status quo of international financial reporting...

i

STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING

STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING : A

RESEARCH ON THE ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONALS IN JAKARTA

By:

Syarah Rahmania Zuhri

ID:111308210001

ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT

INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2019

ii

STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING

STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING: A

RESEARCH ON THE ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONALS IN JAKARTA

Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Economics and Business

In partial fulfillment of the Requirement

For Acquiring Bachelor Degree of Economics

By :

Syarah Rahmania Zuhri

1113082100001

Under Supervision of

Supervisor

Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba.,MBA.,Ak.,CPA

ID :196205021993031000

ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT

INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2019

iii

CERTIFICATION OF COMPREHENSIVE EXAM

Today, Friday, March 13th

2019 we have administered a comprehensive examination

to :

1. Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri

2. Student ID : 1113082100001

3. Department : Accounting (International Program)

4. Thesis Title : Status Quo of International Financial Reporting Standard and

International Standard on Auditing : A Research on : The

Accountant Professionals

After careful observation and attention appearance and capabilities relevant for

comprehensive exam process, it was decided that above student passed and given

opportunity to continue to thesis as one of requirement to obtain Bachelor of

Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Jakarta, March 13th

,2019

ZuwestyEkaPutri,M.Ak ( )

ID 19800416200901 2 006 Examiner 1

Hepi Prayudiawan,SE.,MM.,Ak.,CA ( )

ID 197205162009011006 Examiner 2

iv

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS EXAM

Today, Tuesday, April 30th

2019 we have administered a Thesis examination

to :

1. Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri

2. Student ID : 1113082100001

3. Department : Accounting (International Program)

4. Thesis Title : Status Quo of International Financial Reporting Standard and

International Standard on Auditing : A Research on The

Accountant Professionals.

After careful observation and attention appearance and capabilities relevant for

thesis exam process, it was decided that above student passed and given

opportunity to continue to thesis as one of requirement to obtain Bachelor of

Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Jakarta, April 30th

,2019

Yessi Fitri,SE.,M.Si.,Ak.,CA. ( )

ID: 19760924 200604 2 002 Examiner 1

Hepi Prayudiawan,SE.,MM.,Ak.,CA ( )

ID 197205162009011006 Examiner 2

Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba.,MBA.,Ak.,CPA ( )

ID :196205021993031000 Supervisor

v

SHEET STATEMENT

AUTHETINCITY SCIENTIFIC WORKS

Signature Below

Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri

Student Number : 1113082100001

Department : Accounting (International Program )

Faculty : Economics and Business

Hereby declare that in writing this thesis, I :

1. Do not use other people’s ideas without being able to Develop and

Accountable.

2. Do not Plagiarism of other people of manuscript.

3. Do not use other people’s work without mentioning the original source

or without the owner permissions.

4. Do not manipulate and falsify data

5. Own to work and able to work for responsible for this work

If in the future there is demand from other side of my work, and have been

accountably proved, was indeed found evidence than I have violated the above

statement, and I am ready to be sanctioned according the rules applicable in the

Faculty Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University

Jakarta.

Thus statement truly made with sincerely

Jakarta, April 30th

,2019

( SyarahRahmaniaZuhri)

vi

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Information

Name : SYARAH RAHMANIA ZUHRI

Address : Jalan kusuma timur 3D blok F12 no.26

Perumahan wisma jaya BekasiTimur 17111

Indonesia

Phone : 087-882-219-334

Email : [email protected]

Place and Date of Birth : Bekasi / April, 20th 1995

Religion : Moslem

Nationality : Indonesian

Sex : Female

Marital status : Single

Formal Education

STARTED

YEAR

GRADUATED

YEAR UNIVERSITY MAJOR

DEGRE

E GPA

2013

UNTIL NOW

ISLAMIC STATES

UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF

HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

ACCOUNTING S1

2010 2013 SMAN 4 KOTA BEKASI SCIENCE

SOCIAL SMA -

2007 2010 SMP MUHAMMADIYAH - SMP -

2000 2006 SDN AREN JAYA II, BEKASI - SD -

1999 2000 TK QURAUTUL UYUN - TK -

mailto:[email protected]

vii

Informal Education

NAME INSTITUTION

DATES

FROM – TO

English Course International Language Course 2005

English Course

The British Institute 2015

German Course

Technische Hochshule Deggendorf 2016

Student Exchange Technische Hochshule Deggendorf 2015-2016

Seminars

NAME

INSTITUTION YEAR DESCRIPTION

Seminars has gone google

Islamic States university of

SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta

2014

Seminars ―Keep in Touch With Deaf‖

Islamic States University of

SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta

2013

Seminars‖PEMIKIR‖ FOSCA

KIR Senior High School 5

Bekasi

2012

Organization Experience

Sciencitif work teens of Senior High School 4 Bekasi

FOSMA of Senior High School 4 Bekasi

International Project Management in Technische HochshuleDeggendorf Germany

viii

Skills

Language English – Collage level

Germany- B1 level

Computer Microsoft Office

PLC (Programmable Logic Control)

Taxation Brevet A&B in Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (IAI)

ix

STATUS QUO STANDAR PELAPORAN KEUANGAN INTERNASIONAL DAN

STANDAR AUDIT INTERNASIONAL : PENELITIAN AKUNTAN

PROFESIONAL DI JAKARTA

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini dengan bertujuan untuk menemukan bukti empiris mengenai

pengaruh akuntan professional terhadap International Financial Reporting Standard

(IFRS) dan International Standard on Auditing (ISA).

Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel kuesioner pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di

Wilayah Jakarta. Jumlah auditor 50 dari 5 Kantor Akuntan Publik. Sampel yang di

gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Auditor Senior, Supervisor, dan Accouting

Manager. Metode penentuan sampel yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini

adalahPurposive Sampling, Sedangkan metode pengolahan data yang digunakan

penelitian adalah uji tdenganone sample t-test di SPSS versi 24.

Hasil penelitian in imenunjukan bahwa IFRS (International Financial

Reporting Standard)dan ISA (International Standard on Auditing) berpengaruh

terhadap Akuntan Professional.

Keyword : Accounting; IFRS;ISA; International Financial Reporting Standard,

International Standard on Auditing.

x

STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS

AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING: A RESEARCH ON THE

ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONAL

ABSTRACT

This study aims to find empirical evidanceon the influence test the effect of

Accountant Professional to International Financial Reporting Standard and


This study used sample of distributing questionnaires to the Public

Accountants Firm in the Jakarta Region. The research has auditors 50 candidate of 5

Public Accounting Firm. The sample used in this study are Senior Auditors,

Supervisors, and Accounting Managers. The method of determining the sample used

in this study is Purposive Sampling, while the data processing method used by the

researcher is the t test with one sample t-test in SPSS version 24

This study indicate that IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard) and

ISA (International Standard on Auditing) have an effect on Professional Accountant.

Keyword : Accounting; IFRS;ISAs; International Financial Reporting Standard,


xi

PREFACE

Bismilahirrahmanirrahim

Alhamdulillahirabbil‘ Alamin all praise to Allah SWT .the Lord of hosts has

given grace and ease in the writing of this thesis. As well as greetings for blessings on

the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Who has inspired great passion and strength in life,

because everything the author gained the ability to complete the study and also

completed this thesis with the title ―Status Quo Of International Financial Reporting

Standards and International Standards on Auditing : A Research On The Accountant

Professional In Jakarta‖,

In writing this thesis, the author does not escape from the problems and to

realize fully the achievements are not solely the author‘s own efforts, but thanks to the

help, advice, encouragement, guidance and invaluable guidance from others an

infinite thanked to :

1. My Father Mr. Saefuddin Zuhri , My Mother Pipin Supinah , My Sister

Ditta Zenithia Zuhri , Syifa SafridaYulia, My Brother Fajri Nur Aziz, and

the whole family that never stops giving of love ,affection, care moral

support, spiritual, and material that are sincere and infinite.

2. Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba, Ak,MBA,CPA as the Thesis Supervisor who

never tired to motivate writers and provide guidance and direction in every

difficulty in the completion of this thesis.

3. Yessy Fitri,SE.,Msi as the Head of International Program Faculty of

Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.

4. Hepi Prayudiawan,SE,Ak.,CA as Secetary of International Program

Faculty of Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic

University.

xii

5. Mr. Bonik as a Academic staff of International Program Faculty of

International Program Faculty of Economics and Business Syarif

Hidayatullah State Islamic University.

6. All lectures, Academic staff and finance, and Library staff for all the

outpouring of science, assistance, and services.

7. Certified Public Accountant (KAP) in Jakarta which one served as an

Auditor that give permission to the writer for taking a research and

spreading the questionnaire.

8. My friend in International Program Raisa, Wulan, Banan, Melinda, Aji,

Panji, Putra, Afriansyah, Ryan, Rizki.

9. My Friend Alina hassler, Ana Vrlja, and Ayat was living in Germany

xiii

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Previous Research 24

Table 3.1 Research Operational Variable 38

Table 4.1 Question Distribution 41

Table 4.2 Distributed Questioners in each CPA Firm 43

Table 4.3 Description of Respondents 44

Table 4.4 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for IFRS 45

Table 4.5 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for ISA 46

Table 4.6 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for 47

Professional Accountant

Table 4.7 Reliability Test for Professionals Accounting 48

Table 4.8 Reliability Test for International Standard on Auditing 48

Table 4.9 Reliability Test for International Financial Reporting Standard 48

Table 4.10 Kolmogorov – smirnov test 50

Table 4.11 Multicollinearity Test 51

Table 4.12 Model Summary 53

Table 4.13 F-Test 54

Table 4.14 T-Test 55

Table 4.15 Multiple Regression Analysis 56

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 4.1 Normal P-plot 49

Figures 4.2 Heteroscedasticity Test 52

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

SHEET STATEMENT

CURICULUM VITAE

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. vii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ix

PREFACE ............................................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................... xiii

TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

A. Background ................................................................................................. 1

B. Formulation of Program .............................................................................. 6

C. Research Objection...................................................................................... 7

D. Limitation of Research ................................................................................ 7

E. Benefit of Research ..................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 8

A. Basic Theory ............................................................................................... 8

B. IFRS ............................................................................................................ 10

C. ISA‘s ........................................................................................................... 13

D. The Future ISA‘s ......................................................................................... 15

E. The Future IFRS .......................................................................................... 17

F. Understanding IFRS diffusion within the socio-economic and politic ....... 19

G. Acceptance of IFRS as A part of the (Neo-liberal) .................................... 20

H. Adopting IFRS for SME‘s .......................................................................... 21

I. International Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards ........................... 21

J. ISA 720 the Auditor Responsibilities Relating to other sufficient ............. 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................. 26

A. Research Design .......................................................................................... 26

B. Population, Sampling, and Sampling Techniques………………………… 26

C. Research Variables and Operational Definition of Variables……………… 28

D. Type Data .................................................................................................... 29

xvi

E. Research Instrument .................................................................................... 30

F. Data Quality Test......................................................................................... 30

G. Data Collection Method .............................................................................. 35

H. Operational Research Variable .................................................................... 37

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................................... 40

a. General Description of research object ....................................................... 40

b. Description Data .......................................................................................... 41

Table Question Data .................................................................................... 41

Table Distributed Questioners ..................................................................... 43

Table Description of Respondent ................................................................ 44

c. Analysis and Discussion .............................................................................. 45

1. validity test ............................................................................................. 46

2. reliability ................................................................................................ 48

3. classic assumption test ........................................................................... 49

4. hypothesis testing ................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................... 59

a. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 59

b. Recommendation ......................................................................................... 60

REFERENCE ........................................................................................................ 61

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as

a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts

are understandable and comparable across international boundaries.

Growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly

important for companies that have dealings in several countries. It might

be stated that International Financial Reporting Standards are

progressively replacing various national accounting standards.

The rules to be followed by accountants to maintain books of

accounts which is comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant

regardless to the internality or externality of users. It is a known fact that

IFRS began as an attempt to harmonize accounting across the European

Union but the value of harmonization quickly made the concept attractive

in other jurisdictions around the world.

The IFRS Foundation defines itself as an independent, not-for-profit

private sector organization working in the public interest and summarizes

its principal objectives on its official website as (www.ifrs.org):

to develop a single set of high quality, understandable, enforceable

and globally accepted International Financial Reporting Standards

(IFRSs) through its standard-setting body, the International

Accounting Standards Board (IASB);

http://www.ifrs.org/

2

to promote the use and rigorous application of those standards;

to take account of the financial reporting needs of emerging

economies and small and medium-sized entities (SMEs); this mean

In Indonesia, the contribute of SMEs a reached 61,9 percent of the

total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in which the absorption for

approximately 36,28 percent of micro enterprises, small enterprises

by 10,9 percent,14.7 percent and medium-sized business. In fact, an

estimed 98 percent of SMEs have employment for about 80 percent

of the country.

to promote and facilitate adoption of IFRSs, being the standards and

interpretations issued by the IASB, through the convergence of

national accounting standards and IFRS

The adoption of IFRS requires accountants have sufficient

knowledge of the events and business transactions and economic

fundamentals of the company before making a judgment. In addition to

technical expertise, accountants also need to understand the ethical and

legal implications in the implementation of standards (Carmona

&Trombetta, 2008).

The adoption of IFRS has also created a booming market for audit

services. Various estimates made by management are assessed for

feasibility by the auditor that the auditor is also required to have the ability

to interpret the purpose of a standard. AAA Financial Accounting

3

Standard Committee (2003) even believes the increasing likelihood of a

conflict between the auditor and the client.

The governance and oversight of the activities undertaken by the

IFRS Foundation and its standard-setting body rests with its Trustees, who

are also responsible for safeguarding the independence of the IASB and

ensuring the financing of the organization.

This responsibility rests solely with the IASB. Trustees are

appointed for a renewable term of three years, Trustee is expected to have

an understanding of, and be sensitive to, international issues relevant to the

success of an international organization responsible for the development of

high quality global accounting standards for use in the world's capital

markets and by other users. Six of the Trustees must be selected from the

Asia/Oceania region, six from Europe, six from North America, one from

Africa, one from South America and two from the rest of the world.

International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are professional

standards for the performance of financial audit of financial information.

These standards are issued by International Federation of Accountants

(IFAC)through the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board

(IAASB).

IFAC contributes to the development of high-quality international

standards in auditing, assurance, and quality control; accountancy

education; ethics; and public sector accounting. In addition, IFAC plays an

4

increasingly important role as a driver and facilitator of adoption and high-

quality implementation of these standards.

Implementation must be supported by ongoing training, continuous

professional development, and delivery of implementation guidance and

tools. IFAC encourages and facilitates collaboration among member

bodies, regulators, firms, practitioners, the donor community, and other

stakeholders to achieve this goal (IFAC Strategic Plan, 2012).

The IAASB defines itself as an independent standard setting body

that serves the public interest by setting, under its own authority, high-

quality international auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and

related services standards. Facilitation, adoption and implementation of

international standards are indicate as the other duties of IAASB as a

standard setting body.

IAASB states that these objectives contribute to enhanced quality

and consistency of practice throughout the world, and strengthened public

confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession.

The IAASB sets its international standards under the oversight of

the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), and with the advice of the

IAASB‘s Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest

input into the development of the standards. (IAASB Annual Report,

2012).

Input from the International Auditing and Assurance Standards

Board (IAASB)‘s Data Analytics Working Group (DAWG) provides

http://www.iaasb.org/projects/data-analytics

5

insights into the opportunities and challenges with the use of data analytics

in the audit of financial statements and outlines the insights gained from

the DAWG‘s activities to date. The purpose of the Request for Input is to:

Inform stakeholders about the IAASB‘s ongoing work to

explore effective and appropriate use of technology, with a

focus on data analytics, in the audit of financial statements;

and

Obtain stakeholder input and perspectives on whether all of

the considerations relevant to the use of data analytics in a

financial statement audit have been identified.

History IFRS in Indonesia

Baskerville (2010) in Utami, et al. (2012) revealed that the

convergence can mean harmonization or standardization, but in the context

of accounting harmonization is seen as a process of increasing conformity

with the accounting practices set limits on the level of diversity. If it is

associated with the IFRS convergence can be defined as the process of

adjusting the Financial Accounting Standards (GAAP) to IFRS.

Institutions accounting profession IAI (Institute of

Accountants Indonesia) stipulates that Indonesia undertake full adoption

of IFRS on January 1, 2012. The application is intended that the power

of financial statement information may continue to rise so that the

financial statements may be more easily understood and can be easily

used both for policy, auditors, and the reader or another user.

6

In conducting the convergence of IFRS, there are two kinds of

adoption strategy, namely big bang strategy and gradual strategy. This

strategy is used by countries - developing countries like Indonesia.

There are three stages in performing the IFRS convergence in Indonesia:

1. Adoption phase (2008 - 2011), covers the activities in

which all IFRS adopted to GAAP, the preparation of the

necessary infrastructure, and evaluation of PSAK

applicable.

2. Final Preparation Phase (2011), in this stage of the

completion of the preparation of the necessary

infrastructure. Furthermore, the gradual implementation of

several IAS-based IFRS.

3. Implementation Phase (2012), the activities associated with

the implementation of IFRS IAS gradually. Then do the

evaluation of the impact of adoption of PSAK

comprehensively.

Thus, based on the background of the problem that has been

presented, the authors are interested in doing on ―Status Quo of

International Financial Reporting Standard and International Standard on

Auditing: A Research on The Accountant Professional in JAKARTA.‖

7

B. Formulation of Program

Based on the above formulation of the problem which will be

studied in this research are :

a. Do knowledge of IFRS?

b. Do knowledge about the recent advances of IFRS and

ISAs?

c. Do knowledge of ISAs?

d. Do you think that ISAs will meet the needs of auditing as a

whole?

e. Do you believe that new challenges will accompany the

increasing use of IFRSs in accounting?

f. Do you think that new challenges will accompany the

adoption of ISAs in our country?

g. Do you believe that IFRSs will contribute to and enhance

the international economic and financial relations?

h. Do you think that the use of IFRSs might be mandatory?

i. Do you think that the financial reports prepared compatible

with IFRSs are easy to read and explanatory enough with

respect to the accounting applications?

C. Research Objection

The objectives of this research are:

a. Analyzing the influence about IFRS and ISA of the use

Status Quo of International Financial Reporting and

8

International Standards on Auditing : A Research on The

Accounting Professionals in Jakarta

b. Analyzing the use IFRSs might be mandatory

c. Analyzing the IFRSs will contribute to Status Quo of

International Financial Reporting and International

Standard on Auditing : A Research on the Accounting

Professionals in Jakarta

d. Professional skepticism and professional judgment are key

inputs to audit quality.

D. Limitation of Research

Limitation in this study are as follows:

a. Research object is used: Accountant Professional in Jakarta;

Accounting Manager, Supervisor, Auditor

b. The use of IFRS and ISA to in this study is the evidence of

the Status Quo of International Financial Reporting and

International Standard on Auditing: A Research on the

Accountant Professional in Jakarta.

c. Variable used to look at the factors that effect the use IFRSs

and ISAs is proxies by: Accountant Professionals in Jakarta

E. Benefit of research

The Result of this research are expected to provide benefits to some

parties. The benefit of this research include:

a. Auditors

9

The Results of this research can be input for Auditors in the

use IFRS and ISA to enhance to audit.

b. Accounting for Manager

The use of Accounting standards can enhance accurate in

assessing the performance of the company

10

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Basic Theory

The use of IFRS has continued to spread across the globe.

Nonetheless, as 2012 draws to a close, not everything in the IFRS garden

is rosy. Some 10 years after the IAS Regulation became law across the

European Union, some momentum has been lost as major convergence

projects have stalled, and the United States and some other significant

economies are hesitating as they consider whether to commit to IFRS. The

IASB Chairman, Among others, has recently expressed concern about the

convergence programme. Supporters of a single language of accounting

should not be unduly dismayed by the inevitable setbacks.

The advantages of IFRS implementation globally, Ball (2006)

argues that one key advantage is higher quality of information, which will

in turn lead to more informed decision making on the part of investors.

Work by Barth et al (2008), Cai et al (2008), Gassen and Sellhorn (2006),

and Hung and Subramanyam (2007) found evidence that supports this

among voluntary IFRS adopters worldwide, but findings from Jeanjean

and Stolowy (2008), Van Tendeloo and Vanstraelen (2005) and

Goncharov (2005) find that the use of IFRS has no impact on quality, in

particular levels of earnings management.

11

The mixed findings can be partly explained by the influence of

country-specific factors: the adoption of a common set of accounting

standards across the globe improve quality of financial reporting

homogeneously in each company and country because of the other factors

effect such as financial reporting incentives, legal systems and political

systems that may affect accounting quality (Soderstrom and Sun, 2007).

The current governance structure of the IFRS Foundation is laid out in the

Constitution of the IFRS Foundation. It involves an independent standard-

setting body, the IASB, overseen by the Trustees of a not-for-profit

corporation, the IFRS Foundation, who are in turn accountable to a body

of public capital markets authorities, the Monitoring Board.

This structure is designed to respond to two different objectives:

ensuring that the process of standard-setting is independent of undue

external pressure so as to promote investor confidence in the objectiveness

of the standards; and securing public accountability of the standard-setter,

so as to make it answerable to affected parties. International Financial

Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language

for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and

comparable across international boundaries. They are a consequence of

growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly

important for companies that have dealings in several countries. It might

be stated that International Financial Reporting Standards are

progressively replacing various national accounting standards.

12

The rules to be followed by accountants tomaintain books of

accounts which is comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant

regardless to the internality or externality of users. It is a known fact that

IFRS began as an attempt to harmonize accounting across the European

Union but the value of harmonization quickly made the concept attractive

in other jurisdictions around the world.

The Monitoring Board believes that the fundamental question to be

answered in the governance review is whether the current arrangement

effectively promotes the mission of the standard-setter, which should be

assessed against the two essential attributes required of the standard-

setting process: accountability and independence. As its stated objective,

the IASB is ―to develop, in the public interest, a single set of high quality,

understandable, enforceable, and globally accepted‖ standards that require

―high quality, transparent and comparable information in financial

statements and other financial reporting to help investors, other

participants in the world‘s capital markets and other users of financial

information make economic decisions.‖ In this context, the standard-setter

needs to be accountable to investors and other stakeholders and have in

place a robust process for considering their views in the standard-setting

process.

Capital markets authorities also have a strong interest in ensuring

the standard-setter‘s accountability with respect to their public policy

objectives, and a number of authorities have an interest in making sure the

13

standard-setting process affords an opportunity to take account of other

policy objectives, including, financial stability.

The current governance system places a strong emphasis on

ensuring the independence of the standard-setting decisions, and also

attempts to give due consideration to relevant public policy objectives

mainly through conferring with the Monitoring Board on an as-needed

basis, and also through dialogue with relevant authorities. Such

arrangements reflect the shared understanding that the standard-setter

needs to pay due attention to a variety of legitimate public policy

objectives in its elaboration of accounting standards.

B. International Financial Reporting Standard

System

In the midst of the global financial crisis that began in mid-

2007 with the bursting of the bubble in the United States housing

market, the G20 group of countries publicly endorsed the aim of

establishing a single set of high-quality global accounting

standards. has been achieved since then, with use of International

Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – the standards published by

the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) – continuing

to spread across the globe. There is a growing body of evidence

that as the use of IFRS has grown, financial information has

become more transparent and more comparable.

Information

14

Information is a defined as output data management is

organized and useful for people who receive it. Information

consists of data that has been transformed into a meaningful and

useful knowledge to achieve goals.

The significance attributed to the IFRS Foundation‘s

governance framework underscores how important the IASB and

IFRSs have become to global capital markets. The IASB has

developed into a global accounting standard-setter whose standards

have become part of legislation or accepted practice in many

jurisdictions

. The widespread use of IFRS has led to demands by

investors and regulators a like that IFRS be developed through a

process that is both accountable to those who rely on IFRSs, and

independent of undue outside influence that might undermine the

degree to which financial statements prepared using IFRSs offer

high quality, transparent and comparable information. The

oversight structure supporting the standard-setting process should

reflect the role those standards play.

A single set of high quality, globally accepted accounting

standards offers a certain analogy to a universal language, or

lingua franca, serving a wide range of different industries and

entities, and a great variety of different types of investors and other

stakeholders of financial statements, operating in many different

15

countries and across jurisdictional boundaries. The fundamental

question that underpins this governance review is whether current

governance arrangements promote the IASB‘s primary mission of

developing high quality, globally accepted accounting standards,

and in a way that best serves investors in their dialogue.

Accountability

Capital markets are predicated on confidence and

transparency. Transparent financial statement disclosures engender

the confidence of the users of financial information. The quality of

those disclosures begins with the integrity of the financial reporting

framework on which they are based. The degree to which the

governance structure provides for the integrity of a financial

reporting framework is measured in terms of its accountability to

investors, markets and market participants.

An important dimension of accountability concerns the

relationship between the IFRS Foundation and the capital markets

authorities responsible for setting the form and content of financial

reporting in jurisdictions applying IFRSs, as represented through

the Monitoring Board. Accountability is further demonstrated by an

inclusive and transparent due process allowing all stakeholders the

possibility to contribute to the IASB‘s standard-setting process.

This due process must ensure that the standard-setting process

delivers improvements in the quality of financial information,

while striking an appropriate balance between costs and benefits.

16

The standard-setting process must also give due consideration to

the need for consistency in the financial reporting framework, as

this may impact the comparability of financial information over

time.

Auditor

External auditor is an independent firm engaged by the client

subject to the audit, to express an opinion on whether the

company's financial statement are free of material misstatements,

whether due to fraud or error. For publicly traded companies,

external auditors may also be required to express an opinion over

the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting

Internal Auditors are employed by the organizations they

audit. They work for government agencies (federal, state and

local); for publicly traded companies; and for non-profit companies

across all industries.

International Standard on Auditing

Are professional standards for the performance financial

audit of financial information. These standards are issued

by International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) through

the International Audit and Assurance Standard Board (IAASB).

Exploring the Growing Use of Technology in the Audit, with a

Focus on Data Analytics

17

This Request for Input from the International Auditing and

Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)‘s Data Analytic Working

Group (DAWG) provides insights into the opportunities and

challenges with the use of data analytics in the audit of financial

statements and outlines the insights gained from the DAWG‘s

activities to date. The purpose of the Request for Input is to:

a) Inform stakeholders about the IAASB‘s ongoing work to

explore effective and appropriate use of technology, with a

focus on data analytics, in the audit of financial statements;

and

b) Obtain stakeholder input and perspectives on whether all of

the considerations relevant to the use of data analytics in a

financial statement audit have been identified.

Supplementing this publication is a call for nominations for a

newly formed Project Advisory Panel to further advise the IAASB

and the DAWG on developments relevant to standard setting.

Stakeholder input will assist the IAASB in effectively responding

to these developments in the public interest, including determining

whether new or revised international standards or guidance may be

necessary.

High-quality audits support financial stability As the global

auditing standard setter, the IAASB has a public interest responsibility

18

to develop standards and guidance for auditors to facilitate high-

quality audits being achieved.

This in turn builds public trust and confidence in financial

statements and corporate financial reporting more broadly. In the

history of the audit profession, there have been shifts in how the audit

is executed. These shifts have been a result of transformations in the

environment in which companies operate, and in which audits are

performed. Prior to the current risk-based audit approach, companies

operated in a far less complex environment.

As a result, the audit was carried out in a largely manual way

with a relatively high proportion of the financial information

underlying the financial statements being tested without any

significant emphasis on the nature and extent of the risks of material

misstatement. Over time, the risk-based audit approach has evolved—

due to

higher transaction volumes such that auditors were not able to

test all transactions underlying the financial statements;

Increased complexity

regulation stimulated by highly public failures of companies;

and

technology limitations. A risk-based audit focuses on the

nature and extent of risks of material misstatement for the

particular engagement, with greater emphasis on obtaining an

19

understanding of internal control established by an entity and,

where appropriate, obtaining audit evidence from the auditor‘s

testing of the effectiveness of such internal control.

Technological change is occurring at a rapid pace, ushering in

the capability to capture and communicate data digitally, on an

unprecedented scale and almost instantaneously.

This has resulted in an increasing focus on data, whether

structured or unstructured, and whether generated internally or

externally to the entity. Comprehensive and powerful digital

information systems are increasingly capable of handling, analyzing,

communicating and responding to these data-related changes.

Companies are rapidly changing their business models in innovative

ways in response to these developments. Stakeholder expectations

regarding the use of technology in the financial statement audit are

evolving.

Developments in technology, both within the financial

reporting systems used to initiate, process, record and store data

representing the information in the financial statements, and the tools

and techniques available to analyze that data, are resulting in

questions from stakeholders regarding how data analytics fits into the

current risk based on audit model. In a number of jurisdictions,

particularly where proposals and re-proposals for audit are now more

common, entities are inquiring of the auditor‘s data analytics

20

capabilities and in some cases, expecting the auditor to perform an

audit that includes the increased use of technology, particularly data

analysis.

C. The Future ISA

The IAASB is responsible for global audit and assurance standard

setting. This is undertaken in the interests of the public at large. It runs

from the core financial statements right through to elements of

sustainability, ethics, and integrity. High-quality external reporting, in

turn, contributes to the stability of companies and economies.

Financial information must be relevant, timely, and reliable to meet

the needs of users. Users of audited financial statements must have

confidence that the auditor has worked to a suitable standard and that a

―quality audit‖ has been performed. But users cannot often directly

evaluate audit quality. three other indicators: the auditor‘s opinion and

other elements of the auditor‘s report (such as the ―key audit matters,‖ a

section that will be an important element in future audit reports); external

oversight bodies and their reports on inspection findings, both at a global

level and on individual audit firms; and other important elements of the

financial reporting supply chain, like the involvement of the audit

committee and transparency reports. To enhance credibility and trust, we

are committed to advancing audit quality worldwide.

This commitment results in us developing standards that both

protect the interests of those who rely on audits, assurance, and other

services and are practicable for those who must implement them.

21

Therefore, our most important strategic objective is to ensure that our

standards, the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), continue to

form the basis for high-quality, relevant audits conducted worldwide.

Responding on a timely basis to issues noted in practice and emerging

developments. At the same time, The key investor messages are five

themes:

First, Technology, increasing business complexity, risk and

ensuring the ISAs remain relevant and allowing the audit to

evolve alongside changes to financial and non-financial

reporting.

Second, issues around audit firms‘ remuneration and

independence (e.g., in relation to non-audit services) need

to be addressed.

Third, audit teams need to have the time, seniority, and

skills to probe for issues and an audit fee that allows this.

Fourth, more transparency would be welcome, such as

further exploring transparency reporting by firms,

continuing to think about ways to enhance auditor reporting

(including such topics as materiality, other auditors,

changes in audit scope in the auditor‘s report, and tenure),

and the International Forum of Independent Audit

Regulators and its members making more details of

inspection findings available.

22

Fifth, the role of the auditor with environmental, social, and

corporate governance reporting should continue to be

explored.

D. The Future IFRS

IFRS have the unique advantage of being designed for an

international audience, of being developed in an environment free from legal

and other national constraints. They benefit from the neutrality that this brings

to the standard-setting process. This, arguably, contrasts with Us GAAP,

which has its roots in a very specific regulatory and legal system and a

tradition of political intervention that makes it less suitable for application by

entities beyond the confines, Perhaps most importantly, IFRSs have the

advantage of being primarily principles-based. Producing standards based

very firmly on principles rather than prescriptive rules, with a minimum of

sector-specific material, application guidance and interpretations, results in a

clearer and more understandable body of accounting literature. It is more

likely to produce standards that are sufficiently flexible to accommodate

complex and unfore seen eventualities and changes in the financial and

economic environment. It encourages the application of professional

judgement by companies and auditors, without frequent requests to standard-

setters to elaborate on existing requirements by adding rules and

implementation guidance. Importantly, it also reduces the opportunity for

circumventing the intentions of standard-setters, something more likely in a

more rules- based environment. It seems fair to say that the more detailed

23

nature of GAAP and the greater use of ‗bright lines‘ have contributed in the

United states to the development of a more prescriptive, complex and diverse

body of accounting literature. This needs to be avoided in an international

context. A principles-based approach to standard-setting is fundamental to the

success of IFRs as the standards are increasingly adopted by jurisdictions with

differing traditions of reporting and regulation. Despite these advantages of

IFRs, the faculty does not offer its support to the IASB lightly. Where

necessary, our responses to IASB consultations are highly critical. The current

suite of IFRSs is far from perfect. In some respects, they seem overly

complex, and in some instances quality has been compromised by the rush to

converge with GAAP. Improvements to the standards can undoubtedly be

made. In particular, it is imperative that work on the new approach to

accounting for the impairment of financial assets is completed without any

further delay. The faculty also believes that the IASB should review how

company performance is reported as a priority. A definitive view on what is

meant by performance, the purpose of net income and the rationale for

distinguishing income statement items from those taken to ‗other

comprehensive income‘ is long overdue. As users tend to be focussed on

earnings as a key reporting metric, until this issue is satisfactorily resolved

there will remain prima facie grounds for continued criticism of IFRs

reporting. but, despite these and other shortcomings, we believe that the IFRs

product has inherent strengths and advantages that fully justify support for the

24

IASB by those seeking to realise the vision of a high-quality, global set of

accounting standards.

E. Understanding IFRS diffusion within the socio-economic and political

context

Accounting standard-setting literature has examined over the last

decades the forces that drive accounting harmonization as an emerging

form of international global governance (Botzem, 2012; Posner, 2010) and

has placed international accounting harmonization within the wider socio-

economic and political context (e.g., Arnold & Sikka, 2001; Arnold, 2012;

Cooper, Neu, & Lehman, 2003; Gallhofer&Haslam, 2006).

In particular, researchers have highlighted the importance of social

and political forces that drive the IFRS diffusion and the reasons for the

IASB‘s success, including the endorsement and support of IFRS by

powerful international bodies, the flexible transnational private authority

structure of the IASB, the plasticity of IFRS and the legitimacy the IASB

has gained as an epistemic community of specialized technical knowledge

(Chua & Taylor, 2008; Martinez-Diaz, 2005; Mattli&Büthe, 2005; Perry

&Nölke, 2006; Zeff, 2012).

According to this body of literature, international accounting

standard-setting processes and outcomes are driven by political actors and

power dynamics among these actors seeking to pursue their self-interests

within a changing institutional context (Bengtsson, 2011; Crawford et al.,

25

2014; Noël, Ayayi, & Blum, 2010). However, power operates in different

levels; power operates at the international level of standard-setting but also

at the local level of enforcement and implementation.

Power entails economic and other coercive or sanctioning forces,

such as the mandatory adoption of IFRS by publicly listed companies, but

also power can have ideological dimension, in the sense of shaping and

reproducing a certain system of values and beliefs that is accepted as

legitimate by powerful actors.

Institutional theory perspectives have been used to explain the

ways that organizational behavior is driven by socially embedded norms,

values and shared meanings (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Meyer & Rowan,

1977) and the various responses of organization to institutional pressures

(Greenwood &Hinings, 1996; Oliver, 1991).

In the context of IFRS, there are some studies that draw on neo-

institutional theories to examine the adoption of IFRS in national contexts

and organizational and governmental responses to international standards

(e.g. Albu et al., 2014; Guerreiro, Rodrigues, & Craig, 2012; Irvine, 2008;

Judge, Li, &Pinsker, 2010; Maroun& 7 Zijl, 2015).

In these studies, researchers find that the adoption of IFRS is

driven not only by coercircive regulatory forces but also by social

legitimation pressures, rather than based on economic logic and IFRS‘

efficiency.

26

Powerful local actors and institutions and the mutual conflicting

interests of these actors for legitimacy determine the adoption and

implementation of IFRS in local contexts. However, little about the

rationalities that condition the perceptions of actors on financial

reporting standards.

F. Acceptance of IFRS as Part of the (neo-liberal) Modernization Project

In this section of the findings, Local actors draw mainly on

modernization related arguments to justify the necessity for IFRS

referring to aspects such as internationalization, limited state

intervention, the importance of free markets and the supremacy of

Western accounting and socio-political systems. However, rather than

suggesting that individuals can be identified and clearly divided as

adherents of either the ‗modernization‘ or the ‗underdog‘ value system -

as individuals can draw to different values and norms in different

junctures Nevertheless, it was apparent in the interviews that a particular

view predominated in the thinking of local actors and this is what a

attempt to capture in the discussion that follows.

G. Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and

Medium-sized Enterprises

Diverse complications and controversial issues in the adoption of

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Small and

27

Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have been reported by many

jurisdictions, prompting them not to adopt this set of standards.

Conversely many jurisdictions have adopted or are in the process of

adopting IFRS for SMEs. This study considers the impetus for

successfully achieving accounting convergence with IFRS for SMEs in

those jurisdictions.

The possible transition issues that may arise when countries adopt

IFRS for SMEs are also highlighted. Furthermore, to provide pioneering

evidence on the problems accountants encounter when applying IFRS for

SMEs, Both the insights provided on the process of embracing IFRS for

SMEs in Fiji and the opinions elicited from accountants highlight new

dimensions to the inherent problems in IFRS for SMEs.

Scant attention has been given to this issue so far; hence the

empirical evidence provided by our study informs not only the global

convergence of SME accounting but also the quality of the current suite of

IFRS for SMEs.

H. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board

(IAASB) is an independent standard setting body that serves the public

interest by setting, under its own authority, high-quality international

auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and related services

standards.

28

The IAASB also seeks to facilitate adoption and implementation of

international standards. These objectives contribute to enhanced quality

and consistency of practice throughout the world, and strengthened public

confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession The

IAASB sets its international standards under the oversight of the Public

Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), and with the advice of the IAASB‘s

Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the

development of the standards.

The IAASB consists of a full-time chairman and 17 volunteers

from around the world. The 18 board members comprise 9 practitioners

with significant experience in the field of auditing and other assurance

services and 9 non-practitioners1 (including the chairman) who are not

members or employees of an audit firm. At least three of the non-

practitioners are public members: individuals who are expected to reflect,

and are seen to reflect, the wider public interest. All board members and

their technical advisors are required to sign an annual statement declaring

that they will act in the public interest and with integrity in discharging

their responsibilities.

The IAASB ordinarily meets at least four times a year for a full

week. Additionally, the board may hold short teleconferences to consider

specific issues. In developing its standards the IAASB is required to be,

and is dedicated to being, transparent in its activities, and to adhere to due

process as approved by the PIOB. Board meetings and teleconferences are

29

open to the public. Current IAASB exposure drafts, consultation papers

and all comment letters provided thereon are available on the IAASB

website.

Current and past agenda papers and meeting minutes, as well as

audio recordings of the IAASB‘s meetings, meeting highlights, and audio

podcast summaries of meetings are available on the IAASB website. The

structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are

facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).

Enhancing the Role Relevance and Quality of Assurance

and Related Services in an Evolving World

Audits of financial statements are not the only

assurance service for which standards are important in the

public interest. And for many, including small- and

medium-sized entities (SMEs), other assurance and related

services may be equally relevant.

In 2012, the IAASB issued its revised standard for review

engagements to support the needs of jurisdictions that are

requiring, or are likely to require, statutory reviews instead

of audits, or where entities or their stakeholders request

such engagements voluntarily.

The finalization of this standard, in addition to the

revised standard for compilation engagements released in

30

2011, moves the IAASB forward in providing an updated

suite of standards relevant to, in particular but not

exclusively, smaller practices and SMEs. More broadly, the

IAASB continued to be innovative and responsive to

emerging assurance fields. Our new standard addressing

assurance on greenhouse gas statements addresses the clear

and growing demand for companies to disclose their

environmental impacts and to report detailed emissions

information and to obtain assurance thereon.

j. ISA 720 The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information

sufficient

In terms of the existing ISAs, a new definitive standard is not

necessarily needed. The consistency check required by ISA 720 is limited

and poorly understood outside of the profession, but serves a purpose.

ISAE 3000 is becoming established and usefully distinguishes between

how a limited assurance engagement differs from a reasonable assurance

engagement in practice and provides guidance for assurance engagements

covering risk and response. It also requires practitioners to provide more

detail in the assurance report on the actual work performed, and provides

for a third-party validation and testing of the design and operating

effectiveness of the company‘s processes and procedures.

Rather than develop new standards at this time, the scope, benefits,

and limitations of the relevant ISAs and ISAEs could be more widely

31

promoted to the professional accountants in business and business

constituencies, as well as to users.

This would also help manage the expectation gap that the PAIB

Committee believe exists among users. Although ISA 720 may describe

the narrow auditor‘s responsibilities with respect to other information

included in annual report, current communications around ISAs may not

be sufficient to educate users in this regard.

Table 2.1

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

NO

Author

(Year)

Research

Result of Research

1.

2.

(Soderstrom and

Sun, 2007).

(Botzem, 2012;

Posner, 2010)

factors’ effect such

as financial

reporting incentives,

legal systems and

political systems that

may affect

accounting quality

Accounting standard-

setting literature has

examined over the

last decades the

forces that drive

accounting

improve quality of

financial reporting

homogeneously in

each company and

country

Understanding

IFRS diffusion

within the socio-

economic and

political context

32

3.

4.

(DiMaggio &

Powell, 1983; Meyer

& Rowan, 1977)

(Greenwood

&Hinings, 1996;

Oliver, 1991).

harmonization as an

emerging form of

international global

governance

Power entails

economic and other

coercive/sanctioning

forces, such as the

mandatory adoption

of IFRS

The various

responses of

organization to

institutional

pressures

Understanding

IFRS diffusion

within the socio-

economic and

political context.

social and political

forces that drive

the IFRS diffusion

and the reasons for

the IASB‘s

success.

33

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Source of data used in this study is the data subject.ie the data in

the form of opinions, attitudes, experience, or characteristic of a person or

group of people who become research subjects (respondents). This study

refers to a pervious study conducted David, Charles, Farel, Ramona, and

Ogilby Suzanne (2009). Differences in this study with previous research

were on the theory and the study sample.

A. Research Design

This study was a survey (survey research) in the form

explanation of research and testing hypotheses (explanatory) which

uses descriptive and exploratory methods because the core of the

discussion are academics and practitioners perceptions of skill or

competence relevant to a accountant. Thus, the researchers used a

survey questionnaire because it is considered the most appropriate

technique to answer their questions. Based on this research include the

comparative study group. The study is a comparative study is

compared. Are compared in this study is the perception between

academics and practitioners about the expertise or the skills of

Accountant Professionals, in this case is calculated to be nine of

competency.

34

B. Population, Sampling, and Sampling Techniques

The population in this study is that academic accountant in

the university in Jakarta and practitioners are government

accountant in government agencies such as an auditing as an

auditing firm.

The research population is knowledge about International

Financial Reporting Standards and International Standards

Auditing located in Jakarta. Determination of the number of

samples to be studied referring to rules of thumb proposed by

resource in Raif Palakkaya (2014). The simple size is a multiple

(two times or more) the number variables. This research uses two

variable. So the minimum number of sample studied Numerical

results of the research question relating to the awareness and

knowledge levels were rated over 4 levels ranging from ― limited‖

to ―excellent‖

Sampling (sampling) is performed by using a type of non-

probability sampling methods is purposive sampling. Reason of the

purposive sampling method for this study will only select samples

that have the knowledge and understanding of the Accountant

Professionals should posses

Sample to be selected are : First, The Accountant is a lecturer

of accounting educators who work in universities in Jakarta and

35

surrounding cities. Second, the Auditor in Certified Public

Accounting Firm (KAP) . Consideration for selecting accounting

faculty because it is faster to follow the issues or development in

science, and Certified Public Accounting Firm (KAP) duties have

been practicing as a Accounting Professionals, so it already has the

knowledge and expertise that must-have for Accounting

Professionals.

Minimum number of samples to be examined for each group

of respondents was 20 people; this is in accordance with the rules

of thumb suggested by Roscoe in have now (2003). Purpose

sampling methods in this study were obtained using the following

criteria:

1. Auditor Agencies in Jakarta which one served as an

Auditor.

C. Research Variables and Operational Definition of Variables

This study of nine items measuring the construct of

competence relevant expertise for an Accounting Professionals who

raised David, Charles, Farrel, Ramona, And Ogilby, Suzanne (2009) ,

namely: effective oral communicator, audit skill, effective written

communicator, The three constructs are independent and all measured

variables.

36

In this study, there were ten operational definition of the

variables to be used are:

Effective oral communicator

An ability to communicate effectively, orally

conducted through expert testimony and a general

explanation of the basic opinion. measured using a 5 point

scale Likert. Effective oral communicator indicates the

lowest number is not important at all, while effective oral

communicator indicates the highest importance.

Auditing skill

Is paramount for a accounting professionals because

of the nature of the collection and verification of

information contained in the accounting professionals.

Skilled accountant professionals should be able to collect

and examine any relevant information so that the cases they

handle will be supported positively by the court. Measured

using a 5 point scale Likert. Audit skill indicates the lowest

number is not important at all, while audit skill indicates

the highest importance.

37

Effective written communication

An ability to communicate effectively by writing

through report, charts, drawings, and schedules on the basis

of opinion. Measured using a 5 point scale Likert. Effective

written communicator indicates the lowest number is not

important at all, while effective written communicator

indicates the highest importance.

D. Type Data

1. Primary Data

Indrianto and Supomo (2006) explains that the primary data

is source of research data obtained directly from the original source

(not through an intermediary data). Primary data to form an

opinion subject or person individual or group obtained from field

research become the object of research by road spreading, the

result of observation, event or activity. Primary data in this study

obtained through questionnaires. This research uses primary data

collected by the individual indirectly through object. The primary

data obtained through questionnaires given to Auditor, and

Accounting Manager.

38

2. Secondary Data

Indrianto and Supomo (2006) explains that the secondary

data is data collected from other sources to approach literature

study. The secondary data can be obtained through literature,

books, records and history reports that have been arranged in the

archives or documentary data and documents published by

companies associated with the object of research for the year 2009.

Secondary data research comes from the periodic report

information company, which reports the number of customers and

report the amount of customer receivables.

3. Research Instruments

Instrument used in this study is a questionnaire that consisted

of two part. The first part of questionnaire contains questions about

the identity of the respondents are asked about the name,

profession, gender, and education.

The second part of the questionnaire contains statements about

respondents perceptions regarding the competence of the five items

that must be possessed of expertise relevant to Accounting

Professionals, the answers were developed (Digabriele 2008)

using a Likert scale of response is not important (STS), is not

important (TS), neutral (N), agree (S) is very important (SS).

39

4. Data Quality Test

The instrument is a media research in data collection, so the

questionnaire said reliable if respondents answer consistently when

asked the same question in a different time. To find out the

reliability of a questionnaire which is an indicator of the research

variables, it is necessary to test the reliability and validity (Hair et

al. 1998. Huck and Cornier 1996 in Bambang and Indriantoro

1999). To test the quality of data obtained from the application of

the instrument, then the validity and reliability need.

1. Validity and Reliability Test

Done to set valid or invalid or not a questionnaire.

A questionnaire is said to invalid if the question

questionnaire able to reveal something that will be

measured by the questionnaire. To test the validity of

the questionnaire of the questionnaire used to perform

correlation between the score of the questions with a

total score of variable. Significance test is done by

comparing the count r table. If r greater than r count

table and a positive value then the items is declared

valid question (Ghozali, 2006).

Intended to measure a questionnaire which is an

indicator of the variables or constructs. A questionnaire

is said to reliable if someone answers to question are

consistent or stable over time. Statistical formula used

40

to measure the statistical reliability is Cronbach Alpha

(α). A variable is said reliable if the Cronbach alpha

value>0,60 (Ghozali,2006).

2. Classic Test Assumptions

Classic Test assumption aims to determine the relationship

between the variables in the data. Before conducting regression

analyzes, first tested the classical assumptions to determine whether

there is a relationship between the variables.

a. Normality Test

Normality test aims to test whether the regression

model, or residual confounding variables has a normal

distribution, i.e. the graph analysis and statistical test

(Ghozali,2009), Normality test can be done by looking at

the spread of the data (dots) on the diagonal axis of the

graph or by looking at the histogram from the residual.

Basic decision making namely (Ghozali,2009) :

1) If the point spread around the diagonal line

and follow the direction of the diagonal

line, the regression model to meet the

assumptions of normality.

2) If the point spread away from the line or

diagonal and do not follow the direction

of the diagonal line. The regression model

did not meet assumptions of normality.

41

Which tools such as statistical test to Kolmogorov-

Smirnov Z (1-Sample KS), the basic decision making

(Ghazali,2009) :

1. If the value Asymp Sig. (2-tailed) less

than 0,05, then H0 is Rejected. This

mean that the data are not normally

distributed residuals

2. If the value Asymp Sig (2-tailed) of

more than 0,05, then H0 is Accepted.

This means that the data were normally

distributed residuals.

b. Multicollinearity Test

Multicollinearity test aims to test whether the

regression model found a correlation between the

independent variables (Ghozali,2009:95).A good

regression model should not happen correlation between

the independent variables to detect the presence or

absence of multicollinearity in the regression model can

be seen from the value of tolerance and the variance

inflation factor opponent (VIF). Multicollinearity views

of the tolerance value <0,10 or VIF> 10. Both of these

42

measurements indicates each independent variable which

is explained.

c. Heteroscedasticity Test

Heteroscedasticity test aims to test whether is in a

regression model appear inequality of the residual and

variance of observation to other observations.

3. Hypothesis Testing Research

a) Test Coefficient of Determination (R2)

The value of adjusted R Squared is always smaller

than the value of R Squared. Adjusted R Squared

penalizes to add more repressors. Unlike R2 , adjusted R

2

will increase only if the absolute t value of the added

variable is greater than 1. The closer it is to 1, the better

is the fit. This mean that the independent variable used

could explain almost 100% of the variance in the

independent variable. We know that one of the measures

of goodness of fit of a regression model is R2, which is

defined as :

R2 = ESS = 1-RSS

TSS TSS

R2, thus defined, of necessity lies between 0 and 1. The

closer it is to 1, the better is the fit.

43

b) Individual Parameter or Partial Significance

Test (t-Test)

T test aims to test how far the influence or

impact of two independent variable in this

socialization of individual are the auditor

experience and auditor consideration in

explaining the dependent variable is Accounting

Professionals. If the significance value > 0.05

then Ha is Rejected, Whereas if the significance

value of < 0.05 Ha is Accepted and we can

compare between t-Test and t-Table , t-Test > t-

Table

c) Simlutaneous Significance Testing (Testing F)

The function of F-test is to see and

understand the influence of both independent

variables towards dependent variables. If the

significance value > 0.05 then Ha is Rejected,

whereas if the significance value of <0.05 Ha is

accepted. To further convince this F test result it can

be seen from the F table, with the following explain:

1) If the value of test > F table, then Ho is rejected

and Ha is accepted.

2) If the value of test>F table, then Ho is accepted

and Ha is rejected.

44

d) Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

The multiple regression analysis can

measured partially (indicated by coefficient of partial

regression) jointly indicated by coefficient of multiple

determination (R2), (Indiantoro and

Supomo,2009:211). In this analysis, we can see how

the independent variables, which are Adoption of

IFRS(X1), The Role of Internal Audit (X2), and

Accounting Professionals (Y). Multiple linear

regression analysis use to measure the mathematical

relationship between more than two variable. A

research model of multiple linear regression equation

as follows:

Y = α + β1X1 + β2X2 + e

Y = Accounting Professionals

Coefficient β1 = Regression Variable the

adoption of IFRS

Coefficient β2 = Regression Variable of

International

Audit

X1 = IFRS

X2 = ISA

45

e) Data Collection Method

To ensure the reliability and validity, a pilot study

conducted prior to the questionnaire by trying out a

questionnaire to potential respondents chosen so that the

intent of the questionnaire to be clear and understandable.

After testing the questionnaire, the results obtained have

been ensuring the reliability and validity because

respondents easily understand the questionnaire given.

Data was collected through survey method.

Data obtained using a questionnaire distributed directly to

the accounting professional who worked at the Certified

Public Accounting Firm (KAP).

Data collection method was conducted by research

field survey. The research instrument used for data

collection is a list of question (questionnaires) was

distributed directly to Accountant Professionals

respondents. Prospective respondent are found with

respect to IFRS‘s and ISA‘s data report accountant

professionals in Jakarta.

1. Survey Method

This Method requires to presence of contact or

relationship between researcher and respondent. The data

46

obtained is largely a descriptive data, but data collection

is explaining cause and effect. (Indriantoro and

Supomo,2002: 145). The writer took questioner for this

research. The questionnaire as an efficient technique,

when researchers will know certainly about variables

which will be measured and know to expect from the

respondent ( Sugiyono, 2009:14). The researcher divided

3 structured questionnaire using category scale and

numerical scale.

In this study, data collection techniques that I use in obtaining the

data are :

a. Field Research

Field research is primary data

collection by reviewing directly to the CPA.

For this research, the writing took CPA firm

in Jakarta Region. Primary data obtained

through interviews, questionnaires and

observations with the parties concerned with

the problem under study.

b. Literature Research

The literature research is a way to

obtain secondary data which can provide

theoretical basic to support the discussion of

the identification problem. These data are

47

derived from books and other references

pertaining to the object under study.

f) Operational Research Variable

Based on the title that the author presented the influence of

adoption IFRS and the role of audit to Accounting Professionals, the

operational variable are as follows:

1.The Adoption of IFRS as Variable X1

Variable of IFRS views of IFRS when there

are several factors such as investor protection,

securities regulation and culture affecting financial

report ( Narktabtee and Patpanichchot (2011)).

The question from the questionnaire

combined to International Standards on Audit, how

will be Accounting Professionals. Every questions

measured by category Likert.

2. The International Standard on Audit as Variable X2

Variable international Standard on Audit of

Audit when there are auditors were not able to test all

transactions underlying the financial statement. Every

questions measured by category Likert

Table 3.1

48

Research Operational Variable

No

Variable

Indicator

Question

Number

Scale

1 Adoption of IFRS in

theworld (jeanand

stolowy (2008)), X1

1. Improve IFRS

with corporate

accounting

applications

1 and 2

interval

2

International

Standard on Audit

(effendi,2010

dalamZelmiyantiand

Anita (2015)),

(Auditing and the

Public Accounting

profession,S.shuter

and S.Barr (1998)),

X2

1. Independence and

objectivity

3

Interval

2. Audit professional

skills and accuracy

4

Interval

3. Quality

International

standard on

Auditing

5

Interval

4. Knowing how the

International

Standard on

Auditing works

6 and 7

Interval

5. Implementation of

International

standard on

Auditing

8,9 and 10

Interval

6. Indepedence of

International Standard

Audit

11

Interval

Table 3.1

49

Research Operational Variable (Continue)

3. Accounting

Professionals

(International

Association

Accounting

Professionals),Y

1. Integrity of

Accounting of

Professionals

12,13,14,and 15 Interval

2. Ethics of

the

Accounting

Professionals

16,17,18,19,20,and

21

Interval

50

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

A. General Description of Research Object

The object of this research is at Universities based on Jakarta and

Public Accounting Firm business entity that has obtained permissions

from the Indonesian of Finance or its extended authorities to provide a

venue for public accountants in providing services, in the general

understanding, public accountants or independents auditors are

accountants who have obtained permissions from the Ministry of Finance

or its extended authorities to provide the respective services. A public

Accountant Firm is providing services that are referred in general to

Accountant Professional. Explanation of these are:

1. IFRS‘s will be contribute to and enhance the International

Economic

2. IFRS might mandatory

3. IFRSs in Accounting Applications

4. The adoption of ISAs

5. Professionals of Accounting

6. Knowledge ISAs

7. Knowledge IFRSs

51

Descriptive Data

This study uses descriptive analysis to explain the ease in

interpreting the results of further analysis. The classification of data

obtained is presented in tabular form. It is intended to describe the

condition of respondents as a whole based on its characteristics.

The research was conducted using questionnaires that have been

distributed in existing University and Public Accounting Firm in Jakarta.

The objects of research are educators and external auditors. Distribution

and the return of questionnaire start from August 01,2017 until 20 October,

2017 100 copies of questionnaire distribute to Public Accounting Firm in

Jakarta.

Table 4.1

Question distribution

Questionnaire Total Percentage

Total questionnaires distributed 100 100%

Total questionnaires not returned 23 23%

Total questionnaires returned from CPA firm 77 77%

Total questionnaires selected (7 questionnaires

from 77 are not completely fulfilled)

70 70%

Total questionnaires will be processed

(questionnaire from 70 are not match with

criteria because 20 questionnaire are junior

auditor auditor)

50 50%

Source: primer data processed,2017

52

In table 4.1 showed that from 100 questioner, 23 not return by

CPA Firm and 77 the questioner had been returned. After that, the writer

checking questioner collected from respondent whether it fulfill correctly or

not. There are 70 questioner selected and ready to process. But in case,

there is some problem with junior auditor criteria. Respondent

characteristics are measured with selected respondent or auditors that have

some criteria (Ida Suraida,2005) :

1. Senior Auditor

2. Supervisor

So, I decide to reduce the data with delete the junior auditor

criteria. Finally, the characteristic of the respondents, there are 50

respondents consisting of auditors who can represent and be the respondent.

There are some distributed data and received data from each CPA firm:

53

Table 4.2

Distributed Questioners in each CPA firm

Description Distribut

ed Data

Receive

d Data

Percenta

ge

Public

Accounti

ng Firm

1.CPA FIRM EFFENDY

& REKAN

20 15 75%

2. CPA FIRM JEPTHA

NASIB & JUNIHOL

20 10 50%

3.CPA FIRM

HELICINTO & REKAN

20 5 25%

4. CPA FIRM

ISHAK,SALEH,SOEWO

NDO &REKAN

20 10 50%

5. CPA FIRM Drs.

MOHAMMED YOESOEF

20 10 50%

Total 50

Source: primer data processed,2017

In Table 4.2 there is CPA firm at JAKARTA. Because of limited

time and money, so the writer decides to choose 5 CPA firm. There are 100

examples of questioner divided for 5 CPA firm and 50 questioners are

returned without junior auditor criteria.

54

Table 4.3

Description of Respondents

Age 30-39 years old

40-49 years old

>50

30

20

0

60%

40%

0%

Last

education

S1

S2

S3

30

20

0

60%

40%

0

Current

position

Senior auditor

Accounting

Manager

35

15

70%

30%

Source : primer data processed,2017

55

Analysis and Discussion

1. Validity Test

The questioner was divided into two variables those are adoption

IFRS, International Standards on Audit to Professionals Accounting.

According (Sugiyono, 2009.178) test validity used to measured the legal

valid or invalid of a questionnaire. A questionnaire said valid if the

questions on the questionnaire are able to reveal something that will be on

questionnaire measure. The total score on test validity said valid if the

number parameter of scores > 0.30.

Validity of the test item reliability analysis can be seen in the output of

―Item-Total Statistic‖ in the ― Corrected Item-Total Correlation‖. The

figures is a correlation between the numbers of each item with the total

score of the items and have made corrections to the value of the

correlation coefficient to avoid spurious overlap effects. The total score

on test validity of said valid if the number of scores > 0.30.

(Priyatno,2012: 183-184).

56

Table 4.4

Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for IFRS

Item-Total Statistics

Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance

if Item

Deleted

Correcte

d Item-

Total

Correlati

on

Squared

Multiple

Correlati

on

Cronbach

's Alpha

if Item

Deleted

Q1 2.32

1.78

.357

.512

.650

.650

.422

.422

.

. Q2

Source: Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0

Based on table 4.3, all questions are about Adoption IFRS variable.

From the table, it can be seen that all of the questions are valid and have

positive correlation, because score corrected item-total correlation is >

0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).

57

Table 4.5

Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for International

Standard on Audit

Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0

Based on table 4.4, all questions are about International

standard on Audit variable. From the table, it can be seen that all of the

questions are valid and have positive correlation, because score corrected

item-total correlation is > 0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).


Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance

if Item

Deleted

Corrected

Item-Total

Correlatio

n

Squared

Multiple

Correlatio

n

Cronbach'

s Alpha if

Item

Deleted

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

30.55

30.19

29.61

29.85

29.56

29.63

29.39

29.35

29.21

27.815

27.470

27.902

24.363

24.989

24.934

26.399

26.133

27.233

.508

.358

.408

.614

.641

.651

.588

.620

.467

.381

.313

.277

.465

.570

.603

.563

.735

.619

.817

.835

.826

.803

.800

.799

.807

.804

.820

58

Table 4.6

Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for Professionals of

Accountant


Based on table 4.5, all questions are about Professionals

Accounting variable. From the table, it can be seen that all of the questions

are valid and have positive correlation, because score corrected item-total

correlation is > 0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).

2. Reliability Test

Reliability test can only be done after the instrument has

confirmed it‘s validity. Reliability testing in this study to indicate

the level of internal consistency reliability of the techniques used is

to measure the coefficient of Cronbach‘s Alpha with SPSS 24.


Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance if

Item

Deleted

Corrected

Item-Total

Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if

Item

Deleted

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10

35.94

35.31

34.91

34.78

35.15

35.27

34.82

35.05

35.06

35.09

16.176

16.501

16.823

15.980

14.729

15.901

15.608

16.537

15.452

16.389

.310

.415

.358

.536

.664

.367

.569

.406

.503

.395

.147

.294

.310

.449

.518

.315

.438

.296

.460

.342

.781

.763

.769

.749

.729

.772

.744

.764

.751

.765

59

Alpha values range from 0-1, question can be considered reliable if

the alpha value is greater than 0.60.

Table 4.7

Reliability Test for Professional Accountant

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach‘s

Alpha N of items

.778

10


Reliability test for Professional Accounting variable is shown on

table 4.1. As seen as in the table, the Cronbach‘s alpha 0,778 means the

data reliable.

Table 4.8

Reliability Test for International Standard on Auditing


Cronbach‘s

Alpha N of Items

.863

9


Reliability test for International Standard on Auditing variable is

show on table 4.2.As seen as in the table, the cronbach‘s alpha 0,863

means the data reliable.

60

Table 4.9

Reliability Test for IFRS

Source : processed primary data by SPSS 24.0

Reliability test for International Standard on Auditing variable is

show on table 4.2.As seen as in the table, the cronbach‘s alpha 0,780

means the data reliable.

3. Classic Assumption Test

a. Normality Test

The purpose of the normality test is to determine whether

the regression normally distributed or not. A good regression model

is to have normal or nearly normal distribution. In this research, to

detect whether normally distributed data or not, it can be done with

using graph analysis namely histogram graph Normal Probability

Plot (P-P Plot) and statistical analysis namely Kolmogorov-

Smirnov test.


Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.780

2

61

Figure 4.1

Normal P-Plot Graph

Normal P-Plot of Regression Standardized Residual

Dependent Variable : Professional of Accounting


Based on figure 4.1 this research has done normality data

distribution test. The result acquired from SPSS 24 statistic software.

From the P-P plots diagram above, it can be seen that the plots are

distributed along the diagonal line. Thus, it can be concluded that the

data used in this research has a normal distribution. However, graph

analysis can emerge different interpretation among reader, so that

statistical analysis test is needed to ensure the interpretation mistake

for reading the graph. Table 4.9 below will show the result of

statistical analysis namely Kolmogorov-Smirnov test:

62

Table 4.10

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

The result Kolmogorov-Sminov test on table 4.8 also shows that the

value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov 0,863 with the level of significant

probability 0,972, the value of p > 0,05. So, the residual data is distributed

normally. Therefore, regression model used in this research has met the

normality test assumption.

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Unstandardize

d Residual

N 50

.0000000

4.81406286

.047

.045

-.047

.863

.972

Normal Parameters

Most Extreme

Differences

Mean

Std.

Deviation

Absolute

Positive

Negative

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.

Source: Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0

63

B. Multicollinearity Test

The aim from Multicollinearity Test is to test whether the regression

model found a correlation among the independent variables. A good regression

model should there is no correlation among independent variables. In this

research, to detect the presence or absence of Multicollinearity can be done by

calculating value of variance inflation factor (VIF) of each independent

variable.

Table. 4.11

Multicollinearity Test

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standar

dized

Coeffici

ents

T Sig.

Collinearity

Statistics

B

Std.

Error Beta

Toler

ance VIF

1 (constan

t)

Adoptio

n IFRS

ISA’s

2.748

2.270

.255

.4.704

.176

.109

.534

.284

5.042

4.395

2.343

.000

000

.724

.000

.000

.023

1.022

1.022

a. Dependent Variable: Professionals of Accountant


64

Source: Processed primary by SPSS 24.0

Based on table 4.9. above, the result shows that there is no value

of Variance inflation Factor (VIF) of each independent variable

which is more than 0,1 or less than 10. So, it can be concluded that

there is no Multicollinearity.

Figure 4.2

Heteroscedasticity Test

65

From the scatter plot graph above it can be seen there is no clear

pattern and the points spread above and below the 0 on the Y axis, it can

be concluded not happen heteroscedasticity in regression model.

4. Hypothesis Testing

a. Coefficient of Determination

in multiple linear regression test were analyzed also the coefficient

of determination (R2). Assay coefficient of determination used in this

study to see the effect of the independent variable (Adoption IFRS and

International Standards on Audit) towards dependent variable

(professionals of Accounting).Value of the correlation coefficient (R)

shows how much correlation or relationship between the independent

variables with the dependent variable ranged from 0 to 1, if it closely to 1

the correlation getting stronger, if closely 0 the correlation are getting

weak (Priyatno,2012: 134)

Table 4.12

Model Summary

Model Summaryb

Model R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std.Eror of

the Estimate

1

.309a

.322

.293

4.864

a. Predictors: (Constant) : IFRS, International Audit

b. Dependent Variable : Accountant Professional


66

Table 4.12 shows that adjusted R square value or coefficient of

determination is equal to 0,293. Its mean all of independent variable

like IFRS and ISA of Accountant Professional collected has

significant influence 29,3%. Thus, the residual coefficient, around

70,7% it will be explained by the other factors that is not calculated in

this research (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).

b. Simultaneous Significant Test (F-test)

the significance of the regression model simultaneous was tested

by looking at the significant value (sig). significance value (sig) would be

seen, whereby if a significance value below 0,05 then the independent

variable influence the dependent variable is declared. The hypothesis for

the F test is a follows:

Ha 3 : there are significant effects between IFRS and International

Standard on Audit to Accountant Professional.

The test is performed with the following conditions: if the significant

value (sig) > 0,05, then Ha 3 is rejected, if the significant value (sig) <

0,05, then Ha is accepted.

67

Table 4.13

Simultaneous Significant Test (F-Test)

ANOVAa

Model

Sum of

Squares Df

Mean

Square F Sig.

1 Regressio

n

Residual

Total

120.035

1135.585

1255.620

2

47

49

120.035

23.658

5.074 .000b

a. Dependent Variable: Accounting Professional

b. Predictors: (Constant) : IFRS, International Standard Audit


From the result of the regression analysis, the obtained a significance

value (sig) 0,000 (p = 0.000, p < 0,05). This shows that Ha is accepted,

that it concluded there are significant effects between Adoption IFRS and

International Standard Audit to Accounting Professional.

C. Significant Partial Test (T-Test)

Statistical t-test performed to further investigate which of the independent

variables in influencing the dependent variable. The hypothesis that will be

tested as follows:

68

Table 4.14

Significant Partial Test (T-Test)

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant)

IFRS

International

Standard

Audit

27.443

2.296

.255

5.291

.131

.109

.534

.284

5.187

2.253

2.343

.000

.000

.023

a. Dependent Variable: Accounting Professional


By seeing 4.12, the results of significant test partial (T-Test) are follows :

1) IFRS

From the Table 4.12 shows that probability value of Adoption

IFRS is 0.000 < 0,05. It means Adoption IFRS influence Of

Accountant Professional Partially, so the Ha 1 is accepted.

2) International Standard on Audit

From the Table 4.12 shows that probability value of

International Standard on Audit is 0.023 < 0.05. it means

International Standard on Audit of Accountant Professional

Partially. So, the Ha 2 is accepted.

69

D. Multiple Regression Analysis

Multiple regression analysis used to test the effect of two or more

independent variables toward the dependent variable in this research, independent

variable are Adoption IFRS and International Standard on Audit and dependent

variable is Accountant Professional.

Table 4.15

Multiple Regression Analysis

Model

1 (constant)

IFRS

ISA

Unstandardized Coefficients

B Std.Eror

27.443

2.296

.255

5.291

.131

.109


The result of multiple regression analysis has been explained in

the table 4.15. the result of multiple regression analysis with using

significance 5% obtained the `following equation:

Y = 27.443 + 2.296X1 + .255x2 +e

From the multiple linear regression equation above, it can be

explained for each variable as follow:

1) The value of constanta is 27.443. its means if total of Adoption IFRS

and International Standard on Audit has 0 values so the total

Professionals Accounting has positive value 27.443.

70

2) The value of coefficient regression variable Accountant Professionals

(b1) is positive 2.296. its mean if the value of Adoption IFRS is

increasing, so. The Adoption will increase too.

3) The value of coefficient regression variable International Standard on

Audit (b2) is positive .255. its mean if the value of International

Standard on Audit is increasing, so the Accountant Professional will

increase too.

5) Interpretation

Based on Multiple Regression analysis as describe in the previous

section, the interpretation of the result is presented in three sections. The

first section discuses the Adoption IFRS to Accountant Professionals

(Ha 1). The Second section discuses the International Standard on Audit

to Accountant Professional (Ha 2). The third section discuses the Status

Quo IFRS and International Standard on Audit towards of Professionals

Accounting (Ha 3). The explanation as is follow :

a. IFRS to Accountant Professional

The result using multiple regression analysis obtain

results that International Standard on Audit has significant to

Accountant Professional. It can be seen from the calculated

value by hypothesis testing where the significance value of

board size is 0.000on significance level 5%, mean value 0.000

71

< 0.05. thus, this research can accept the first hypothesis (Ha

1) which states that IFRS has significant on Accountant

Professional . Regression coefficient value is 2.296 which

mean that there is a positive IFRS between International

Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting.

There are IFRS of Accountant Professional is required.

Professionals Accounting ability to process information, make mental

comparisons of alternative solutions and take the necessary actions.

Inexperienced Professionals Accounting do not have such capabilities.

With the Professional of their Accounting. The Accountant develop

memory structures that make up the board and complex set of information

needed to make decisions. Thus, assessment relies heavily on knowledge

because the information needed to carry out tasks from memory.

Therefore the correspondence between the information in the

memory of the task needs affect the assessments. Accounting with less

experience have not memory structure like this so they are not able to

provide an adequate response. (Libby,1990 in Seruni ,2011)

The results of this hypothesis is consistent with research that have

been done by Faridah (2010) used path analysis, Irman Firmansyah

(2010) used spearman‘s scale correlation and PutiAyuseruni and Trimanto

72

SetyoWardoyo (2011) used path analysis method and found empirical

evidence that there is significantly positive between IFRS , ISA and

Accountant Professional.

b) International Standard on Audit to Accountant Professional

The results using multiple regression analysis obtain

results that International Standard on Audit has significant effect

to Professionals Accounting. It can be seen from the calculated

value by hypothesis testing where the significance value of board

size 0.001 at significance level 5%, mean value 0.023 < 0.05,

Thus, this research can accept the first hypothesis (Ha 2) which

states that the International Standard on Audit has significant

effect on Accountant Professional. Regression coefficient value is

0.255 means that there is a positive effect between International

Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting International

Standard on Audit also depends on the perception of a situation.

The Accountant professional attitude is the result of several

factors such as education, culture, and so on. The most significant

and visible control all Elements of such is feeling Accountant

Professionals in faced with situation given the success of the

previous situation.

73

The results of this hypothesis is consistent with research that have

been done by Putri Ayu Seruni and Trimanto SetyoWardoyo

(2011) used path analysis method and Devani (2012) used

multiple regression method and found empirical evidence that

there is significantly positive effect between International

Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting.

74

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect IFRS and

International Standard on Audit of Professionals Accounting. The total

respondent in this research are 50 respondent in CPA firm located at

Jakarta. Based on the collected data and tested by using multiple linear

regression models, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:

1. The result from multiple linear regression test states that IFRS has

significantly positive effect on Accountant Professionals. The

result of this research aligns with previous research result

conducted by Farida (2010), Irman (2010), PutriAyu (2011), and

Devani (2012). They stated that IFRS has an impact on Accountant

Professionals .

2. The result from multiple linear regression test states that

International Standards on Audit has significantly positive effect

on Professionals Accounting. It is supported by previous research

conducted by Puti (2011) and Devani (2012) stating. They

concluded that International Standards on Audit has an impact on

Accountant Professional.

75

3. The results from multiple linear regression test states that

independent variable (IFRS and International Standard Audit) has

simultaneously positive effect on Accountant Professional. It is

supported by the previous research conducted by Puti (2011)

B. Recommendation

The results states that IFRS and Internationals are important factors

for improving Professionals Accounting then IFRS and

International Standard on Audit need to be improved.

Recommendation from this research is:

1. Professionals Accounting should get more training or seminar

to improve their skills and knowledge so they have more

experience and the judgement to cover up their Accounting

process.

2. Improving the spiritual learning of Accounting to increasing

intuition of Accounting. Because of the Accountant as only

human and need God to bless his/her job.

3. For further research, The researcher needs to describe the

researched variables and to enlarge the research object in order

to present the qualified research result.

76

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Standards and accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(3):467-

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Boonlert- U- Thai, K., Meek, G., &Nabar, S. (2006). Earnings attributes and

investor- protection: International evidence. The International Journal of

Accounting, 41(4):327- 357.

Elerman F., KureselMuhasebePrensipleri: UFRS, Dunya, Daily Economic

Newspaper, retrieved from: http://www.dunya.com/kureselmuhasebe-

prensipleri-ufrs-178788h.htm

IAASB Annual Report 2012, p.3, retrieved from:

http://www.ifac.org/publications-resources/2012-iaasb-annual-report

http://www.dunya.com/kureselmuhasebe-prensipleri-ufrs-178788h.htm

http://www.dunya.com/kureselmuhasebe-prensipleri-ufrs-178788h.htm

http://www.ifac.org/publications-resources/2012-iaasb-annual-report

77

IFAC handbook- ISA‘s

org/system/files/downloads/a012-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-240.pdf

IFAC handbook-Future Audit

Org/system/files/download/futureaudit.pdf

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Org/system/files/download/futureIFRS.pdf

IFACStrategicPlan2011-2016,p.1-5,retrieved:

http://www.ifac.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/IFAC-Strategic-

Plan-2013-2016.pdf

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http://www.ifrs.org/Theorganisation/Documents/2013/Who- We-Are-

English-2013.pdf

http://www.ifrs.org/The-organisation/Pages/IFRS-Foundation-and-the-

IASB.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards

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s.4

Kang W., 2013. The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on the Earnings–

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the Adoption of IFRS-Based Accounting Standards: Evidence from an

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79

Reliability

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedures



Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance

if Item

Deleted

Correcte

d Item-

Total

Correlati

on

Squared

Multiple

Correlati

on

Cronbach

's Alpha

if Item

Deleted

Q1 2.32

1.78

.357

.512

.650

.650

.422

.422

.

. Q2

N %

Valid

Cases Excluded

Total

50

0

50

100.0

0

100.0


.780

2

80

Reliability

Scale : ALL VARIABLES





.863 9

\\

N %

Valid

Cases Excluded

Total

50

0

50

100.0

0

100.0

81

Reliability

Scale : ALL VARIABLES




Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance

if Item

Deleted

Corrected

Item-Total

Correlatio

n

Squared

Multiple

Correlatio

n

Cronbach'

s Alpha if

Item

Deleted

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

30.55

30.19

29.61

29.85

29.56

29.63

29.39

29.35

29.21

27.815

27.470

27.902

24.363

24.989

24.934

26.399

26.133

27.233

.508

.358

.408

.614

.641

.651

.588

.620

.467

.381

.313

.277

.465

.570

.603

.563

.735

.619

.817

.835

.826

.803

.800

.799

.807

.804

.820

N %

Valid

Cases Excluded

Total

50

0

50

100.0

0

100.0



.780

2

82

Normal P-Plot Graph

Normal P-Plot of Regression Standardized Residual

Dependent Variable : Professional of Accounting


Scale

Mean if

Item

Deleted

Scale

Variance if

Item

Deleted

Corrected

Item-Total

Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if

Item

Deleted

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10

35.94

35.31

34.91

34.78

35.15

35.27

34.82

35.05

35.06

35.09

16.176

16.501

16.823

15.980

14.729

15.901

15.608

16.537

15.452

16.389

.310

.415

.358

.536

.664

.367

.569

.406

.503

.395

.147

.294

.310

.449

.518

.315

.438

.296

.460

.342

.781

.763

.769

.749

.729

.772

.744

.764

.751

.765

83


Hypothesis Test

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Unstandardized

Residual

N 50

.0000000

4.81406286

.047

.045

-.047

.863

.972

Normal Parameters

Most Extreme

Differences

Mean

Std. Deviation

Absolute

Positive

Negative

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standar

dized

Coeffici

ents

T Sig.

Collinearity

Statistics

B

Std.

Error Beta

Toler

ance VIF

1 (constan

t)

n IFRS

ISA’s

2.748

2.270

.255

.4.704

.176

.109

.534

.284

5.042

4.395

2.343

.000

000

.724

.000

.000

.023

1.022

1.022

84

Model Summaryb

a. Predictors: (Constant) : Adoption IFRS, International Audit

b.Dependent Variable : Professionals Accounting

ANOVAa

Model

Sum of

Squares Df

Mean

Square F Sig.

1 Regressio

n

Residual

Total

120.035

1135.585

1255.620

2

47

49

120.035

23.658

5.074 .000b

a. Dependent Variable. : Accountant Professional

b. Predictors: (Constant) :Adoption IFRS, International Standard Audit


Model R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std.Eror of

the Estimate

1

.309a

.322

.293

4.864

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standar

dized

Coeffici

ents

T Sig.

Collinearity

Statistics

B

Std.

Error Beta

Toler

ance VIF

1 (constan

t)

IFRS

ISA’s

2.748

2.270

.255

.4.704

.176

.109

.534

.284

5.042

4.395

2.343

.000

000

.724

.000

.000

.023

1.022

1.022

85

Heteroscedasticity Test

86

Questionnaire

Respondent Identity :

Name :

Place of work :

Old work :

Title :

Mr / Mrs. Are requested to give a response that is appropriate to the

following questions by selecting scores available by way of crossing (x). if

according to Mr / Mrs no right answers on question, then the answer can be given

to the closest option. Scores can answers given to the closest option. Score the

answer is as follows:

Score 1 : Strongly Disagree (SD)

Score 2 : Disagree (D)

Score 3 : Neutral (N)

Score 4 : Agree (A)

Score 5 : Strongly Agree (SA)

87

NO

QUESTION

SD

D

N

A

SA

Instrument of IFRS

1 I understand the Accounting

Standards Finance (SAK) and The

Professional Standard Public

Accountant (SPAP)

2 I do not need to understand the

types of industrial client

3 I do not need to understand the

condition of clients company

4 Do you believe that IFRS‘s will

contribute to enhance the

international economic and

financial relations

5 Do you think that the use of

IFRS‘s might be mandatory

6 Do you think that new challenges

will accompany the adoption on

ISA‘s in our country

7 Do you think that the financial

reports prepared compatible with

IFRS are easy to ready and

explanatory enough with respect to

the accounting applications

88

8 Do you think that IFRS will cause

ambiguities and confusion in

national or international areas

regarding to the accounting

applications of enterprises

9 Do you think that ISAs will meet

the needs of auditing as a whole

10 What do you think about results

suggests that the effect of financial

secrecy on earning quality is

mediated by mandatory IFRS

adoption

Instrument International of Audit

11 I do not need higher quality

accounting and auditing are

positively related with financial

development in countries whose

legal systems support protection of

investor

12 What do you think what the

outcomes of commitment within we

develop standards that protect the

interests of both of those who rely

on audits, assurance, and other

services and are practical for those

who must apply them

89

13 What do you think about Audit

quality is essential to improve

financial stability and increase

public confidence in financial

reporting

14 Do you know if ISAs specifically

know the possibility of obtaining

audit evidence from data analysis

15

Do you understand what a testing

control role is when the auditor

analyzes 100% of transactions in a

particular audit area

16 What do you think When you have

been able to analyze all transactions

in a particular audit area during the

audit period, what the auditor needs

to do to demonstrate or reinforce

that unexpected transactions have

been adequately addressed in the

audit

Instrument of Accountant

Professional

17 Not all errors that I found are

90

Thank you for your willingness to fill out this questionnaire. I ensure the

confidentially of the answers and it is only used for academic interest.

reported because good relations with

clients

18 What do you think about

international audit and assurance

standard boards to influence the

direction of new and revised

standards of auditing and guarantee

for the benefit of investors

19 do you agree that management

accepts responsibility for the entity's

internal control and for the

preparation of the entity's financial

statements

20

I do not agree considered all the

circumstances and factors that exist

in the current business environment

that impact on the use of data

analysis in the audit of financial

statements

21

Have you do about environmental

affect the ethical ability of a

Professional Accountant

91

IFRS

International standard on

Auditing

no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 3

2 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5

3 1 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5

4 1 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4

6 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

7 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

8 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4

9 2 2 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 3 2

10 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

11 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 5 3 5

12 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4

13 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5

14 2 2 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 4 4

15 2 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

16 2 2 3 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 5

17 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

18 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5

19 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

20 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4

21 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 5

22 1 2 3 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

23 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 5

24 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5

25 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 3 3 2

26 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

27 2 3 5 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 5

28 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 3 4 5 5

29 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 4 5 4 4

30 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 5

31 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 4 5 5

32 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5

33 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 5 5 5

34 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 3 4 5

35 3 3 3 2 4 2 4 4 5 5 4

36 1 2 2 2 4 3 4 4 5 5 5

37 2 3 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5

38 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 5

92

39 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

40 1 2 3 2 5 5 4 5 5 5 4

41 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4

42 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 5

43 1 2 3 2 5 5 4 5 4 4 5

44 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

45 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4

46 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

47 2 2 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5

48 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1

49 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4

50 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 5

51 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4

52 2 3 3 5 3 4 5 4 3 4 4

53 1 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

54 3 3 2 5 4 4 3 3 5 5 5

55 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 5

56 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4

57 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3

58 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

59 3 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 3 4 4

60 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 4 4

61 1 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4

62 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 3 3 3

63 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2 4 4 5

64 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

65 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 3 4 4 4

66 2 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 4

67 2 2 3 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 4

68 2 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4

69 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4

70 2 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 3 3

93

Professional of

Accountant

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 82

2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 86

3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 80

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 68

3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69

3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 90

3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 79

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 67

3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 68

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 93

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 81

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 88

3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 79

2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 77

2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 86

3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 73

2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 88

2 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 82

5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 95

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 82

3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 79

3 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 80

2 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 72

3 4 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 71

5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 81

2 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 3 3 58

4 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 4 81

3 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 80

3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 77

4 4 4 5 3 3 5 5 5 4 81

2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 5 73

4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 72

5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 85

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 75

2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 82

4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 76

5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 88

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 75

94

2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 91

3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 78

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 74

3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69

3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 83

3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 72

3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 78

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 90

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 78

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 95

3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 64

2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 75

2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 77

3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 68

2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 83

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 73

2 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 76

2 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 74

2 3 5 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 67

3 3 4 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 70

2 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 80

2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 74

2 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 76

2 3 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 4 76

3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 80

2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 3 77

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 77

3 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 78

2 5 4 5 3 3 4 3 3 3 76

5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 86

2 5 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 68

95

IFRS

International on Standard

Auditing

no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

2 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5

3 1 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 3 4

4 1 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4

6 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

7 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

8 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4

9 2 2 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 3 2

10 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

11 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 5 3 5

12 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4

13 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4

14 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4

15 2 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

16 2 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 5

17 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

18 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5

19 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

20 1 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

21 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 5

22 1 3 3 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 5

23 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5

24 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5

25 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 2

26 2 3 2 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 4

27 2 3 5 5 4 2 4 5 4 4 5

28 2 3 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 5 5

29 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 5 5 5

30 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5

31 1 2 2 2 4 2 4 3 3 5 5

32 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5

33 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 5

34 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 4

35 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5

36 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5

37 2 3 3 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 5

38 2 2 3 2 5 5 3 5 5 5 5

96

39 3 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5

40 1 2 3 2 4 4 3 5 5 5 5

41 1 2 3 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5

42 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 4

43 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 4

44 2 3 3 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5

45 1 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

46 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

47 2 2 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 4

48 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5

49 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

50 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1

97

professional Accounting

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 84

2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 86

3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 77

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 68

3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69

3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 90

3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 79

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 67

3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 67

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 93

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 81

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 88

3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 78

2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 79

2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 86

3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 73

2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 87

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 80

5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 94

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 83

3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 82

3 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 80

2 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 75

3 4 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 72

5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 78

2 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 3 3 60

4 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 4 4 83

3 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 81

3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 83

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 77

4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 72

4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 5 72

5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 82

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 77

2 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 82

4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 76

5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 91

4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 81

2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 89

3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 76

98

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 72

3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 71

3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 84

3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 71

4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 76

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 89

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 87

4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 97

3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 57