steinberg_spinoza on civil liberation

7/27/2019 Steinberg_spinoza on Civil Liberation

1/24


2/24

36 journal o the history o philosophy 47:1 january 2009

o Spoza, h sa ca pomo ly y fc h havoal pas

ad acv dsposos o s czs. th oday czs o a wll-oazd

sa may com o dd y a spcs oortitudo, o sh o md, v

hy a o capal o oa h lsv hd kd o kowld psd

pa v o hEthics.

ths pap compss o scos. i h s sco i ps, oh o-

l, h lal pao, as wll as h axlay paos o passa

P ha sppo sch a ad. i od o val h shocoms o hs lal

ad, i ms show oh ha () h sa ca posvly la s czs, ad

() h x o whch ca s cosdal. i od o salsh (), i cosd

( sco wo) h adad acco o dom ha w d h Ethics.

ths s ollowd ( sco h) y a dscsso o h vaos ways whch

h Spozsc sa ca la s czs, whch i salsh (). noaly, a

wll-oazd sa s ao pdal (as- aoal) acvy ad dcly

hacs h acv codos ad cov pows o s czs. i od

o show hs, i ac som o h lva as o Spozas moal psycholoy,

hhlh, o sac, h dsco w hop (spes) ad a (metus).

i h oh ad al sco, i xam som o h pacla soal a-

s ha acla cvl lao. ulmaly, addo o val Spozas

vw o h lav capacy o h sa, i d also o ps som o h

mpoa mchasms o cvl lao ad o xpla why Spoza aks hm

o so cv.

1 . t h e l i b e r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

1.1 The Civil Liberties Interpretation o Passage P

Som commaos hav spposd ha wh Spoza says ha h ppos o

h sa s dom h mas dom h ss o cvl ls. L s call

hs h Cvl Ls ipao. Hy Allso, o sac, maas ha,

passa P, dom ms dsood pmaly as dom o hoh ad

spch.3 Sv b. Smh dsads h passa ohly h sam way:

So h d o h sa, Spoza oldly dclad, s ally dom. th oldsso Spozas cocpo s ha o h dvdal alo socy as a whol wll

om a polcy o maxmm ly o opo ad l. th Treatise[TTP]

s phaps h s wok Ws polcal hoy ha dds h poposo ha

the exercise o ree speech is the goal o social policy. (Liberalism, 160; my mphass)

i mh mp o ad h passa hs way. A all, ollows a pov-

soal ds o h doms o coscc ad spch whch Spoza sas

ha h ask o h mad o h chap s o q o wha x hs

dom ca ad shold ad o all.4 ths lads h ad o sppos ha

h dom ha s h ppos o h sa s pcsly h sam dom ha

ca ad shold ad o all, amly, dom o hoh ad spch. b,

howv aal hs ad mh , s msak o a copl o asos.

3Hy e. Allso, Benedict de Spinoza: An Introduction, vsd do (nw Hav: Yal uvsy

Pss, 1987), 191.4TTP20/231.


3/24

37s p inoz a on c iv il l ibe ration

Fs o all, s o cla wha wold ma o say ha h ppos (nis) o

h sa s h maxmzao o cvl ls. Accod o a covoal vw, h

scop o h sa s vsly lad o h scop o cvl ls: sch ls

o hs lm sa pow. i h ppos o h sa s h poco o cvl l-

s, h ppos o h sa wll l s ow sco; hs sods lk ak

h xpsso ls a mad o ok lally. Sch a vw wold oh

paadoxcal ad hhly -Spozsc. Fo Spoza, h s oh al o

a h ha ca dsoy o lm ;5 ad soa as a h ca hav a ppos o

am, ha ppos cao ay way sl-a o sl-lm.6

Fhmo, Spozas ams o h psvao o hs psoal l-

s a hoohly pamac. H maks cla chap 20 o h TTPha

cvl ls a mly smally, o scally, valal, v hoh

h psvao o ca av ls s a ssal a o ay halhy

poly. Fdoms o coscc ad spch ms pocd cvl od s o

maad ad h as ad sccs a o foshdd, phlosophy s

o possl. b whl hs doms ms pocd h sa s o lll

s d, cvl ls a vhlss o o msak as (scally valal)

ds hmslvs, l alo thed o h sa.

1.2 The Defationary Interpretation

A mo compll pao o passa P s wha i wll call h Dfaoay

ipao. Accod o h Dfaoay ipao, h ppos o h

sa s ac ly, ad ly dos a dsal cvl codo; vhlss,

ss somh wak ha h ly o hEthics. ths po s xpssd

mos vvdly y Dolas D uyl:

Sc dom s sl dd ms o scy ad hamoy, dom ad

pac a vally syoymos ms Spozas polcal hoh. Fdom, lk

aso, has a polcal as wll as a hcal ss. i ook v o hEthicadom

mas o sjc o h passos. Sc wold opa o xpc a socal

codo wh m a o movd pmaly y h passos, dom aks o

a mo lmd omav co h polcs. i h polcal ws dom

mas mly pacha s, scy ad hamoy. (Power, 114)

Smply p, o hs pao, dom passa P oh o dsood

as merepac.

As i s , h a wo asc asos o sppos h dfaoay acco o

. th s aso s ha som so o dfao o h cocp o dom

sms o od, sc dom hEthicsappas o a ma o om

adqa das o ac om h dcas o aso, ad, as D uyl os, wold

5EiiiP4.6

th oly ppos ha a h ca hav o Spozas vw s sl-alzao. A ll dscsso oSpoza o loloy wold ak s oo a ald. Foaly, h s alady a walh o la

o hs opc. S, o sac, Do ga, tlolocal explaao Spoza ad ealy Mod

raoalsm, New Essays on the Rationalists,d. Chals Hma ad rocco J. gao (nw

Yok: Oxod uvsy Pss, 1999), 31035; edw Cly, O bs Spoza: th iss o

tloloy, Spinoza: Issues and Directions, d. e. M. Cly ad P-Faos Moa (Ld:

bll, 1990), 3952; ad Joaha b, Spoza ad tloloy: A rply o Cly, Spinoza:

Issues and Directions, 5357.


4/24


wldly alsc o sppos ha h sa cold ao ha m a ld

mo y aso ha y h passos. th oh pmay aso o adop h

Dfaoay ipao s xal: h la wok, h TP, Spoza ds

a mch mo mods am o h sa, amly, pac ad scy o l (pax

vitaeque securitas).7 by dfa dom passa P o pac, D uyl s al

o cocl hs appaly dspaa maks. i wll o spod o ach

o hs socs o sppo o h Dfaoay ipao la. O h ac

o , hoh, hs pao appas o somwha plasl.

1.3 The Liberal Interpretation o the Spinozistic State

boh h Cvl Ls ipao ad h Dfaoay ipao o

passa P d o d o a lal pao o Spozas omav pol-

cal phlosophy, accod o whch h mos ha h sa ca ad oh o do s

povd h pcodos o moal dvlopm y poc psoal ls

ad povd pac ad scy. th vw s wll-capd D uyls clam

ha ssc, Spozas pscpv polcal phlosophy amos o ll mo

ha h commdao ha h civitasocs s ao o wha s mos -

damal o socal odamly, pacad lav popl o ps h

ow dss o all oh mas.8 bao ad rc also yok Spoza oh

wh Adam Smh as a hos o h mmal sa,9 sc o h ad h

sa s cocd pmaly wh h cvl pocos ad soal scs

ha psv saly. b Sv Smhs sam s h clas xpsso o

hs lal pao:

th Treatise[TTP] dos o asw h qso o how popl who a dscd

as aally cdlos ad po o spso ca mad aoal. by wha lap

o ah cold Spoza maa ha m who a dv y oh oh ha

ds ad pow cold cocld a am o c h passos ad lv

wholhadly accod o h dac o asos? ulk Plao o Mamods,

Spoza dos o advoca h l o a phlosoph-k o a poph who mh

dca hs sjcs o a loy vso o hma pco. Spinozas politics are, by

contrast, starkly anti-perectibilian. He is not beret o an idea o human perection, but he

does doubt that politics or law is the appropriate means by which to achieve it. 10(Liberalism,

13637; my mphass)

7TP5/2; c. TP1/6.8Power, 118. S also D uyls clam ha Spoza dos o cosd h al cas o h civi-

taso h dvlopm o dvdals; o dos h ad ood czshp as h d o psoal

dvlopm. rah, h ss h civitasas a odao o os dvlopm. Spinoza does not ask the

cvas to make men virtuous, nor does he believe thecvas could do so i it wanted to.[t]h ppos o h

civitass pac ah ha h shap o vos m (Power, 128; my mphass).9Sv bao ad L rc, Introduction and Notes to SpinozasPolcal tas (idaapols:

Hack, 2000), 29.10i shold o ha Smh os a ah acd vw wh spc o h lav poal o

h sa. Whl h dos dd a a-pcos ad o h Spozsc sa, h also cozs

ha h Spozsc sa s cocd wh h aoomy o czs (Liberalism., 160). Ad Smhs

dscsso o h polcal o plc dmso o v oortitudo(d., 162) llsas hs awa-

ss ha h sa dos hav a moal co.


5/24


Accod o Smh, s a av msak o assoca Spozas a-pcl-

a polcs wh hs hcs.11 ehcal pco s a dply pva ma . . . o

whch h qms o polcal l a appopa.12

i s caly mp o c o Spozas polcs om hs pcos h-

cs pcsly hs way. Howv, my vw, hs wold o msdsad h

damal a o Spozas polcal pojc. i h mad o hs pap,

i wa o o a alav pao, accod o whch, wh Spoza

ws ha h ppos o h sa s dom, h mas dom h ll, hcal

ss, ad spposs ha h sa las o oly y povd codos o h

pcodos o phlosophz, also y ad moal dvlopm mo

dc ways. i od o mak h cas o hs i wll fy cosd Spozas ac-

co o ly hEthicsso ha w ca s ha h s oh asd ao

sppos ha h sa cold la hs way, v s asd o sppos

ha h sa cold h poxma cas o h adqa das o czs.

2 . r e c o n s i d e r i n g r e e d o m i n t h e e t h i c s

As i mod aov, o o h wo ma asos o sppos ha passa P

ms opa wh a dfad cocpo o dom s ha, as D uyl ad Smh

po o, dom s ll omav ss sms o possl oly o a slc

w. th s ood aso o sspcos ao h sas aly o poc hs

so o ly. Fo sac, wh Spoza dscsss mas hhs dom

EthicsV, h ws ha sch dom cosss a cosa ad al lov o god,

o gods lov o m,13 whch sl ass om h hd kd o kowld

(scientia intuitive; sEVP32,EVP33). th amos clos ls spak o h -

commoss o hs ly: wha s od so aly ms had. Fo salvao

[salus] w a had, ad cold od who a o, how cold aly

vyo lc ? b all hs xcll a as dcl as hy a a.14 th

ly dscd h s svly pohv, op oly o h w ly ws. Ad

v h s sa cold o possly dcly la h ss o hs

llcal lov o god (amor Dei intellectualis). Spoza hmsl sms o ss

hs wh h clams a h op o h TPha h pah ah y aso s a

vy dcl o, so ha hos who lv ha oday popl o hos who asly ad plc sss ca psadd o lv solly a asos hs

a dam o h pos old a o o a ay al.15 i s o h ass o pas-

sas lk hs ha D uyl ad Smh ld h cas o a a-pcla

pao o Spoza. ths coss a a chall: dom s a ma

o com lly aoal, wold sm ha h sa cold o possly hop o

ao sch lao dcly; ca, a s, pv dsco.16 Wha i

11

C. o o shold cos Spozas dmocac polcs wh hs cocpo o h hhsood (Liberalism, 137).12Liberalism, 144.13EVP36S.14EVP42S.15TP1/5.16by dc lao i ma lao o whch h mchasms ad sos o h sa

wold h pmay, hoh o h sc, cas.


6/24


7/24


cass s a ma o d: o coms mo dpd as o cass os

pow o ac. Sc Spoza ds dom ms o dpdc o xal

cass ad sc sch dpdc s a ma o d, appas ha dom,

oo, s a ma o d. ths, v hma s cao pcly wh

ad o h podco o a ca c, w ca, y cas o pow o ac-, achv a a degreeo dom wh ad o ha c.23

th psho o hs aalyss s aa ha os d o dom wll cox-

sv wh os pow o ac;24 ad powl s a ma o oh

mo capal o podc cs om os aoaly, sl-psv

csad lss a h mcy o xal cass, ha s, lss sjc o

adomss oortuna(sEiiiP59S ad TTP3/38). Wh hs al acco

md, i wa o mak h osvaos ha wll hlp s o s h sa as a

dcly la ody.

Fs o all, sc os dom o pow o ac s amd whv ocoms mo casally sl-sc, ayh ha ca d o mo casally

sl-sc wll d o mo . gv ha hs s h cas, h s o

aso o sppos ha xal hs cao mpow. As Dlla rocca ps ,

xal cass ca mak a ojc mo o lss dpd o xal cass

wh coms o ao ha hs dsco.25 So xal ads, lk

a copy o hEthics26 o a ws loco, may pomp o o hk mo claly

o mo adqaly ad hy com o mo powl.

Sll, o hks ha acvy cosss xclsvly om adqa das,

o may ma sspcos ao h sas la poal. ths lads m omy scod osvao, amly, ha om adqa das s o h oly way

o xpss os pow o ac. th do o a aco ads: i say ha

w ac wh somh s o osd s ollows om o as.27 Ad as w

hav s, o a s js o sv (EiiiP7). ths als haas Pakso

pos o[h] conatuss a internalc cas; h a whos acs ol-

low om hs conatuss hs a ss sl-casd.28 i w assm ha sv s

js h dcy o a h o psv sl o o am s pow o ac,29

wold ollow ha a hs pow ca xpssd smply hoh s striving

o tendingo pss s sa (wha som hav calld a hs xsal -

a). ths pao s wh h sso ha sv s cosv oall

23Mchal Dlla rocca, Dmsm ad Hma Fdom (wh ro Slh ad V Chap-

pl), The Cambridge History o Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, d. Mchal Ays ad Dal ga

(Camd: Camd uvsy Pss, 1998), 1231.24As ro McSha hly clams, Pow ad ly hav o Spoza cov mas

(Spoza o Pow, Inquiry12 [1969], 142).25Mchal Dlla rocca, Spozas Maphyscal Psycholoy, The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza,

d. Do ga (Camd: Camd uvsy Pss, 1996), 212.26Also, hos xal cass ha hav pmd o mds o coz h hs o hEthicsplay

a sca ol o aly o powl, whch s why Spoza clams h TdIEha aoms pad o Moal Phlosophy ad o isco coc h edcao o chld (15).27EiiiD2.28g. H. r. Pakso, Spoza o h Pow ad Fdom o Ma, The Monist55 (1971),

541.29S Mchal Dlla rocca, Spozas Maphyscal Psycholoy, ad Do ga, Spozas

Coas Am, Spinozas Metaphysics: Central Themes, d. Joh i. bo ad Oll Kos (Oxod:

Oxod uvsy Pss, 2002), 12758.


8/24


sla hs. A all, pach s ad p-po paddls may o capal

o com o kow ad lov god, hy ca xpss gods pow hoh h

dcy/aly o psv hmslvs.30

Wha ms om hs aalyss s a adad acco o pow o dom.

A o d o h spcm s h pow o dom o god, who s maxmally

acv ad lly dpd; a h oh d o h spcm a phmal

hs lk adops ad mayfs, whos pow o podc cs, cld

h c o psv h , s ovcom y xal cass almos as

soo as hy com o . Ad whl h s a a dspay w h lvl o

ac o a phlosophwho s al o clva a llcal lov o god, ac

om aso, c.ad ha o a adopwhch has oly a vy lmd pow

o psv s h s a commo mas o h ly o all hs;

o w, a hs pow o ac. ths, soa as h sa s al o ad h pow

o ac o s sjcs in any way, may sad o dcly la.

th al osvao ha i wa o mak ao Spozas al acco

o dom s ha chas a hs pow o ac a sd acvly.

idd, a ac (aectus) s dd as a da y whch h md ams o s

ody a a o lss oc o xs ha o.31 Spccally, joy s h ac

y whch h md passs o a a pco32 o a lvl o pow; ad

sadss s h acv dcao o h mds (ad odys) aso o a lss

d o pco o pow.33 Spozas hcal pojc ca hs lly

vwd as a ad o pcosm, wh a adad cocpo o hma fosh-

, wh os lvl o pow s mod y os lvl o joy o happss.34th acv zh s lssdss (beatitude), o os as happss. Sho

o ll lssdss, w wa a las o al o sl oslvs aas xal

ocs ha dmsh o pow so ha w may as co as possl. Fom

hs w ca s ha ayh hareliablypomos a hs overalljoy o pocs

30i ollows ha o hmas, as wll, h aly o psv o s a xpsso o pow.

ths s why, a hav dd oodss as joy o joy-podco (EiiiP39S) ad hav dd

joy as a cas os pow o ac (EiiiP11S), Spoza ws ha hos hs a oodwhch ao h psvao o h popoo o moo ad s h hma odys pas hav

o o aoh (EiVP39); sch socs o psvao a ood cas hy a mpow. i

wold sm, h, ha ayh ha cos o h sysmac co o o ods..,

ood, wa, vlaos, aocs, ad so ohoh o add as mpow o la

o h dvdals whos aos o moo ad s dpd o hm. i hEthics, Spoza lavs asd

h qso o wha way h body ms cad o (EV pac), pa cas coss a

low d o mpowm ha wha s pomsd y hs cov hapy. Howv, y mo-

mdc alosd loc h pac oEthicsV, h mpls ha physcal halh coss

a pa o lao o al wla ha alls osd o h am o h Ethics. Ad h TdIE,

h xplcly cs ca o h ody as pa o h pah o happss o ly: bcas Halh

s o small mas o achv hs d h whol o Mdc ms wokd o ( 15). ths

s all o say ha a hs (sysms) physcal wla o aly o psv s coss aom o pow o dom.31EiVP14dm.; c. h al do o h acs.32EiiiP11S.33id.34Wh h ws h al poposo o hEthicsha lssdss s o h wad o v,

v sl (EVP42), h s xpss hs vy po: lssdss s o a cosqc o v

o pow, s pow sl, cosdd acvly.


9/24


a h om s oh o add as la o mpow (wh

spc o ha h).35

Lao, h, s cosd so oadly as o comps h whol o hcs o

Spoza.36 ths h cas, w shold o spsd ha h wold clam

ha h ppos o h sawhch s odd h apps/pposs o

h dvdals who cos h sas ly. Sll, hs sco i hav o

soh o addc vdc avo o h pao ha i advoca. rah,

i hav dspachd o o h sal asos o accp som vso o h

Dfaoay ipao o passa P, ad o dy h possly o dc

cvl lao. i h x sco, i wll mak a posv cas o hs ad.

3 . t h e s c o p e o c i v i l l i b e r a t i o n

3.1 Stability

Fo Spoza, as o Hos, h ss o a commowalh37 s xplad

ms o s capacy o poc s sjcs om ham. th xcy o ca

a commowalh coms om h ac ha h sa o a mas aal

h (ius naturale)whch s ooosly dd wh pow (potentia)s o

o acco, ad s ooal ah ha acal.38 i sch a codo o s asly

ovcom y coval xal ocs: s va o o ma alo o y o

ad hmsl aas all ohs.39 bcas o o wakss o o ow, Spoza

maas ha od o achv a sc ad ood l, m had cssaly o

o ody.40

by povd scy, h sa hy pomos h powo ac o s mms, ad so las hm.

35A copl o sca cavas a od h. Fs o all, joy ad sadss a damally

maphyscal, o phomal, saswhl hy a l som ss, hy a o dd ms

o h sjcv chaac. ths s js o say ha ospcv pos o (lvls o) joy o sadss

a o alll o col. Scodly, o all sacs o joy a mpow o h dvdal

tout court. Whas chlss [hilaritas]whch s always ood (EiVP42) o mpowacs

h whol pso (md/ody), plas [titillatio] s ascd o a ma wh o pa o hm s

acd mo ha h s (EiiiP11S). Plas ca xcssv ad ca hy dm h

pow o h dvdal (md/ody) as a whol. b dsp h ac ha, wh xcssv, plas

dms a dvdals ovall pow, s vhlss ood sl (a s o a as o a las

pa o o ody/md o a pow o ac), ad s hly psd modao y h wsma (EiVP45S). All joy s dcly ood (EiVP41); ad so lo as a sac o joy dos o mak

a dvdal mo sscpl o sadss o sv as a osacl o a joy, oo wll ood o

la o h whol. Wh hs cavas plac, w may dd am ha ayh ha s

ao a cas os ovall joy, o a dcas os ovall sadss, wll hav podcd a

la c. Ad h mo laly a h/mchasm codcs o os joy, o pow, h mo

laly la s.36i lh o hs aalsc assal o covoal moaly (EiV pac), h oly odao

o moalyaccod o Spozas os aal sv o pow (EiVP18S).37by commowalh i ma h a lma om o sa (o a yay). i Spozas acco

o h o o h sa, h s a sh om h Hosa coacaa acco o h TTP(as-

c o pows, c., llsad y way o h Hw sa), o h ddcv acco o h TP

(o shold o look o h cass ad aal odaos o h sa h achs o aso, ddc hm om h a ad codo o m al [1/7]).38TP2/15.39id. C. TTP5/64: th omao o a socy s advaaos, v asolly ssal, o

mly o scy aas ms o h c oazao o a coomy. i m dd o

aod o aoh mal ad, hy wold lack oh h skll ad h m o sppo ad psv

hmslvs o h as possl x.40TTP16/181; C. TP2/15.


10/24


i hs w h oly way whch h sa cold la s czs, all hs

wold dmosa s ha Spozas cocpo o ly s oad oh o

compass sch hs as scy. Ad hs s pcly coss wh h -

pao o Spozas sa as mmal; dd, s coss wh h vw ha

h sa s moally al accod o vally ay cocpo o moaly oh

ha Spozas. i oh wods, i w mly clam ha h ppos o h

sa s scy o saly, ad ha scy s a om o ly, hs wold amo

o ll mo ha a molocal ql. i wa o mak a so clam ha

hs. i popos ha Spozas omav polcal clams a odd h vw

ha h sa oh o amp o pomo al wla (ma h sasac-

o orealss) ad clva v s czs as a as h lms o hma

a ad sa pow allow. th a dd lms o wha h sa cando as

a moalz a, ca caly do mo ha mly shscy. i

wha ollows, i wll ac h mo os la co o h sa.

3.2 The Citizen and As-I Rational Behavior

O o h damal ways whch a wll-oazd sa las s czs

s y s ha hy cao hlp ac ways ha dod o h ow

pow. th mchasms o h sa sv as soas o aso; h x s

h o ac om h dcas o aso s o ac accodac wh h laws o

a ood sa. to s how h ca a x s cos o aco o ac om

aso, w ms s cosd h adqacy o h ma/slav dchoomy

wh whch Spoza opas (a las som o h m). i h Ethics, Spoza

lls s ha h ma s o who compls wh o os wshs hs ow,

ad dos oly hos hs h kows o h mos mpoa l.41 tha s,

h42 s somo who kowly acs accodac wh hs ow (al) ss.

A , aoal ma s o who svs hs ow advaa, o sccsslly svs

(EiVP20), hy oy hmsl.43 by coas, h slav dos hos hs h

s mos oa o44h lvs d plass sway ad ca neither see nor do

wha s o hs ow ood.45 th slav h kows wha s hs s s

o acs laly accodac wh hs ow al ss. W may ps h

dsco w h ma ad h slav h ollow way:

41EiVP66S.42i od o maa cosscy wh Spozas laa, i adop h mascl psoal

poo hoho.43ths s Spozas way o spak: TP2/20, 2/22. Dsp h Kaa o , aoomy o

Spoza mas oh mo ha ac accodac wh os ssal ss, o accod o

h laws o hma a alo (TP2/7).44EiVP66S.45TTP16/184; my mphass. A slav ollows h vcssds o h commo od o a (s

EiiiP59S), whch s as lkly as o o lad hm o lc hs ow advaa (EiVP20).

F 1.

is al o dsc wha is al laly o acaso dcas (.., s accodac whaoal). hs ow al ss.

FREE MAN YeS YeS

SLAVE nO nO


11/24


th ma ad h slav a paadms, modls o hma pco ad

mpco, spcvly. i aly, all hmas all somwh w

hs xms. Ad whas Spoza opas wh h shap ma/slav

dchoomy hEthics, h polcal ws w a psd wh aoh

modl o aco ha alls somwh w h ma ad h slav, amly,

h citizen-subject.46

i h TTPSpoza maas ha h dc w h cz-sjc

ad h slav hs o h cui bonoqso, .., h qso o whos ss

a svd:

i h ppos o h aco s o o h advaa o h do o hm who

commads, h h do s a slav, ad dos o sv hs ow s. b a

sov sa wh the welare o the whole people, not the ruler, is the supreme law[salus

totius populi, non imperantis, summa lex est] h who oys h sov pow all

hs shold calld a sjc [subditus], o a slav who does not serve his own inter-est. (TP16/184; my mphass)

Wha Spoza calls a sjc h h TTP s placd y h dsao

cz h TP, whch Spoza ds as o who joy[s] all h advaas

o h commowalh y cvl h47hc h xpsso cz-sjc.

Aa, h cz-sjc o a wll-oazd sa wll laly ac accodac

wh hs ow al ss, whh h s aoal o o (ad mos hmas a

o, o h mos pa). th poso o h cz-sjc as h x s s

wll llsad h ollow passa om h TP:

now hma a w so cosd ha m dsd mos o all wha was mos

o h advaa, o spcal skll wold dd o sc hamoy [concordiam]

ad s [dem]. b sc, admdly, hma a s a ohws cosd,

h sa ms cssaly so salshd ha all m, oh ls ad ld,

whh hy wll o o, wll do wha s h ss o h commo wla;

ha s, h volaly o cosad y oc o cssy, they will live as reason

prescribes. (TP6/3)

th cz-sjc a wll-oazd commowalh wll sml h ma

ha h wll lv as aso pscs (wll as- aoal), ma ha h wll

do wha s h s o h wla o h popl as a whol, whch s

o do wha s hs ow s.48 Lawsa las laws o a ood saa amd

o maxmz h pow (ly) o wla o allczs. Y h vy xsc

o cvl laws (o h civitassl) dpds po h dcvss o mos hma

46i wll s hs m o o h o-aoal cz, sc aoal dvdals ca ovosly

czs as wll. Dsp ah a ma, a cz coss somh o a dal (o

who lvs accod o h laws o a maxmally aoal o wll-oazd sa). As w shall s, h

d o whch o s a cz, ah ha a slav, wll dpd o whh h laws o a sa sv

os al ss, ad js how a o s commd o h laws o hs sa.47

TP3/1.48Spoza clams ha h who has solvd o oy all h commads o h commowalh,

whh hoh a o s pow o lov o aqlly, s sly povd o hs ow scy ad

hs ow advaa hs ow way (TP3/3). to s how Spoza mh dal wh cass wh sl-

s sms o com apa om collcv s, s Mchal roshal, two Collcv Aco

Polms Spozas Socal Coac thoy, History o Philosophy Quarterly15 (1998): 389409, ad

Da S, Spozas ehcal Doc ad h uy o Hma na,Journal o the History

o Philosophy22 (1984): 30324.


12/24


mdshs laws a cocvs ha chck o hass h passoa, myopc,

asp a o mos popl ad plac wold- dscv havo wh

pow-pomo havo. Hmas, al, ms complld o ac ac-

codac wh h ow (al) ss. As Spoza ps , m a o o o

czs, a mad so.49

now dsp h ac ha Spoza clams TP6/3 (qod aov) ha czs

o a wll-oazd sa wll lv as aso pscs, i a wh D uyl ha

o oh o dssh h w acromh dcas o aso ad ac

in accordance withh dcas o aso. to acromh dcas o aso s o

aoal h ll ss. i s o hav adqa das coc o sscs (as

mods o gods pow sv o a pow) ad o apphd how ca

aco-yps cssaly pomo o damal s; s o kow o js

thatpom ca acos s ood, s o lly dsad whydo so s

ood. i coas, ac in accordance with reasonsmply qs pom hos

acos ha aso lls s w oh o pom. i ms o ac accodac

wh aso, h movao dos o ma.50 i s mpoa ha w mak hs

dsco, sc s pcsly cas hmas a o ally aoal ha

hy ms ocd o ac as hoh hy w (hy ms mad as- aoal).

th cz-sjc, o o who mly acs accodac wh aso, occps

a mddl poso w h ma ad h slav:

49TP5/2. C. Hos, On the Citizen, d. ad as. rchad tck ad Mchal Slvho

(Camd: Camd uvsy Pss, 1998), vol. 1, 21.50ths dsco als D uyl o maa, q hly, ha o d o hmsl a-

oal o do wha s aoal. th om o polcal socy was a aoal aco, ha dos o

mply ha was do y aoal m (Power, 64).51TP4/5.52th rossaasso ha m ca ocd o sms o dca a dscly

llal sad o Spozas polcal hoh. Howv, hs aspc o hs hoh s mpd y a

dp dss o moal lao hoh laws.

F 2.

is al o dsc wha is al laly o acaso dcas (.., s accodac whaoal). hs ow al ss.

FREE MAN YeS YeS

CITIZEN-SUBJECT nO* YeS*

SLAVE nO nO* Indicates or the most partthis will be a matter o degree.

ulk h ma, h cz-sjc s o hmsl ws, ad hs dcy o

pomo hs ow pow dpds po h cvss o h laws. b, lkh slav, h acs laly mpow ways.

ths vw oh o dsood aas h ackod o Spozas ho-

oho dmsm. Sc o havo wll dmd y somh,

w a capal o ac om aso, s o ac om cass ha a

cosoa wh aso ha o ac om dscv passos. Fo hs aso,

Spoza maas ha ak hd [o ws laws] . . . s h xcs o hma

dom.51 A wll-oazd sa wll dcly la, o moda ds, hos

who cao achv h lao dscd EthicsiV ad V.52


13/24


O h ass o h pcd aalyss w s ha cvl laws acally ca la

czs o a cosdal d, popooa o h asoalss o h laws

ad ovmal pocds. Howv, o dscsso o cvl lao (..,

lao y h sa) s y o mas compl. i h x ssco, i wll

maa ha h sa ca acally ca a cha o oly h havo

o s cz-sjcs, h cov/acv dsposos; spccally, a

ood sa wll ao ha s czs com mo joyl, socal, ad

ly aoal ha hy ohws wold .

3.3 Promoting Hope and Peace

th mos a-ach way whch h sa ca ao h lao o s

czs s y hlp o o h moos o acv dsposos. ths s

wha dsshs ood sas om mly d sas. A ood sa wll o

oly lm dscv havo, wll also pomo (posv) cvc hamoy ad

dvdal aqly o md, hy play a vy sca ol h moal

dvlopm o lao o s cz-sjcs.53 to s hs, w ms cosd

Spozas cocpo o pac. W wll call ha, whas h TTPSpoza

clams ha h ppos o h sa s aly dom (passa P), h TP

h maas sad ha h ppos o h sa s pac ad scy o l.54

D uyl amps o cocl hs paalll passas ydefatingh cocp o

ly h polcal woks. i dd hs as o o h asos o adop

h lal pao. O my vw, Spoza ac opas wh a infated

oo o pac. Pac ss a fosh cvl codo, wh h mms

o a sa a commd, o som d, o h commo ood, dd y socally

hamoos acs. So, whas D uyls Dfaoay ipao o ly

accods a ah lmd moalz ol o h sa, my faoay pao

o pac accods a a mo xpasv moalz ol o h sa.

i w cosd wha Spoza says ao pac, s cla ha s a posv

codo. Fo sac, Spoza sahowadly jcs Hoss sso

ha pac ss h asc o wa,55 clam sad:

A commowalh whos sjcs a dd om ak p ams oly hoh

a shold sad o o a wa ah ha o joy pac. Fo pac so js h asc o wa, a v whch coms om sh o md[animi

ortitudine]; o odc (Sco 19, Chap 2) s h sadas wll o cay o

ods jod y h al dc o h commowalh. (TP5/4)

ths dsco w pac ad h m asc o wa h s q s-

ca. Whas Spoza somms sss ha h pmay polm wh dspoc

ovms s ha hy al o povd lo-m salyc appovly

Scas dcm ha vol (yacal) ovms v las lo (violenta

imperia nemo continuit diu)h s cla hameresaly dos o mak o

a halhy poly.56

ths s a mpoa po ha commaos hav qly

53W shold call om sco wo ha os pow o ac s sd acvly.54TP5/2.55On the Citizen,vol. 1, x.56H i coc wh Has blom, who ws: i s cla ha Spoza mass sas o accod

o h m saly, accod o h aoaly, ..,potentia (Causality and Morality in Politics:

The Rise o Naturalism in Dutch Seventeenth-Century Political Thought [Causality] [uch: uvsy o

uch, 1995], 203).


14/24


ovlookd. Ov ad aov saly, h sa oh o pomo a posv hamoy,

o h am o h mds/ods, as a as ca.57 ths po s llsad

y Spozas comm o h pav pac o h tks:

[n]o sa has sood so lo who ay oal cha as ha o h tks. . . . b slavy, aasm, ad dsolao a o calld pac, h ca oh mo

wchd o makd ha pac. . . . i s slavy, h, o pac ha s pomod

y as all pow o o ma; o pac, as w hav alady sad, cosss o

h asc o wa h o o hamoy o mds.58

th maac o od hoh adhc o h law s o sc o

pac.59 A pacl sa s dsshd om a mly s-lss sa (xmpld

y h tks) v o h movs o acv dsposos o h dvdals

wh hs sas. th m asc o wa s chaaczd y coomy o h

law hoh a. i hs codo, m do o ally a wh o aoh; 60

ah, hy a mad o o dsa wh o aoh.61 by coas, pac s

sad o as om sh o md (animi ortitudine)62 ad dcas a

am o o o mds.

Howv, Spozas s o h m ortitudo o sy h acv sa ha

sppos pac as a pzzl. i hEthics,ortitudos dscd as a class o

aoal (acv) ac, whch s lad o h md soa as dsads.63

Spozas clam h s ha pac s possl oly czs a ld yortitudo

ah ha y a; ortitudos a aoal ac, ad Spoza clams a h os

o h TPha mos popl cao xpcd o ac pmaly om aso.64 i

oh wods, Spoza sms o commd o h ollow h hss:

() Pac s a cvl codo wh mms ac pmaly omortitude(TP

5/4).

() to ac omortitudos o ac om aso (do oortitude;EiiiP59S).

() M cao xpcd o ac pmaly om aso (TP1/5; TP6/1).

57Spoza maks cla ha m saly s a adqa om y way o a aaloy wh h

dvdal: wh w say ha h s sa s o wh m pass h lvs hamoy, i am spak-

o hma l, whch s chaaczd o js y h cclao o h lood ad oh ascommo o all amals, spcally y aso, h v ad l o h md (TP5/5).58TP6/4. ths ally llsas h coas wh Hos, who clams ha h s vy

as mch ly Cosaopl as h s h rplc o Lcca.59ths s s ha lswh Spoza ws ha hacto odc dos o dpd

o ay pacla mov (TTP17/192), whch dcas ha h Spoza s cocd wh mo

ha js cvl od hoh odch s cocd wh hma fosh. Oc aa i am

am wh Has blom, who ws: alhoh s o h motiveo odc, hacto

odc, ha coss a sjc o h sa, h mas ha co o ms wllss o

oy a ccal o h sas coy ad sh (Causality, 205).60Fo Spozas acco o am, s E iVP29P35 ad h physcal dsso a E

iiP13.61

Czs o a a-dd commowalh a compad o shp ad sad o xh a slshsp (TP5/4). Ad Spoza has mad cla ha s o h ppos o h sa o asom

m om aoal s o ass o ppps (TTP20/232).62TP5/4.63EiiiP59S.64TP1/5. i m w always aoal, hy wold always a wh o aoh, ad cos-

qly wold cos a sl md/ody. As s, xs sas a a s appoxmaos o

sch a o.


15/24


ths hss cojoly al ha pac s a alzal dal. How cold Sp-

oza, who ops h TPy casa opa polcal schms, hmsl mac

a asl polcal dal? th sho asw s ha h dos o. Pc pac o

pc hamoy s aaal. Howv, clos appoxmaos o pc pac

a possl, ad s h am o a sa o ao as mch pac o cohso

as ca. Pac, o a clos appoxmao ho, s possl oly czs a

movad pmaly y sal, socal acs, ha s, oly hy a ally

joyl o powl. i sho, a sa wll pacl o o h x ha s

mms a hmslvs lavly pacal o . ths qs ha Spoza

povd a acco o o-aoal acs, o passos, h polcal ws ha

als hm o daw sl valav dscos w hm. ths s pcsly

wha h dos, ocs o h dsco w hop ad a.

3.3.1 Social and Antisocial Aects

Whas h EthicsSpoza as hop ad a as kdd acs, as m

passos coas o aoal (acv) acs,65 h polcal woks h dvs a

wd w socal ad asocal passos al, ad w hs wo

passos pacla.66 rcoz ha h mld a ld mo y passo

ha y aso,67 h cosds wha h srealizablecvl codo wold ,

cocld ha wold o whch czs a ld mo y hop ha y

a. idd, h pmay ass o dssh w a powl, hv

sa ad a l, opd sa ls h acv codo o h czs

hs spcv sas: a halhy poly wll makd y a hopl czy; a

halhy poly wll makd y a al czy. Ad whl s ha

sas wll ally d o os bothhop ad a, hos sas ha a al o

clva mo hopl smsso o h laws wll mo powl ha hos

ha dpd pmaly o h a o pshm. i , hopl czs wll

dvdally mo powl ha h al copas. b o wha ass

ca Spoza clam ha a hop-dv sa ad s hopl czs wll mo

powl () ha a a-dv sa ad s al czs?

Pa o h xplaao s ply pamac: o h sak o saly, h po-

val cao s mo cv ha h poval sck. As Spoza ps hTTP, vy sa, laws shold so dvsd ha m may fcd o

so mch y a as y hop o som ood ha hy ly ds; o hs way

65e.., Eiii app. Xiii xp.: h s h hop who a, o a who hop; c. E

iVP47.66Follow Cly (nos o a nlcd Maspc [ii]: Spozas Theological-Political Treatise

as a Polomo o hEthics, Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy, d. J. A. Cov ad M.

Klsad [idaapols: Hack, 1990], 141), i wll o hos passos hoh whch m ca

sad o a wh o aoh as socal. by coas, i wll o dvsv passos as asocal.

i al, joy-asd passos sch as lov ad s a socal, whl sadss-asd passos sch ashad ad sspco a asocal. Spoza hmsl lms a dsco w y ad dvsv

passos EiVP34 adEiVP34S. Howv, h polcal ws hs dsco aks o a mch

a scac. Sc, soa as m a assald y a, vy, o ayemotion deriving rom hatred,

hy a daw apa ad a coay o o aoh (TP2/14), h hamoy o h sa dpds

po h placm o asocal passos wh socal os; ha s, h sa ms y o ca a

kd o acv oao (s TTP20/232).67TP6/1.


16/24


ach wll a o do hs dy.68 i h TP, oo, Spoza maks cla ha, o

h sak o maxmz saly ad cvc commm, o oh o l mo

y kdss ha y a (beneciis magis quam metu).69 thos who ad h sa

as a oc wll mo vla poc ad phold s laws ad

sos ha hos who ad as a hosl oc.70

Ad v saly s salshd hoh a,71 saly, aa, oh o o

cosd wh h al d o h sa: pac o dom. A sa ha pomos

odc hoh a ad axy s hadly cvl a all, o a cvl od s salshd

a aal wayin order to remove general ear and alleviate general distress.72 A a-

dv sa s makd y may o h sam dsal as o p-cvl l ha

h civitaswas spposd o ovcom. Saly scd hoh oppsso sls

a lad, llss ody polc. As Spoza ps , a commowalh whos pac

dpds o h slsh sp o s sjcs who a ld lk shp o la smply

o slavs ca mo poply calld a ds ha a commowalh.73 Cz-

sjcs o a a-dv sa wll hmslvs, , ah wak ad .

thy lv a codo o dss ad sspco, lack h may comos ad

ads ha com wh lv a ly hamoos sa. i sm, a al sa s

o oly wos ha a hopl sa o pamac ods, s also a scally

o cvl codo, sc a as a ac s scally o o hop.

by coas, h cz-sjcs o a lavly pacl, hop-dv sa wll

al o am, ad dy wh, h acos, ad so wll . i h TP,

Spoza xplcly cocs hopl odc wh dom, clam ha a

popl s ld mo y hop ha y a, whl a sjad popl s ldmo y a ha y hop; h om sks o a lv, h la smply

o avod dah. The ormer, I say, seeks to live or itsel, the latter is orced to belong to a

conqueror; hence we say that the latter is a slave, the ormer is ree.74 Wha Spoza sms

68TTP5/65. C. TP10/9, wh Spoza maks cla ha saly qs som so o cvl

commm o loyaly (h commo sm o h popl).69TP9/14; c. TP7/12. by mphasz h spoy o a hopl czy ov a al

czy, Spoza dcsvly alls hmsl wh Cco ad opposs Machavll. i On Duties(De O-

ciis) Cco dds h vw ha h s oh a all mo sd o poc ad a

fc ha o lovd, ad oh lss sd ha o ad (On Duties, as. M.t. gad e.M. Aks [Camd: Camd uvsy Pss, 1991], k. 2, ch. 23, pp. 7071). i The

Prince, Machavll dcly opposs h Ccoa vw, a ha s dsal o oh lovd

ad ad; s dcl o achv oh ad, o o hm has o lack, s mch sa o

ad ha lovd (The Prince, as. rssll Pc, d. Q Sk [Camd: Camd

uvsy Pss, 1988], 59).70ths s a sh ha s sppod y a m o c sds. As Phlp P ws, s a

commo osvao amo hos who sdy complac ha h asos mos popl oy h law

law-ad comms dv, o om a o lal sacos, om a ss ha h law s

a (Republicanism: A Theory o Freedom and Government[Oxod: Clado Pss, 1997], 246).71Ad Spoza adms ha hs s q possl (.., wh h tks; TP6/4).72TP3/6.73

TP5/4.74TP5/6; my mphass. th s a cla compaso o mad h w hs passa ad

h clam hEthicsha h sck ma, om mdy ad dah, as wha h s plld y,

whas h halhy ma joys hs ood, ad hs way joys l ha h ad dah,

ad dcly dsd o avod (EiVP63S2). A al czy wll lk h sck ma, oy

h laws lcaly (s also hs clam ha h spsos f h vl ah ha lov vs [E

iVP63S1]); ad a hopl czy wll lk h halhy ma, am h laws as pow-hac

o dsal, ah ha lk h spsos o oa. i hs way a hopl czy wll lad a

mo acv l, am h acos, ah ha col om ha whch hy a.


17/24


o vsa h s a codo whch czs vw h ss o h sa,

o h am o h laws, as cosoa wh h ow pva ss. Oly d

sch codos wll h sa accomplsh s ma ojc, whch s o s

ha h sjcs do h dy wllly ah ha y lal cosa.75 ts

ad am h cvc od, ah ha a ad s , s a cssay

codo o ly lv wll: o a sa ha looks oly o ov m y a wll

o om vc ah ha dowd wh v. M shold ovd

sch a way ha hy do o hk o hmslvs as ovd as lv

as hy plas.76 Aa, o Spozas acco, s o oly sa o lovd ha

ad: pac ad cvl lao also dpd o h czys commm

o h cvc od.

3.3.2 Hope and Liberty

A hs po o mh sll a cosd ao h laoshp w

hop ad ly. i cao h cas ha hopl czs a ha a-

l czs smply cas hyeel, sc Spoza sss hEthicso h

dsco w l ad . rah, hopl czs a

ha al czs cas hy a a acvly spo poso, whch

fcs a cospod spoy h lvl o pow. rcall ha os

d o ly cospods o os d o pow ad ha joy ad sadss

dca asos os pow o ac (joy dos a cas, sadss a

dcas), s cla ha sas ha a laly al o pomo mo joy ha

sadss wll laly mpow o la. Fo hs aso, oc w ak

o acco Spozas dos o hop ad a, coms cla ha a hop-

l czy wll ha a al czy. Hop s, a all, dd as a

spcs o joy (cosa joy whch has as om h ma o a o pas

h whos ocom w do [EiiiP18S]), whas a s dd as a sp-

cs o sadss (a cosa sadss, whch has also as om h ma o

a dol h [EiiiP18S]).77

Moov, wh Spoza spaks o h hoplss o czs a ood o

sa, h s vso a ah m om o hopsomh clos o a

xpcaochaaczd y a lavly cosa om o joy.78 A all, hco o h hop hs cas s haones interests will be served by the state. Ad

sc a wll-oazd sa wll ac cossly sv h ss o s mm-

75TP10/7.76TP10/8.77ths s why Spoza clams ha h mo cas o a a ma has, h lss pow h pos-

ssss (TP2/15).78W ms a md ha hop ca ak may d oms, makd y a o lss joy

(o cosacy o joy). A dm hop wll makd y oly a ac o joy, sc h dsd ocom s

lkly, whl a m hop (xpcao) wll makd y a ll ad mo sc ss o joy, sch ocom s mo lkly. W may llsa hs h ollow way. ima Havy ad Alx oh

hav cks o odoo msc svals hs wkd d cs. ths svals wll ak plac

oly h wah s ood. th wah ocas o Havys sval Phox cold o ,

whl Alxs sval Jacksovll s lkly o cacld d o a mpd hca. Havy

ad Alx may oh hop ha h sval aks plac (.., ha dos o som, c.), whl Alxs

hop s xcdly dmhs joy dc y hs a ha wll cacld, c.Havys

hop s a mo os. Havys a cd ao h sasaco o hs ds o ad h

sval maks hs joy ma h v mo cosa ha Alxs.


18/24


s, s mms wll ah wav h l ha h dss wll

llld. As a sl, czs o sch a sa wll xpc a paclaly sal

om o joy ha coms o om som a hop ha hy wll om h

mchasm o h sa, om h expectationha hy wll , odd

pas xpc.79

ths codo s s dscd as securitas, whch Spoza ds hEth-

icsas a joy o o h da o a o pas h concerning which the cause

o doubting has been removed.80Securitas(o codc, pac o md, c.) wll

volv a mo cosa joy ha m hop, sc wll o cld mch a

ha h hopd-o d wll o com o pass. Spozas s o h m securitas

o dsc a m hop s q val, sc hs s pcsly wha h ds

as h am o d o h sa TP1/6 ad TP5/2 (paxad securitas). A sa

ha s al o poc h securitaso s mms wll hav mpowd

o lad hm, sc wll cosqly pomo h joy o psychc wll-

a lal way. i hs codo osecuritas, czs wll laly a wh

o aoh, sc hy wll lov h sam h (.., cvc od),81 ad hy wll

co coopavly o podc a dsd c, amly, h psvao o

h sa.82 Ad h sadss o cosacy o hs joy, ocd y h aoal

mchasms o h sa, ss apa om hos ckl passos ha Spoza ds-

paas hEthics. So v h securitasha chaaczs a ood sa s o

o pa wh ll-fddortitudo, s a spcal ss.

S hs lh, h dc w a fosh, pacl sa ad

a mly pss sa appas o a. A lavly pacl sa wll o whch s mms a ld, o yortitudo, h y h x s h,

amly, securitas. i hs way, czs wll mo lkly o phold h law ad

coa coomy o h law, hy am h pow o h sa o

whch h ow pow dpds. Fhmo, h mo hy a ld ysecuritas

ah ha a, h mo powl o lad hy wll com, sc securitas

s a lavly sal om o joy, ad joy maks a aso om lss o a

pow. by coas, a mly d (o-dshamoos) sa, czs wll

ad h sa as a hosl, al oc, wll phold h law oly lcaly, ad

wll al ad wak.Fhmo, wold sm ha hopl cz-sjcs a a covly

spo codo o h al copas; hy wll a psmcally

x-s poso o lly aoal. A lly aoal pso cozs ha

o s ssally a mod o gods pow sv o mo pow o h. H

apphds h cocpal lk w hs pow ad h pow o h sa

whch h lvs, sch ha h sadasly oys h laws knowingha hs wll hac

h pow o h sa ad, , hs ow pow. Spoza, asoaly oh,

coclds ha w popl wll al o asp hs acs om aso. nvh-

lss, czs o a wll-oazd sa wll al o coz, o som x,

79A all, m a o ovd sch a way ha hy do o ad hmslvs as

ovd, as ollow h ow ad h ow choc (TP10/8)whch s h am o

h sahy ms hav a a amo o codc h sa.80Eiii app. exp. XiV; c. iiiP18S.81EiVP34S.82to h x ha a m o dvdals co oh o podc a commo c, hy

may cosdd a sla h (EiiD7).


19/24


ha h laws a o h al ood; hs wll h soc o h hoplss

o securitas. to s a Spozsc o phas, hos who a dd ysecuritas

(vis--vish sa) sm o asp h oodss o h civitasas hoh a clod,

whch s caly ha o asp a all. Hop ad s a coad

y xpc ad so wll lss sal ha aoalortitudo. nvhlss, h

cas ha Spoza s dsc.., codc ha h laws dod o os

ow wlahop s cosoa wh aso. Hopl czs wll hav ls

ao h laoshp w h sas ss ad h ow ss (ad

wll a poso o om lly adqa dassEiVP54S). by coas, h

al wll hav wholly als ls.83

3.3.3 Some Conclusions about the Position and Scope o Civil Liberation

i lh o h pcd aalyss, w may add aoh wkl o o sll ov-smpld cha:

83Fo as lo as m ac oly om a, they are doing what they are most opposed to doing, ak

o acco o h slss ad h cssy o h aco o do, cocd oly o o c

capal o oh pshm (TTP5/64; my mphass).

F3.is al o dsc wha is al laly o ac

aso dcas (.., s accodac whaoal). hs ow al ss.

FREE MAN YeS YeS

HOPEFUL YeS & nO: tO A HigH

CITIZEN-SUBJECT Has ls Degreeha a cosoa wh

aso ( s olly aoal)

FEARFUL nO tO A MODeSt

CITIZEN-SUBJECT Degree

SLAVE nO nO

th mddl poso o cz-sjc (om 2) has sdvdd

o wo h caos: (1) h hopl, pacal cz ad (2) h al,o-comav cz. Sho o lly aoal, h x s codo s o

a hopl cz-sjc whos acos a dd y a lavly sal om

o joy ad ls ao h sa. Ad a sa ha s al o pomo securitas

o hop wll appoxma pac o a cosdal d.

basd o h acco ha i hav v aov, shold cla ha Spozas

clam ha h ppos o h sa s pac s pcly coss wh hs clam

ha h ppos o h sa s ly, ad ha,paceD uyl, pac ad ly

do lavly os omav cocps. th sa ca play a sca ol

h lao o moal dvlopm o s czs. idd, a o po hTPSpoza sss ha h sa as h o h sposly o h


20/24


moal cd o s sjcs. H ws: js as h vcs o h sjcs ad h

xcssv lcs ad wlllss a o lad a h doo o h commowalh,

so o h oh had h v ad sadas odc o h laws ms

ad chfy o h v ad asol h o h commowalh.84 ths

clam s coss wh hs sso ha a wll-oazd sa o oly wll

al o povd saly, wll also al o salsh a ca d o socal

cohso y pomo joyl, socal acs. A ood sa o oly wll s ha

czs do ac owadly dscv ways, wll also ac as a lwak aas

sm, a, ad oh sly passos. i wll la oh soa as

oss pdal havo ad soa as pomos ca acv dspos-

os, hy c h passos o s czs. i shold cla, h, ha

h moalz o la scop o h sa xds wll yod h ods

assmd y h lal ad.

4 . h o w d o e s a s t a t e p r o m o t e s o c i a l i t y a n d j o y ?

A hs po o mh wll wod wha lcss Spoza o sppos ha h

sa couldplay sch a mpoa ol h moal dvlopm o czs? Why

s ha sposly o oh h vosss ad vcosss o czs s p-

maly o lad a h doo o h commowalh?85 Pa o h asw ls

wha i wll call h homoy hss, whch s h vw ha all m sha

o ad h sam a; s pow ad cl ha mslad s.86 bcas m

a aally covly ad psycholocally alk, Spoza hks ha systematic

dierences between men o dierent states will refect dierences in the organization o those

states.87 th homoy hss als Spoza o sppos ha polcal s-

os ad pocds wll dcly fc h acv chaac o s mms

ad h socal hos a la; ca mak popl moal who moalz

h pjoav ss. b wha so o soal o oazaoal as wll

v s o wdspad s o securitas,ah ha a? How ca a sa pomo

positivehamoy?88

th mos ovos way whch a sa ca sc a ca d o hamoy

s smply y advac h wla o s czs. Fo, lss sysmacally dpd,

czs wll o wllly pomo laws ha co o h ow lo-mss. Oly a commowalh, wh h am s h ood o all, ah ha

h loy o a dspo, ad wh soal mass a ak o s sccss

sc h commo ood, wll czs dd mo y hop ha y a.

84TP5/3; c. 5/2. W shold a md ha hEthicsSpoza clams ha y v ad

pow i dsad h sam h (EiVD8). to mak o vos, h, s o mak o powl,

ad vice versa. uspsly, hs passas a ovlookd y h commaos who mphasz

Spozas lalsm.85TP5/3.86

TP7/27.87ths s dcad Spozas clam ha ms aal passos a vywh h sam; so

wckdss s mo pval ad wodo mo q o commowalh ha aoh,

o ca s ha hs s cas h om has o do oh o pomo hamoy ad has

o amd s laws wh sc ohoh, ad hs has o aad h ll h o a com-

mowalh (TP5/2). C. MachavllsDiscourses, k. 3, ch. 29.88A ll asw o hs qso wold waa a compl xplcao ad aalyss o Spozas

polcal pscpos. ths wold ak s oo a ald. isad i wll lm som o h al a-

s.


21/24


th lk o h las sx chaps o h TPs dvod o show wha ovmal

mchasms a cssay ( vaos ms) od o h commo ood o

pomod. th oazd a sa s, h mo lkly wll pomo h

wla o all s czs; ad h mo h wla o czs s pomod, h

mo co hy wll wh h ovac o h sa whch hy lv.

i addo o hs ovos po ao h laoshp w pospy/

wla ad com, h a spcc ways whch a sa ca os hop

ad hamoy. i ms cosd sch a way as o acco o, ad spod

o, h commo passos o m, sc cv ovac s wh a alsc

dsad o hma psycholoy. O o h mo pval ad polcally

sca as o hma a s ha ach o s svs, so a as h ca,

ha vyo shold lov wha h lovs, ad ha wha h has,89 a poclvy ha

Spoza calls amo (ambitio).90 W a also saddd y h ood o o

hos lk s; .., w a vos.91 Ad cas o aal amo ad vy,

m a mpa aov all a sjc o h qals ad d h l.92

So, wdspad qals wll dm al com ad aqly.

Spoza says hs xplcly wh dscss lm appoms o coslos o

a moach, whch h clams wold sl a qaly amo h czs,

lad o vy ad cssa mms ad ally o oaks o sdo.93

Hmas a cosaly jd h wla o ohs aas h ow, ad so

sas ha allow o sca qals lkly wll ah dshamoos. by

coas, sas ha a dd y lavly dmocac pocds (.., oao

o ocs, chcks ad alacs o pow, c.), ha coa oad pacpao,ad ha ally psv qal hs ad oppos wll mo lkly o

salsh o oly saly, also cvc loyaly.

Fhmo, cas popl a ssa o domao y ohs, spcally

wh mas sppss h ow ss ad dss, h sa oh o m-

mz h x o whch s o la codc. rah, shold y o d

ways o mak ms aal passos svcal. Acpa P ncol ad

bad Madvll, Spoza cozs ha sl-lov ca mmc honestas, maa-

ha a wll-odd sa wll al o ld posv cvs o pva

a ad hoo ha wll h sa as a whol.94

H ws:th commo pac-m vcs . . . shold pvd dcly ad v dcly;

ha s y as h sa o sch laws as wll cas h majoy, o dd o sk o

lv wslyo ha s mpossl a ay a o ovd y hos passos

whch a mos sl o h commowalh. ths vy amp ms mad o

s ha h ch, hy cao hy, a a ay a dy o a. Fo

hs passo o a, whch s vsal ad cosa, s ocd y h ds o

loy, mos m wll caly mak vy o o cas h walh y hooal

mas so as o oa oc ad avod a dsac. (TP10/6)

89

EiiiP31C.90ths s assm ha h dcy dos o as om aso. C.EVP4.91EiiiP24S.92TTP5/65; c. TP7/5.93TP7/13.94Fo mo o hs coco wh Madvll, s Wm Klv, bad Madvll ad hs

SpinozisticAppasal o Vcs, Folio Spinoziano20 (2000) (Ol a hp://www.olospozao.

/ac20.hm).


22/24


by coa dsy ad commc, a sa wll dcly pomo hos

paccs, sc, o Spozas vw, mchas wll oly hv hy maa ood

paos.95 Ad y d ways o chal h aal passos o masch

as amo, pd, ad vyo h ood o h whol, ah ha y y

o la pcvd vc, a sa wll ov m sch a way ha hy wll

sad oly y lov o dom, ds o cas h possssos, ad h

hop o oa ocs o h sa.96 i sch a sa m wll l as hoh

hy a ollow h ow ad h ow choc h ma o

l,97 ad wll lavly co ad loyal.

Fally, a sa s o pomo cvc cocod, ms d ways o mmz ac-

oal cofc. i ac, Spoza maks q cla ha oad cvc pacpao

wll hav h c o o oly psv qaly, also dc acoalsm:

h a h m o m whom h acal sovy s vsd, h

wak h acos wll .98 th mos pcos soc o acoal dc

s lo.99 A sa v y los dsps cao sad o a pac. b

how s los cofc o mad? ths s, c, h ovach coc

o h TTP, o ma coclso o whch s ha h doms o los ls

ad xpsso a ssal o h pac ad py o a commowalh.100 Ad

whl h sa ca, ad dd ms, la owad paccs ha a dmd

sdos, oh o xcs cao hs ad, ls c mo dss ha

pvs. Moov, addo o hs pacc o mao hoh olao,

h sa ca os a cohso y popaa a sazd cvc lo.101

idd, a vsal, moal holoy cold poally sp may o h samsocally y sms ha aso s, whch s why Spoza clams: H

who aods hs schay, joy, pac, pac, kdss, oodss,

ahlss, lss ad sl-cool whh h ah y aso alo

o y Scp alo, s h ah y god, ad s aloh lssd.102 by

hlp o plac povcal spso ad a wh a vsal moal lo

ad lov, a wll-oazd sa wll hy la s czs ad ao

a socal hamoy.103

95Has blom hly hhlhs h scac obona des: Spoza ms hav awa ha

bona dess ssal o h commcal sco o socy. th asc utilitaso a mcha s ha co-

acs pomd, ohws h h o hs llow-mchas wold al o co h

sss (Polcs, V ad Polcal Scc: a ipao o Spozas Polcal Phlosophy,

Studia Spinozana1 [1985], 222; s also Causality, 204).96TP10/8.97id.98TP8/1.99ths s poaly wha Spoza has md wh h s o h cl [cultus] ha lads

mds asay (TP7/27).100Spoza also cozs ha olao s oly al h hocal psos o los

a cd, whch s why Spoza dvos mos o hs o h TTPo dmosa ha h amo ah s odc ad py ah ha h (TTP14/169).101TTP167; TP8/46.102TTP5/71.103A aoymos vw has ssd q hly ha o o h mos sca ways

whch h sa ca la s y dmsh h pow o h cly ad hy poc h popl

om spsos psaso. th vw s asolly coc ha Spoza hks ha dc

cclsascal pow wll hav a polcally salay c, whch, wh comd wh h pomoo

o a cvc lo, shold sl h dmo o pcos, als ls andh advacm o


23/24


24/24


th psho o all o hs s ha, o my ad, o oly dos o a dsod

vw o Spozas polcal pojc o dsads as a-pcla,

dd y damally d cocs ad oms ha hEthics, o also

s a amd vw o Spozas lav pojc, whch h s o

ds wh hEthics. Whl hEthicss cocd wh h ppmos s o

hma dom, h polcal woks a cocd wh h dom ha may

achvd hoh pdc, coopao, ad a codo o oao o

h acs, v h asc o lly adqa kowld.

th clam ha, o a a x, h ovall dom o m dpds o h

halh o h commowalhs whch hy d hmslvs s o w o h

polcal ws. Fo sac, h TdIESpoza maks cla ha h pah

o dom o pco s add o small pa y cvl assocao. H h

ws:

ths, h, s h d i am a: o acq sch a [pc] a, ad o sv ha

may acq wh m. tha s, s pa o my happss o ak pas ha may

ohs may dsad as i dsad, so ha h llc ad ds a ly

wh my llc ad ds. to do hs s cssay,rsto dsad as mch

o na as scs o acq sch a a; next, to orm a society o the kind that

is desirable, so that as many as possible may attain it as easily and surely as possible. (14;

my mphass)

th polcal woks ca hly add as Spozas amp o spll o, a

h cvc lvl, h codos whch dvdals ca s pc h as

ad com o om a o o hamoy.

steinberg_spinoza on civil liberation

Documents