steps in ration formulation mrs. “c” jr. / sr. vet science

Steps in Ration Formulation Steps in Ration Formulation

Mrs. “C”Mrs. “C”

Jr. / Sr. Vet ScienceJr. / Sr. Vet Science

Lecture ObjectivesLecture Objectives

• Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.content using simultaneous equations.

• Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.content using Pearson square.

• Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.simultaneous equations.

• Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.square.


• Formulate a diet using the substitution Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient method in order to change the nutrient content.content.

• Recognize the steps used in order to Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration.formulate a ration.

• Recognize when to use body composition Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used.scoring, why and how it is used.

• Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.condition.

I. Algebraic equationsI. Algebraic equations

Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet containing 16% crude protein (CP). The containing 16% crude protein (CP). The feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a commercial supplement containing 36% CP.commercial supplement containing 36% CP.

A. Algebraic equations – a system of two A. Algebraic equations – a system of two equations in two unknownsequations in two unknowns

1. Mathematical procedure1. Mathematical procedureX=lb cornX=lb cornY=lb supplementY=lb supplement


Equation (1) X + Y = 100 lb dietEquation (1) X + Y = 100 lb dietEquation (2) 0.089X + 0.360Y=16.0 lb protein Equation (2) 0.089X + 0.360Y=16.0 lb protein

(16% of 100 lb)(16% of 100 lb)- Equation (3) - 0.089X-0.089 Y = -8.9 - Equation (3) - 0.089X-0.089 Y = -8.9

0.271Y=7.1 0.271Y=7.1


7.17.1Y =Y = 0.271 = 26.2 lb (lb supplement)0.271 = 26.2 lb (lb supplement)X = 100 – 26.2 = 73.8 (lb corn)X = 100 – 26.2 = 73.8 (lb corn)

b. Checkb. Check73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP = 6.57 lb CP73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP = 6.57 lb CP26.2 lb supplement x 36.0% CP = 9.43 lb CP26.2 lb supplement x 36.0% CP = 9.43 lb CP6.57 + 9.43 = 16.0 lb CP in 100 lb diet 6.57 + 9.43 = 16.0 lb CP in 100 lb diet

(73.8+26.2)(73.8+26.2)

II. Pearson SquareII. Pearson Square

Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet containing 16% crude protein (CP). The containing 16% crude protein (CP). The feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a commercial supplement containing 36% CP. commercial supplement containing 36% CP.

CornCorn 8.9%8.9% parts corn parts corn

Supplement Supplement parts parts36.0%36.0% supplementsupplement

16%


CornCorn 8.9%8.9% 20.0 parts corn20.0 parts corn

Supplement Supplement 7.1 parts7.1 parts

36.0%36.0% supplementsupplement

16%


20.0 parts corn20.0 parts corn

27.1 total parts x 100 27.1 total parts x 100 = 73.8% corn= 73.8% corn

7.1 parts supplement7.1 parts supplement

27.1 total parts 27.1 total parts x 100 = 26.2% x 100 = 26.2% supplementsupplement

73.8% x 100 lb = 73.8 lb corn73.8% x 100 lb = 73.8 lb corn

26.2% x 100 lb = 26.2 lb supplement26.2% x 100 lb = 26.2 lb supplement


d. Checkd. Check73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP == 6.57 lb CP6.57 lb CP26.226.2 lb supplement x 36.0% CP = lb supplement x 36.0% CP = 9.43 lb9.43 lb CP CP100.0 lb diet100.0 lb diet 16.00 lb CP16.00 lb CP

e. Precautions about using the Pearson squaree. Precautions about using the Pearson squareIt can only be used for two feed materials; It can only be used for two feed materials; however, either or both of these can be however, either or both of these can be mixtures.mixtures.

II. Using Fixed IngredientsII. Using Fixed Ingredients

• Prepare 1000 lb of diet from corn (8.9% CP), Prepare 1000 lb of diet from corn (8.9% CP), SBM (46% CP) and fixed ingredients totaling SBM (46% CP) and fixed ingredients totaling 10% of the diet (e.g., salt, limestone, 10% of the diet (e.g., salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral premix, dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral premix, vitamin premix, etc.).vitamin premix, etc.).

• The final diet should contain 14% CP. The final diet should contain 14% CP. Assume no protein content in the fixed Assume no protein content in the fixed ingredients.ingredients.


A. Use of Pearson squareA. Use of Pearson square1. Find percent protein to use in center of 1. Find percent protein to use in center of

square.square.The nonfixed portion (corn – SBM The nonfixed portion (corn – SBM combination) is 900 lb (1000 lb x 90%) and combination) is 900 lb (1000 lb x 90%) and will have to supply all the proteinwill have to supply all the protein(1000 x 14% = 140 lb protein).(1000 x 14% = 140 lb protein).


To do this by the Pearson square method, it isTo do this by the Pearson square method, it isfirst necessary to calculate what percent proteinfirst necessary to calculate what percent proteinwill be needed in the corn-SBM combination towill be needed in the corn-SBM combination toprovide 140 lb of protein per 900 lb, as followsprovide 140 lb of protein per 900 lb, as follows140140900 (100) = 15.56% CP900 (100) = 15.56% CP


This figure is then used in conjunction with theThis figure is then used in conjunction with thePearson square as followsPearson square as followsCornCorn 8.9%8.9% 30.44 parts 30.44 parts

corncornSBM 46%SBM 46%

6.666.66 parts SBMparts SBM

37.1037.10

15.5615.56


30.4430.4437.10 (100) = 82.05% corn37.10 (100) = 82.05% corn

6.666.6637.10 (100) = 17.95% SBM37.10 (100) = 17.95% SBM

900 lb x 82.05% = 738.45 lb corn900 lb x 82.05% = 738.45 lb corn900 lb x 17.95% = 161.55 lb SBM900 lb x 17.95% = 161.55 lb SBM


B. Use of algebraic equations for the same problemB. Use of algebraic equations for the same problemX= lb cornX= lb cornY = lb SBMY = lb SBMX+Y = 100X+Y = 100

.089X + .46Y = 15.56.089X + .46Y = 15.56-.089X-.089Y=-8.9-.089X-.089Y=-8.9.371 Y = 6.66.371 Y = 6.66

Y= 17.95Y= 17.95X = 82.05X = 82.05


c. If any of the fixed ingredients contain protein, c. If any of the fixed ingredients contain protein, the amount contributed to the diet is the amount contributed to the diet is calculated and then subtracted from the calculated and then subtracted from the total quantity needed before formulation by total quantity needed before formulation by either Pearson square or algebra. either Pearson square or algebra.

III. Substitution MethodIII. Substitution Method

A. A process of substituting one amount of one A. A process of substituting one amount of one ingredient for that amount of another or of ingredient for that amount of another or of substituting in a new ingredient.substituting in a new ingredient.

B. Example of an original formulationB. Example of an original formulationIngredient Amount, lbIngredient Amount, lb %CP%CP CP, CP,

lblbSmooth brome haySmooth brome hay 6060 66 3.603.60Ground cornGround corn 3333 99 2.972.97SBMSBM 77 4646 3.223.22

100100 TotalTotal 9.799.79


C. Assume you want to increase the crude C. Assume you want to increase the crude protein content to 13% by substituting SBM protein content to 13% by substituting SBM for corn. Rather than using a trial and error for corn. Rather than using a trial and error approach, establish a one for one substitutionapproach, establish a one for one substitution

Add in 1 lb SBM = .46 lb CPAdd in 1 lb SBM = .46 lb CPRemove 1 lb corn Remove 1 lb corn –0.09 lb CP–0.09 lb CPNet change in protein +.37 lb CPNet change in protein +.37 lb CP


D. Since you want to increase the 9.79% to D. Since you want to increase the 9.79% to 13% CP, you will need 3.21 lb (13-9.79) 13% CP, you will need 3.21 lb (13-9.79) additional protein in each 100 lb mixtureadditional protein in each 100 lb mixture

Thus, if each one for one substitution increases Thus, if each one for one substitution increases CP by 0.37 lb, then CP by 0.37 lb, then

3.213.210.37 = 8.68 lb SBM needed to substitute0.37 = 8.68 lb SBM needed to substituteinstead of 8.68 lb corninstead of 8.68 lb corn


E. The revised formulation followsE. The revised formulation follows

Amt, lbAmt, lb %CP%CPCP, lbCP, lb

Smooth brome haySmooth brome hay 6060 6 6 3.603.60

Ground cornGround corn 24.3224.32 9 9 2.192.19

SBMSBM 15.6815.68 46 46 7.217.21

100100 TotalTotal 13.00 13.00


F. Another possible substitution would be to F. Another possible substitution would be to replace some of the low protein containing replace some of the low protein containing brome hay (6% CP) with a high protein brome hay (6% CP) with a high protein content alfalfa hay (16% CP). content alfalfa hay (16% CP).

Add in 1 lb alfalfay hay = +0.16 lb CPAdd in 1 lb alfalfay hay = +0.16 lb CPRemove 1 lb brome hay Remove 1 lb brome hay –0.06 lb CP–0.06 lb CP

+0.10 lb CP+0.10 lb CP


F. Thus, if each one for one substitution increases CP by .10 F. Thus, if each one for one substitution increases CP by .10 lb, thenlb, then

3.213.210.100.10 == 32.1 lb alfalfa hay to substitute for 32.1 lb 32.1 lb alfalfa hay to substitute for 32.1 lb

brome haybrome hayThis revised formulation followsThis revised formulation follows

Amt, lbAmt, lb %CP%CP CP, lbCP, lbSmooth brome hay 27.9Smooth brome hay 27.9 66 1.671.67Alfalfa hayAlfalfa hay 32.1 32.1 1616 5.145.14Ground cornGround corn 33.0 33.0 9.09.0 2.972.97SBMSBM 7.07.0 4646 3.223.22

100100 TotalTotal 13.0013.00

IV. Ration Formulation StepsIV. Ration Formulation Steps

1. Using NRC requirement tables, determine 1. Using NRC requirement tables, determine the nutritional requirements of the group of the nutritional requirements of the group of animals to be fed. Based on animals to be fed. Based on • age age • physiological stagephysiological stage

2. Determine feedstuffs available and 2. Determine feedstuffs available and appropriate for feeding.appropriate for feeding.


3. List the nutrient composition of the feeds to 3. List the nutrient composition of the feeds to be used in the feeding program.be used in the feeding program.

4. Use guidelines for expected dry matter 4. Use guidelines for expected dry matter intake, crude protein and energy needs.intake, crude protein and energy needs.

5. Check the ration for other nutrients, such as 5. Check the ration for other nutrients, such as calcium, phophorus and vitamins.calcium, phophorus and vitamins.


6. Check the ration for palatability, any 6. Check the ration for palatability, any excesses or deficiencies, cost of ration and excesses or deficiencies, cost of ration and any other ingredients needed (trace-any other ingredients needed (trace-mineralized salt, etc.)mineralized salt, etc.)

V. Methods to Measure V. Methods to Measure Energy StatusEnergy Status

A.A. Slaughter and carcass compositionSlaughter and carcass composition

B.B. CalorimetryCalorimetry

C.C. Body weightBody weight

D.D. Water dilutionWater dilution

E.E. Body composition scoring (BCS)Body composition scoring (BCS)

F.F. UltrasoundUltrasound

VI. Condition ScoringVI. Condition Scoring

A. Body Composition ScoringA. Body Composition Scoring

1. Milk production1. Milk production

2. Fertility2. Fertility

3. Energy mobilization3. Energy mobilization

4. Quantitative energy measure4. Quantitative energy measure


B. Reasons to useB. Reasons to use

1. Determine if feeding program is adequate1. Determine if feeding program is adequate

2. Determine body reserves2. Determine body reserves

3. Keep track of condition3. Keep track of condition

4. Tissue/fat mobilization4. Tissue/fat mobilization


C. When to useC. When to use

1. Reproductive function1. Reproductive function

2. Late lactation2. Late lactation

3. Dry off3. Dry off

4. Just record and use4. Just record and use


D. How to useD. How to use

1. Different for each species1. Different for each species

2. Same standard for all of species2. Same standard for all of species

3. Visual + palpation3. Visual + palpation

4. Score both sides of animal4. Score both sides of animal


E. Goals of BCSE. Goals of BCS

1. Minimize negative energy balance1. Minimize negative energy balance

2. Control condition loss2. Control condition loss

3. Score individual/group of animals3. Score individual/group of animals

4. Record and use scores4. Record and use scores

5. Have cows/heifers enter5. Have cows/heifers enter

dry period or parturition in good conditiondry period or parturition in good condition


• Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.content using simultaneous equations.

• Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.content using Pearson square.

• Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.simultaneous equations.

• Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.square.


• Formulate a diet using the substitution Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient method in order to change the nutrient content.content.

• Recognize the steps used in order to Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration.formulate a ration.

• Recognize when to use body composition Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used.scoring, why and how it is used.

• Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.condition.

steps in ration formulation mrs. “c” jr. / sr. vet science

Documents

corn x

supplement x

parts corn supplement

supplement slide

parts supplement

corn y

desired nutrient content

diet equation