steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf ·...

47
Steroidi • steroli (holesterol in intermediati biosinteze, oksisteroli) • steroidni hormoni (gestageni, kortikosteroidi, androgeni, estrogeni) •žolčne kisline •vitamin D

Upload: duongtruc

Post on 11-Aug-2019

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Steroidi

• steroli (holesterol in intermediati biosinteze, oksisteroli)

• steroidni hormoni (gestageni, kortikosteroidi,

androgeni, estrogeni)

•žolčne kisline

•vitamin D

Page 2: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

• ciklopentano-perhidro-fenantren

A B

C D

Struktura in nomenklaturasteroidov

• oštevilčenje C atomov

•C17 - gonan, •C18 - estran, •C19 - androstan, •C21 - pregnan,•C24 - holan, •C27 - holestan

12

34

56

7

89

10

1112

13

14 15

1617

19

18 20

21 22

23

24

25

26

27

Page 3: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

STEROIDNI HORMONI in NJIHOVI RECEPTORJI

-Gestageni: progesteron, pregnenolon – progesteronskireceptor (PR)

-Androgeni: testosteron, 5-DHT, androstendion -androgenski receptor (AR)

-Estrogeni: estradiol, estron – estrogenski receptor (ER)

-Kortikosteroidi : glukokortikoidi: kortizol, kortikosteron -glukokortikoidni receptor (GR);mineralokortikoidi: aldosteron – mineralokortikoidni receptor (MR)

Page 4: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Pregled steroidnih hormonov

HO

C

CH

O3

CCH

O3

O

CH2COH

O

O

CH2COH

O

O

HO

CH2COH

O

O

HOCH

O

O

OH

O

O

CCH

O3

O

OH

CH2COH

O

O

OH

CH2COH

O

O

OHHO

CH2COH

O

O

OHO

HO

O

HO

OH

pregnenolon

progesteron

deoksikortikosteron

kortikosteron

aldosteron

17a-OH- progesteron

deoksikortizol

kortizol

kortizon

androstendion testosteron

estron

estradiol

123 4 5 6 7

8910

11 12 1314 15

161719

18 2021 22

2324

2526

27

C21

C21

C21

C19

C18

C27

holesterol

GESTAGENI

GLUKO-KORTIKOIDI

MINERALO-KORTIKOIDI

ESTROGENI

ANDROGENI

Page 5: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Mehanizem delovanja steroidnih hormonov

• potujejo do tarčnih tkiv s pomočjo prenašalnih proteinov

• difundirajo preko membrane

• vezava na ustrezni receptor v celici• vezava receptorja z vezanim steroidom na specifičnozaporedje DNA (HRE)

• omogočajo prepisovanje (transkripcijo) določenih genov

Page 6: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Mehanizem delovanja steroidnih hormonov

Page 7: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Testosterone circulates in the blood bound to albumin (not shown) and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and exchanges with free testosterone. Free testosterone enters prostate cells and is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 -reductase. Binding of DHT to the androgen receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation. The AR dimerizes and can bind to androgen-response elements in the promoter regions of target genes6. Co-activators (such as ARA70) and corepressors (not shown) also bind the AR complex, facilitating or preventing, respectively, its interaction with the general transcription apparatus (GTA). Activation (or repression) of target genes leads to biological responses including growth, survival and the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Potential transcription-independent actions of androgens are not shown.

Mehanizem delovanja androgenih steroidnih hormonov

Page 8: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

6 bp dolgi palindromi ali direktne ponovitve, ločene za 0 – 4 bp.

GR, MR, AR, PR – homodimeri, ki spoznajo elemente, katerih polovicaima zaporedje TGTTCT (oziroma TGACCT za ER). Polovici sta organizirani kot palindrom, dolžina vmesnika pa določatip elementa.

T3R, VDR, RAR, RXR – tvorijo heterodimere in prepoznajo elemente, katerih polovica ima zaporedje TGACCT. Polovici sta organizirani kot direktna ponovitev, dolžina vmesnika pa določa tip elementa: RXR-1bp, VDR-3bb, T3R-4bp, RAR-5bp.

DNA vezavna mesta steroidnih receptorjev

Page 9: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Spolni hormoni

Page 10: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Razvoj ženske in moške gonade

Spolna diferenciacija in puberteta

Page 11: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Os hipotalamus-hipofiza-gonade

Page 12: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Normalna spolna diferenciacija od oploditve do tvorbe zunanjih spolovil

Page 13: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation
Page 14: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/histology/reproductive/tey041he.jpg

Androgeniuravnavajo razvoj moških sekundarnih spolnihznakov, androgeno in anabolno delovanje

Page 15: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Prečni prerez moda (živalski model)

Page 16: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Testosteron je glavni cirkulirajoči androgen pri moškihJe tudi glavni cirkulirajoči androgen pri ženskah, kjer ga sintetizirata rumeno telesce in adrenalna žleza.

Izločajo ga Leydigove celice testisov, kot odgovor na LH stimulus

Delovanje:-preko vezave na AR-Preko ireverzibilne pretvorbe v 5-DHT, ki se močneje veže na AR-Preko pretvorbe v estrogene, ki se vežejo na ER

O

OH

testosteron

Page 17: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

O

OH

testosteron

O

O

O

O

androstendion

DHEA

O

OH

Dihidrotestosteron,DHT, 5α−DHT

HO

OH

estradiol

Aktivni metaboliti neaktivni metaboliti

Page 18: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://www.prostateline.com/gUserFiles/pc_anatomy_Fig1.8a.gif

Page 19: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Pulzirajoče sproščanje GnRH

GnRH pulzirajoči generatorpovzroči sproščanje LH in FSH

iz hipofize

Sproščanje FSH in LHiz zadnjega režnja

hipofize

90 – 120 min

Page 20: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Os hipotalamus-hipofizapri moških

Pulzirajoče sproščanje GnRH, LH in FSH

Tarčna tkiva androgenov,metabolizem testosterona

Page 21: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Vloga androgenov v različnih stadijih življenja

-pred rojstvom- razvoj moške gonade

-otroška doba ?

-Puberteta

-2nd moški spolni znaki-Kožne spremembe, akne-Poraščenost-Povečanje mišične mase in moči-Zmanjšanje podkožne maščobe-Odebelitev kosti-Spremembe na glasilkah-Povečnje eritropoeze-Agresivnost-Boljša prostorska orientiranost........

Page 22: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://www.prostateline.com/gUserFiles/pc_anatomy_fig1.9.gif

Page 23: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Hypogonadism:

Primary hypogonadism - when the Leydig cells in the testes have lost the capacity to secrete testosterone at normal, youthful levels.

Secondary hypogonadism - when the messages from the brain to the pituitary gland are not strong enough or frequent enough to stimulate the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.

If testosterone levels are normal, and a man is experiencing signs of andropause, the hormonal culprit is usually estrogen, the female hormone.

Young men may have a ratio of testosterone to estrogen of 50:1. The ratio drops to 20:1 or even as low as 8:1 with normal aging.

When estrogen levels in a man increase, the effects of testosterone are negated. While estrogens in women protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis, the effects are the opposite for men. Too much estrogen will actually increase the risk of heart attacks in men.

Page 24: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Andropavza

Page 25: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

The symptoms of andropause

- lethargy or decreased energy, - decreased libido or interest in sex, - erectile dysfunction with loss of erections, - muscle weakness and aches,- inability to sleep,- hot flashes, night sweats, - depression,- infertility - thinning of bones or bone loss.

http://www.safemenopausesolutions.com/images/1570714339.01.jpg

Page 26: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Estrogeni (C18, aromatski obroč A, OH na C3) estradiol, estronuravnavajo razvoj ženskih sekundarnih spolnih znakov

C

CH

O3

O

HO

OH

HO

O

estradiol estron

progesteron

Gestageni (C21, O skupina na C20) progesteronuravnavanje ženskega reproduktivnega cikla

http://en.sanofi-aventis.com/img_v2/healthcare/cancer_research/

Page 27: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://www.brevail.com/images/figure3.jpg

Page 28: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Delovanje progesterona in njegovega antagonista RU

Page 29: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Zorenje dominantnih foliklovpred ovulacijo

Primordialni folikel

Povečani folikel z obročem granuloznih celic

Antralni folikel

Popolnoma razviti folikel pred ovulacijo

Page 30: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

STAROST ŽENSKE število jajčec20 tednov gestacije 6,000,000

rojstvo 2,000,000začetek menstruacije (11-13) 500,000

menopavza (55) 0

Page 31: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Hormonske spremembe mednormalnim menstruacijskim ciklusom

-

+

+

FSHR +

Povečana koncentracija E2 povzroči hitrejše pulze GnRH,kar poveča izločanje LH in pvzroči ovulacijo

Page 32: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Bris cervikalne mukoze

Ženska z normalno menstruacijo, 5. dan ciklaOdsotnost resic pomeni nizek nivo estradiola

v tej stopnji mesečnega ciklaBris iste ženske, pridobljen tik pred ovulacijo.

ko koncentracija estradiola naraste

Page 33: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Os hipotalamus-hipofiza-jajčniki in maternica

Maternica je tarčni organ ovarijskihhormonov. Večino časa visoka raven estrogenov

in progesterona inhibira izločanje FSH in LH znegativno zanko. Vendar pa se med prvim

delom menstrualnega cikla pojavi pozitivni vpliv(pozitivna zanka) estradiola

Page 34: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Menoopavza

Page 35: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Menopavza

-po 40 letu ovulatorne disfunkcije, manj ovulacijskih ciklov, krajše folikularne faze

-Klimakterična doba – celotno trajanje zmanjševanja ravni estrogenov, ki vodi do atrofije na estrogene-občutljivih tkiv

-Povprečna starost menopavze je 52 let (ZDA), je kasnejša pri ženskah z več maščobnega tkiva, ki proizvaja estrogene, hitrejša pri kadilkah

-Efekti: temperaturni valovi (70 – 80% žensk), osteoporoza,

-Urogenitalna atrofija

-Estrogenska nadomestna terapija – ni jasnih dokazov za povečanje raka na dojki, 6X nižje doze kot pri kontracepciji, krvavitve

Page 36: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/hor/sex.jpg

Page 37: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/i/msnbc/Components/Art/HEALTH/061214/AP_MAMMOGRAMS.gifb

Page 38: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

implant

Injection(progesteron, do 3 mesece)

IUV

Ženska hormonska kontracepcija

Page 39: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Hormonske spremembe mednormalnim menstruacijskim ciklusom

Page 40: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/558birth.html

Page 41: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

-redno doziranje estrogenov in/ali progestinov, da se prepreči nosečnost s preprečitvijo ovulacije ali vzpostavitvijo neugodnih pogojev za implantacijo

Estrogenska komponenta zavre FSH izločanje z negativno zanko, poveča št.progesteronskih receptorjev in stabilizira endometrij, da ne pride do vmesnih krvavitev.

Sintetični estrogeni –etinil-estradiol, 35ug/dan

Page 42: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Progesteronska komponenta:

-zavre izločanje LH, kar inhibiraovulacijo

-Zavre mobilnost v jajcevodih in zmanjša možnost implantacije

-Poveča debelino cervičnemukoze in zmanjša možnost penetracije spermija

Page 43: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/558birth.html

Page 44: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Kontracepcija z le progestinsko komponento:

-zavrto je le izločanje LH in ne FSH, raven estrogenov je normalna, nekatere ženske ovulirajo

-Sintetični progestini

-Aplikacija tudi intramuskularno (3 mesece) ali podkožno (do več let)

-Novi progestini manj androgenih učinkov

-Post-koitalna kontracepcija (dan potem):

- velika doza estrogena z ali brez progestinov, kar prepreči implantacijo

Page 45: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Stranski učinki estrogenov:

-metabolični učinki v jetrih – povečana sinteza faktorjev za strjevanje krvi, v starejših letih povečana nevarnost za trombotične dogodke

-Zadrževanje telesnih tekočin, slabost, glavoboli, boleče prsi, hipertenzični učinek (več renina)

-“zaščita” pred kardiovaskularnimi obolenji – ugodnejše razmerje LDL/HDL

Page 46: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Stranski učinki progestinov:

-Povečanje telesne teže

-Utrujenost in depresivnost

-Neredne krvavitve, če niso dodani estrogeni

-Prehodna insulinska rezistenca, podobno kot v nosečnosti

Page 47: Steroidi - cfgbc.mf.uni-lj.sicfgbc.mf.uni-lj.si/people/damjana/teaching/2steroidi2011.pdf · receptor (AR) induces dissociation from heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and receptor phosphorylation

Are There Women Who Should Not Use Hormonal Contraceptives?

- Pregnant (or suspect to be) - Less than 6 weeks postpartum - Over the age of 35 (!!!) -Smokers (!!!)

- Active liver disease (or a history of liver tumors) - Diabetes - History of heart disease, stroke, or high blood pressure - Cancer (or a history of cancer of any reproductive organ) - Unexplained vaginal bleeding - Breast cancer, history of breast cancer or an abnormal growth in the breast - History of blood clotting problems - Migraines - Moral objection to hormonal methods of birth control (?)

http://www.drugs.com/pro/images/3b1c2a0e-e33b-48d7-b118-a10496e156d6/ortho-cyclen-image02.jpg