steel, plastics, and climate change - harvard energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Steel, Plastics, Cement, and EE
HEJC
20 Nov 2014
Nicolas Sawaya
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Materials, Energy, Environment
• Steel:
– CO2 policy can’t use coal
• Plastics:
– No petroleum no
petrochemicals
– Bioplastics competing with
land for energy and food
• Aluminum, cement, paper
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Steel and aluminum make up 39% of China’s emissions.
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Steel• Iron
• Carbon <= 2.1%
• (Mo, S, Cr, Ni, Si)
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Steel Products
ConstructionTransportEnergyPackagingAppliances and Industry
Europe China
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SteelA
lum
inu
m
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Steel Consumption
See PDFpg 30
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History of steel 16th century BC – The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy
13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined
1200BC – 700AD – “Iron Age” (Christian Thomsen)
3rd century BC – Wootz steel developed in India
4th century AD – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel
1740 – Crucible steel technique developed by Benjamin Huntsman
1855 – Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented by Henry Bessemer
1912 – Stainless steel (>10% Cr) invented by Harry Brearley
1980 – Duplex stainless steels developed (austenite and ferrite)
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Steel: Blast Furnace
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Direct-Reduced Iron
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Steel: Basic Oxygen Furnace
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Electric arc furnace
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History of Aluminum
Ancient to 1800s – Al found in low oxgen environments. Luxiuous.
1825 – Hans Christian Ørsted develops chemical process for Al from ore.
1827 – Friedrich Wöhler isolates Al (similar process to Ørsted)
1886 – Charles Martin Hall (Ohio) and Paul Héroult (France)
indpedendently invent Hall–Héroult electrolytic process
1914 – 1917 – WWI airplane industry demands aluminum
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Aluminum Products
See PDF
Large-scale possible when large-scale electricity (e.g. Great Depression
dams) available.
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Recycling
60% steel recycled globally (US: 83%)
CCS
Steel and Aluminum:
Substitutions
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Plastics
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Plastic
Thermoplastics – moldable above Tcritical
Thermosets – irreversible curing
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History of Plastics
• Antiquity – Protein-derived plastics (shellac, egg, blood, horns)
• 1600 BC – Mesoamericans use natural rubber
• 1839 AD – Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber
• 1856 – first man-made plastic, Parkesine(celluose + nitric acid)
• 1907 – Bakelite invented (first synthetic thermoset)
• Post-WWII – Large increase in plastic variations and production
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Plastics consumption
Europe/Japan/US, ~120kg/person/year
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Plastics: Energy and CO2
• IEA assumed emissions
from plastics production will
more than double from 2005
to 2050
• 8% of oil production (4%
material)
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Production (thermoplastics)
Most types ~80 MJ/kg (22 kWh/kg)
Produce monomer synthesize polymer precursors mold
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Recycling
• Additives and colors degrade them more quickly (less recyclable)
• Very difficult to separate types (obvious reasons) after they’re mixed toegether
• Plastics from industry are recycled at very high rate (number?)
• Room for improvement:
– Improved sorting
– Improved seaparation in municipal waste
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4 types of recycling
• Primary – re-extrution
• Secondary – mechanical (ground up, re-
used as resin)
• Tertiary – broken down chemically for new
feedstock
• Quaternary – burn it
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Bioplastics
PLA – polylactic acid (biodegradable)
Polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol
0.33 Mt bioplastics
12.3 Mt all flexible packaging
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Cement
Lime production (825 C):
Clinker production:
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Cement Production
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Cement Production
Raw materials well-distributed
Not recyclible
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Cement Demand
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Cement: CO2
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Cement: Substitutions
• Ground granulated blast furnace slag
• Pulverised fly ash
• Natural Pozzolans (50% some applications)
• Limestone
• Crushed concrete
• (Enviro-friendly cement)
10-20% cement replaced this way. But:
GGBS + PFA + possolans = 850Mt
Global cement production = 2850Mt
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Cement: CCS
Even more attractive, since CO2 has to be
produced.
Pure CO2 stream easier to produce
CO2
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