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lgjf{rg ug]{ h:tf ljifoxdf !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf cfd gful/sxnfO{ k|of]udf NofOG5 . o; cj:yfdf pgLxdf /xg uPsf] cg'ej tyf z}lIfs of]Uotf h:tf ljifoxsf] vf]hLgLlt s]xL ul/Fb}g . sf/0f ToxfF JolQmnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] x'G5 .

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ljlzi6 jf}l4s lg0f{osf] txdf a;]sf] hg;fwf/0f dtsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] hgfb]zn] b]zsf j'h|'s ljfgxnfO{ cf]em]ndf kf/]sf] x'G5 . ha;Dd o; ljifodf ;'wf/ ul/b}g ta;Dd ;dfhn] cu|ult lng ;Sb}g . b]zsf lzlIft j'h|'s ljfgxnfO{ oyf]lrt sb/ ug{ / cf]em]ndf kg{af6 arfpg cfd lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf jflnu ljz]ifsf] -k[i7 #)_ Joj:yf / ;d;fdlos hgdt lngsf nflu cfjlws hgdtsf] Joj:yf oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

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*www.wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_years_was_Mao_Zedong_active?

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k|of]u ul/g] Ps t'ngfTds (Comparative) ljlw /x]5 eGg ;lsG5 cyf{t\ b]zsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ultljlwnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;a} b]zxn] Ps} lsl;dsf] k|0ffnL cFufn]sf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] 7f]; cfwf/ s]xL 5}g . cfkm\gf] cg's"ntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] ljlw klg ckgfpg ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] a'lemG5 . oxfF elgPsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL b]znfO{ b|'t ultdf cl3 a9fpg ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg\ k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ug{ ;/n tl/sf -Go"gtd vr{ / Go"gtd hgzlQm kl/rfngaf6 ul/g] lgjf{rg_ af6 ;Dej xf];\ eGg] clek|fon] Joj:yf ul/Psf] gofF k|0ffnL xf] . g]kfn h:tf] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df k/Dk/futkdf rn]sf] /fhtGqfTds PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf ckmfk l;4 ePsf] / ;fDojfbL zf;g Joj:yf nfu' ug{ ;fdflhs jftfj/0f k|lts"n /x]sf] ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf kl/dflh{t 9af6 nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf nfu' ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsfn] klg o; lsl;dsf] gofF Joj:yf ug'{k/]sf] xf] . kl/dflh{t 9af6 nf]stGqnfO{ cl3 a9fpFbf ef]lnsf lbgxdf nf]stGq st} ljt\tGq (Meritocracy) df aGws aGg] t xf]Og < ;dfhnfO{ nf]stGq af/] ;Demfpg], a'emfpg] / o;af6 ;dfhnfO{ nfeflGjt u/fpg] ju{ g} ljtju{ xf] . s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/ ljt\tGqsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfhnfO{ wf]sf x'g hfg] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 . ;+;f/sf cl3 a9]sf ;a} d'n'sxdf ljt\tGq xfjL 5, lg/If/ tGq xfjL 5}g . htftt} k9]n]v]sf, a'em]sf dflg;x g} k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffddf Jojxf/df ljt\ ju{af6} ;dfhsf] jf:tljs ;]jf x'g hfg] xf] eg] cfdkdf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sxnfO{ k|of]u u/L ;Qf l6sfO/xg] nf]stGq gfdsf] ;'uf+/6fO{ slt lbg l6sL /xnf / o;sf] kl5 nfUb} lx+8\g] < o;sf] ;f b]zsf] cfly{s ;'wf/ l56f] u/L ztk|ltzt hgtfnfO{ lzlIft, ;Ifd kfg'{ g} sNof0fsf/L x'g hfG5 . dfgf}+, Pp6f ufpFdf @% ;o hgtf 5g\ . ljleGg kf6L{kIfsf u/L % hgf a'l4hLjLx 5g\ . oL % hgf a'l4lhjLxsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ hgtfn] dt v;fNg] cj:yf 5 eg] Jojxfl/skdf jf:tjdf hlt w]/} hgtfn] dt v;fn]sf] eP klg vf; ljrf/ eg], lt g} % hgfsf] x'G5 . ToxL cg';f/ dt v:t 5 . olb o:t} l:ylt /xg] xf] eg] o;sf] a}1flgs Pj+ Jofjxfl/s cf}lrTo kfpg d'l:sn kb{5 . o;df % hgfn] ef]6 v;fNg' jf @% ;o hgtfn] ef]6 v;fNg' a/fj/} x'g hfG5 . olb ul/Psf] sfd a}1flgs 5}g / Jofjxfl/s klg 5}g eg] o:tf] sfdnfO{ sltk6s bf]xofO /xg] < ca /x\of] s'/f @% ;o hgtf dWo] @,$ hgf s'g} kf6L{df gnfu]sf ;To s'/f af]Ng], Jofjxfl/s s'/f af]Ng] :jtGq a'l4lhjLx /x]5g\ eg] logLxsf] ef]6 :jtGqkdf kb{5 . ;'?sf s]xL jif{xdf, cem s]xL bzsxdf klg o;sf] k|efj gkg{ ;Qm5 . ha b]z} el/sf] hgtf :jtGq ljrf/sf] kIfdf Ps h'6 x'G5 To; cj:yfdf To:tf :jtGq a'l4hLjLx;Fu dt}Sotf x'g hfG5 / To:tf] dt}Sotfn] ;Qf kl/jt{g u/fpF5 clg b]zn] cu|ult lng yfNb5 eGg] xf] eg] o; lsl;dsf] ;f]rfO cg';f/ sbdsf] kmn vfg g]kfnn] cem} 8]9, b'O{ ;o jif{ kv{g' kb{5 . Tof] a]nf;Dd g]kfnn] s'g /fhgLlts df]8 lnO{;Sg] xf] < s'g hf]lvd p7fO{ ;Sg'kg]{ xf] eGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . g]kfnnfO{ o:tf]

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 6

hf]lvd df]8lt/ k7fpg] ls; ;dod} arfpg]lt/ nfUg] < of] Ps uDeL/ k|Zg cfh ;a}sf ;fd' v8f 5 . ;+;f/sf ljsl;t d'n'sxn] cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd cfO{ k'Ug h'g kl/l:ylt;Fu n8\b} / le8\b} cfpg' k/]sf] lyof], lj1fg / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f Tof] eGbf w]/} u'gf a9L hl6n kl/l:ylt;Fu n8\b} / le8\b} hfg'kg]{ cfhsf] l:ylt 5 . clxn] ;~rf/ dfWodx ;lhnf 5g\ . xft xftdf df]jfOn 5 . To:t} hf]lvd k"0f{ ;fwgxdf dfG5]xsf] kx'Fr ;/n 5 . OR5fcg';f/ hxfF klg, hlxn] klg 36gf 36fpg / b'3{6gf Nofpg ;lhnf] 5 . lx+;s, cfk/flws dfgl;stf ljsf;sf] ult;Fu;Fu} cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . To;/L g} lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljB't oftfoft cflb ljifoxdf hgtfsf] rfxgf / cfjZostf klg HofldtLo 9af6 @ u'gf, $ u'gf u/L a9\bf] 5 . o; lglDt klg ;'zf;g l56f]eGbf l56f] lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . clxn]sf] of] 38L cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{ 38L xf] . o:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ 38Laf6 b]znfO{ hf]ufpg ;dod} ;'zf;g lbg'kb{5 . o; lglDt kl/dflh{t ;f]r / ;dof]lrt sbd cl3 a9fpg clt cfjZos 5 . o;sf/0f oxfF gofF ;f]r, gofF Joj:yf cl3 ;fl/Psf] xf] . kl/l:ylt ;w}+ Psgf;sf] eO/xFb}g, dflg;n] ;f]r] cg';f/sf] eO/xFb}g / dflg;sf] sfa'leq klg eO/xFb}g . k|foh;f] kl/l:yltn] dflg;nfO{ ;f]Rg afWo kb{5, abNg afWo kfb{5 . k~rfotLsfnsf zf;sxn] bnLo Joj:yf b]zsf nflu ckmfk l;4 ePs} xf] eg]/ Joj:yfnfO{ lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] gfddf gfdfs/0f u/] / b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfxdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] /ht hoGtL :tDe klg uf9\b} lxF8] . t/ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] cyf{t\ ablnFbf] kl/l:yltn] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf zf;sxnfO{ gofF 9\uaf6 ;f]Rg afWo kfof] . Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg afWokfof] . kl/l:ylt To:tf zf;sxsf] k|lts"n aGb} uof] . 7Ls To;/L g} k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfP cg';f/sf] hgtfsf] dtflwsf/ -cfdlgjf{rg / !* jif]{ dtbftfxsf] dtflwsf/_ cyf{t\ ef]6 xfNg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] gfddf aflnu ljz]ifsf] Joj:yf, cfjlws hgdtsf] Joj:yf / j}slNks ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf h:tf Joj:yf u/]/ s'l07t kfg'{ x'Fb}g, ;\s'lrt kfg'{ x'Fb}g eGg] xf] eg] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ;xof]u gk'ofpg] c;+oldt 9\uaf6 gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{, s[lqd dtflwsf/L ;\Vof a9fpg], To:tf dtflwsf/LxnfO{ k|of]u u/L lgjf{rg u/fpg], :t/xLg k|ltlglwx r'Gg], Joj:yfdf ljs[lt a9fpg], hgtfsf] b'MvkL8fdf dndkL ug'{sf] ;f b'MvkL8f a9fpg] / hgtfsf] cdgrogdf rf]6 k'ofpg] kmf];|f] cfbz{df afFr]sf] ef]6 xfNg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ kmf];|f] cfbz{sf] j}zfvL 6]sfP/ slt lbg c8\ofO/xg] < of] clwsf/nfO{ ca klg ;'wf/ gug]{ / kl/dfh{g lt/ gn}hfg] xf] eg] of] clwsf/ hlt lbg aflr/xG5 Tolt lbg bL3{/f]uL eP/ aflr/xg] xf] . o;sf/0f o; gofF Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf qmdx cl3 ;fl/Psf x'g\ .

n]vs

;';\ult ( s';\ult ( sfdsf] u'0ffTds c;/ !) kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld / /fhgLlts b[li6 !! hg;/f]sf/sf] v]n !@ JolQmTj ljsf; cjwf/0ff !# e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f pkfo !% wd{ ;fk]Iftf / lg/k]Iftf !^ k|fb]lzs zf;gsf] l:ylt cg';f/ clwsf/ k|of]udf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf !* s/bftf cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo Joj:yfkg !( cfwf/e"t cfjZostf lglDt s]Gb|Lo cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg @) ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / ;fwg ;LldttfaLr hgljZjf; sfod s;/L < @! jflnu ;fwf/0f dlt lj:tfl/t ult @@ l;Ssf rog ;DefJotf @% of]Uotf cg';f/ sd{kmn @^ cfwf/e"t gLlt @*

;/sf/ rog :jk @( pkNnf] ;bgsf] sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f #$ ljZjsf s]xL d'n'sx?df Gofokflnsf u7g #$ Gofokflnsf u7g af/]===== #^ k|wfgdGqL lgjf{rg k4lt ;DefJo k|fKt c\s $! lgjf{rg glthf $# k|wfgdGqL k'gM lgjf{rg $%

ljifo;"rL

cjwf/0ff (@*

k|lqmof @(^&

ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ;fdfGo lgodx? $^ ljw]os lgdf{0f ljlw %) cfjlws hgdt glthf %$ hgdt %% Joj:yfkg tflnsf %& ;/sf/sf] Jojyfkgdf k|f1 ;bgsf] e"ldsf %( lq;bgfTds ax; ^! pTklQ qmdz M / lgoGq0f Ps emns ^@ a}slNks ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ^^

lgjf{rg cWoog Ps t'ngfTds b[li6 ^* nf]stGq / lgjf{rg ;dfh / ;dfhsf] :jefljs dlt / ult &( h:tf] lah To:tf] kmn *$ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? *$

cGo ^**&

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?9

cjwf/0ff

;';\ult ;\ut hg;Dks{ xf] . ;Hhgx;Fusf] ;\ut, ;';\ut / ;';tsf] lqmofzLn cj:yf a'emfpg] gfd ;';\ult xf] . ;';\ultaf6 dflg;sf] dlt -a'l4_ ;'dlt x'ghfG5 . ;'dltsf] cf8 lnP/ lg:sg] ljrf/ ;'ljrf/ x'g hfG5 . ;dfh ;~rfng ug]{ hlt klg gLltx x'G5g\ tL ;a} ;'ljrf/sf sf/0faf6 c;n gLlt;'gLlt x'g hfG5g\ . o:tf gLltx k|of]u x'g] If]q d~r ljz]if u/L hg ;Dks{df cfpg] ljleGg lsl;dsf sfof{no, ;ef;df/f]x, uf]i7L, a}7s cflb If]qx ;fdfGotM em}emu8f gx'g] zfGt;'vb d~r ;'d~r x'g hfG5 . To:tf] ;'d~rdf v]lng] v]n / jftf{nfk ;'v]n x'g hfG5 . ;'v]naf6 lg:sg] kl/0ffd vf;u/L ;'dlt xf] . To;kl5 of] rqm 3'dL /xG5 .

;';\ult ;'dlt ;'gLlt ;'d~r ;'v]n ;'dlt ;'ult

s'dlt

lrq g+= ! ;';ult

s';\ult* s';\ut v/fa hg;Dks{ xf] . v/fa hg;+ks{af6 s'dlt lg:sG5 . s'dltsf] cf8 lnP/ lg:sg] ljrf/ s'ljrf/ x'g hfG5 . s'ljrf/af6 hGdg] hlt klg gLltx 5g\, tL s'gLlt x'g hfG5g\ . s'gLlt k|of]u u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/g] d~r s'd~r / o:tf] d~rdf v]lng] v]n s'v]n x'g hfG5 . cyf{t emu8} emu8fsf] v]n, a]OdfgL / j}dg'iotfsf] v]n x'g hfG5 . o:tf] v]n v]Ng yfn]kl5 lg:sg] dlt k|fo s'dlt x'g

hfG5 / rqm bf]xf]l//xG5 .

*>Ldb\eujt uLtf, cWofo @, Znf]s ^@

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 10

sfdsf] u'0ffTds c;/ Pp6f 6r{nfO6af6 lg:s]sf] k|sfz hlthlt k/ hfG5 Tolt Tolt Tof] km}lnFb} hfG5 . km}lng' u'0ffTds kl/jt{g x'g' xf], Ps u'0ffTds c;/ b]vfpg' xf] . To:t} kLknsf] Pp6f ;fgf] lap ljhnfO{ xNsf ;fgf] k|of;af6 hldgdf /f]kLlbP klg Tof] pd|]kl5 x's{b} a9\b} ljzfn j[Ifsf] k wf/0f ub{5 . of] klg kLknsf] lapdf cfPsf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{g xf] Ps u'0ffTds c;/ xf] . 6r{nfO6 afNg] k|of; / kLknsf] ljp /f]Kg] k|of; b'j} sfdx x'\g\ . x/]s sfdx o:t} x'G5g\ h;n] u'0ffTds kl/0ffd lbG5g\ . olb sfd /fd|f] ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;sf] u'0ffTds kl/0ffd ;sfd /fd|f] c;n sNof0fsf/L sfd x'g hfG5 . o; ljk/Lt g/fd|f] sfd ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] To;sf] u'0ffTds kl/0ffd klg gsfd g/fd|f] v/fa csNof0fsf/L sfd x'g hfG5 .

s';\ult s'dlt s'gLlt s'd~r s'v]n s'dlt s'ult

;';\ult

lrq g+= @ s';ult

;sfd gsfd

!= lah'nL aQL

lrq g+= # sfdsf] u'0ffTds c;/

jLh@= kLkn a[If

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?11

kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld / /fhgLlts b[li6 hLjgdf b[li6sf] 7"nf] dxj x'G5 . lsgeg] b[li6cg';f/ ljrf/ aGb5 . ljrf/ cg';f/ dfG5]n] Jojxf/ b]vfpg yfNb5 . b[li6 /fd|f] klg x'g ;Qm5 / g/fd|f] klg x'g ;Qm5 . /fd|f] b[li6 ;a}sf nflu /l;nf], kf]lifnf] / alnof] x'G5 . /fd|f] b[li6nfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ . o;n] ;a}sf] dg k|;Gg kfb{5 . of] k|;Ggtf aflx/ dfq xf]Og z/L/sf] leqL cdf ;d]t k'Ub5 . leqL csf f/, g;fgnLsf ;a} v'Nb5g\ . ToxfFaf6 hLjg /; axg yfNb5 . To;kl5 z/L/sf ;j} cxdf k'uL kf]if0f ug{ yfNb5 h;af6 z/L/df gofF phf{ ylkG5 . dflg; k'i6 alnof];jn aGb5, hf];hfu/ km"lt{ b]vfpg yfNb5 . g/fd|f] b[li6 la/l;nf] 6flS;nf] / lgj{lnof] b[li6 xf] . o;n] ;j}sf] dg lvGg ck|;Gg kfb{5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ z/L/sf] leqL cdf ;d]t kg{ hfG5 . z/L/sf ck|;Gg cx ;a} cFWof/f x'G5g\ / v'lDrG5g\ . v'Dr]sf cxn] hLjg /; ;'sfpF5g\ . o;af6 z/L/sf] kf]if0f xf]Og, zf]if0f x'g hfG5 / z/L/ 6flS;nf] l67 nfUbf] x'g hfG5, hLjg zlQmphf{ 36\b5 / z/L/ sdhf]/

lgj{lnof] x'g hfG5 .

;'b[li6-Zj]t_

s'b[li6-Zofd_

/fhgLlt

:jR5 ;a}k

|lt ljZjf;

;a}k|lt clj

Zjf;b"lift

cfwf/

cfwf/

lrq g+= $ kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld / /fhgLlts b[li6

:jR5 kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf dfG5]xsf] b[li6 k|foM ;'b[li6 x'g] x'gfn] logLxsf] ;f]rfO ;sf/fTds x'G5 . o:tf dflg;x ;a}k|lt ;sf/fTds

;jn z/L/ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf/ lgolGqt z/L/lgj{n z/L/ zf/Ll/s / jf dfgl;s ljsf/ clgolGqt z/L/

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 12

x'G5g\, ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . c:jR5b'lift kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fdf x's]{sf dflg;xsf] b[li6 k|foM s'b[li6 x'g] x'gfn] logLxsf] ;f]rfO gsf/fTds x'G5 . logLx ck|lt cljZjf; /fVb5g\ jf d'l:snn] ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . o;sf/0f b[li6cg';f/ dflg; Jojxf/ ug{ yfNb5 / kl/0ffd klg Jojxf/cg';f/ cfsfz, kftfn km/s kg{ hfG5 . b[li6sf] k|tLssfkdf r:df lrqnfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] . r:df b[li6 emNsfpg]

Ps pks/0f ePsf] x'gfn] To;sf] lrq b]vfOPsf] xf] .

/fhgLltdf b[li6 z'4;'b[li6 x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] b[li6sf] cfwf/ :jR5 ;fdflhs Pj+ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f xf] . :jR5 kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fxaf6 Ps :jR5 ;fdflhs jftfj/0f aGb5 . :jR5 kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f agfpgsf lgldQ ;a}k|lt bof, dfof, ;b\efjgf /fVg'kb{5 . ;Fw} ;To af]Ng' kb{5 . OdfGbf/eP/ sfd ug'{ kb{5 . cfkm\gf] kl/>dsf] sdfOdf afFRg] ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 . cfkm\gf] lxt j/ / c?sf] lxt k/ kfg'{ xF'b}g . ;a}sf] lxt ;j{q kfg{' kb{5 . kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f x/]s JolQmsf] rl/q lgdf{0fsf] hu ePsf]n] o:tf] hu lgdf{0f ug]{lt/ ;j} nfUg' kb{5 . o;af6 ;'b[li6sf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fsf] hu /fd|f] x'g ;s]g eg] s'b[li6 ljsf; x'g hfG5 .

hg;/f]sf/sf] v]n v]n dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf] . dgf]/~hg Ps kL8fd'Qm cj:yfsf] cg'e"lt xf] . hgtfnfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf kL8f;d:ofaf6 d'Qm kfg]{ /fhgLlt klg Ps k|sf/sf] v]n ePsf]n] oxfF hg;/f]sf/sf] v]n elgPsf] xf] . o; v]ndf k|zf;gzf;s / zf;g ljlw eg]/ a'em\g] / hgtf;fwf/0f / wgf9\o zfl;t eg]/

;d[l4zf]if0f kf]if0f

hgtf wgf9o

hgtf wgf9o

hgtf;fwf/0f

hgtf;fwf/0f

lrq g+= % hg;/f]sf/sf] v]n

k|zf;g

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?13

a'lemg] aLr Ps cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ;dk{0f efj /xFbf k|zf;gn] ;dfhnfO{ ;d[l4lt/ n}hfG5 . lsgeg] o;af6 ;dfhnfO{ kf]if0f k'Ub5 . o; ljk/Lt oL tTjxaLr /xg uPsf] Ps cfk;L c;xof]u / tfgftfgLn] ;dfhnfO{ ul/aLlt/ n}hfG5 . lsgeg] o;af6 ;dfhsf] zf]if0f x'g hfG5 . o;y{ o; v]nsf] s'zntf Jofjxfl/s kdf k|s6 x'bf ;dfh ;';+:s[ltlt/ nfUb5 / ljsf;sf] >]0fL qmdzM r9\g yfNb5 . o; v]nsf] ljk/Lt lbzflt/ df]l8Psf] ;dfh ljs[ltsf] af6f] vGb} lanfpFb} hfg yfNb5 . cyf{t\ lqsf]0f lrqsf cg';f/ leqL sf]0fsf tLg cGtj{:t' -k|zf;g, hgtf ;fwf/0f / hgtf wgf9\o_ dWo] Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u ubf{ ;dfhsf] kf]if0f x'g] eO{ ;dfh ;d[l4lt/ nfUb5 / Psn] csf]{nfO{ c;xof]u ubf{ ;dfhsf] zf]if0f x'g] eO{ ;dfh ul/aLlt/ nfUb5 . o;df v]n v]Ng] tl/sf -s_ !_ k|zf;g / wgf9\o hgtf ldn]/ ;fwf/0f hgtnfO{ k]Ng lyrf]ldrf] ug{ yfn] . @_ k|zf;g / ;fwf/0f hgtf ldn]/ wgf9\o hgtfnfO{ k]Nglyrf]ldrf] ug{ yfn] . #_ ;fwf/0f hgtf / wgf9\o hgtf ldn]/ k|zf;gnfO{ k]Nglyrf]ldrf] ug{ yfn] . oL tLg cj:yfdf ;dfh ul/aLlt/ nfUb5 . -v_ !_ o;sf] ljk/Lt Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u cyf{t\ ;fwf/0f hgtfn] wgf9\o hgtf / k|zf;gnfO{ @_ wgf9\o hgtfn] k|zf;g / ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ . -#_ k|zf;gn] wgf9\o hgtf / ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ yfn] eg] oL tLg cj:yfdf ;dfh ;d[l4lt/ nfUb5 .

JolQmTj ljsf; cjwf/0ff JolQmsf] kl/ro JolQmTj xf] . JolQmTj b'O{ sl;dsf] x'G5 -s_ aflx/L / leqL -v_ :yfgLo / /fli6o . aflx/L JolQmTj z/L/sf] 5f6sf6 kagfj6af6 yfxf x'G5 . aflx/L JolQmTj kl/rosf] klxnf] cfwf/ xf] . o:tf] JolQmTj c:yfoL x'G5 / u'0f;u ldNg kfof] eg] dfq :yfoL x'G5 . leqL JolQmTj JolQmdf /xg uPsf] u'0f / 1fgaf6 yfxf x'G5 . of] JolQmTj kl/rosf] clGtd cfwf/ xf] . o;}n] o:tf] JolQmTj :yfoL x'G5 . aflx/L JolQmTj pd]/ 9Nb} hfbf cf]Onfpb} a"9f] x'b} hfG5 . t/ leqL JolQmTj eg] z/L/ a"9f] x'b} hfFbf emg\ hjfg kl/kSj aGb} hfG5 . o;sf/0f leqL JolQmTj :yfoL x'G5 . :yfgLo JolQmTj ufpmF b]lv lhNnf tx;Dd km}n]/ /xg] JolQmTj xf] . of] JolQmTj aflx/L JolQmTj cGtu{t kb{5 . o:tf] JolQmTj cfkm\g} an a'tfaf6 dfq eGbf aflx/L hgansf] ;xof]uaf6 p7\b5 . o:tf] JolQmTjsf] cfwf/ aflx/L xfpefp, t8se8s xf] . o;df

leqL u'0f / 1fgsf] e"ldsf yf]/} /xG5 . o;sf/0f o:tf] JolQmTjaf6 cfdkdf b"/ufdL sNof0fsf/L kl/0ffdsf] cfzf sd} ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6o JolQmTj leqL JolQmTj xf], Ps kl/:s[t JolQmTj xf] . /fli6o JolQmTj b]zJofkLkdf km}n]/ /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] JolQmTj vf;u/L cfkm\g} ana'Qfaf6 dfly p7\b5 . aflx/L hgansf] ;xof]u ;xfos ;fwg dfq x'g hfG5 . o;df JolQmsf] u'0f / 1fg /fli6o:t/af6 p7]sf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f o:tf] JolQmTjaf6 cfdkdf b"/ufdL sNof0fsf/L kl/0ffdsf] cfzf w]/} ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhgLltdf JolQmTjsf] Vofn u/L k|ltlglw rog / lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF6 ug{ yflnof] eg] x/]s sfdaf6 ;f]r] cg';f/sf] kl/0ffd kfpg ;Dej x'G5 . JolQmTjsf] Vofn gu/L :yfgLo JolQmTjnfO{ /fli6o txdf nu]/ /fVg yflnof] eg] kl/0ffd b'Mvb / pN6f] x'g hfG5 . :yfgLo JolQmTjdf ;fDk|bflostfsf] k|efjaf6 cfpg ;Sg] b'ikl/0ffd ;fgf] hg;d"xdf ;Lldt /xg hfg] x'Fbf /fli6o txdf o;sf] c;/ sd} kg{ hfG5 . o;sf/0f :yfgLo txsf -uf=lj=;=, lhNnf_ k|ltlglw rogdf blnotf jf hftLosf] ;dfg'kfltstfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd Jofjxfl/s dfGg ;lsG5 t/ /fli6o tx -s]Gb|_ df eg] ;fDk|bflostfsf] k|efj /xg lbg' x'Fb}g . bLlIftk|tLs 6f]kL wf/0f u/]sf] dflg;sf] cw{sbsf] lrqn] log} s'/fxnfO{ a'emfpg vf]h]sf] xf] . Pp6f bLlIft JolQm 1fg / ;Lksf] e/df afFRb5 . p o;}df ljZjf; /fVb5 . p;nfO{ hftLotf jf bnLo ;fDk|bflostfsf] ;xof]u rflxFb}g . ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ jf:tljs JolQm o:t} bLlIft

bnLotfhftLotf

bnLotfhftLotf

/fli6o JolQmTj

:yfgLo JolQmTj

s]Gb|

kl/;/If]q, lhNnf o'Qm If]q

d'Qm If]q

lrq g+= ^ JolQmTj ljsf; cjwf/0ff

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 14

JolQmx x'g\ . o:tf JolQmxsf] pkof]u Jofkskdf ul/g'kb{5 . logLxnfO{ oyf]lrt sb/ /fHotkm{af6 ul/g'kb{5 . oL JolQm lz/f]wfo{ JolQmx x'g\ . o;}n] oxfF bLlIft k|tLs 6f]kLsf] lrq b]vfOPsf] xf] .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f pkfo ;dfhdf e|i6frf/ n'Sg] / pDsg] lIfb|x w]/} x'G5g\ . o;}n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ;jfndf lgoGq0fsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg'{kb{5 . Ps b'O{ 7fpFdf jf 5f]6f] ;dodf ug'{kg]{ h:tf] cj:yf e/;s cfpg lbg'x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f af/]sf] Pp6f l;4fGt 5, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ bfo/f km/fslgoGq0f km/flsnf], bfo/f ;fFu'/f] lgoGq0f ;fFu'/f] sf] cfwf/df lgoGq0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ hf]ufO /fVg'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf lgldQ 7"nf] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq u'Rrf cfsf/sf ;fgf;fgf uf]nfsf/ /]vfx 5g\ . tL

/]vfxn] ;dfhdf s;}n] s;}nfO{ em'SofP/, 9fF6]/, wDsL lbP/, k|nf]eg lbP/ jf t;f{P/ e|i6frf/ ug]{ tjx pDsg] lIfb|xnfO{ a'emfpF5g\ cyf{t\ e|i6 tjx pDsg] lIfb|sf] k|ltssf] kdf pQm ;fgf uf]nfsf/ /]vfxnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf uf]nfsf/ /]vfx bfofFtkm{ aflx/L 7"nf] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq ;fgf u'Rrf h:tf uf]nfsf/ /]vfxn] / leqL demf}nf vfn] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq k'gM ;fgf u'Rrf h:tf uf]nfsf/ /]vfxn] e|i6frf/ pDsg] lIfb|xnfO{ a'emfpF5g\ . t/ leqL demf}nf vfn] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq

;dfh ;dfh

bfo/f km/flsnf] lgoGq0f km/flsnf], bfo/f ;fFu'/f] lgoGq0f ;fFu'/f]

lgoGq0f pkfo

lrq g+= & e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f pkfo

e|i6frf/ pDsg] l5b|x?

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?15

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 16

s}b k/]sf u'Rrf h:tf uf]nfsf/ /]vfxn] ;dfhsf tfTsflns lgod sfg'gxn] e|i6frf/ ug]{ tjxnfO{ lgoGq0fdf t lnPsf] t/ ;\Vofdf eg] ;fgf] cfsf/df, ;fgf] kl/df0fdf dfq lgoGq0fdf lng ;s]sf] s'/f a'emfpF5g\ .

afofFtkm{ aflx/L 7"nf] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq yf]/} ;\Vofdf u'Rrf h:tf uf]nfsf/ /]vfx 5g\ . logLx leqL 7"nf] uf]nfsf/ /]vfaf6 aflxl/Psf ljBdfg lgod sfg'gaf6 e|i6frf/LxnfO{ pDsfpg ;kmn ePsf lIfb|xsf k|tLssf kdf /x]sf uf]nfsf/ /]vfx x'g\ . t/ leqL 7"nf] uf]nfsf/ /]vfleq s}bdf k/]sf y'k|} ;fgf;fgf uf]nfsf/ /]vfxn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ bfo/f7"nf]km/fs kfl/Psf] sf/0f e|i6frf/Lx pDsg] w]/} lIfb|x s}bdf k/]sf] cyf{t\ To:tf lIfb|x e|i6frf/LxnfO{ pDsfpg c;kmn /x]sf] / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} xb;Dd ;kmn x'g uPsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5g\ . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf lglDt ljljw pkfox x'G5g\ . tLdWo] /fHoJoj:yfdf sfo{sf/L k|d'v k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg z}nL, k|f1;bgsf] Joj:yf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf s8f sfg'gsf] Joj:yf, cfjlws hgdtsf] Joj:yf, ljw]os lgdf{0f ljlw, lq;bgfTds ax;sf] Joj:yf, j}slNks ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf, k|fb]lzs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt h:tf ljifox d'Vo 5g\ . oL ljifoxnfO{ /fHoJoj:yfn] k|of]udf Nofpg'kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf x'g uPdf lgoGq0fsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] x'g hfG5 / b]zaf6 e|i6frf/ klg qmdzM x/fpFb} hfg yfNb5 .

wd{ ;fk]Iftf / lg/k]Iftf wd{ sNof0fsf] cy{df lnOg] wf/0ff xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;x cfkm\gf] sNof0f rfxG5g\ . o;sf/0f sf]xL klg dflg; wd{ lg/k]If ag]/ /xg ;Qm}g, p ;Fw} wd{ ;fk]If eP/ /x]sf] x'G5 . wd{n] dflg;sf] dfq xf]Og k|f0fL hut ;a}sf] sNof0f dfq ub{5 . wd{n] s;}sf] sNof0f t s;}sf] csNof0f ub{5 eg] Tof] wd{ geO{ s'g} ;d"x ljz]ifsf] ;Dk|bfosf] cy{df a'lemg] wf/0ff xf] . wd{ hlt;'s} y/Lsf eP klg tL ;a}sf] Pp6} ;femf dfGotf x'G5, Tof] xf] ;d:t k|f0fLxsf] sNof0f . wd{ sNof0fsf] cy{df sfod 5 . cyf{t\ wd{af6 ;a}sf] sNof0f x'G5, Tof] sfd eO/x]s} 5 t/ o;nfO{ csNof0f eof] eg]/ a'em\g yflnof] eg] To:tf] a'em\g] dfG5] a'emSs8sf] b[li6 bf]if 5 eg]/ a'em\g' kb{5 . wd{ kl/jt{g ug'{ cyjf wd{ lg/k]Iftf lt/ nfUg'af6 k|To]snfO{ cflTds zflGtsNof0f

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?17

wd{ lg/k]If

wd{ ;fk]If

cGt/ snxsf] k|Zg

cg'zf;g

lrq g+= * wd{ ;fk]Iftf / lg/k]Iftf

x'g'kb{5 . zflGt / sNof0f k|fKt ug]{ ceLi6 k"/f x'g ;s]g t/ wd{ kl/jt{g x'g uof] cyjf lg/k]Iftflt/ uOof] eg] Tof] kl/jt{g k':tf}+k':tf;Ddsf nflu clezfk dfq aGb5 . wd{n] dflg;nfO{ cg'zf;gsf] af6f]af6 lxF8\g l;sfpFb5 . cg'zf;gaf6 rn]sf] hLjg slt ;'Gb/ x'Fbf] /x]5 eg]/ a'emfpg oxfF gf/L cg'xf/ lrq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cg'xf/sf] cfj/0f /]vfn] cg'zf;g, bfofF cfFvfn] wd{ ;fk]Iftf, afofF cfFvfn] wd{ lg/k]IftfnfO{ a'emfpF5 eGg] cy{df lnOPsf] 5 eg] gfsd'vsf k|Zgjfrs lrGxsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] /]vflrqn] cGt/ snxsf] k|Zg hlxn];'s} klg wd{ ;fk]Ifdf /x] klg / lg/k]Ifdf /x]klg hLljt /lx/xG5 eg]/ a'emfpg vf]h]sf] cy{df lnOPsf] 5 . wd{ lg/k]Iftf cFufNb}df cGt/snxsf] k|Zgsf] cGTo x'g] xf]Og . cGt/snxsf] k|ZgnfO{ dTy/ kfb}{ n}hfg alnof] ljsNk gkfpFbf;Dd ljBdfg ;dflhs cj:yfnfO{ oyf;Dej kl/jt{g ug]{, pyn k'yn kfg]{ sf]lz; ul/g' x'Fb}g . oxfFsf] k|;\u wd{ ;fk]Iftf / lg/k]Iftfsf] dfq xf]Og s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfn] zflGt / ;lxi0f'tf hLljt /fVg] u/L ;xof]u ubf{;Dd To:tf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{ hLljt /fVg'kb{5, dg{ lbg'x'Fb}g, kl/jt{g ug'{x'Fb}g lsgeg] cg'zf;gsf] k|tLssf] kdf /x]sf] gf/L cg'xf/sf] cfj/0f /]vfnfO{ tf]l8lbof}+ eg] h;/L cg'xf/ lau|G5, s'k x'G5 To;/L g} ;fdflhs hLjgsf] cg'xf/sf] cfj/0f /]vf eg]sf] cg'zf;g xf] . x/]s ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yfn] jf wd{n] Tof] cg'zf;g sfod /flv/fv]sf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;dfh zflGt / ;lxi0f'tfsf] af6f]af6 rn]sf] x'G5.

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 18

alnof] ljsNksf] Joj:yf gu/L ljBdfg ;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{ eTsfOlbof}+ eg] ;dfhn] x7ft\ gofF df]8 lng yfNb5 . To; df]8 cg';f/ ult lng hflgPg eg] cfkm} :jfxf x'g k'luG5 . o;sf/0f dflg;n] cfkm" ;kmn ;'/lIft hf]lvdd'Qm /xg ;xh / qmlds kaf6 kl/jt{g vf]Hg' kb{5 .

k|fb]lzs zf;gsf] l:ylt cg';f/ clwsf/ k|of]udf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf zf;g Joj:yfdf Joj:yfnfO{ ;kmndof{lbt 9af6 cl3 a9fpg / cfjZos k/]sf avt lgoGq0f ug{sf lglDt clwsf/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . b]z lgdf{0f x]t' kbLo bfloTj af]s]sf k|ltlglwxsf] / cfd gful/sxsf] e"ldsf a/fa/L x'G5 . k|ltlglwx

oyfjt IftljIft;'zf;g

/zflGt

cGt/ k|fb]lzs ljjfb

k|fb]lzs zf;g nfu" s]Gb|Lo zf;g

nfu"

lrq g+= ( k|fb]lzs zf;gsf] l:ylt cg';f/ clwsf/ k|of]udf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf

gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ eg] cfd gful/s gLlt sfolGjogsf] txdf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . k|ltlglwxn] cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ /fd|/L k|of]u ug{ hfg]gg\ / k|b]zsf] ljsf; ult cj?4 x'g uof] / gful/ssf tkm{af6 k|fb]lzs ;/sf/df /x]sf k|ltlglwxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kof] cyjf ;'wf/df Nofpg'kg]{ cj:yf cfof] eg] gful/snfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg kf/L /fVg gLltut Joj:yf x'g cfjZos 5, h:t} M

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?19

s_ k|ltlglwxn] kbLo bfloTj /fd|/L lgjf{x ug{ g;s]sf] jf k|bQ clwsf/ b'kof]u u/]sf] / :yfgLo lgod sfg'gsf dfWodf/f lgoGq0fdf /fVg cK7\of/f] k/]sf] cj:yfdf

* !_ bafad"ns l;kmfl/; s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df k7fpg] k|b]zsf kfFr k|ltzt hgtfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f vf]nL bafad"ns l;kmfl/; s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df k7fpg] .

# @_ lg0f{od"ns l;kmfl/; s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df k7fpg] k|fb]lzs zflGt, ;'Joj:yf IftljIft x'g k'Uof] / o; ljifodf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ c;Ifd /xg uof] eg] k|b]zdf s]Gb|Lo zf;g nfu' ug{ k|b]zsf !) k|ltzt hgtfn] lg0f{od"ns l;kmfl/; s]Gb|df k7fpg] .

v_ Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' kof] cyjf ljz]if kl/l:yltdf gful/sxn] cfkm\gf] dt hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfof] eg] o; lglDt clgjfo{ hgdt lng] jf P]lR5s hgdt lng] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

s/bftf cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo Joj:yfkg hgtfn] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg]{ s/ / ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jf;'ljwfx pTkfbg ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 . o; cg';f/ h'g k|b]zIf]qsf]

;fdfGo s/bftfljz]if s/bftfcfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ljz]if cfjZostf kl/k"lt{

;dfof]hg

s/bftfs]Gb|LoJoj:yfkg

lrq g+= !) s/bftf cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo Joj:yfkg

* :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ :ki6Ls/0f lbg'kg]{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;lqmoaf6 cw{ / cw{af6 cf+lzs :joQtflt/ n}hfg ;Sg] . -;\3Lotfdf g]kfn @)^& x]g'{xf];\ ._

# ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/ s]Gb|n] k|TofXfg ug]{ . gofF lgjf{rg ;DkGg gx'Fbf ;Dd :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] lhDdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lng] / gofF lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] u'd]sf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ :jtM k|fKt ug]{ .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 20

cfGtl/s pTkfbg cfjZostf eGbf Hofbf 5 / lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] txdf k'u]sf] 5, To; k|b]zIf]qn] :jefj}n] s/ Hofbf ltg]{ ub{5 / o:tf] k|b]zIf]qnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx ;f] cg';f/ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf x'g hfG5 . o;nfO{ oxfF ljz]if s/bftfsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 . h'g k|b]zIf]qsf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg cfjZostfeGbf sd 5, To:tf] k|b]zIf]qnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf;Fu hf]l8Psf ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fsf] ljifob]lv afx]s cGo cltl/Qm ljifodf s/sf] b/ / ;]jfr;'ljwf ljt/0f klg qmdzM s6f}tL x'b} uO{ ;fgf] kl/df0fdf x'g hfG5 . o;nfO{ oxfF ;fdfGo s/bftfsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 . of] g} oxfF elgPsf] pTkfbg / ;]jf;Gt'ng sf] l;4fGt xf] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;'?sf s]xL lbgxdf hgtfn] /fd|/L s'/f ga'em\bf;Dd ;/sf/ ljjfbdf km:g uO{ cK7\of/f]df kg{ ;Sg] h:tf] l:ylt b]lvP klg kl/0ffddf hgtfn] hfu?s eP/ s'/f a'em\b5 / jftfj/0f klg ;lhnf] x'Fb} hfG5 lsgeg] lbg 9Nb} hfFbf hgtfn] h;n] s7f]/ ldx]gt u/]sf] 5, pTkfbg a9fPsf] 5 / ;/sf/nfO{ s/ klg Hofbf lt/]sf] 5 p;n] s]Gb|sf] tkm{af6 kfpg] ;]jf;'ljwfx ldx]gt sd ug]{, pTkfbg sd ug]{, s/ klg yf]/} ltg]{sf] t'ngfdf Hofbf kfpg' :jefljs xf] eGg] s'/f a'em\b} hfG5 .

cfwf/e"t cfjZostf lglDt s]Gb|Lo cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg k|b]zIf]qxsf lglDt rflxg] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf ljifoj:t'xsf] lhDdf k|b]zIf]qxsf] cltl/Qm s]Gb|Lo txdf klg /xg hfg] x'bf To:tf kl/k"lt{sf ljifoj:t'xsf] ljt/0f ubf{ k|fb]lzs cfjZostf k|fyldstfdf kb{5 . o;nfO{ oxfF

If]qLo cfjZostf

cGt/ If]qLo cfjZostf

k|fyldstf

!

@

lrq g+= !! cfwf/e"t cfjZostf lglDt s]Gb|Lo cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?21

k|fyldstf klxnf]! elgPsf] 5 / cGtk|f{b]lzs cfjZostf k|fyldstfdf bf];|f] elgPsf] 5 . oxL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo txsf] lgb]{zg lgoGq0f cl3 a9fOg'kb{5 . cyf{t\ k|b]zxaf6 lgof{t ul/g] vfB kbfy{ tyf cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t'x klxn] lgof{ts -lgof{t ug]{_ k|b]zsf hgtfdf oyf]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lgoGq0f ug'{k/] lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 / oxfFsf] hgtf ;Gt'i6 /x]kl5 dfq ToxfFsf] pTkfbg tyf s]Gb|af6 cfPsf] ;]jf;'ljwfsf] ljt/0f pQm k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf lgof{t ug{ ldNg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo txsf] lgb]{zg lgoGq0f sfod /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 . tfTko{ s] eg] s]Gb|af6 ;dfg'kflts lsl;dn] ;a} k|b]zxdf ljt/0f ul/g] cfly{s ;xof]u, k|fljlws ;xof]u, lhG;L vfBfGg ;xof]u / cGo ;xof]ux s'g} k|b]z cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf cGo lsl;daf6 ;DkGg 5 eg] klg s]Gb|sf] tkm{af6 ;dfg'kfltskdf k7fOg] ;'ljwf ;xof]ux klxn] pQm k|b]zdf g} k7fpg] . pQm k|b]znfO{ grflxg] ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cGo k|b]zdf k7fpg] jf pQm k|b]zsf] cg'dlt lnP/ dfq s]Gb|af6 ;f]em} cGo k|b]zdf k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dof{bf sfod /xG5 . o;af6 s]Gb| / k|b]zaLrsf] ljZjf;sf] cfFrn alnof] x'g hfG5 .

ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / ;fwg ;Lldttf aLr hgljZjf; sfod s;/L < g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"efu cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan] ljs6 cj:yfdf /xg uPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f ;'ljwf ljt/0fsf] ljifodf ;a} k|b]zx If]qx l;4fGtdf ;dfg cj:yfdf /xg uPsf x'G5g\ tfklg Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0f sl7g x'g hfG5 . o; cj:yfdf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ tyf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/tkm{ hgtfsf] ljZjf; qmdzM x/fP/ hfg ;Qm5 . o:tf] x'g glbg pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u / ljt/0f, ;"rgf k|jfx tyf ;'/Iff lgodgsf] k|aGw oyf;Dej l;sfot gcfpg] xb;Dd k|b]zIf]qsf] lhDdfdf / afFsL s]Gb|sf] lhDdfdf /fVg'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] k|fb]lzs / cGt/ k|fb]lzs hgljZjf; sfod /fVg ;Dej x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ s]Gb|nfO{ Joj:yfsf] ;';~rfng ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 . olb o;f] gu/L s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df lhDd]jf/L Hofbf / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/df lhDd]jf/L sd kfl/of] / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;Gt'ng*sf] l;4fGtnfO{ pk]Iff ul/of] eg]

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 22

pknAw ;|f]t;fwgxsf] ljt/0fsf] ;dodf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] sl7gfOxsf] lhDdf s]Gb|df g} yf]kl/g hfG5 h;n] ubf{ s]Gb| / k|b]zIf]qaLrsf] ;DaGw lrl;g hfG5 . k|:t't cfzo cg';f/ :yfgLo If]qdf pknJw hn ;Dkbf, :yn ;Dkbf h:tf ;Dkbfsf] pkef]u k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] ;xdlt lnP/ tf]lsPsf] xb;Dd s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ug{kfpg] / afFsL pkef]u k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] ug{ kfpFg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . o;}u/L ;'/Iff sdL{ lgo'lQm, kbf]Gglt / k]G;g lbg] Joj:yf ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] x'g' kb{5 . To;}u/L ;"rgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qsf] klg clwsf/ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ k|Tofof]lht ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

jflnu ;fwf/0f dlt lj:tfl/t ult ;/sf/ ;~rfnsxdf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] af}l4s Ifdtf rflxG5 . cfd hg;fwf/0f dltjflnu dlt Ps kl/is[t dlt xf]Og . ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ ynf]df jflnu dlt k/fjlt{t x'g yfNof] / ljlzi6 af}l4s Ifdtf k|blz{t x'g ;s]g eg] ;/sf/ lgsDdf x'g hfG5 . o:tf] ;/sf/ cfkm" klg k6sk6s ;\s6u|:t x'g hfG5 / o;n] hgtfnfO{ klg k6sk6s b'Mv lbO/xG5 . hgtfsf nflu o:tf] ;/sf/ efn'sf] sDk6\ lng' g 5f]8\g' x'g hfG5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f ckl/is[t dlt ;/sf/df k|of]u x'g hfg' g} xf] . ;/sf/ rogdf ljlzi6tf kfpg cyf{t\ ljlzi6 af}l4s Ifdtf ePsf] JolQm kfpg k|ltlglw rog ug]{ ljlw ljlzi6 kfg'{ kb{5 . k|ltlglw rogdf ;fwf/0f ljlw k/Dk/fut lgjf{rg ljlw k|off]u u/]/ ljlzi6 af}l4s Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb} ;lsFb}g . o; lglDt nfdf] ;do s'g'{ kb{5 lsgeg] o:tf] ljlwdf em"6sf] v]tL Hofbf x'G5, To:tf] v]tL ePsf 7fpFdf c;n / Ifdtfjfg dfG5] k|j]z ug{ rfxFb}g . Pp6f 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ olb hu /fd|f] agfpg ;lsPg eg] w/ rfF8} g} elTsG5, 9Nb5 . To:t} xfd|f] z/L/sf] hu eg]sf] :j:ys/ cfxf/ xf] . cfxf/ ljsf/o'Qm cyf{t\ cz'4af;L ;8] un]sf] lemFuf eGs]sf] cfxf/ vfOof] eg] z/L/sf] hu ljsf/o'Qm x'g hfG5 . ljsf/o'Qm huaf6 ag]sf] z/L/ ;Fw} /f]uL x'G5 . /f]uL z/L/ cN5L x'G5, cN5L dfG5] ;fgf]ltgf] lgx'Fdf klg l5gl5gdf l/;fpg yfNb5, qmf]wL x'G5 . l/; Hofbf

* cyf{t :yfgLo -k|fb]zLs_ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf zfGt jf em}emu8fo'Qm s:tf] 5 < ToxfFsf] z}lIfs, jf}l4s, r]tgf:t/sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ;f] ljrf/ u/L cf+lzs jf k"0f{kdf s]Gb|sf] tkm{af6 lbOg] clwsf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;Gt'ng elgG5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?23

x'g] dfG5]sf] ljrf/b[li6 ;fFu'/f] x'G5 . p;n] hxfFklg cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;jfo c? s]xL b]Vb}b]Vb}g . cN5Lkgf, l/;, ;fFu'/f] ljrf/ dfG5]sf dgf]ljsf/x x'g\ . /f]uL dfG5]n] cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ pmhf{ log} dgf]ljsf/ kf]if0f ug{df k|of]u ub{5 . cyf{t\ p;n] cfkm"df ePsf] ax'd"No pmhf{sf] b'kof]u ub{5 . g]kfndf !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;fdfGo gful/snfO{ jflnu dflgPsf] 5 . of] jflnu ;fwf/0f jflnu xf] lsgeg] o:tf] jflnu x'g dflg; dfgl;s tj/n] :j:y / pd]/ !* jif{ eP k'Ub5 . o:tf jflnux zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s tj/n] km"lt{nf /x]klg dfly eg] cg';f/sf] dgf]ljsf/n] u|l;t eP/ /xg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 . o:tf jflnux kmsfpbf kmlsg], em'Sofpbf em'lSsg] / nf]Eofpbf nf]leg] ju{df kb{5g\ . s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/ logLxsf] r]tgf cfdkdf dfly p7]sf] x'Fb}g . o:tf dgf]ljsf/n] u|:t jflnuxnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ cyf{t\ logLxnfO{ eof\ agfP/ dfly pSng] / ;/sf/ agfpg hfg] k|ltlglwx klg Hofbft/ dgf]ljsf/f/f u|l;t ePsf x'G5g\ . o:tf k|ltlglwxaf6 ag]sf] ljwflosf ;efdf k|ltlglwxsf] dgf]ljsf/sf] k|efj kg{ hfG5 . dgf]ljsf/f/f u|l;t k|ltlglwx k|To]s ljw]osdf

zlQm k|of]u

ljw]os

ljwflosf

jflnu ;fwf/0fdltk|e

fljt

PsLs[t zlQmb'kof]lu

cfn:o cWoog >j0f :d/0f ljZn]if0fqmf]w;\sL0f{b[li6 xfjL

ljw]os :jfy{ ;fWo cNkfo' gk'+;s

ljwflosf

jflnu ;fwf/0fkmsfP/ kmlSsg]===================

cfn:oqmf]w

;\sL0f{b[li6dgf]lj

sf/ kf]if0f

cfn:oo'Qm qmf]wo'Qm ;+sL0f{ b[li6o'Qm

/f]uL

hu

vf;u/L ljsf/o'Qm

6]a'n g+= ! jflnu ;fwf/0f dlt lj:tfl/t ult

pmhf{ k|of]u

lqmof

hLjg

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 24

/x]sf cGt{j:t'xsf] cWoog ug{, s;}n] eg]sf] /fd|/L ;'Gg, ;'g]sf] ljifo ;lDemg / To:tf ljifoxs]f Ps cfk;L ;+aGw / lj/f]w a'em\g tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ cN5L x'G5g\ . cfn:o, qmf]w / ;\sL0f{ ;f]rb[li6 ;Fu} a:g] ;DalGwt eP/ /xg] ljifox x'g\ . cfkm\gf] JolQmut kmfObfdf rf]6 k'ofpg], wSsf lbg] vfnsf ljw]osx cl3 ;fl/of] eg] logLx qm'4 x'G5g\ . k|ltlglwxsf] k|fyldstfdf o:tf ljifoxsf] cyf{t :jfy{k"/f ug]{ ljifoxsf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf ljw]osx :jfyL{ ljwfosxsf] :jfy{ l;4 ug]{, rf8} g} t'lxP/ hfg], / gk'+;s cyf{t\ k|of]udf NofP/ klg hgtfnfO{ s'g} kmfObf gk'Ug] vfnsf x'G5g\ . ;du|df ljwfosxdf /xg uPsf] PsLs[t zlQm vf; cy{df b'kof]ult/ nfUb5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f ljwfosxsf] dltdf jflnu ;fwf/0f dlt xfjL x'g' g} xf] . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] tflnsf ljj/0fn] log} ljifoxnfO{ a'emfpg vf]h]sf] xf] .

l;Ssf rog ;DefJotf k|:t't l;Ssf lrq lqsf]0f -s_ :j0f{ l;Ssf ;kmf:jR5z'4lgbf{]iflgisnlt JolQm rl/qsf] k|tLssf] kdf / l;Ssf lrq lqsf]0f -v_ nf}x l;Ssf sfnf]d}nf]cz'4bf]ifLsnlt JolQm rl/qsf] k|tLssf] kdf lnOPsf 5g\ .

lrq g+= !@ l;Ssf rog ;DefJotf

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?25

lrq -s_ :j0f{ l;Ssfxsf] aLrdf Ps nf}x l;Ssf / lrq -v_ nf}x l;Ssfxsf] aLrdf Ps :j0f{ l;Ssf /x]sf] cj:yfdf olb s;}n] oL l;Ssfxsf] y'k|f]af6 !@ j6f l;Ssf lnof] eg] l;Ssf lng] JolQmsf] xftdf lrq -s_ cg';f/sf] y'k|f]af6 lnPdf nf}x l;Ssf ldl;P/ /x]sf] cj:yf ePklg :j0f{ l;Ssf kg]{ ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 . To;/L g} lrq -v_ cg';f/sf y'k|f]af6 lnPdf :j0f{ l;Ssf ldl;P/ /x]sf] cj:yf ePklg xftdf nf}x l;Ssf kg]{ ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 . pk/f]Qm l;Ssf lrq cg';f/ ;kmf:jR5Ifdtfjfg\ dflg;xsf] ;d"xaf6 k|ltlglwsf] lglDt JolQm 5flgof] eg] sfnf d}nf IfdtfxLg dflg;x /x]sf] cj:yf ePklg ;kmf:jR5 lbn ePsf Ifdtfjfg\ JolQm 5flgg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 sfnfd}nf sk6 af]s]sf Ifdtf vf;} s]xL gePsf dflg;xsf] ;d"xaf6 k|ltlglwsf] lglDt JolQm 5flgof] eg] ;kmf:jR5 lbn ePsf Ifdtfjfg dflg;x /x]sf] cj:yf eP klg sfnf] d}nf] sk6 af]s]sf vf;} Ifdtf gePsf JolQm 5flgg] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 . lrq -s_ df lrq -v_ sf] 36gf / lrq -v_ df lrq -s_ sf] 36gfsf] sNkgf ug'{ ckjfbsf ljifox a'emfpg] sf]lz; ug'{ dfq xf] . Jojxf/ a'emfpg] sf]lz; eg] vf;} xf]Og .

of]Uotf cg';f/ sd{kmn dflg; Pp6f kl/jf/sf] dflns ag]/ a;]sf] xf]cf];\, ;dfhsf] u0o dfGo JolQm ag]/ a;]sf] xf]cf];\ cyjf ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ txdf k'u]sf] xf]cf];\, cyf{t\

;dfwfg

cwd/f]kg ;d:of

! @

#

lrq g+= !# of]Uotf cg';f/ sd{kmn

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 26

pm hxf;'s} /x]sf] lsg gxf]cf];\ lg0f{o lbg] a]nfdf p;n] cfkm\gf] h'g of]UotfNofut k|bz{g ub{5 Tof] of]Uotf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf 5 eg] k|bz{gsf] u'0f:t/df ljz]if km/s kfOb}g p:t} x'g hfG5 . cyf{t\ of]Uotf /fd|/L ag]sf] 5}g ;fdfGo cj:yfdf 5 eg] To:tf] of]Uotfsf] sf/0faf6 sfddf b]lvg] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ klg ;fdfGo dfq /xG5 ljz]if x'g ;St}g . dflg; h'g;'s} txdf a;]sf] ePklg p;n] lbg] u/]sf] lg0f{o cfkm\gf] txcg';f/ kbLo x}l;ot cg';f/ x'g uof]eg] p;sf] lg0f{of/f k|efljt x'g hfg] hg;d'bfo cyjf kl/jf/ ;Gt'i6 x'G5 / Tof] hg;d'bfo jf kl/jf/ ;Dd[l4lt/ nfUb5 . o; ljk/Lt kbLo x}l;ot cg';f/ of]Uotf 5}g cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lg0f{o x'g ;s]g / lg0f{o sdhf]/ x'g uof] eg] To:tf] kl/jf/, ;dfh cyjf b]z cf]/fnf]lt/ nfUb5, b'MvL x'g hfG5 . o;sf/0f kbLo x}l;ot hxfF h'g;'s} cj:yfdf ePsf] ePklg of]Uotf cg';f/ sfod /x]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] lgldQ lqsf]0f /]vflrq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lqsf]0f /]vflrqsf cg';f/

;dfwfg !@ M lqsf]0f lrqsf] ! / @ c tkm{ /x]sf] df]6f] /]vfn] km/fs pbf/ ljzfn 7"nf] nfdf] bL3{sfnLg l6sfp vfnsf] ljrf/ / kbLo x}l;otnfO{ a'emfpF5 . lqsf]0fdf df]6f] /]vfsf] e"ldsf #$ c+z 5 . To:t} @ c tkm{ /x]sf] kftnf] /]vfn] ;fgf] ;L0f{ lemgf] dl;gf] 5f]6f] rf8} g} x/fP/ hfg] ljrf/nfO{ a'emfp5 . lqsf]0fdf dl;gf] /]vfsf] e"ldsf !$ c+z 5 . Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf df]6f] /]vftkm{sf] ljrf/ / kbLo x}l;otsf] e"ldsf k|wfg / dl;gf] /]vftkm{sf] e"ldsf uf}0f ag]/ /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljrf/n] k|foMh;f] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klxNofpF5 . ;dfh cyjf b]z nfdf] ;do;Dd ;d:ofdf pmlNemg, clg0f{osf] aGbL ag]/ al;/xg' kb}{g ;d:of ;dfwfglt/ nfUb5 .

cwd/f]kg !# M cfwfkrf; k|ltzt hLljt / cfwfkrf; k|ltzt d/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cwd/f]kg elgG5 . ! / # c tkm{sf /]vfxsf] cj:yfdf /xg uPsf] df]6f]kg / kftnf]lemgf]kg a/fa/ x'Fbf kbLo bfloTj / ljrf/ a]d]n x'g uPaf6 ;dodf lg0f{o lgsfNg jf ;dfwfg lgsfNg sl7g x'g hfG5 . cfkm" 7"nf] kbdf a;]sf] x'gfn] 3/L3/L 7"nf]pbf/ ljrf/ lgsfNg dg nfUg ;S5 t/ JolQmn] hGdb]lv g} lnO{ cfPsf] u'0f / axfnjfnf kbdf k'Ubf;Dd cfh{g u/]sf] Ifdtfaf6 ag]sf] j}rfl/s w/ftn eg] lemgf]dl;gf];fu'/f];L0f{{ ePsf] x'bf slxn]sfxLF ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lbg;s] h:tf]

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?27

b]lvP klg Tof] l6sfp x'g ;St}g / clg0f{osf] aGbL cfkm" klg alg/xg] / c?nfO{ klg agfO{ /xg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 .

;d:of @# M o;df @ / # ctkm{sf /]vfxsf] cj:yfdf /xg uPsf] df]6f]kg / lemgf]kg qmdzM !$ c+z / #$ c+zdf ljeflht x'g hfFbf Jojxf/df vf; u/L kbLo x}l;ot klg ;fgf] / ;f]rljrf/ klg ;fgf];fFu"/f] cyjf kbLo x}l;ot 7"nf] t/ ;f]rljrf/ eg] ;fgf];fFu'/f] x'g uO{ ;d:of ;'lNemg] jf ;dfwfg lt/ nfUg] ;Defjgf sd / ;d:of alNemg] jf Jojwfglt/ nfUg] / ;d:of oyfjt kdf /lx/xg] ;Defjgf Hofbf b]lvG5 .

cfwf/e"t gLlt/fhgLltdf gckgfO{ gx'g] gLlt cfwf/e"t gLlt xf] . o; cGtu{t Ifdtfdf ljZjf;, abnfefjgfdf cljZjf; / of]ubfgsf] sb/, Ifdf efjgf ;b/ h:tf ljifox kb{5g\ .Ifdtfdf ljZjf;M /fhgLlt ug]{ hlt ;a}n] Ifdtfdf ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 . hftLotf jf ;fDk|bflostfsf] gf/f lbP/ cfkm" cl3 a9\g] k|oTg ug'{ s;}n] klg x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] hftLotf jf ;fDk|bflostfsf] gf/faf6 cof]Uo, c;Ifd JolQmnfO{ of]Uo Ifdtfjfg\ agfpg vf]Hg] em"6 a]Odfgsf] v]tL x'g hfG5 . h;n] kl/0ffddf ;a}nfO{ wf]sf dfq lbG5 .

Ifdtfdf ljZjf;

abnf efjgfdf cljZjf;

of]ubfgsf] sb/

Ifdf efjgf ;b/

gLlt

lrq g+= !$ cfwf/e"t gLlt

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 28

abnf efjgfdf cljZjf;M abnf efjgf c?sf] v'f tfg]/ cl3 a9\g] k|j[lQ xf] . abnf efjgf lgtfGt JolQmjfbL ;f]r af]s]/ cl3 a9\g vf]Hg] dfG5]xdf kfOG5 . o:tf dflg;xsf] kl5 nfu]/ hgtfn] slxn] klg ;'v kfpFb}g . o; lglDt hgtf ;w}F ;r]t;ts{ /xg ;Sg' kb{5, o;af6 k/} /xg] sf]l;; ug'{kb{5 . abnf efjgfk|lt ;w} cljZjf; ug'{ k5{ . cyf{t\ o;af6 kl/0ffddf s;}sf] klg sNof0f x'Fb}g eGg] ljZjf;df ;'b[9 /xg'kb{5 .

of]ubfgsf] sb/M ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifo s'g} Ps JolQmsf] k|of;af6 dfq ;Dej 5}g . o;df ;a} lsl;dsf hft, ju{sf dflg;xsf] ;fgf] 7"nf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . o:tf] ;xof]usf] sb/ ug{ ;dfhsf u0o dfGo JolQmxn] slxn] e'Ng' x'Fb}g . ;dod} ul/Psf] sb/sf] ;fgf] k|of;n] ;dfhdf 7"nf] ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub{5 . o; ljifodf ;w} ;hu /xg' kb{5 .

Ifdf efjgf ;b/M ;dfhsf cu|hxn] cfkm\gf] x[bo s]Gb|df Ifdf efjgf kfln/fVg' kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] s;}k|lt cljZjf; jf abnfsf] efjgf ;l~rt /xb}g . IfdfzLn dfG5]n] hLjg ult /fd|/L a'em]sf] x'G5 . lsgeg] hLjgdf ;Fw} cl3 a9\g dfq / ;kmn x'g dfq ;lsFb}g; slxn] sfxFL c;kmn klg eOG5, kl5 x6\g' kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;Qm5 . o; cj:yfdf w}o{jfg\ / IfdfzLn aGb} cfkm"nfO{ arfO{ /fVg ;Sg' kb{5 . ;b/ zAbaf6 k|df0f k'u]sf], l/t k'u]sf] / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu of]Uo 7x/]sf] efj a'lemG5 . oxfF Ifdf efjgfn] oyfy{df oxL efjnfO{ ;w} Jofjxfl/s kfg'{ kb{5 eGg] cy{ lbg vf]h]sf] xf] . IfdfzLntf s;}n] uNtL uof] eg] Ps k6snfO{ eOxfNof] eg]/ 5f]l8lbg] cy{df dfq k|of]u x'Fb}g . sltko cj:yfdf t cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ k6s k6s Ifdf lbg;Sg] klg x'g' kb{5 . c?nfO{ Ifdf ug{ g;Sg] dfG5]n] kl/cfpFbf cfkm}nfO{ Ifdf lbg ;Qm}g / kZrftfksf vf8ndf km:g ;Qm5 . o;sf/0f Ifdf efjgf ;w} hf]ufO /fVg' kb{5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?29

k|lqmof

;/sf/ rog :jk

lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf lgldQ b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ hgtf jflnu ;fwf/0f / jflnu ljz]if u/L @ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g\ . o; cg';f/ jflnu ;fwf/0f cGtu{t !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;fdfGo g]kfnL gful/sx kb{5g\ eg] jflnu ljz]if cGtu{t @^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf lzIffdf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x dfGotf k|fKt ;fdfGo g]kfnL gful/sx kb{5g\ . jflnu ljz]if cGtu{t kg]{ lzIffdf :gftsf]Q/ jf ;f] ;/x dfGotf k|fKt / pd]/ #% jif{ k'u]sf ;fdfGo g]kfnL gful/sx k|f1 ;efsf ;fwf/0f ;b:osf]kdf /xg] 5g\ .

jflnu ;fwf/0f oL gful/sxn] :yfgLo k|ltlglwxsf] lgjf{rgdf, k|ltlglw ;ef -tNnf] ;bg_ sf ;f+;bxsf] lgjf{rgdf / k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rgdf cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/ k|rlnt lgodfg';f/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg]5g\ . jflnu ljz]if oL gful/sxn] k|ltlglw ;efsf ;f+;bxsf] / :yfgLo k|ltlglwxsf] lgjf{rgdf jflnu ;fwf/0fsf] x}l;otdf tyf k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rgdf jflnu ljz]ifsf] x}l;otdf dtflwsf/ k|||||||||||||||||||||||||of]u ug]{5g\ .

jflnu ljz]if cGtu{t kg]{ k|f1;efsf ;bZoxoL gful/sxn] k|fl1s clwj]zg ;~rfngsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ k|ltlglwx lgjf{rg ug{ cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/ k|rlnt lgodfg';f/ k|of]u ug]{5g\ .

k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg ljlw / kl/0ffdsf] cflwsfl/tfk|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg lglDt jflnu ;fwf/0f / jflnu ljz]if cGtu{t /x]sf dtflwsf/Lx k|of]udf cfpg] 5g\ . :yfgLo k|ltlglwxsf] lgjf{rgdf / k|ltlglw ;ef ;f+;bxsf] lgjf{rgdf eg] ;j} dtflwsf/Lx jflnu ;fwf/0fsf] x}l;otdf /xL dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug]{5g\ . k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rgaf6 ljho k|fKt ug{ jflnu ;fwf/0f / jflnu

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 30

;/sf/ rog :jk!_ cfj/0f /]vfn] g]kfn eGg] a'emfpF5 . @_ leqL j[Q/]vfn] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -uf=lj=;=_ eGg] a'emfpF5 .#_ sf]i7on] aflnu ;fwf/0f -af=;f=_ / aflnu ljz]if -af=lj=_ nfO{ a'emfpF5 .$_ leqL sf]i7leqsf] cf}krfl/s zAbn] cf}krfl/s tj/n] pd]/ k'u]sf] / sfg'gL tj/n] of]Uo dflgPsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g'kg{] . To:t} cgf}krfl/s

zAbn] k|wfgdGqL / k|ltlglw ;efsf ;f+;bsf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ cgf}krfl/s kdf ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ljrf/ uf]i7L cflb If]qdf ;dfj]z u/fpg ;lsg] eGg] a'emfpF5 .

%_ af=;f= / af=lj=af6 lg:s]sf b'O{ ;/n /]vfn] gj lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL / af=;f= af6 ;f+;b tkm{ uPsf] /]vfn] ;f+;b @@# tkm{sf] gj lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw ;ef ;f+;bnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;/L g} ;f+;b @@# sf] ;\Vofdf /x]sf k|ltlglw ;efsf] sf]i7sf] afofF tkm{ /x]sf] k|f1 kl/ifb %^ n] k|f1 ;bgaf6 cfPsf k|f1x?af6 lgld{t k|f1 kl/ifb tyf oL b'O{ c\u ldn]kl5 Joj:yflksf ;ef aGb5 eGg] a'lemG5 . To;/L g} k|f1 ;bgaf6 cfPsf @& hgf k|f1x? ldnL GofoLs k|f1 kl/ifb\ agfp5g\ eg] dGqL kl/ifb lgdf{0f ug{ !# -%@_ k|f1x? k|f1 ;bgaf6 cfpF5g\ eg] !) hgf -$)_ JolQmTjx? ljefuLo k|d'vx? dWo]af6 / /fli6o JolQmTjx? dWo]af6 cfpF5g\ . h;nfO{ oxfF j[Qfsf/ /]vfleqsf c\son] a'emfPsf 5g\ .

&_ dGqL kl/ifbaf6 k|f1 kl/ifb tkm{ ;f]lemPsf] ;/n /]vfn] pkk|wfgdGqL cfjZostf cg';f/ k|f1 kl/ifbsf] cWoIftf ug{ / dGqL kl/ifbdf pk|wfgdGqLsf] kbef/ u|x0f ug{ ;lqmo /xG5g\ eGg] a'emfpF5 .

*_ ! sf] sf]i7n] k|fl1s clwj]zgaf6 cfPsf k|f1x?af6 k|f1 ;bg aGb5 h;df ! k|ltlglwx? /xG5g\ eGg] a'emfpF5 .(_ @!^! sf] ;\Vofn] k|f1 ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ k|fl1s clwj]zg ;~rfngsf] lglDt cfPsf k|ltlglw eGg] a'emfpF5 .

g]

kf

jflnu ;fwf/0fjflnu ljz]if

cgf}krfl/

scG

t{lqmof c

Go

;f+;b k|ltlglw ;efk|f1 kl/ifb\

cf}kr

fl/s p

d]/ k

'u]sf]

sfg"gL l/

t k'u

]sf]

k|=d= dlGq kl/ifb\

pk k|=d=

sfo{kflnsf

Gofokflnsf

Gofo

kl/ifb\

k|f1

;bg

Joj:yflksf ;ef @&(

@%

!#

@@# %^

@& !

;f+;b

;=

nlrq g+= !% ;/sf/ rog :jk

!)

@!^!

k|fl1

scl

wj]zg

lj=

uf=

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?31

ljz]if u/L b'j} tkm{af6 s"n v;]sf] dtsf] Go"gtd qmdzM @%@% k|ltzt dt k|fKt ug'{kg]{ / b'j} tkm{sf] dt hf]8\bf s"n dt ax'dt x'g'kg]{ 5 . cGo k|ltlglwxsf] lgjf{rgdf eg] ;fwf/0f ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf cflwsfl/tf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . k|wfgdGqL / k|ltlglw ;ef ;f+;bxsf] lgjf{rgsf] qmddf pd]b\jf/xsf] JolQmTj / g]t[Tj Ifdtf a'em\gsf lglDt lhNnflhNnfxdf cgf}krfl/skdf ;fj{hlgs ;'''''''''''''''g'jfO tyf cGt{lqmof, ljrf/ uf]i7L cflbsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; cj:yfdf pd]b\jf/xn] cy{gLlt, lzIff gLlt, :yf:Yo gLlt, s[lif tyf pBf]u Joj;fo gLlt k//fi6 gLlt, ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ;+aGwL gLlt cflb ljleGg ljifoaf/] cfwf/e"t k/]vf -vfsf_ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . o:tf] vfsf pk/ Jofks 5nkmn u/L v'nf dtbfgsf] dfWodf/f vfsfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ ljlw ckgfpg ;lsg] 5 . o;/L w]/} lhNnfxdf x'g uPsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdf pTs[i6 agL 5flgg ;kmn vfsf k|:t't ug]{ pd]b\jf/x /fli6o lgjf{rgsf lglDt k|of]u ul/bf Pp6f ;';+:s[t, Ifdtfjfg\ / of]Uo pd]b\jf/ k|ltlglw 5flgg ;Sg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 . hxfF;Dd JolQmTj a'em\g] s'/f 5, o; ljifodf k|To]s pd]b\jf/sf] cfxf/ ljxf/ k':Tof}nL kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld tyf rl/q lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ lgjf{rg x'g' cufj} a'em\g cfjZos x'g hfG5 . /fli6o lgjf{rg b]zJofkLkdf ul/g] dxflgjf{rg xf] . o:tf] lgjf{rgaf6 k|ltlglw ;efsf k|ltlglwx tyf k|wfgdGqL / pkk|wfgdGqL rog ul/g] 5g\ . k|wfgdGqLsf] nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf ljho k|fKt ug{ ;kmn pd]b\jf/sf] lgs6td k|ltGLsf]kdf /x]sf] pd]b\jf/ pkk|wfgdGqLsf nflu pko'Qm k|tlglw dflgg] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:Yff x'guP k|wfgdGqLsf nflu k|of]u ePsf clwsf+z dtsf] ;b'kof]u x'g hfg]5 .

/fi6fWoIf rog Joj:yflksf ;ef, k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\ k|ltlglw / lhNnf kl/ifb\ k|ltlglwx aLr ;DkGg uf]Ko dtbfgsf] dfWodf/f /fi6fWoIfsf] rog ul/g]5 .

dGqL kl/ifb\ -sfo{kflnsf_ u7g k|wfgdGqLsf nflu dxflgjf{rgaf6 5flgP/ cfPsf k|ltlglwn] /fi6fWoIfaf6 lgo'Qm ePkl5 k|wfgdGqLsf] / dxflgjf{rgaf6 pkk|wfgdGqLsf] k|ltlglwsf] kdf 5flgPsf k|ltlglwn] /fi6fWoIfaf6 lgo'Qm ePkl5 pkk|wfgdGqLsf] x}l;ot u|x0f ug]{5g\ . k|wfgdGqLn] !# hgf k|ltlglw -%@%_ k|f1 ;bgaf6 / !) hgf k|ltlglw -$)%_ ljefuLo k|d'vxdWo]af6 / /fli6o JolQmTjx dWo]af6 lnO{ @% ;b:oLo dlGqkl/

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 32

ifb\sf] u7g ug]{5g\ . t/ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] u7g ;\VofnfO{ pk/f]Qm k|ltzt sfod /fvL !% b]lv @% ;Dd kfg{ ;lsg]5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\df g}ltstf / cg'ejsf] ;dfof]hg /fd|f];Fu x'g hfg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

Joj:yflksf;ef u7g Joj:yflksf ;ef k|ltlglw ;ef -tNnf] ;bg_ / k|f1 kl/ifb -pkNnf] ;bg_ ldn]/ aGb5 . /fli6o lgjf{rgaf6 5flgPsf k|ltlglwxf/f tNnf] ;bg / k|f1;bgaf6 cfPsf k|ltlglwxaf6 pkNnf] ;bgsf] lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 . tNnf] ;bgsf k|ltlglwxsf] ;\Vof @@# / pkNnf] ;bgsf k|ltlglwxsf] ;\Vof %^ /xg hfg]5 . Joj:yflksf;efsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf Nofpg k|ltlglw 5gf}6sf] k[i7e"ld k/Dk/fut z}nL -clwsf+z tNnf] ;bgsf k|ltlglwxaf6 pkNnf] ;bg lgdf{0f x'g hfg] z}nL_ b]lv leGg z}nLsf] x'g uPsf] xf] . k|ltlglw ;ef -tNnf] ;bg_ u7gsf] lglDt k|ltlglw ;ef ;f+;bxsf] 5gf}6 x/]s lhNnfdf ul7t :gfts ;d"xaf6 pDd]bjf/sf] x}l;ot sfod ePkl5 s'g} sfg'gL k|ltaGw gnfu]sf !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf dtbftfxf/f /fli6o lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 ul/G5 / k|f1 kl/ifb\ -pkNnf] ;bg_ ;b:ox 5gf}6 k|fl1s clwj]zgaf6 lgjf{lrt / k|f1 ;bgaf6 dgf]gog k|fKt ug{ ;kmn k|ltlglwxaf6 ul/G5 . k|ltlglw ;ef cWoIftf @@# k|ltlglwxf/f lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwaf6 / k|f1kl/ifb\ cWoIftf pkk|wfgdGqLaf6 u/fOg] 5 . k|ltlglw;ef ;f+;b of]Uotf, pd]/ / sfo{sfn k|ltlglw ;ef ;f+;b of]Uotf ;fdfGo /flvPsf] 5 t/ k|ltlglw ;efsf] pd]b\jf/ x'gsf nflu ;DalGwt lhNnfdf ul7t :gfts ;d"xaf6 l;kmfl/; lng' clgjfo{ 5 . ;fdfGotM :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf] cWoog ;dfKt u/L cg'ej a6'Ng] tkm{ nfUg] pd]/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;f+;b pd]f/ pd]/ @^ jif{ /flvPsf] xf] . k|ltlglw ;efsf ;f+;bx cg'ejd'vL sfo{qmddf ljz]if lsl;dn] nfUg'kg]{ x'Fbf sfo{sfn 5f]6f] @ jif{sf] /flvPsf] xf] . o; sfo{sfn leq ljw]os eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] lgdf{0f ljlw s:tf] / lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf b]vfkg]{ afwfJojwfg s:tf x'g] /x]5g\ < cflb ljifoxdf ;f+;b\xn] cg'ej a6'Ng]5g\ . cg'ej a6'Ng / a6'lnPsf] cg'ejsf] hu]gf{ ug{sf lglDt x"s{bf]dNsbf], sf]dn / lh1f;' lbdfu ;f+;bxsf] /xg hfg] x'Fbf lbdfunfO{ w]/} af]em kg{ gkfcf];\ eGg] x]t'n] sfo{sfn 5f]6f] kfl/Psf] xf] .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?33

k|f1kl/ifb\ ;f+;b of]Uotf, pd]/, sfo{sfn / lgjf{rg ljlw ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug{ ljt\ ;dfhsf] k|of]u Jofkskdf ul/g'kb{5 . g]t[Tj txdf /xbf ;\3if{zLn ;f]r eGbf ;dtfjfbL, sNof0fsf/L / l;h{gzLn ;f]r Hofbf rflxG5 . dflg;sf] clxn]sf] ;f]rfOsf] cfwf/ lxhf]sf lbgxaf6 k|fozM lgwf{l/t x'g hfG5 . lxhf] pm s:tf] af6f]af6 s]s] ub}{, cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] xf], To; k[i7e"ld af/] hfgsf/L lng cfjZos 5 . ;bf zfGt, ;dtfjfbL, l;h{gzLn ;f]rfOdf hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do u'hfb}{ cfPsfx efjL lbgxdf ul/g] sd{nfO{ ;f] cg';f/ 9fNgn}hfg k|oTgzLn /xg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 eg] sk6bfpk]r cflb z}nLaf6 hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do u'hfb}{ cfPsfx efjL lbgxdf cfkm\gf sd{xnfO{ ;f] cg'k 9fNg]kl nfUg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 . x/]s dflg;df :jfyL{ / lg:jfyL{ efjgf w]/yf]/ x'G5 / kl/l:ylt;Fu ldn]/ efjgf k|s6 x'G5 . :jfyL{ jf lg:jfyL{ efjgfnfO{ h;n] h] h:tf] lsl;dn] kfn]/ /fv]sf] 5, Tof] efjgfn] cfkm\gf] cg's"n x'g] cfkm"nfO{ ldNg] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f km]nf kfgf{;fy aflx/ b]lvg, knfpg / df}nfpg af6f] vf]Hb5 . o; cj:yfdf :jfyL{ efjgfn] :jfyL{ sd{ / lgM:jfyL{ efjfgfn] lgM:jfyL{ sd{ b]vfpg yfNb5 . :jfyL{ efjgf uf]Ko efjgf xf] o;sf/0f dflg; o;nfO{ ;s];Dd c?n] yfxf gkfpg] 3'dfp/f] af6f]af6 k|of]udf Nofpg rfxG5 cyf{t\ efjgf rf]/ af6f]af6 lxF8\g rfxG5 . rf]/ af6f]af6 vf;u/L To:tf dflg;xnfO{ lxF8\g dg nfU5 h;nfO{ ljutsf dxjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf lbgxdf rf]/af6f]af6 lxF8\g] afgL k/]sf] 5 . ljutsf dxjk"0f{ lbgxdf vf;u/L rf]/af6f]af6 glxF8]sfxnfO{ o:tf] af6f] lxFl8xfNg Tolt ;xh :jfefljs x'Fb}g . o;sf/0f ljt\ ;dfhsf clwsf+z ljfgx :jR5 af6f]af6 rNg rfxG5g\ . ;fdfGo lgodsf] k|aGw ldnfpgf ;fy logLx ;dfhnfO{ 7Ls af6f]af6 lxF8fpg yfNb5g\ . o;}n] zf;g Joj:yfdf ljt\ ;dfhsf] ks8 bx|f]alnof] kfl/g' kb{5 . o; clek|fo k"/f ug{sf lgldQ pkNnf] ;bgk|f1kl/ifbdf k|f1xsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . k|f1 x'gsf lglDt cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf :gftsf]Q/ / pd]/ #% jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf dflg;n] @%@^ jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf] 1fg xfFl;n ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . To; kl5sf (!) jif{;Dd p;n] Jofjxfl/s cg'ej l;Qm5 . tadfq pm k|f1;efsf] lgod cg';f/ k|lqmof k"/f u/]kl5 k|f1sf] bhf{df clt x'g hfG5 . k|f1kl/ifb\df hfg] ;f+;bx k|fl1s clwj]zgaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ k|fl1s ;bgsf] af6f] x'Fb} u'h|g'kg]{ x'Fbf logLxsf] pd]/ $% jif{ /flvPsf] xf] . s"n ;f+;b ;\Vof dWo] ;fdfGotM Ps ltxfOsf] # jif{, Ps ltxfOsf] $ jif{ / Ps ltxfOsf] % jif{ sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 34

pkNnf] ;bg sfo{sfn lgwf{/0fsfo{sfn lgwf{/0f dfWoduf]nf k|yfuf]nf k|of]u u/L pkNnf] ;bgsf k|ltlglwxsf] sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf o; k|sf/ 5 . h:t} M

6]jn g+= @ pkNnf] ;bg sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f;f+;b ;\Vof / k|ltzt !)) !* !* @)

;xeflutf k|ltzt (( ## ## ##

uf]nf k|yf jif{ klxnf] ! ! !

sfo{sfn jif{ # $ %

sfo{sfn jif{ s6f}tL qmd ! ! !

sfo{sfn jif{ s6f}tL qmd @ @ @

uf]nfk|yf jif{+ bf]>f] / sfo{sfn jif{ s6f}tL qmd # # #

uf]nfk|yf jif{ t];|f] / sfo{sfn jif{ s6f}tL qmd ! $ $

uf]nfk|yf jif{ rf}yf] / sfo{sfn jif{ s6f}tL qmd @ ! %

ljZjsf s]xL d'n'sxdf Gofokflnsf u7gljZjsf s]xL rlr{t d'n'sxdf Gofokflnsf u7g af/] ckgfOPsf ljlwx lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .

;+ljwfgblIf0f clk|msf (Const. of South Africa, 7 Feb, 1997...)Section: 174/fi6kltn] Goflos ;]jf cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ k|wfg GofofwLz / pkk|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ub{5g\ .Section:177.1,2

Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] GofofwLz c;dIf 5g\ eg]df /fli6o ;ef (National Assembly) sf b'O ltxfO ;b:oxsf] jx'dtjf6 GofofwLzxsf] k|TofXjfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?35

;+ljwfg hfkfg (Const. of Japan, 3 Nov, 1946...)Chapter : 1

Article : 6

dGqL kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df g/]zaf6 GofofwLznfO{ k|wfg GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm ul/G5 .Article : 79.2o;/L lgo'Qm GofofwLzxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg k|ltlglw;eff/f u/fOG5 .

;+ljwfg ci6]lnof (Const. of Australia, 1 Jan, 1901...)Chapter : 3

Article : 71tNnf] ;bg / pkNnf] ;bgsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLz / cGo GofofwLzx ueg{/f/f lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ .;+ljwfg blIf0f sf]l/of (Const. of South Korea, 17 July, 1948...)Chapter : 5

Article : 104.1

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm /fli6o ;ef (National Assembly) sf] ;xdlt lnP/ /fi6kltf/f x'g] ub{5 .

;+ljwfg hd{gL (Const. of Germany, 23 May 1949....)Chapter : IX

Article : 95.2k|ltlglw;efjf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw / k|fGtLo d'Vo dGqLxjf6 ag]sf] ;ldlt / s]xL ljlzi6 dGqLxsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;jf6 GofofwLzxsf] lgo'lQm x'g hfG5 .

;+ljwfg;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf (Const. of United State of America 1789...)Article : II

Section : 2,2pkNnf] ;bg (Senate) ;Fusf] k/fdz{ / ;xdltdf /fi6kltf/f ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzxsf] lgo'lQm x'g hfG5 . o;df pkNnf] ;bgn] ;xdlt lbg' cl3 ;DefJo GofowLzxsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ub{5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 36

;+ljwfg :jL6\h/NofG8 (Const. of Switzerland 18 April 1999...)Chapter : 2Section : 2Article : 168.2;\3Lo ;bgdf ePsf] uf]Ko lgjf{rgaf6 ljho k|fKt ug{ ;kmn GofofwLzx ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ .

Gofokflnsf u7g jf/] ljZjsf rlr{t d'n'sxdf Gofokflnsfsf] u7g ;/sf/jf6, ;bgjf6 jf b'j}sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;jf6 x'guPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf d'n'sxsf k|ltlglwx cfkm\gf] af}l4s IfdtfnfO{ d'Vokdf k|of]u u/L ;bg / ;/sf/df k'u]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f logLxjf6 5flgg] GofofwLzx k|fozM ;';+:sfl/t j'l4hLlj x'g] ;+efjgf Hofbf /xG5 . kmn:jk Gofo ;Dkfbg u'0f:t/Lo x'g hfG5 . g]kfn h:tf cljsl;t d'n'sxdf eg] lrq km/s lsl;dsf] kfOG5 . oxfF d'Vokdf wg / kfv'/fsf] k|of]u u/L lgjf{rg lht]/ ;bg / ;/sf/df k'Ug] k|ltlglwx w]/} x'G5g\ . d'Vokdf o:tf k|ltlglwxsf] ;xdlt lnP/ GofofwLzxsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ ugf{n] ;';+:sf/o'Qm a'l4hLjL GofofwLz kfpg d'l:sn x'g hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofo ;Dkfbg klg u'0f:t/ o'Qm x'g ;Qm}g . o;sf/0f cz'4 k|ltlglwx ;bg / ;/sf/df hfg] cj:yf /xFbf;Dd k|fl1s Goflos If]qjf6 GofofwLzxsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ ugf{n] u'0f:t/Lo Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf Hofbf /xG5 lsgeg] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf] k|fjwfg /xFbf GofofwLzxsf] ;+j}wflgs gftf ;bg / ;/sf/;Fu /xFb}g . GofofwLzx :jtGq d'Qm 9n] sfd ug{ kfpF5g\ . Gofo ;Dkfbg klg u'0f:t/o'Qm x'ghfG5 . hxfF;Dd GofofwLzxsf] lgoGq0fsf] ljifo 5, of] klg k|fl1s w/ftnjf6 ul/g'kb{5 . g]kfndf xfn ^! xhf/ &)) ;o $& :gftsf]Q/ ug]{xsf] ;\Vof 5 . o;jf6 k|f1xsf] Ps ;7g lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . logLxsf] dfWoodaf6 cyf{t\ logLxnfO{ kl/rfng u/L GofofwLzxsf] lgoGq0f ul/g' kb{5 . o:tf k|f1x klg ef]lnsf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# wf/f !$(=!, cg';f/;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] u7gcWoIf k|wfgdGqL;b:o k|wfg GofofwLz, Joj:yflksf;+;bsf] ;efd'v, dGqL kl/ifbdf /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx? dWo] km/skm/s bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf # hgf dGqL / Joj:yflksf;+;bdf /x]sf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf . o;df k|ltlglw ;efdf jx'dt k|fKt bnsf] d'Vo k|ltlglwsf] k|efjzfnL e'ldsf /xG5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?37

lbgdf bnLo :jfy{f/f jxlsg uP s] ug]{ eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5, o;sf] k|ltk|Zgdf lgM:jfy{ k|fl1s ljrf/ jf]s]sf k|f1x klg TolQs} x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] ts{nfO{ e'Ng ldNb}g . h] xf];\ k|f1xdf k|l1stfsf] ljif]z xft /xG5 eGg] ljifodf b'Odt /xFb}g . Ps zLif{:y Gofo ;Dkfbg lglDt Gofokflnsf lgdf{0fnfO{ ;do ;fk]If kfg]{ sfd oxfF ;s];Dd ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF l;kmfl/;sf] dfWodnfO{ k|of]udf NofO{ k/Dk/fut z}nLjf6 ul/g] Gofokflnsf u7gsf] ljifonfO{ leGg lsl;dsf] cfw'lgs z}nLdf n}hfg Goflos k|f1 ;ef -sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/ u/L pd]/ #% jif{ k'u]sf] jf sfg'gdf :gfts u/L sfg'gL If]qdf nuftf/ % jif{ ;]jf u/L pd]/ #% jif{ k'u]sf] JolQm_ nfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . k|f1 ;efdf ul/g] ljleGg r/0fsf] lgjf{rgjf6 Gofokflnsf k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ug]{ ugf{n] Gofo;Dkfbg ;/n, ;jn / :jR5 x'g hfG5 . o;df Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;dodf /fHosf k|ltlglwxsf] bjfj kg{;Sg] ;+j}wflgs gftf /xFb}g . o;f] ugf{n] Gofo ;Dkfbg hgd'vL Pj+ Gofod'vL x'g hfG5 . Gofokflnsf u7gdf o:tf] ljlw ckgfpFbf JolQmdf ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /xg uPsf] Ifdtfn] k|s6 x'g] cj;/ kfpF5 . Gofokflnsf u7gdf GofofwLzx lgo'Qm ubf{ pgLxdf /xg uPsf] cg'ejsf] k[i7e"ld dfq kl/kSj Gofo ;Dkfbg lglDt kof{Kt 5}g / o:t} lgjf{rgsf] k[i7e"ld dfq klg kof{Kt 5}g . Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f -Ifdtfdf cl8u, lgikIf / k|To'TkGgdlto'Qm Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0f_ /fVg]x cg'ejsf] k[i7e"ld / lgjf{rgsf] dfWod h:tf ljlwxjf6 cl3 j9\bf JolQmdf /xg uPsf] Ifdtf a'em\g hlt ;lhnf] kb{5 Tolt pk/f]Qm ljlw -cg'ejsf] k[i7e"lddf dfq ul/g] l;kmfl/; jf lgjf{rg_ dWo] s'g} Ps ljlwsf] dfWodjf6 dfq ;Dej 5}g .

oxfF k|:t't ljlw Ps zLif{:y Gofokflnsf u7g x'g ;sf];\ eGg] x]t'n] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ljlw xf] . csf]{ s'/f, Gofo ;Dkfbgsf qmddf Gofostf{n] :yflkt lgod / sfg'gsf] cfwf/ lnO{ lg0f{o lbg] ub{5 . o; ljifodf p;n] w]/} lbdfu vr{ ug'{ kb}{g o;df p;sf] lgj[Q lg0f{o (Deductive Decision)* /xG5 . t/ kl/l:ylt ;w}+ o:tf] x'Fb}g sltko cj:yfdf t Gofostf{n] lghLkdf k|:t't ljifoj:t'xsf] cfkm\g} lsl;dn] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L cfd gful/sxnfO{ ldNg] lsl;dsf] lgod / sfg'gdf pQm ljifonfO{ 9fNg ;Sg' kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf lbOg] lg0f{o k|j[Q (Inductive Decision) lg0f{o xf] . o;sf/0f ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f g/fvL cl3a9]sf Gofo stf{x o:tf] l:ylt kl/cfpFbf cK7]/f]df kb{5g\ . o;aLrdf hgtfn] b'Mv kfpF5g\ . Gofonodf hfFbf

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 38

;dodf Gofo gkfpg', Gofonosf lg0f{ox plN6g' / ab/ x'g' h:tf sltko ljifox o;sf pbfx/0fx x'g uPsf 5g\ . o;}n] Ps pTs[i6 Gofo ;Dkfbg lglDt ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f x/]s Gofostf{df /xg clt cfjZos 5 .

Gofokflnsf u7g ubf{ cg'ejsf] k[i7e"lddf -g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, wf/f !)# !,@,#_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] nflu ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/; / cGo GofofwLzxsf nflu Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/ lnO{ ul/g] lgo'lQmjf6 Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ Pp6f d'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg x'g hfG5 eGg] ljifodf zf b'ljwf /fVg ldNg] 7fFp /xG5 . t;y{ :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo k|fKt ug{ ufxf] kb{5 . o; lglDt lgjf{rgsf] ljlw ckgfpg clt cfjZos 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] klg lgjf{rgjf6 GofofwLzx 5fg]/ Nofpg ldNb}g eGg] ljifonfO{ lsgf/f nfpFb}g . cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg sf] wf/f !)# n] lgjf{rg ljifo jf/]sf] cleJolQmdf df}g /x]/ ljsNksf] nflu 7fpF /fv]sf] 5 / To:t} lgjf{rgsf] ljifo kl/dfh{gsf] lglDt ljif]z uxg ljifo klg xf] . cg'ejsf] k[i7e"lddf klg gofF ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f kfpg t ;lsG5 t/ oxL dfu{ g} kof{Kt 5 eGg eg] ;lsFb}g . o;sf/0f cg'ejsf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ sfod /fVb} lgjf{rgsf] dfWoodjf6 Gofokflnsf u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpgfn] ljz]if e/kbf]{ Gofo ;Dkfbg kfpg ;Dej x'g hfG5 . o;f] ugf{n] u'Kt, n'Kt / ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf k|ltefx km:6fpg] df}sf kfpF5g\ . csf]{ s'/f GofofwLzx 5gf}6 ul/Fbf ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f g/fvL a6'lnPsf] w]/} jif{sf] cg'ej eGbf ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f /fvL a6'lnPsf] yf]/} cg'ej lsg gxf];\, of] ljz]if Gofok"0f{ x'g hfG5 . of] Ps Jofjxfl/s l;4fGt xf] . o; l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cg'ejsf] k[i7e"ldsf] cltl/Qm ljleGg r/0fdf k|f1 ;efdf -Goflos k|f1 ;ef_ ul/g] lgjf{rgsf] dfWoodjf6 GofofwLzx 5gf}6 ug]{ ugf{n] Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{ ljz]if kl/dflh{t x'ghfG5 . o;df zf b'ljwf /fVg ldNg] 7fFp xb};Dd sd x'g hfG5 . x'gt /fHo Joj:yfdf Goflos x}l;ot hlt;'s} dha't / pRr kfl/P klg /fhgLlts x}l;ot dfly gp7\bf ;Dd ;dfhdf cGofon] r'gf}tL lbg 5f8\g] 5}g . Joj:yfdf ;'Zff;g ha ;ls|o aGg yfNb5 o; cj:yfdf hgtfsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs l:ylt dfly p7\g yfNb5 . o;kl5 ;dfhaf6 cGofo cTofrf/, u/LaL s|dzM 36\b} hfG5g\ . ;'zf;g ;ls|o /xFbf /fHo Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts x}l;ot dfly p7\b5 .

* Dr. V.D. Mahajan's Jurisprudence & Legal Theory Rpnt. 2010

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?39

t/ Goflos x}l;ot eg] tn kg{ hfG5 lsgeg] hgtf Gofo vf]Hg Gofofno sd} hfg] ub{5g\ . ;dfhdf cGofocTofrf/n] jf; w]/} ug{ kfpFb}g . ;dfhdf cGofocTofrf/ w]/} eP dfq hgtf klg Gofofno w]/} wfpg] x'g\ cGoyf hgtf Gofofno sd wfpg] ub{5g\ . hfkfg, hd{g, cd]l/sf, h:tf ljsl;t b]zxdf Goflos x}l;ot tn kg'{sf] sf/0f oxL xf] lsgeg] ToxfF /fhgLlts x}l;ot -cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs :t/ dfly p7]sf] cj:yf _ dfly p7]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfn, ef/t, anfb]z, h:tf b]zxdf cGofo, cTofrf/, clzIff, u/LaL Hofbf 5 . o;sf/0f hgtf Gofofno v'a wfpg] ub{5g\ . o;sf/0f Gofokflnsf w]/} ;ls|o 5, Goflos x}l;ot dfly p7]sf] 5 / /fhgLlts x}l;ot tn k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts x}l;ot pRr kf/L /fVg Gofoklnsfn] v]Ng] u/]sf e"ldsfx sd dxjsf t 5}gg\ . t/ h]xf];\ Joj:yfdf klxn] cl3 ;g]{ x}l;ot eg]sf] /fhgLlts x}l;ot g} xf] . /fhgLlts x}l;ot ha q'l6k"0f{ cj:yfdf /xG5, Tolta]nf Tof] q'l6 ;Rofpg Gofokflnsf cl3 ;b{5 / cfkm\gf] x}l;ot b]vfpg yfNb5 . olb Joj:yfn] ;fg} eP klg q'l6 gul/lbg] xf] eg] Gofokflnsf cl3 ;g]{ cj;/ kfpb} kfpb}g .

k|fl1s Gofokl/ifb -Gofokflnsf_ u7g Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ clGtd lgsfo ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k|fl1s Gofo kl/ifb xf] . Goflos k|f1 ;bgdf ePsf] dgf]gogf/f 5flgP/ cfPsf k|ltlglwxaf6 o; kl/ifbsf] u7g x'g hfG5 . o;df @& hgf k|ltlglwx /xg] 5g\ / ljz]if jx;sf] j]nf u}/Goflos If]qsf k|f1;bgsf # hgf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf klg k|fl1s Gofo kl/ifb\df /xg hfg]5 . oL # k|ltlglwx k|f1 ;bgdf ul/g] dgf]gogaf6 ;dfj]z u/fOg]5g\ . Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ax;df v'nf ljrf/nfO{ klg :yfg lbO{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df :yfloTjtf k|bfg ug{ o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . lsgeg] Gofo ;Dkfbg ;d:ofdf clNemPsf] a]nf u}/Goflos If]qaf6 klg ljrf/ a'em\g /fd|f] x'g] lyof] eGg] lh1f;f d]6fpg Gofo kl/ifb\ u7gdf gofF ;f]r /flvPsf] xf] . Gofo kl/ifb\df o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf x'g hfFbf k/Dk/fut z}nLaf6 lgld{t Gofokflnsf ;+/rgf / To:tf] Gofokflnsff/f x'g hfg] ;DefJo n'nf] lkmtnf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf sf/0faf6 ljsNk vf]Hg'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ lsgf/f nfpg ;lhnf] kb{5 .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 40

Gofo kl/ifb\ u7gsf nflu pd]bjf/sf] of]Uotf!_ pd]/ $% jif{ k'u]sf] @_ g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt#_ sfg'gL tj/n] of]Uo 7xl/Psf] JolQm$_ Goflos k|f1;bgaf6 ! k|:tfjs / ! ;dy{s k|fKt ug{ ;kmn JolQm pko'{Qm of]Uotf k|fKt JolQm Goflos k|f1;bgsf] dgf]gog k|fKt ug{ ;kmn

ePkl5 Gofokl/ifb\ ;b:osf nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5 .

k|wfg GofofwLz kbsf nflu pd]b\jf/sf] of]Uotf!_ pd]/ $% jif{ k'u]sf] @_ g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt#_ Gofo kl/ifb ;b:otf k|fKt

Gofokflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf] ljifodf lgjf{rg s]nfO{ rflxof] s]=s]= @))^ ;]n]S6]8\ slG:66\o";g, lbNnL, rGb P08

sDkgL lnld6]8 . s'df/ r'8fn, g/]Gb| k|sfz vgfn slG:66\o";g ckm lb jf]N8{, ef]n'd !, ;g\ @))$

Pstf a'S;\, sf7df08f}+, yfkfynL . hfg]6 Pd= aS; :6]km]G;ldo/, x]G/L O= a|fl8 P08 8]lj6 sf]lnP/ lb cS:kmf]8{

Xof08a's ckm kf]lnl6sn d]yf]8f]nf]hL, ;g\ @)!), cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{l6 klAns]zg, o'=P;=P= .

hf]g a]ln;\ :6]e l:dy P08 k]l6l;of jf]PG;, lb Unf]jnfOh]zg ckm jf]N8{ kf]lnl6S; -kfrf}+ ;+:s/0f_ @)!!, cS:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, Go"of]s{ .

8f= le=l8= dxfhg h'l/:k|'8]G; P08 lnun Yof]/L -kfrf}+ ;+:s/0f_ l/lk|G6 @)!) O=lj=l;= klAnl;\, nvgpm .

8f= le=l8= dxfhg kf]lnl6sn Yof]/L -rf}yf] ;+:s/0f_ l/lk|G6 ;g\ @)!@, P;= rGb P08 sDkgL klAns]zg, Go" lbNnL .

8]lg; :6fpkm/ ly\ls\ NsSjOh, l/lk|G6 ;g\ @))&, Og\ OlG8of, klAn:8\ jfO ldGg] PKkn k|]; .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno >L % sf] ;/sf/ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg ;ef Joj:yf dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

kxf8L s[i0f / bfxfn k'?iff]Qd @)^%, dfgjclwsf/ nf]stGq, zflGt / clx+;fsf] cfwf/, sf7df08f}+, dfgj clwsf/ tyf zflGt ;dfh .

Kofl6s h]=xn]{ OG6f]8S;g 6" nlhs, l/lk|G6, ;g\ @)!), j8{;\ jy{ klAns]zg .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?85

k]6/ hL= gy{xfp;\ ln8/l;k -Yof]l/ P08 k|flS6;\_, kfrf}+ ;+:s/0f, ;g\ @)!), ;fu] klAns]zg . ljBfe"ifgd\ lj=lj= ;g\ !((&, jN8{ slG:66\o";g -!^ ;+:s/0f_ lbNnL :6ln{ klAn;;{ k|f= ln= . e/fO{ 1fg]Zj/ @)%!, j[xt\ 1fg sf]if, sf7df08f}+, kb\d Ph's]zg 6]8;{, 6]jxfn . d/fn]Dj; ljy cf/ Pd lxN8, ;f]l;of]nf]hL Yof]l/h\ P08 k;\{k]lS6e;\ -!$ cf}+ 5lj_ ;g\ @)!@,

cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|]; . /Ns lk lnG6g P08 pblo kfl/s, 6]lg\ kmf]/ l8enKd]G6 -bf]>f] ;+:s/0f !((), lj:tf/ klAns]zg_ . /]UdL h]=P;=lk= @)%&, ljZjsf k|d'v ;+ljwfgx?, sf7df08f}+ . /f]j6{ Pn Dof8]S;slG:66\o';g ckm jf]N8{, -t]>f] ;+:s/0f_, l;=So"\= k|];, o'=P;=P= . ;Dkfbs d08n Ol/s l:rsn/, k|mofGs ;];] ln= lb cS;kmf]8{ Xof08a's ckm cd]l/sg s\u|];,

@)!!, cS:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L klAns]zg, Go"of]s{, o'=P;=P= . ;Dkfbs d08n 8f]gfN8 lk= sf]Dd;{, hf]xg O, lkmGg, Uofl/ h]= Hofsf]j ;f]xg, cd]l/sg slG:66\

o";gn n, t];|f] ;+:s/0f, ;g\ @)!) l;=lj=P;=, @))! :6\ofl6l:6sn Oo/ a's, sf7df08f}+, s]Gb|Lo tYof\s ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/ . ;Dkfbs d08n, k|f= afns[i0f kf]v|]n, 8f= af;'b]j lqkf7L, 8f= jNne dl0f bfxfn, cflb @)%%, g]kfn j[xt zAbsf]if, sdnfbL sf7df08f}+, g]kfn, /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

;Dkfbs d08n k|mfGs 8An', l:Rg8/, h]eL P= u|Dofg, nl/{ Pd= Sjp6\;\ PKnfO8\ ;f]l;Pn ;fOsf]nf]hL, ;g\ @)!@, ;fu] ;fpy Pl;of klAns]zg .

;Dkfbs d08n cho s'df/ d]x/f l8=l8= vGgf, u6{ 8An', Sj]s\, kf]lnl6sn kf6L{ P08 kf6L{ l;:6d ;g\ @))#, ;fu] klAns]zg, Go" lbNnL, ef/t .

;Dkfbs d08n hfg O lnln P08 cS:kmf]8{ Xof08a's ckm cd]l/sg On]S;g P08 kf]lnl6sn ljx]ljP/, @)!), cS:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, Go"of]s{ .

;Dkfbs d08n af6{ Pg P8]S;, P08 cf/ P ;fo]bL, ;f]l;of]nf]lshn Yof]/L, ;g\ @))(, lj:tf/ klAns]zg .

;Dkfbs d08n h]g a|fpGnL P08 ufO P;= u'8\ljg lun, a|fpGnLh\ 8s'd]G6;\ cg Xo'Dofg /fO6\;, @)!), cS:kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, Go"of]s{ .

>L db\efujb\ uLtf cWofo @, Znf]s ^@ ;]G6n Jo"l/of] ckm :6fl6l:6S; 8fo/L ;g\ @))*, sf7df08f}+, l;=lj=P;, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx? 86

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;'zf;gsf l;F9Lx?87

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