Membrane receptor types

Cellmembrane

G protein

ReceptorChannel

Extracellularsignal

molecules

Receptor

Enzyme

Receptor-channel

Receptor-enzyme G protein-coupled receptor

Amplification

Extracellularfluid

Intracellularfluid

Cellmembrane

Receptor-ligand complex activates an

amplifier enzyme (AE).Signal molecule

Receptor

Intracellularsignal molecules

Target proteins

Intracellular pathways

alter

Signalmolecule

Membrane receptor

Signal transduction by proteins

Amplifier enzymes

Second messengermolecules

Protein kinasesIncrease

intracellular Ca2+

Phosphorylatedproteins

Calcium-bindingproteins

Extracellularfluid

Intracellularfluid

Cell response

initiates

binds to

Ionchannel

Signal molecule

Receptor

Intracellularsignal molecules

Target proteins

Response

Central Nervous System

Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN

Cerebrum

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Fig. 9-9

Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE BRAIN

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitaryAnteriorpituitary

Fig. 9-10

Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE BRAINSTEM

Medullaoblongata

Thalamus

Spinal cord

Midbrain

Pons

Fig. 9-9

Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD Cerebral

hemispheres

Cerebellum

Cervical spinalnerves

Thoracic spinalnerves

Lumbar spinalnerves

Sacral spinalnerves

Fig. 9-4

Overall Organization of Nervous System

Fig. 8-1

Types of neurons

Sensory or afferent neuron Interneuron Motor or efferent neuron

Types of neurons

Dendrites

Axon

Dendrites

Dendrites

Axon

Axon

Axon

Schwanncell

Somatic senses

Sensory or afferent neurons Interneurons of CNS Motor or efferent neurons

Neurons forsmell and vision

Axonterminal

Fig. 8-3

Types of glial cells

GLIAL CELLS

form

contains

are found in

Central nervous system

AstrocytesOligodendrocytes Microglia (modifiedimmune cells)

provide help form secrete take up create

Scavengers

K+, water,neurotransmitters

Neurotrophicfactors

Blood-brain

barrierSubstrates for

ATP production

Ependymalcells

Barriersbetween

compartments

Source ofneural

stem cells

act as

contains

form

Peripheral nervous system

Myelin sheaths

Schwann cells

Neurotrophicfactors

Satellitecells

Supportcell bodies

secrete

Fig. 8-5

Glial cells of the CNS

Interneurons

Astrocyte

Microglia

Oligodendrocyte

Capillary

Myelin(cut)

AxonNode

Ependymalcell

Fig. 8-5

Schwann Cells

Cell body

1–1.5 mm

Node of Ranvier

Schwann cell nucleus

Axon

Nucleus

Axon

Myelin

Schwann cell

Fig. 8-6

General structure of neurons

Dendrites

Cellbody

Nucleus

Axon hillock

Axon (initialsegment)Myelinsheath

Synapse

Presynapticaxon terminal

Postsynapticneuron

Synapticcleft

Postsynapticdendrite

Integration

Outputsignal

Inputsignal

Fig. 8-2