stem cell comm kayla-pre.final
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an unspecialized cell which has the potential to createother types of specific cells.
Unspecialized in this sense means that the cell isnot a brain cell, muscle cell, or blood cell etc.However, it has the potential to become any ofthese.
What is a stem cell?
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Stem cells are unspecialized cells.
Fundamental property of a stem cell is thatthe cell contains no tissue specific structure.
A stem cell in the blood does not work with
the blood cells to carry oxygen
Characteristics of
Stem Cells
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Stem cells have the ability to become tissue- or organ-specific cells.
This process is called differentiation
Differentiation is the opposite of unspecialized
Stem cells pass through several stages, becoming morespecialized at each step.
Differentiation is controlled by the cells genes and DNA;it is irreversible.
Characteristics of
Stem Cells
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Stem cells are capable of renewingthemselves through cell division, even afterlong periods of inactivity
Replicate many timesunlike other cells
Adult stem cells are able to divide and
create mature cell types.
Characteristics of
Stem Cells
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Characteristics of
Stem Cells
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Embryonic Stem Cells
Derived from embryos
Includes embryos of animals and
humans
Derived from embryos used duringin-vitro fertilizationnot from ahuman womb
Varieties Stem Cells
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Somatic Stem Cells
Another name for adult stem cells
Found in cells of tissues or organs
Theoretically, generate replacements for cells that are lostthrough normal wear and tear, injury, or disease.
Typically generate the same cells of the tissue they residein
Example: Stem cells in the liver will normally createonly more liver cells
The use of somatic stem cells began only 50 years ago.
Varieties of Stem Cells
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Embryonic
Can become all types of cells in the body
Grown relatively easy in lab settings
Can be grown in large numbers
Unknown if transplant rejection would occurclinical trialshave only recently been approved.
Adult
Limited differentiation
Rare in mature tissues; isolation is a challenge
Stem CellComparisons
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A Brief History of
Stem Cell Research
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Objectives
Scientific History
Political History in theUnited States
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Stem Cell Discovery
Stem cells discovered in 1960s
Totipotent- total potential
Found in embryos
Pluripotent- 3 germ layers
Found in inner cell mass of blastocyst
Multi-potent- only closely related cells
Found in adult stem cells, cord blood, and fetal tissue
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In-Vitro Fertilization
1959: First animal made through in-vitro
1968: First human egg fertilized through in-
vitro
Problems when implanting
1978: First human born through in-vitro
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Louise Brown
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1990s
1997: Researchers at Johns HopkinsUniversity first isolate human embryonic
stem cells
1998: James Thomson develops new line of
immortal stem cells
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Government and Stem
Cells1974: National Commission for theProtection of Human Subjects of Biomedicaland Behavioral Research established in theDepartment of Health, Education, andWelfare
1975: Ethics Advisory Board for fetal tissueand fetal tissue research from abortionswas established
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18
1980: Ethics Advisory Board
disbanded by President Reagan
1988: Human Fetal Tissue
Transplantation Panel votes 18-3in favor of federal funding
Dept of Health and Human Services
disagrees because of likelihood ofincreased abortions
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Moratorium on Stem CellResearch
1990: President Bush Sr. vetoes measure to
allow federal funding
1993: President Clinton approves federalfunding for stem cell research
Reverses decision because of publicoutcry
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Dickey-Wicker
Amendment1995: Prohibits federal funds for:
Creation of embryos for research
Research in which embryos aredestroyed
1999: Cells used in stem cell research donot meet criteria to be considered anembryo
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NIH Stipulations
1.) Derived with private funds from frozenembryos from fertility clinics
2.) They must have been created forfertility treatment purposes
3.) Be in excess of the donor's clinical need
4.) Obtained with the consent of the donor
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Recently
2001: President George W. Bush limitedfederal funds to the 21 lines created after2001
2009: President Obama lifted ban of federalfunds for embryonic stem cell research
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Understand Cell
DevelopmentScientists couldwatch life unfold in a
human embryowithout riskingharmful side effectsor birth defects
Disease infected cellscould be studied to
see where they gowrong
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Drug and Medication
TestingDrugs could besafely tested on
stem cells to findideal treatments
Human and
animal testerswould no longerbe needed
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Potential Medical
TherapiesLimbs and organscould be grown in alab from stem cellsand then used in
transplants
Treatments and curescould be found fordiseases such as
Alzheimers disease,Parkinsons disease,schizophrenia,cancer, spinal cordinjuries, diabetes,
and many more Kristin Mitchell 3 of 4
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Controversies
Killing in the name of science?
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To question the value of life
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Adult stem cells provide help in tissue
repair
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Storage of cells fromumbilical cords
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Ethical Issues
the drastic need for
stem cell research
the infinitepossibilities
you choose
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The Future of Stem
Cell ResearchResolve ethical issues &give life to those in need
of genetic help
Current and Futureresearch
producing large
numbers
molecular signals
delivery to tissue
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Possibilities
treat severe Asthma
16 million people in the United States have asthma
development of immune systems
deliverance and administration:
injection
aerosolDr. Eva Mezey, head of the adult stem cell unit at the NationalInstitute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), cautionedthat this was an early-stage experiment conducted only in mice,and humans shouldn't get too excited just yet.
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Solve other problems
open wound care
baldness treatments
type of stem cell in hair follicles capable ofdeveloping into all three skin cell types
Current skin grafts such as those made for
burn victims are not fully functional, asthey have no hair follicles or sweat glands
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Improving Heart
Healthcardiovascular disease is the leading causeof death in men & women in the UnitedStates
Ultimate Goal:
using stem cell therapies to rescue peoplewith cardiovascular disease
two break through treatments:
the patch
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SuccessStudy in Germany: 35 patients received bone-marrow stem celltransplantation during coronary artery bypass surgery
achieved "excellent long-term safety and survival."
10 patients received transplantations after repair of mitral
valves
improvements in the heart's pumping capacity.
Slovenian improvements in patients with advanced heartfailure who received bone-marrow derived stem cells.
Singaporean researchers using nanotechnology to delivergenetically modified cells to help heal heart attack damage inrabbits.
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What society fails to
realize
"The one good thing that really has come
out is that nobody has been harmed by[the stem cell] therapies.
Darwin J. Prockop, M.D., Ph.D., director,Texas A&M Health Science Center College
of Medicine Institute for RegenerativeMedicine at Scott & White, Temple
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Infinite Possibilities
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HELP FIND THEUNIVERSAL CURE
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Bibliography