =ΔA NAv Vsp
ε340NADPHLsp
1f
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dA = 0.25-0.13; % dOD after one time constant tau Vsp = 2e-3; % liters sample volume of assay, in step 2 epsilonNADPH = 5.1e3; % cm^-1 M^-1 L2 = 1; % cm cuvette in step 2 f = 50/500; % uL/uL, fraction of sample from step 1 assayed in step 2 Nav = 6.023e23; % Avagadro's number, #/mole
Nox = (dA/epsilonNADPH*L2)/f *Nav*Vsp % [-]/([cm^-1 M^-1][cm])/[-] * [#/mole]*[2e-3 liter] % [M] * [#/M] = # photons oxidized
Run: Nox = 2.83e+17 photons oxidized
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phiox = Nox/Nabs
Run:
Nabs = 4.54e+19
Nox = 2.83e+17
phiox = 0.0062 Example calculation using figure. All the experiments actually yielded saturated φox ≈ 0.0048.
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€
φox = φT φΔ φR = φT φΔ φD φI
Triplet-crossing of activated sensitizer
Activation of oxygen to singlet oxygen
Oxidation of NADPH by singlet oxygen
Interaction of singlet oxygen with NADPH
Diffusion of singlet oxygen to NADPH
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€
φI =φox
φT φΔ φD
= 0.00480.63 0.32 1
= 0.024
experiment
literature experiment, for CNADPH > C*
efficiency of singlet oxygen interaction with NADPH yielding oxidation
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φT φΔ
ps
ps* 3ps 1O2
3O2
φfluor
φheat photon
1O2 φD φI
Target
Targetox
crossing to triplet state
photoactivation transfer energy to singlet oxygen
diffusion to target
interaction with target
φheat oxidized oxidized
oxidized
0.63 0.32
1 0.024
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1. Introduction
2. Photochemical
3. Photothermal
4. Photomechanical
Laser-Tissue Interactions Steven L. Jacques [email protected] http://omlc.ogi.edu
Depts. of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
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ΔT = µ a Ft
Temperature rise
€
1ρCp
density [g/cm3]
specific heat [J/(g K) [°C]
Fluence rate [W/cm2]
Absorption coefficient [1/cm]
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Temperature source
1.0 # file version 1 # number of runs
layersA.mco A # output filename, ASCII/Binary 100000 # No. of photons 0.0010 0.0010 # dz, dr for OUTPUT 150 150 1 # No. of bins, Nz, Nr, Na for OUTPUT 3 # No. of layers # n mua mus g d # One line for each layer 1.00 # n for medium above. 1.33 0.1 100 0.90 0.0500 # conjunctiva 1.33 0.5 100 0.90 0.0500 # conjunctiva 1.33 0.1 100 0.90 10.000 # conjunctiva 1.33 # n for medium below.
Monte Carlo input file
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Temperature source
2.4°C ΔT = A/(4.18 (J/cm3)/°C) for water
fluence rate, F [J/cm3] = A/µa absorption rate, A [J/cm3] = µaF
µa = 1 cm-1
µa = 5 cm-1
µa = 1 cm-1
for all 3 layers: µs = 100 cm-1 g = 0.90
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Thermal diffusion
€
ΔT =UpµaTρC
G(x,t)
G(x, t) =e−x
2 /(4αt )
4παt( )3 / 2
impulse response
10 s
20 s
30 s
0 s
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Developing an optical nerve stimuator for vestibular system (chicken)
optical fiber delivers 1850 nm laser pulse to stimulate nerve
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absorption scattering
at 1850 nm wavlength
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response to 1-J pulse
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response to 0.00500-J pulse
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impulse response
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Average power is the key parameter when considering heating by repetitive pulses
impulse response
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€
X(t) = X(0) + X(∞)− X(0)( ) 1− e−kt( )
X(t) describes some tissue state that changes with denaturation
Start point
End point
e-kt
rate of denaturation Thermal damage
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Thermal damage
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€
k =kBThe−ΔG /RT
€
ΔG = ΔH −TΔSwhere
Thermal damage
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€
k =kBTheΔS /R e−ΔH /RT
= A e−E /RT
6.2x1012 s-1
at room temperature Entropy [J/(mole K)]
€
ΔG = ΔH −TΔSwhere Enthalpy [J/
mole]
Thermal damage
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€
k =kBTheΔS /R e−ΔH /RT
= A e−E /RTEnthalpy [J/
mole]
6.2x1012 s-1
at room temperature Entropy [J/(mole K)]
where
€
ΔS =1TΔH −
1TΔG
Thermal damage
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€
k =kBTheΔS /R e−ΔH /RT
= A e−E /RT
6.2x1012 s-1
at room temperature Entropy [J/(mole K)]
where
€
ΔS =1TΔH −
1TΔG
slope y-int
Enthalpy [J/mole]
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°CΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
Whitening of pig liver
ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
Loss of birefringence in rat tail collagen ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
Contraction of mouse skin ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
Retinal damage
ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Literature review SL Jacques, J. Biomed. Optics 11(4):041108, 2006
€
slope =1
44.6°C
H bond ≈ 19 kJ/mole
“equivalent H bonds”
Trigger HSP expression
ΔS
ΔH
Thermal damage
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Thermal damage
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Thermal damage
€
N(t) = N(0)e−Ω
€
Ω = k(T(t))dt0
t
∫
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Solar heating ≈ 100 mW/cm2
100 cm2 x 1 cm = 1 liter
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€
slope =1
44.6°C
trigger
protected ΔS
ΔH
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…so how does this understanding of thermal injury impact the design of
therapeutic protocols?
Time vs Temperature
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€
trelax =(2d)2
4αwhere d =100 µm
α =1.3×10−3 cm2
s
d = 100 µm
trelax = 77 ms
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€
trelax =d2
4αwhere d =100 µm
α =1.3×10−3 cm2
s
d = 100 µm
trelax = 19 ms
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Oral melanoma in veterinary care
Oral melanoma in dog
Use diode laser at low power over several minutes to slowly heat, allowing thermal diffusion to bring heat to deeper layers, avoid overheating and vaporizing surface
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matlab example
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1. Introduction
2. Photochemical
3. Photothermal
4. Photomechanical
Laser-Tissue Interactions Steven L. Jacques [email protected] http://omlc.ogi.edu
Depts. of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
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The physics of laser-induced concussive insult
to peripheral nerves
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Consider a 100 mph baseball thrown by a pitcher…
100 mph
(Note: typical fastballs are 50 mph, but the fastest balls clocked are about 100 mph.)
Consider the recoil momentum due to pulse laser ablation of tissue…
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Consider the recoil momentum due to pulse laser ablation of tissue.
A small scale example:
ErYAG laser ablation of water:
2.94 µm wavelength
25 mJ pulse energy
170 ns pulse duration
3.1 mm 1/e2 diameter for Gaussian beam
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~Mach 3.5
0.170 µs
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Consider a 100 mph baseball thrown by a pitcher:
The velocity is (100 mph)(1720 m/mile)/(3600 s/hr) = 48 m/s.
The mass of a baseball is 142.5 g (a standard WilsonTM baseball)
The momentum is (0.1425 kg)(48 m/s) = 6.8 [kg m/s].
A baseball has a 9 inch (7.29 cm) diameter.
100 mph
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Consider the laser experiment:
The velocity of the ejected water ~ 1187 m/s, or Mach 3.5.
If the mass removal is 5.73 g,
(0.00573 kg)(1187 m/s) = 6.8 [kg m/s]
5.73 g of mass corresponds to 729 µm over a 10-cm-dia. circular area.
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= 0.087 [(kg m/s)/cm2] 6.8 [kg m/s]
78.5 cm2
Momentum per unit area
Area of 10-cm-dia. laser spot
Momentum of 100-mph baseball
Scale the problem
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Steady-state model
vs
Blow-off model
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€
m = ρUp
Qth
where
m = mass of tissue removed [g]
Up = energy of laser pulse [J], Up = E t,
E = irradiance [W/cm2]
t = time of exposure [s]
ρ = density of tissue [g/cm3]
Qth = threshold energy density for ablation [J/cm3]
Water explosively vaporizes away from surface during long pulse from laser
Steady-state model
![Page 106: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
€
m = ρUp
Qth
Water explosively vaporizes away from surface during long pulse from laser
Steady-state model
where
m = mass of tissue removed [g]
Up = energy of laser pulse [J], Up = E t,
E = irradiance [W/cm2]
t = time of exposure [s]
ρ = density of tissue [g/cm3]
Qth = threshold energy density for ablation [J/cm3]
![Page 107: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Four samples were tested: 1. 30% gelatin (70% water content) 2. 10% gelatin (90% water content) 3. water 4. skin
Steady-state model Nahen and Vogel (2002)
100 µs laser pulse
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Steady-state model Nahen and Vogel (2002)
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Steady-state model Nahen and Vogel (2002)
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Initial velocities during long-pulse laser ablation (200-µs Er:YAG laser), determined as the slope of the blue and red lines in previous figure.
sample vapor particle 30% gelatin 62 m/s 135 m/s 10% gelatin 71 m/s 16 m/s water 58 m/s 143 m/s skin 55 m/s 42 m/s
These velocities are roughly 10- to 100-fold lower than needed to achieve the density of momentum required for a Concussive Insult.
Steady-state model based on data of Nahen and Vogel (2002)
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Steady-state model
vs
Blow-off model
![Page 112: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Blow-off model
€
Uheat =Qth
ma.eff
Uabl = Qthzabl
UKE = Up – Uabl - Uheat
Energy deposition
Q(z)
J/cm3
Depth in tissue, z [cm]
€
Qth = µaHoe−µa zabl
![Page 113: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Blow-off model
Q = µaH €
Qth = µaHoe−µa zabl
Qth
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Thermal confinement:
Laser deposits faster than heat can diffuse away
Stress confinement:
Laser deposits faster than pressure can progate away €
t =d2
4α=
14αµa
2
€
t =dcs
=1csµa
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The mechanism of ablation underlying Qth:
1. Explosive vaporization: 1. enthalpy of vaporization 2. spinodal decomposition 3. superheated fluid 4. explosive ejection
2. Thermoelastic expansion: 1. thermoelastic expansion 2. inertia of the outward expansion 3. Overcome breaking strength of the tissue 4. ejection
This mechanism was discussed by Dingus and Scammon (1991) as “spallation” and later discussed by Albagli et al. (1994) as “inertial confinement” in a review of ablation literature.
~ 300°C
~ 70°C
∆T = 4°C --> ∆P = ± 10 bar ––> cavitation of water
∆T = 28°C --> ∆P = ± ~35 bar ––> spallation of tissue
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Reported threshold of ablation (Qth [J/cm3]) and equivalent temperature (Tequiv [°C]).
Laser tp Qth Tequiv ArF excimer ablation of skin 14 ns 397 J/cm3 120 °C Pulsed dye laser explosion of red blood cells 1 ms 392 J/cm3 125 °C Albagli’s review (various tissues and lasers) short pulses 285 J/cm3 62 °C
…supports the “spallation” or “inertial confinement” mechanism underlying Qth
… not 300°C !!
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Targ
et s
ize
Time
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etch depth
€
zabl =1µa
log µaHo
Qth
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
€
Qth = µaHoe−µa zabl
![Page 119: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
etch depth
€
zabl =1µa
log µaHo
Qth
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
€
Qth = µaHoe−µa zabl
![Page 120: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
mass
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
€
m =ρ zabl
1000 g/ kg
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Kinetic Energy
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
UKE = Up – Uabl - Uheat
€
Uheat =Qth
µ a.eff
Up = laser pulse
Uabl = Qthzabl
![Page 122: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
velocity
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
€
v =2 UKE
m
€
UKE = 12mv
2
![Page 123: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Momentum
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
M = mv
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Momentum
Radiant exposure
Ho
J/cm2
µa [cm-1]
Absorption coefficient
M = mv
baseball Optimum laser µa = 24.2 cm-1 Ho = 82 J/cm2
0.087 [(kg m/s)/cm2]
≈ 100-mph baseball
![Page 125: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
… based on experiment
… based on Blow-off
model
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DIAGNOSTICS:
Photoacoustic Imaging
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P = µ a Ft
€
Γ
Grüneisen coefficient [dimensionless]
1 [J/cm3] = 10 bar
Stress, or pressure
G = 0.12 at 25°C
--> 0.5 at higher temperatures
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Photoacoustic imaging:
Initial thermoelastic expansion
energy deposition = (µa)(H) = W [J/m3].
temperature rise = (energy deposition)/(ρCp) [degree C].
strain = (β)(temperature rise) [dimensionless].
pressure P = (M)(strain) [J/m3] = [Pa].
1 J/m3 = 1 Pa = 10-5 bar.
Energy deposition in volume, W [J/m3]
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Photoacoustic imaging:
Velocity Potential related to energy deposition
observation point r
distributed energy deposition W(r’)
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Photoacoustic imaging:
Velocity Potential related to energy deposition
observation point r
distributed energy deposition W(r’)
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Photoacoustic imaging:
Forward calculation
Forward calculation called A:
φ = A(W)
![k] = - 4"#Cp
$ %t1 &
j
r[j]
W[j] V[j]
where k = round(r[j]/cs/dt) is time index
and j is volume voxel index
observation point r
distributed energy deposition W(r’)
![Page 132: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Photoacoustic imaging:
Pressure related to Velocity Potential
Pressure P [J/m3] or [Pa]
is related to
velocity potential φ [m2/s]
€
P( r ,t) = −ρ∂φ( r ,t)∂t
![Page 133: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
![Page 138: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Energy deposition = 1 J/cm3 = 106 J/m3
….a 0.24°C temperature jump
![Page 139: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5
x 10-6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10-4
time t [s]1 2 3 4 5
x 10-6
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
time t [s]
1.2 bar
P = -ρ ∂φ/∂t
-φ P
for 106 J/m3 deposition
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
0 0.5 1
x 10-5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6x 10
-6
time t [s]0 0.5 1
x 10-5
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
time t [s]
1mm x 2mm x 2mm block of deposition
(figure extends ± 1 mm along z direction)
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
0 0.5 1
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4x 10
-5
time t [s]0 0.5 1
x 10-5
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time t [s]
1mm x 2mm x 12mm bar of deposition (figure extends ± 6 mm along z direction)
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
0 0.5 1
x 10-5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4x 10
-5
time t [s]0 0.5 1
x 10-5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time t [s]
12mm x 12mm x 12mm plane of deposition (figure extends ± 6 mm along z direction)
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
0 0.5 1
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2x 10
-5
time t [s]0 0.5 1
x 10-5
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
time t [s]
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x [m]
J/m3
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x 10-3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6x 10
-3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
0 0.5 1
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2x 10
-5
time t [s]0 0.5 1
x 10-5
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
time t [s]
![Page 145: Steven Jacques Laser-Tissue Interactions · 2010-09-22 · STEP 1. Irradiation: A continuous argon ion laser operating at 488nm was used for irradiation of the samples. Aliquots of](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040523/5e84eb220f690e664d028f2d/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Photoacoustic imaging:
Inverse Problem
Inverse calculation called B:
W = B(φ)
W[j] = !"#-
$
4%&Cp '() dt *
k=1
Nt
V
shell
+[k] r (r - cskdt < dr)
Vshell
= !j
V[j] (r[j] - cskdt < dr)where
for all j voxels where r[j] - cskdt < dr
for one detector:
measure φ by integrating pressure detector backproject W = source of energy deposition
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1. Introduction
2. Photochemical
3. Photothermal
4. Photomechanical
Laser-Tissue Interactions Steven L. Jacques [email protected] http://omlc.ogi.edu
Depts. of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA