: 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3. , 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 4. 1-Wire 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.

1.

. , , - , . . () - (), , 20 - 30 ,

" . () , . . 20 30 ". - , , , , . . . . - photovoltaic, . 1. - , . . .1 .

.1

1000 W/m2. . . , , , - . , . . - () . . , , .

2. - G2 V. 149.6106 km . , - , , . , . 1,35 kW/m2 ( ). 5000 m2 . , , .

2.1. .2 . , . 19891001024kg. 5,97361024kg. / 332 950. 1 41210 15

km2., 696 000 km. / 1 304 000[5]. ( 20%). 0,3R. , 15,71x106 K, 2,4771011bar 1,622105 kg/m3. 1038 - 3,846x1026 J . 10 000 , . . , 0,3R 0,7R . 0,7R . km/s, .

.2

. - . . 300km . 1000 km, - 5 - 10 min. .

4000 4500 10 - . , . . (0.2 3 nm) .3. , - . , , . .4. , , , 1000 W/m2

.3

.4

1000 W/m2 . . . , , . . , , :o o

o

o

; 2,5 m; , , ; .

, , .

2.3. . , . ( ). . . , .

3. . 3.1. 40 50 . , . , 1958 . 3. , - . - . , . . . , , . . 03.2009. 0,80.

kW/h. .

3.2. 1839 ., , . , , 1877. , . - 1905 1930, - . , 6% , 1954., 1958. [9] 1954 . Cu2S/CdS, 1958 . . . : 1016 1018 -3, 1021 1022, 1028. . Si . . .

.5

.6

, - . , .5. .6 zochralski. . , , . , , . .7, .8, .9 . .

.7

.8

.9

- , , . . , .. V , n . .6 - n, (Si+P) , .. III , . . , / ,

. .7 p , (Si+Al). 3 , . . . , , . W = W +W (eV). 0,2 2 eV . , , . , . , , . : = h , : h (h = 6,62 10-34J.s), . , , W. h - W, . . , , , . . p n , / ( .10), . . .

, N , (h > W), N . ( N), , , N . : ( ) , N , . N

.10

.11

, . , I, . U , N . Id I N : I=I- Id , p/n .11 , , N . .12 . , , .

.12

.13

.13 . , . , - (h > W) . - , h = W , . - .13.

3.3. () , . 1010, . .14 , .

.14

, . .15 . , . Iph, e

. 15

. P/n , . : : ID ; IS ; m m = 1...5VT ;

VT = 25,7mV 25C; k k = 1,380658 10-23 JK-1; T ; [T] = K = -273,15C; e e = 1,60217733 10-19 As. . . .16 RS. RP.

.16

, - .

: 0 = IPh - ID - Ip I :

, , ,

. . - . .16 - 1010 , . .15, ,

. 17

(m=1) , - (m>1). . - , .15, .17 . . =430W/m2, T=300 K (=26,850).

.18 .18 - . , . . 15 V, , .. . , . 2 , 30 W, .

3.4. , :o o o o o o o o o

(S); SI SU; - ; (I); (U); (Pmax); (); (); ().

, . ( - . , 2856 ). SI I : SI= I /, [A/W]

. - , I = f() k=dI/d, [A/W] (SI) (SU) - . . (I = f(U)), - - . . SI= I / , : Id = Is(eu/m-1) : =T/11608; Is - ; m - , I : Id = IIs(eu/m-1) - .19 - , . - . U I = 0 .

.19

I Id = IIs(eu/m-1) U = 0. U.I. Um, - U-

R = Um/Im. , (). Pmax, , , : ,% : max = U.I , , , [W], S [m2]. .20 - . (I, U) m, , . , ... :

.20o o o o

[W/m2]; [0C]; R[?]; .

. 1010 cm ( 100 cm2), 1,3 1,5 W, 0,5 3 ,

.21

.22

.23

1000Wm2. .21 , . 500Wm-2.[11] , . .22 80%. , . . .23. TC :

. :

0,35 - 0,45 % 1, , 300, 10,5 13,5%. . , , , .. . - , .. U. , , . ... . .22 ,

. , -

.24 . - , .24 1. , - 2. . - , .18 .19. - - . , , [m2]. .

3.5. - , . , , 2,4 g/m3. , 5,42. 10-10 . 14. -

( ), , . , - , . . 0,4 . - ... . : = 25 G = 1000W/m2, ... 13 - 16 %, , . , . , , . , 15 % , (85%) . . , . , , .. . , . , , , . . , 30% , . 5%. . CuSe2 , CuInSe2, TiO2, , Gs, (dS) (d), glass/I/dS/d, (I). - . ...

3.6. - 5 , 1010 , 0,3 - 0,5 . 0,3 W - 0,5 V. , . , , , . I1=I2= I36, :

.25 36 . 0,5V 20V.

.25

.26

12 V 30 40 . 50 W 40100 . .26, .27, .28 .29. .27 . , .27 , .29 (a-Si). .28 .

.27

.28

.29

, . , , . ,

, . , . . , : - ; . ... . , . . . . , . , - . , (1,5V; 6V; 12V; 24V; 48V). - , - . . ", . , . - , - , - . . U U2 U U1., : (U1- U) = U+U2 - - . .

. , - . , . , , , , . , . .. " , . . - . , , , . , . - , " , . , . , , . , . - . , :o o o o o

; ; ; ; .

- ... 3% - 20% . - , ( .30). . - . 36 1010 , , .. 75%. . .42 V/A 1. , 1 35 1b.

.30

1 . 2% , 70%. 1 2 . , , . , . .[9] , . .31 .

.31

, , , . , 12 24. . . 32 : 1 - ; 2 , ; 3 ; 4 .

.32

. . , . 3 , 15 V 3 A , 15 V, 9 A. .32. , . . , . .33 . , (), , , , , . - , 0,3 , 0,7 V.

.33

.34

4.

.1 . : 1. . 2. , . , Dallas Semiconductor Corp .4.1. 1-Wire

1-Wire Dallas Semiconductor Corp BUS , Dallas Semiconductor, , , , , . 1-Wire

I C, - - . , . 1-Wire master "MicroLan", . BUS , : . .35, .36, .37

.35

.37 .36 , , , iButtons .38

.38

1-Wire , 1Wire . , 1-Wire , 1-Wire . , , . . 1-Wire , , 1-Wire Bus. , , , , , , . Bus . USB, RS-232 MicroLan . 1-Wire , . . , iButton , , , . iButton , . Dallas Semiconductor , 1-Wire-. DS1410E , COM DS9097U DS9097 , USB- DS9490R. , . , . DS9097 (COM) .39.

.39

. 4 SMD ( ) 0,10., 2 MOSFET 0,09. .

1-Wire-, 16,3 Kbit/s, , , , - , . , . 1-Wire- 16,3 Kbit/s 1-Wire- 1m. , 1-Wire- 0,5 (Overdrive - 125 Kbit/s). , , , , 1-Wire-. iButton.

1-Wire- , , . , 1-Wire-, : Viewer iButton .40 OneWireViewer .41. 1-Wire , , .

.40

.41

4.2. 1- Wire , Dual Addressable Switch 1kB DS2406, 16 (0-5V) DS2450, Smart DS2438 (-55 +125C) DS18B20 DS18B20

.42 DS18B20 9-bit 12-bit Nonvolatile . . DS18B20 1-Wire BUS, ( ) . -55 125 0,5 -10 +85 C. , DS18B20 (" "), . DS18B20 64-bit , DS18B20 1-Wire Bus. , DS18B20 . , HVAC , , ,

. .43 .

.43

DS2438

.44

DS2438 smart battery monitor , : , - , , /D , 40 Nonvolatile EEPROM , , . / DS2438 1-Wire DS2438 , DS2438 1-Wire Bus.

, . .44 DS2438 . 45 .

.45 Dallas Semiconductor - 10V DS2438. 50V.

Battery Management ICs 50V , DS2438 . 10V. . . .

, - . DS2438 ESD . .46..

.46

D2 DS2438. D2 , 2,4 10.0 . 5,6 , . VAD . R7 D2 . R7 , D2, , , DS2438 , . R7 D2. :

WD2 D2 , VZD

D2 , V . , R7 :

Icircuit , V . VZD D2. R7 , D2. R5 R6 VAD A / D . R5 R6 , , , VAD . 10k. R6 . R5 : :

V VVad (10.0 DS2438). VAD :

- , , EEPROM DS2438.

ESD .42 DS2438 A / D . VAD. D1 R4 ESD -DQ. 1

2, R2 R3 . C3 , IC's. R1 . Dallas Semiconductor Battery Management IC - . . .

DS2450

.47 DS2450 1-Wire Quad A / D .47 - . , . , , BUS master . A / D BUS master. , . BUS master . SRAM , 1-Wire BUS -VCC.

-

1-Wire Bus (2.56V - 5.12V), ( 1 16 ) 5V, : 2,5 mW , 25W multidrop DS2450 1-Wire Bus Open Drain 16.3k 142k On-Chip 16- CRC- , lasered 64- (8- + 48- 8- ) , 8- BUS master -40 +85 C,

.48 DS2450

.48

DS 2406

.49 .49 DS2406 Dual Switch , 1-Wire BUS. DS2406 64 ROM , lasered , . 1024 EPROM, , , , . DS2406 Dallas Semiconductor 1-Wire . DS2406 1-Wire . 13V PIO-, 6.5V PIO- 1024 EPROM DS2406 1-Wire BUS multidrop , 1Wire net

, , , 16,3 Kbits / s - V CC bondout (TSOC ) 1-Wire 2.8V 6.0V -40 +85 C ,6- TSOC Flip Chip

.50

.50 DS2406

4.3 , , . . - , - -, . DS9097E . .51

, .

.51

.52

.52 . 1-Wire Bus RS232 serial . , .

, RS232 . ( RS232 to USB ). Dallas Semiconductor. . .53 .

.53

.54

.54

4.4. . , Dallas Semiconductor Corp. .4.1 Viewer iButton .40 OneWireViewer .41. , . , R1 ,R2, R3, R4, 16 . - , . .

4.5. , - . 22 = 10%. . I 296 W/m2 1 1 296W/m2

U [V] 0,08 13,1 37,0 39,0 39,8 40,6 40,6 41,3 48,0

I [A] 1,76 1,70 1,60 1,50 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 0

P [W] 0,141 22,27 59,20 58,50 55,72 52,78 48,72 45,43 0

1

1

II

2 2 = 261.3W/m2 U [V] I [A] P [W] 0.07 1.60 0.112 6.00 1.50 9.000 17.6 1.45 25.52 31.4 1.40 43.96 40.2 1.30 52.26 41.2 1.20 49.44 41.9 1.10 46.09 42.2 1.04 43.89 48.0 0 0 2

2 . 40V, 1996. . . .

5. , . . , . , .

- . , .

1. 2. 3.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/products.cfm [.4] http://www.elin.ru/1-Wire/?topic=whatis [.4] http://www.solextra.eu [.2]