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Status, Distribution andConservation Threats ofGanges River Dolphin in

Karnali River, Nepal

WWF NepalMay 2006

Status, Distribution andConservation Threats ofGanges River Dolphin in


WWF NepalMay 2006

Published by WWF Nepal Program. Any reproduction in full or part of this publication must mention the title and credit

the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner.

Citation: WWF Nepal Program. Status, Distribution and Conservation Threats of Ganges River Dolphin in


Cover photo:

Above - © WWF Nepal Program

Above - © WWF Nepal Program / Dr. Tej Kumar Shrestha

© WWF Nepal Program, 2006

WWF Nepal acknowledges with gratitude the support received for the Freshwater Program from all our partners,

donors and supporters:

Government of Nepal; Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC); Department of National Parks and Wildlife

Conservation (DNPWC); Department of Forests (DOF); Department of Plant Resources; Water and Energy

Commission Secretariat (WECS); WWF International; WWF UK; WWF US; WWF Netherlands; WWF Finland; WWF

Sweden; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA); International Water Management Institute

(IWMI); and Community Based Organizations

foreword

This report, "Status Distribution and Conservation Threats of Ganges River Dolphin in Karnali River,Nepal", is an important milestone in WWF Nepal's commitment not only to conservation of a flagship

species but also to the needs of people, who like the river dolphin, are dependant on freshwater resources.

The research conducted in the Karnali River is the first for aquatic fauna that the Freshwater Program atWWF Nepal has undertaken since its inception in October 2004. This report is an outcome of the research.There has been a drastic decline in the status and distribution of river dolphins in Nepal. In the KarnaliRiver, dolphins face the threat of local extinction unless conservation efforts are stepped up immediately.The situation requires urgent action because dolphins top the food chain and are indicators of healthyaquatic ecosystem. Their decline indicates the degrading quality of water resources and is a warning to useour water resources more wisely.

Economic development usually exerts tremendous pressure on environmental stability. The aquaticbiodiversity of Nepal has not escaped unscathed from the effects of the irrigation and transport sector.Water diversion projects and the construction of roads, dams, and bridges have degraded the habitat ofriver dolphins. Before more damage is done, Nepal must strive to balance economic development with theintegrity of the environment.

WWF Nepal, with the financial support of WWF UK, conducted this research and was able to securefurther funding from Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) / WWF Sweden / WWFInternational to carry out conservation activities at field level.

I hope it guides interventions to ensure a future for river dolphins in Nepal.

Chandra P. Gurung, Ph. D.Country RepresentativeWWF Nepal Program

iv STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

acknowledgements

The "Status Distribution and Conservation Threats of Ganges River Dolphin in Karnali River, Nepal"is a report based on research conducted on river dolphins in the Karnali River system in the

western lowland of Nepal from July 2005 to February 2006.

This research was enriched by the contributions of Dr. Sarala Khaling, Regional Coordinator, CriticalEcosystem Partnership Fund, Eastern Himalayas for supporting as the Technical Director, Dr TejKumar Shrestha for his advisory role and Dr. Eric Wikaramanayake, Senior Conservation Scientist forcritically reviewing this report and providing technical inputs. I highly acknowledge the support by Mr.Shubash Lohani, Ms. Trishna Gurung, Mr. Kanchan Thapa, Mr. Dhan Rai and the entire Terai ArcLandscape (TAL) team in making this research successful. I thank Mr. Gokarna Jung Thapa for hissignificant contribution.

My sincere gratitude to WWF UK for their financial support, without which this research would not havebeen completed. I would also like to thank WWF International, WWF Sweden and SIDA for supportingfield activities in dolphin conservation in Khata.

I highly appreciate the cooperation provided by the Community Forest Coordination Committee -Khata, Bardia; Dolphin Conservation Centre - Thapapur, Kailali and all the local communities of thestudy area for extending considerable support towards obtaining the research objectives.

I acknowledge the sincere effort and dedication of Mr. Dipesh Joshi in carrying out and compiling thisresearch.

Neera Shrestha Pradhan/ Ms.Freshwater OfficerWWF Nepal

vSTATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

acronyms

AAPA Aquatic Animal protection Act 1961CBO Community Based OrganizationCFCC Community Forestry Co-ordination committeeCFUG Community Forest Users' GroupDDC District Development CommitteeIUCN/SCC International Union for Conservation of Nature/ Species Survival CommissionNBC National Biodiversity Strategy 2002NGO Non Governmental OrganizationNPWCA National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973TAL Terai Arc LandscapeRBNP Royal Bardia National ParkVDC Village Development Committee

contents

Foreword iiiAcknowledgements vAcronyms ixFigures viiiTables viiiExecutive Summary xi

1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Background 11.2 Objectives of the Study 2

2. STUDY AREA 32.1 Geruwa River 32.2 Mohana River 32.3 Limitations of the study 4

3. METHODOLOGY 53.1 Reconnaissance surveys 53.2 Key informant survey and local consultations 53.3 Population survey 53.4 Mapping of prime habitats and distribution range 63.5 Data analysis 6

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74.1 Status 7

4.1.1 Geruwa River 74.1.2 Mohana River 8

4.2 Distribution 84.2.1 Geruwa River 84.2.2 Mohana River 11

4.3 Threats and Issues in Dolphin Conservation 134.3.1 Prey depletion 134.3.2 Population Segregation 144.3.3 Habitat Degradation 154.3.4 Pollution 164.3.5 Trans Boundary Issue 174.3.6 Policy Issues 184.3.7 Awareness 19

5. RECOMMENDATIONS 215.1 Policy 215.2 Specific Recommendations 225.3 Further Research 23

References 25

Annex 1: Description of areas with dolphin sighting in Geruwa River 28

Annex 2: Description of areas with dolphin sighting in Mohana River 29

Photographs 27

Figures

Figure 1: Study area 4Figure 2: Distribution of dolphins in Geruwa River 9Figure 3: Trend of status and distribution range of dolphins in Karnali River 11Figure 4: Distribution of dolphins in Mohana River 13Figure 5: Possible threats for long term survival of dolphins in Karnali River system 17

Tables

Table 1: Description of areas with dolphin sighting in Geruwa River 10Table 2: Description of areas with dolphin sighting in Mohana River 12Table 3: Chronology of major events along the lower Karnali River basin 16

viii STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

executive summary

The present study was initiated with theobjective to update and map the status and

distribution of river dolphins in Karnali River andits tributaries in the Terai Arc Landscape andidentify threats and issues in conservation at thelocal to wider context. The study has providedrecommendations for conservation interventions,policy decision makers and further researches.Unlike previous studies (Smith, 1990; Shrestha,1995) that used upstream and downstreamsurveys, this study was conducted throughsynchronized surveys that took place at varioussections identified as dolphin habitats throughreview of literature, local consultations and initialfield observations of the area.

Surveys in Geruwa River resulted in a minimumpopulation estimate of 4 individuals during thefour surveys in medium and low water seasons.Their distribution in Geruwa River was limited upto Golaghat, which lies at a distance of 20kmfrom Kothiaghat though sightings of a singledolphin was reported by locals upstream ofChisapani, which is an indication of occasionalmovements of dolphins to that area. The statusof dolphins in Geruwa does not fluctuate duringdifferent water levels but they were not sighted at

Golaghat in post-monsoon surveys when thewater level was high in the river, thus limitingtheir distribution within a range of 12.5km duringhigh water levels. Similarly, a maximum of 12and minimum of 9 individuals were counted inMohana River, a feeder stream on Karnali Riverduring the three surveys conducted in high,average and low water seasons in monsoon.The status and distribution of dolphins inMohana River entirely depends upon the waterlevel is these tributaries during monsoon andthus their presence is limited to high water levelperiods. Even in these rivers, their status anddistribution range has decreased.

Habitat alteration by floods, intensive fishing andpast development interventions like Chisapanibridge construction, motorized ferry atKothiaghat, Rajapur irrigation rehabilitationproject and an increase in the intensity ofagricultural practices in the area have had acumulative impact on the dolphin population.Additionally construction of "barrage" atKailashpuri barrage (Indian frontier) hasimpeded migration of dolphin and divided theminto small population units thus limitingpossibilities of genetic mixing. Segregation of

ixSTATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

breeding population by down stream barrageposes a dire threat to dolphin population.Further, development of any water use system inthe future will make survival of the residualdolphin populations difficult. Low level ofawareness on negative impacts of over fishingand legal aspects of conservation also pose athreat to the last remaining population. There isan urgent need to minimize fishing pressurethroughout the entire stretch of Karnali River. Asthese animals live and breed in the waterfrontsof Nepal, India and Bangladesh, their protectionis therefore a matter of international concern andthus a transboundary initiative is necessary.

Certain locations in the study area hold potentialfor community managed eco-tourism where thetraditional lifestyle of Tharu communities alongwith river dolphins and other fauna are anattraction but poor infrastructure is a concern forits promotion that provides a possibility forincreasing local livelihood options. Consideringthe infrastructure of the area the frequency ofdolphin sightings, Kothiaghat andBardahawaghat are suitable locations fortourism promotion.

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1.1 Background

Of the seven species of dolphins worldwide, fourlive only in freshwater: the Ganges River Dolphin(Platanista gangetica), the Yangtze River dolphin(Lipotes vexillifer), the Indus river dolphin,(Platanista minor) and the Amazon dolphin (Iniageoffrensis). The Ganges River dolphins werehistorically distributed throughout the Ganges,Meghna, Brahmputra and Karnaphuli riversystems of India, Nepal and Bangladesh (Jones1982, Reeves and Brownell 1989, Shrestha1989). But with the construction of more than 50dams and other irrigation-related projects, thedolphins are threatened by populationfragmentation and isolation, pollution of theirhabitat, drowning in fishing nets or deliberateremoval for trade and prey depletion. As a result,the range and abundance of dolphin hasreduced in many areas (Reeves andLeatherwood 1995).

The Ganges River dolphins are not gregarious,being frequently sighted alone or in small groupsof 2-3 (Jones1982, Smith 1993). Sightings ofpairs are generally mother and calf (Kasuya andHaque 1972, Jones 1982). During the dry

season from October to April many dolphinsleave the tributaries of the Ganges andBrahmputra systems and congregate in the mainchannels only to return to the tributaries thefollowing rainy season (Reeves and Brownell1989). In the main rivers, a decrease inabundance during the summer season confirmsa seasonal pattern of migration (Shrestha 1989).This migration seems to be associated with themigration and dispersal of fishes, which are theirmain prey (Kasuya and Haque 1972).

Smith (1993) identified primary and marginalhabitats in Karnali River. Primary habitats arecharacterized by an eddy counter-currentsystem in the main river flow caused by a finesand/silt point bar formed from sediment of aconvergent stream branch or a tributary.Marginal habitats are characterized by a smallereddy counter-current system caused by anupstream meander. Dolphins concentrate onlocations of high prey availability and reducedflow. The primary habitats are also areas ofgreater human activity. The high biologicalproductivity of habitats result in fishermen

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STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

concentrating the majority of their efforts inthese river reaches.

Burgeoning human population and rapideconomic development threaten the survival ofCetaceans in much of the world but nowheremore than in Asia (Smith 1993). Dolphins areparticularly threatened in the upstream reachesof the smaller tributaries, where populations areoften isolated behind barrages and are morevulnerable to human activities because of thereduced habitat area and perhaps the mostendangered populations are in Nepal (Sinha etal 2000). Although dolphins were once abundantin Nepal throughout the Koshi, Narayani, Karnaliand Mahakali rivers and their feeder streams(Jnawali and Bhuju 2000), due to construction oflow gated dams across river systems forirrigation and flood control, over exploitation ofprey species, illegal killing and wide range ofother human disturbances, the populations aremore or less restricted to Karnali and Koshi riversystems (Smith 1993). The only river in Nepalthat supports an even questionably viablepopulation is the Karnali upstream of theGirijapur barrage, but this population maybecome extinct in the absence of conservationaction on both sides of the Nepal/India border(Smith 1996).

The dolphin is legally protected animal in Nepal.Government of Nepal has protected the dolphinas an endangered mammal in the National Parkand Wildlife Conservation Act 1973. Butpopulations migrating outside the protectedareas are vulnerable to poaching. At the sametime, identification of prime habitats/"Hotspots"where these animals are frequently sighted isessential for long-term conservation of thismammal. It is therefore imperative to carry outa detail study on dolphin population and relatedthreats and issues in long-term conservation.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study was toupdate the existing information on dolphins inKarnali River and its tributaries in Terai ArcLandscape (TAL) and providerecommendations for long-term conservationand management of the animal. The specificobjectives of the study were as follows:

1. To update the population status of dolphinsin Karnali River of TAL.

2. To update and map the current distributionof dolphin in Karnali River of TAL.

3. To analyze threats and issues of dolphinconservation at the local to wider context.

4. To provide recommendations for:� Conservation interventions,� Support policy and decision makers,� Further research recommendations.


Karnali is a perennial river with an averageannual runoff of 1291m3 /s (Shankar,

1985). The total drainage area of Karnali withinNepal is 43,000 sq. km. and the depth of theriver section above Chisapani varies between50-100m whereas the depth of sectionsdownstream varies from 3-10m. (Shrestha,1995). Karnali has a very high sediment loadand not much is known about fish in the upperwatershed, further downstream fish diversity isrich with around 74 species (Shrestha, 2003).Based on secondary information and localconsultations present study was conducted insections of Geruwa and Mohana River as shownin Figure 1.

2.1 Geruwa River

In the Gangetic Plains near Chisapani, KarnaliRiver diverges into two channels, Karnali(Kauralia) in the west and Geruwa in the east.The western channel forms the politicalboundary between Bardia and Kailali districtswhereas Geruwa forms the western boundary ofthe Royal Bardia National Park (RBNP). TheGeruwa River contains the greater flow.. Theriver is further sub divided into number of

channels making different islands between thesechannels.

Geruwa River flows approximately for 37km inNepal between Chisapani and Kothiaghat. Only10km of this length falls outside the jurisdictionof RBNP. During its flow of 37km, KhaurahaKhola and Orai River join Geruwa. Both theserivers are seasonal channels originating at thefoothills of Churia range and flowing throughRBNP. Geruwa River is inhabited by dolphins(Platanista gangetica), Otters (Lutraperspicillata),Gharial (Gavialisgangeticus),Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), andvarious species of turtles.

2.2 Mohana River

Mohana River, flows along the Indo-Nepalborder in Kailali district before joining the KarnaliRiver. During its flow along the border, numerousrivers that originate from the foothills of Churiarange and flow southwards join Mohana River.Kaada, Kanara and Pathariya are some of themajor ones that lie within the scope of this study.During the monsoon, these rivers hold a highvolume of water along with high turbidity and

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� STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

Figure 1: Study area

swift current. All these tributaries have a very lowflow during the dry periods thus resulting in asignificant reduction of volume in Mohana River.Dolphins (Platanista gangetica), Gharial (Gavialisgangeticus) and various species of turtles andfishes inhabit Mohana River during the monsoon.

2.3 Limitations of the study

The study was limited to lower Karnali riversystem with particular emphasis on the GeruwaRiver section and the western tributary Mohana

River. As the research was initiated towards theend of monsoon, it limited the number of surveysin the tributaries as dolphins migrate to smallertributaries only during high water level inmonsoon. Despite that, the three surveys wereconducted during high, average and low floodsin the tributaries and adequate data wasgenerated and analyzed. Along with this,movements were prohibited to some segmentsof the river systems due to security concerns,but all major distribution areas were covered.

Based on the review of secondary data andin consultations with research advisors,

local communities and Terai Arc Landscapestaff, sites were selected for field visits andprimary data collection.

3.1 Reconnaissance surveys

In order to identify the areas of high dolphinactivity, a preliminary survey was conductedprior to initiation of the status survey. Thepreliminary survey was followed by a detailedsurvey along Geruwa and Mohana River to findout the level of awareness among local residentsand fishermen and the problems associated withconservation and management of dolphin.

3.2 Key informant survey and localconsultations

The earliest settlers of the study area wereidentified and interviewed to gather localknowledge on the population trend andabundance of dolphins in the areas. Theinterviews were semi-structured and open-ended discussions. The fishermen, who

traditionally interact with the river ecosystem andcome across dolphins of the area, were givenhigh priority during discussions. Local residentsinhabiting riverbanks were invited for groupdiscussions and to help identify sites forstationary observations.

3.3 Population survey

Based on secondary data and informationgathered through local consultations, a range of38 km was surveyed on the Geruwa River and18km on Mohana River for a couple of timesbefore final sighting spots were selected. Becauseof the low number of the reported animals inrecent years and following the recommendationsof Smith and Reeves (2000) a direct countmethod was used in narrow channels.

Unlike previous status surveys in the KarnaliRiver system (Shrestha 1995; Smith, 1993),which were conducted through upstream anddownstream surveys, we carried outsynchronized surveys1 at specified locations. Toestimate the status and distribution of dolphins inthe Karnali River system, observations were

1 Selected sighting spots were surveyed at the same time on the same day to provide a minimum population estimate and minimizedouble counting.

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made in two parts. The first part coveredMohana River and its smaller tributaries in Kailalidistrict during the monsoon and the second partcovered Geruwa River towards the end ofmonsoon and during low water periods of winter.

Observers traveled along the riverbanks on footor bicycle where convenient, and at times by raftand dugout canoe covering the entire stretchbefore finalizing the spots for observations.Searches were conducted along the length ofriver, including the sections outside the areasidentified by local people and previous studies,but areas of slow-moving water downstreamfrom convergent streams and adjacent to pointbars received greater attention. Search effortswere maintained in these areas for at least 30min. to avoid missing quiescent behaviour2 orlong diving animals in counter current areas andat sighting locations specified by locals. Due tothe nature of rivers, sighting spots were chosenon the basis of identified areas rather than bydividing the sections into transects of equallength.

Each survey extended for a period of two andhalf hours and was sub-divided into fiveconsecutive observations each of 30minutes.Data forms modified from Smith and Reeves(2000) were used on all surveys to note downrequired information. The data forms includedinformation such as time period and location of

sighting, direction of travel and environmentalconditions of the area. Close observation forstructure, size and colour of the individualanimals was made to minimize the chances ofdouble counting.

3.4 Mapping of prime habitats anddistribution range

Based on the above observations, dolphinsighting spots and the range of their distributionwas mapped. This map identified the hotspots inthe river systems and the range of distribution ofdolphins in the study area.

3.5 Data analysis

Minimum count estimates of dolphin populationsinhabiting the mainstream and tributaries weremade by combining the results of synchronizedmultiple observer ground counts. The highestcombined total of the day was taken as theminimum population estimate. To reduce thechances of over estimating or double counting,observation spots that were within 1 km werecollectively considered as a single spot. Animalsof same size i.e.; adult, sub-adult or calf, seen atmore than one spot falling within 1 km during ascan of 30 minutes was counted as a singleindividual. But if the animals sighted within 1 kmarea were of different size class, they were takenas two different individuals.

2 During quiescent behaviour, dolphins surface without an audible blow and expose only the uppermost dorsal surface of themelon (Smith, 1994).

4.1 Geruwa River

4.1.1 StatusNo dolphins were observed in western branch ofKarnali River, and even the locals did not reportany sightings in the last five years. A minimum offour dolphins was observed in the Geruwa River.The first two surveys in Geruwa River wereconducted immediately after the end of monsoonwhen water level was still high in the river andthe second two surveys during the winter whenwater level was relatively low in the river. All foursurveys observed 3 dolphins but there was adifference in the size class of animals sightedduring these surveys. The first survey observed 1adult and 2 sub-adult, the second survey sighted2 adults and 1 sub-adult while the two surveysduring the winter sighted 1 adult and 2 sub-adults. This indicates that there are at least 4individuals, 2 adults and 2 sub adults in theGeruwa River. But it was observed that theseindividuals move downstream into Indian territoryfrequently.

Additionally, the presence of sub-adults indicatesthat there is reproduction and survival ofjuveniles beyond calf stage. Similarly, the locals

reported the presence of a male and a femalefive years back, which later reproduced, and themale migrated to other place leaving behind thefemale and two calves. However, dolphins givebirth to single calf and thus there is everypossibility that these calves could have migratedfrom downstream areas. As the surveys werecarried out during different water levels in theriver system, the presence of same number ofanimals during all surveys provides evidencethat probably there is no impact of fluctuation inwater level on dolphin population. Populationcounted during previous studies has beenillustrated in the Figure 2 below.

4.1.2 DistributionDolphins were observed in the 20km stretch ofriver from Kothiaghat to Golaghat. They weresighted at Kothiaghat, Orai, Khauraha, Guptipurand Golaghat (Figure 2). Dolphin distributionwithin the surveyed area was characterized by ahigh degree of patchiness, determined by theavailability of habitats with suitableenvironmental conditions. Differences in sighting

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frequencies among habitats showed preferentialoccupation of primary habitats characterized bygreater mainstream flows and a large eddycounter current system caused by a convergentflow as identified by Smith (1993). Kothiaghatlies just below the point of convergence of thenumerous channels of Geruwa. Orai is theconfluence of Orai River and Geruwa. Khaurahais the confluence of Khauraha and a channel ofGeruwa. Guptipur and Gola are characterized bya smaller eddy counter-current system causedby an upstream meander (See Annex I).Thechannels have been converted into wide deeppools at these two locations, with high preyavailability and reduced flow.

Dolphins were not sighted outside the length of20km from Kothiaghat to Golaghat but locals atChisapani reported of two rare sightings of oneindividual at Batase danda, 17km north ofGolaghat. Sightings at Batase danda were madein the month of June and September, prior toonset of monsoon and towards the end of

monsoon respectively. It shows that either thedolphins make occasional upstreammovements or a small remnant population doesstill exist above the Chisapani Bridge, though itwas not sighted during the study.

Shrestha (1989) observed dolphins within arange of 46 km during his surveys in 1982 and1983. Shrestha (1995) during his survey in 1986sighted dolphins in the same range. Smith(1993) during his survey of 1990 observedwithin a range of 18km from Kothiaghat ascompared to previous distribution range of 46km. Similarly, Smith (1994) during his survey of1993 observed dolphins within a range of 20kmfrom Kothiaghat to Golaghat. Shrestha (1995)sighted these animals with a comparativelyincreased range of 36km from Kothiaghat duringhis surveys in 1994 and 1995. Timilsina (1999)and Joshi (2004) also sighted dolphins in therange of 17km. The fluctuations in distributionrange of dolphins have been illustrated in Figure2 above.

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FIGURE 2: Status and distribution range of dolphins in Karnali River as identified by previous studies

�STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

FIGURE 3: Distribution of dolphins in Geruwa River

�� STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

4.2 Mohana River

4.2.1 StatusThe minimum population estimate in MohanaRiver and its tributaries varied between 9- 12.Three surveys were carried out in the MohanaRiver during the monsoon of 2005 (August-September) during high, low and medium waterlevels in the river system. The first two surveysduring high and medium water levels recorded12 dolphins while 9 dolphins were recordedduring low water level towards the end ofmonsoon. Joshi (2004) in monsoon survey of2003 in the Mohana River system estimated aminimum of 17 and a maximum of 28 dolphins inthe area during various surveys carried out

between July -September. His study coveredareas that were not incorporated in this researchand it must be emphasized that there is asubstantial difference in population assessmentmethodology between these two surveys.

4.2.2 DistributionThe distribution of dolphins in Mohana riversystem was observed only during the monsoonwhen the water level in the river system is high.They are not sighted during the low water levelsin the river after the monsoon. The dolphins werefound primarily in deep pools located near

FIGURE 4: Distribution of dolphins in Mohana River

��STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION THREATS OF GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN KARNALI RIVER, NEPAL

confluences and meanders, which are alsoprimary fishing grounds and subject to intensiveboat traffic. All the sighting spots along theMohana and Pathraiya River are confluencesexcept for Khakraula where a deep pool has beencreated due to ox-bow bend of Mohana River justabove Khakraulaghat (Figure 4). Their distributionwas observed up to 15km from Chaugurdinorthwards on Pathraiya River and 11kmwestwards on Mohana River. Locals say thatdolphins move upstream from the Mohana-Kanaraconfluence along the Mohana and Kanara Riverdepending on the water level. (See Annex II)

4.3 Threats and Issues in DolphinConservation

4.3.1 Prey depletionThe lower Karnali River basin lies in Bardia andKailali districts. Most people in the area belong tothe indigenous Tharu and Sonaha communities.Tharu have traditionally fished in the Karnali Riverbut their major occupation is agriculture. The othercommunities arrived after successful eradicationof malaria in the 1950's. They have now settledand deforested virtually all land above thefloodplain, except areas incorporated withinnational parks (Smith, 1993). Thus a major reasonbehind intensive fishing is the fishing skills andlife style of the Tharu communities.

While fishing is prohibited within the national parkboundary, licenses are provided to locals by theDistrict Development Committee (DDC) to fish inthe river falling outside the national park.Generally, one individual acquires the contractfrom the committee and local fishermen aregranted fishing permits by the contractor onpaying a nominal amount of money. Out of the100 respondents, which reflected equalrepresentation from both the river systems, 90%of them along Mohana and 74% along Geruwastated that there has been an increase in thenumber of fishermen along these rivers. In

response to their purpose of fishing, 93% of thefishermen along Mohana and 62% along Geruwastated that fishing was only for domesticconsumption. This clearly emphasizes the needto address local communities duringconservation interventions through fulfilling theirdomestic consumption needs. Despite the factthat commercial fishing is limited, it wasobserved that fishing was intensive in the riversegment lying outside the national park as wellas within the jurisdiction of national park aroundhuman settlements.

The fishermen commonly use three types offishing gears, cast nets, gill nets and hook lines.Gill net fishing is widely practiced in pools ofKarnali River below Chisapani gorge. In thepresent study different sizes and types of gillnets and driftnets were recorded. Despite the factthat there has not been any instance of dolphinentanglement in the recent years, it has beenstated that floating gillnet used in flooded riverappear deadly since they are not easily detectedvisually and acoustically by dolphin. They are setacross river during monsoon (May-July) whendolphins lose their sonar ability due to murkyrunoff and become easy victims (Shrestha,1995). Additionally gills nets are destructive asthey entangle fish fauna of all size and thus posea dire threat to breeding fish populations. A smallportion of respondents used fishing lines that donot pose any serious threat to dolphin populationthrough prey depletion but it must be mentionedhere that Joshi (2004) reported of an instance ofentanglement and death of a calf dolphin inMohana River 10 years ago by hook line fishing.

Additionally, it should be noted that fishing andfish harvest is high in Geruwa along with thereceding water levels. Due to low water levels,dolphins are limited to a reduced range ofdistribution almost entirely outside thejurisdiction of protected area where fishing is notrestricted. Thus, the practice of intensive fishing


during low water level has more adverse effectson dolphin prey availability.

4.3.2 Population SegregationDams can alter or eliminate prime dolphin habitatareas by changing the hydrology of rivers andmodifying their flow patterns. The Girijapurbarrage located at Kailashpuri, 20kmdownstream of India-Nepal border has effectivelyisolated the remnant population from anypossible genetic mixing. As evident from surveyscarried at the end of monsoon and during winter,there is no fluctuation in status of dolphins,which confirms that there is no possibility ofgenetic interchange between animals migratingfrom outside or the resident animals migratingfrom this section of the river towards the Indianfrontier. Barrages on the Mahakali River (Sarda inIndia) at Banbasa on the India-Nepal border in1928, and at Sardanagar in 1974 about 160 kminto Indian Territory, have resulted in theextinction of dolphins from the Mahakali River. Ifconstructed, the proposed high dam at Chisapanigorge will further threaten the remainingpopulation (Smith 1994).

Small isolated populations may also be moresusceptible to risks of human impacts andenvironmental catastrophes (Zhang et al., 2003).It is evident that fragmented populations arechallenged by a number of factors that increasethe likelihood of population extinction simplybecause the population is remnant and confinedwithin a certain area. Although fragmentedpopulation may survive in short to medium term,altered habitat and other factors contribute totheir demise on the long term. Along withenvironmental impacts of the proposed dam atChisapani, the feeder roads will increasevehicular movement along the Karnali Riverbanks, which will further degrade the pristineenvironment of Chisapani gorge where the animalis occasionally sighted. Shrestha (1995) statesthat construction of the main dam and reservoir

would reduce the habitat available for dolphin by40%. A reduction by such a degree in alreadysparsely located habitats will prove catastrophicto the remnant population.

4.3.3 Habitat DegradationDuring the rainy season (June-July), dolphins arefound in perennial feeder streams such asMohana, which contain scattered deep pools richin migratory fish population. Changes in land usepattern and deforestation due to increasedhuman pressure have caused the river banks toslump and erode, reducing flows and eliminatingthe deep pools because of silting. The processof erosion starts from Churia foothills and thuswill require additional effort to be tackled. Suchan effect has considerably reduced the habitablestretch of the river and the dolphins are forced tothose areas where human activities are extreme.This may be one of the reasons for dolphinpopulation depletion during the recent years intributaries. Locals admit that riverbanks ofsmaller tributaries have constantly undergoneerosion and the width of these rivers hasdrastically widened in the last two decades. Itwas reported that dolphins migrated upstreaminto Orai River during high water levels ofmonsoon a decade earlier but they have notbeen sighted there in recent years.

Though the upper stretch of Karnali River aboveChisapani still remains relatively undisturbed,Shrestha (1995) stated that dolphins seem to berather unaffected by rowboats or canoes, but hadnot been seen in former habitat areas aboveChisapani and at Kothiaghat since theintroduction of motorized boats in 1986. Theywere observed during the operation of motorizedboats at Kothiaghat during the present study. Butreview of secondary sources show a steepdecline in population after the introduction ofmotorized ferry at Kothiaghat. Gravel road alongthe Karnali riverbank northwards from Chisapanifor a length of about 8km allows trucks and


tractors that transport logs to ply, and disturb thepristine environment of the upper reaches ofKarnali. Similarly, human settlements haveimmensely increased degrading the dolphinhabitat that existed before 1990, as pollution andhuman activities like sawing, washing andswimming has escalated along the riverbanks atChisapani.

Commercial fishing is not widespread but boththe major settlements along the river segment,Chisapani and Kothiaghat sell substantial amountof dried fish. It should be emphasized here thatthe process of drying of fish demands additionalamount of firewood, which in turn exerts an extrapressure on the adjoining forests resulting indeforestation and erosion in the long run.

The Rajapur irrigation rehabilitation project thatcommenced in 1991 and completed in 2001 hasconstructed embankments along the GeruwaRiver at major dolphin habitats. Most of thestructures in the irrigation system were upgradedto concrete structures and farmers no longerused brushwood and timber for maintenance.Embankments interrupt access to spawninghabitat for floodplain-dependent fishes andeliminate eddy counter-currents where thedolphins spend much of their time. In absence ofover spilling of water onto adjacent floodplains,there is a marked reduction in fish production asannual flooding of rivers with floodplains resultsin a massive increase in fish production far inexcess (approximately 1000%) of what anequivalent river without a floodplain could

TABLE 1: Chronology of major events along the lower Karnali River basin

Year

1972-1976

1984

1986

1990-1993

1992-2000

2000

Event

Construction ofGirijapur barrage20km below India-Nepal border

Devastating flood inKarnali River

Operation ofmotorized boat atKothiaghat

Construction ofChisapani Bridge

Rajapur IrrigationRehabilitation project

Operation of PontoonBridge at Kothiaghat

Effects of the event

Obstruction in dolphin movement,mining and excavation just below theIndia-Nepal border causingdisturbances in ecology of river.

Changed river course from Golaghatto Kothiaghat, branching out ofKarnali into numerous smallerchannels, reduction in depth andincrease in width of channels.

High noise level at Kothiaghat, whichalso is the route of migration fordolphins to move upstream into Nepalterritory.

High noise output due to explosions,mining and excavation along the riversystem at Chisapani. Obstruction indolphin movement into pristinehabitats above this area.

Embankment of river segments,disturbances crated due to vehicularmobility along the Golaghat stretch ofriver, reduction in biological diversityof river.

Extremely high noise level resultingfrom vehicles crossing the river andincreased number of vehicles in thearea.

Previous status

NA

20 in 1983,Shrestha (1989)

23 in 1986,Shrestha (1995)

6 in 1990, Smith(1993)

6 in 1990. Smith(1993)

4 in 1999.Timilsina (1999)

Post event Status

12 in 1982, Shrestha(1989)

23 in 1986, Shrestha(1995)

6 in 1990, Smith(1993)

2 in 1993. Smith et. al(1994)

8 in 1995 (Shrestha1995) 5-6 in 1998Smith (2000)

4 in 2003 Joshi(2004)


produce (Bernacsek, 1984). Additionally,dredging and the removal of stones, sand, andwoody debris also compromise the ecologicalintegrity of the riverine environments, especiallyin small tributaries (Reeves et al. 2003). Table 1below summarizes the major events that havetaken place along the lower Karnali River stretch,which have had impacts in some way on thedolphin habitat, population and their migrationroute.

4.3.4 PollutionPopulation pressure and diversion of water forirrigation and transportation facilities after thecommencement of diesel powered boat in 1986and the Pontoon bridge at Kothiaghat intensifiedagricultural activities in the 11 VDCs locatedbetween the two channels of Karnali River.Along with intensification of agriculture, farmersuse higher yielding but low pest resistantvarieties of crops along with application of higherchemical fertilizers and pesticides. At the sametime, the open border with India has resulted inlocal farmers acquiring higher amount ofchemical fertilizers Urea and Potash from Indiaat lower rates. These agrochemicals harm thedolphins both directly and indirectly through thefood chain (Behera, 2005).

The Bashulinga DSM Sugar Mill established in1996 in Chuha VDC of Kailali district dischargesits effluents into the Pathraiya River. The qualityof such industrial effluents has not beenmonitored and locals have reported a decreasein fish population in the river segmentimmediately below the point source of discharge.It is likely to have negative impact on the aquaticbiodiversity of this river in the long run. Thusfurther investigations may be necessary in thismatter. Figure 5 below shows possible threats inlong-term survival of dolphin in the Karnali Riversystem.

3 East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network meeting in 1997 in Ulaanbaatar

4.3.5 Transboundary issuesDolphins are migratory by nature and thus moveupstream and downstream along the Mohana andGeruwa Rivers. The monsoon population inMohana faces threats from destructive fishinggears, which result in prey depletion as well asaccidental entanglements in nets. It wasobserved that fishermen from India and Nepalfish extensively in Mohana River. Fishermenfrom India use large nets, which has resulted inaccidental entanglements of dolphins thoughdeaths have not occurred. Similarly, along theGeruwa River, area downstream of Kothiaghat isincorporated into Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuarywhere fishing is restricted but it should beemphasized that fishermen from Indian sideharvest large sized fish by using spears. Thisultimately affects the prey base by hamperingbreeding population.

Protected areas connected through largehydrological regimes are affected by activities oneither side of an international boundary. As theanimals are migratory in nature and feed on thefish populations that breed along the stretch ofGeruwa River, lack of exchange of scientific dataand joint monitoring may result in wrongestimation of status and distribution as well asthreats which always is crucial for conservationand long-term survival of endangered specieslike dolphins. Similarly, conservation andmanagement concept may also be different onboth sides, which further needs to be in-sync.

UNESCO (EABRN-5 meeting3) has listed theadvantages of Transboundary conservationcategorized in terms of conservation, scientificresearch and education, monitoring,management and development. In case ofconservation, better knowledge and coherentdata on protected species, especially migratoryspecies and identification of differences in


FIGURE 5: Possible threats for long term survival of dolphins in Karnali River system

conservation policy and management strategieson both sides of border are the majoradvantages. In case of scientific researches, itreduces the chances of research duplication andhelps to build a common database. Additionally,it provides a better chance for organizingintegrated scientific surveys and researchprojects along with the possibility of providing

better support for international research andtraining. The meeting has stated that such effortsare more effective in controlling illegal huntingand poaching crossing borders and also providesbetter data on migratory animals.

Considering the overall benefits of transboundarycooperation in conservation of migratory animal


like dolphin, it is necessary to initiatetransboundary measures to tackle issues whichimpact dolphin population and their migration aswell fish migration and breeding. Anyconservation efforts on one side need to becomplemented from the other side. Thus, atransboundary initiative both at local and nationallevel is required for conservation andmanagement of the river systems.

4.3.6 Policy IssuesAquatic Animal Protection Act, 1961 (AAPA)recognizes the value of wetlands and aquaticanimals. However, no agency has beendesignated to administer and enforce the Act.The AAPA has not been effective in protection ofthe biodiversity of aquatic ecosystem as bothexplosive and noxious materials are employed inaquatic ecosystems (NBS). NPWCA 1973provides complete protection to 27 species ofanimals including dolphins. But very little hasbeen done for protection and management of thisspecific animal. There have been occasionalincidents of poaching of dolphins for trade ofmeat, oil and bones (Shrestha, 1995) that havefailed to attract the attention of concerned bodiesin order to initiate any legal actions against suchviolations of the Act. National ConservationStrategy, 1988 has stated that the aquaticspecies receive little protection which results in asubstantial percentage of wildlife being harvestedindiscriminately both for commercial anddomestic purpose. This also has reduced theprey for dolphins in Karnali River.

Till date no such plans and programmes havebeen designed to address the aquatic animalsthat inhibit areas within and outside protectedareas. Their habitat and migratory nature has notyet been integrated in any of the plans. NationalBiodiversity Strategy (2002) recognizes theneed for wetland conservation while the NationalWetland Policy (2003) has emerged as thecentral plank of government’s approach to

wetland biodiversity conservation for future.Despite the formulation of supportive policies inrecent years, there is a need to develop species-specific strategy regarding dolphins thatenvisions managing the river ecosystemsthrough a comprehensive conservation plan. Asrecognized by NBS, 2002, lack of awareness andsufficient data regarding status, distribution andrange of migration outside protected areas wherethe animal is highly vulnerable to poaching islacking in the case of dolphins. Though manywetlands including dolphin habitats exist ongovernment land and under the legal jurisdictionof the Department of Forests, the focus onforestry issues has meant that wetlandconservation has not received adequateattention.

4.3.7 AwarenessAbout 40% of respondents in Mohana Riverbasin and 58% in Geruwa River basin wereaware that dolphin is an endangered animal. Onthe issues of knowledge about legal provisions inthe NPWCA 1973 regarding fines, imprisonmentand punishment for capturing, disturbing orpoaching of an endangered animal like dolphin,only 12% in Mohana River basin had thoroughknowledge whereas no respondents had suchlevel of knowledge in Geruwa river basin. Most ofthe locals in both the river basins (42% inMohana and 56% in Geruwa) had a certaindegree of knowledge meaning that they at leastknew that there were provisions for punishmentin the NPWCA. While a large number ofrespondents (46% in Mohana and 44% inGeruwa River basin) were ignorant about anysuch legal provisions regarding dolphinsspecifically.

It was reported that a couple of year’s back,some Indian fishermen caught a dolphin calfaccidentally. Though it was released following therequest of local youth volunteers, lack ofawareness and absence of official government


representatives can be accounted for thisincident. The study identifies local levelawareness as an important aspect that needs tobe addressed immediately. This may be initiatedthrough the Khata Community ForestCoordination Committee in Bardia and BhajaniCFCC in Kailali. Information can be conveyedthrough local media, posters, pamphlets andlocal level discussion forums.

4.4 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, it isconcluded that the status and distribution ofdolphins in Geruwa River has not altered in thelast five years. The primary sighting spots remainthe same since 1999 with slight changes that isdue to changes in river regime as a result ofseasonal floods. In Mohana River, there is aslight change in status though the distributionrange and sighting areas remain the same.Intensive fishing, habitat degradation andpopulation segregation are the major threats todolphins in Geruwan river. Similarly, dolphinpopulation in Mohana River is seasonal, limited

to high water level periods of monsoon, they arethreatened by habitat degradation through bankerosions/siltation resulting in decrease ofhabitable areas. Intensive fishing and accidentalentanglement in these narrow rivers also pose athreat to dolphins in smaller tributaries. The impactof chemical fertilizers and pesticides needs to beaccessed as studies in other parts of Asia haveshown considerable impact on dolphin and its preyspecies resulting from agricultural run-off.

Major activities that have influenced dolphinpopulation in the river basin are construction ofGirijapuri barrage, motorized ferry crossing atKothiaghat and Chisapni bridge construction.Girijapuri barrage has impeded the migration ofdolphins and associated prey species thus limitingthe possibilities of genetic mixing. Motorized ferrycrossing at Kothiaghat has degraded an importantmigration route of dolphins. During theconstruction of Chisapani Bridge, the disturbancescreated by blasting, drilling and vehicularmovement has isolated the pristine area abovethis point, thus limiting dolphin movementsdownstream.


Based on the outcomes of this study,recommendations have been made for

conservation and management of river dolphin inKarnali River basin. First set ofrecommendations are made as a whole for thepolicy level initiatives, the second set ofrecommendations are specific for the area andthird set are for further long-term studies in thearea.

5.1 Policy

1) There is need to develop effectivemechanism of conveying key information todecision-makers and the general public inorder to gain support for conservationinitiatives of Endangered migrant aquaticspecies

2) Species conservation plan that focuses onpopulation surveys, monitoring, protectingkey habitats, relocation and restoration ofdolphins is needed.

3) Special attention should be paid fordocumenting existing and planned waterdevelopment projects. All possible impactsof water development projects should beevaluated and results from these

investigations should be disseminated toresource management agencies along withrecommendations to reduce or eliminate anypotential threats to aquatic fauna includingdolphin.

4) A comprehensive river basin ecosystemconservation policy should be developed andsupported with statutory measures. Riverbasin conservation strategy should for allsignificant river systems take steps toprotect rivers and their tributaries.

5) The existing population is contained withinthe western end of the park and the Girijapurbarrage in India, located approximately 20kmsouth of the Nepal-India border. Aspreviously recommended by IUCN/SSCCetacean Specialist group, the entire stretchof the Karnali River from Golaghat toKatarniaghat (in India) can be designated asan international biodiversity zone for theconservation of the dolphin, crocodiles andturtles. Major parts of the river systems bothin Mohana and Geruwa form the boundariesof protected areas in India and Nepal. RoyalBardia National Park, Katarniaghat Wildlifesanctuary and Dudhwa National Park lie inclose proximity and form TAL, a visionary

��


landscape level program of WWF Nepal,which also focus on species conservation.Thus some mechanism should be developedat Indo-Nepal level so that segments of riversystem outside the jurisdiction of theseprotected areas are incorporated ordeveloped into conservation areas.

5.2 Specific Recommendations

1) Based on findings of the present study, raiseawareness about importance of conservationof dolphins in lower Karnali River basin. Forthis purpose, local NGOs, CBOs and schoollevel eco-clubs will be the most effectivemeans to achieve the target.

2) The ecosystem of lower Karnali River shouldbe considered as a single conservation unitand priority should be given to preserving allof its components including fishes thatprovide food for the dolphins as well as theindigenous people. Efforts should be madeto establish the entire area as conservationarea and its management should be given tolocal bodies.

3) Fishing should be regulated to reduce thepressure on the feeding ground of dolphins.Fishing gear that harm dolphins should bebanned in primary habitats. Private andcommunity managed fishing culture can bepromoted in ditches and small ponds aroundthe area through the CFUGs and CFCC asopportunity costs of restrictions in the river.

4) Effectiveness of regulations should bemonitored and evaluated. As fishingactivities takes place during the night, localcounterparts should be encouraged to tacklesuch issues. For this purpose, the existingCommunity Based Anti-Poaching Units canme motivated and mobilized.

5) It is inevitable to involve local resourcemanagers and community groups for long-term survival of these animals asconservation efforts do succeed if

guardianship is developed in and around theanimal’s habitat. This can be achievedthrough the involvement of CFCC andCommunity Based Anti-Poaching Units in theKhata corridor of TAL.

6) Community managed tourism in could bepromoted in the area. This would also help toimprove the local economy. The parts of riversystem can be managed through communityparticipation. However necessaryinfrastructure of the entire region such asroads and lodges must be developed forefficient mobility and accommodation duringall seasons. Kothaighat on Karnali River canbe promoted as the prime location for dolphinwatching during low water seasons whereasBardahawaghat on Mohana River has thepotential in Mohana river basin.

7) As the dolphins usually feed upon smallerfishes and shrimps, the mesh size of fishingnets can be regulated so that the fishermencatch only larger fishes and allow smallerfishes to escape. It was observed that theuse of gill net is destructive to the fishingpopulation as it entangles fishes of all sizethat ultimately hampers breeding fishpopulation though instances of dolphinentanglement have not been reported.

8) As the study has found that the localcommunities have religious and culturalbelief regarding dolphin as a holy animal,conservation effort should be built on theirexisting belief rather than trying to impose ascientific basis for conservation at the verybeginning.

9) Unless the local people recognize thesignificance of wildlife values of theirimmediate surrounding and the river dolphinsas a whole, implementing many of therecommendations that involve localparticipation would not yield desirablesuccess. Both local and national media, print(news paper and magazines) and electronic(radio and TV), should extensively be made


use of in highlighting the issues on theexisting dolphin population.

10) Along with population increase, there isbound to be a rise in demand for stones,boulders and sand from the banks of theseriver systems, thus it is of utmostimportance that certain sections of the rivershould be banned for such activities as well.DDC/VDCs should issues license only foralready disturbed river segments and rotatesuch activities in a sustainable manner.

5.3 Further research:

1) Future survey methods should bestandardized and modified and surveyreports should include detailed description ofhabitats, methods, search effort,environmental conditions and dolphinsightings so that data can be properlyevaluated and future surveys can bedesigned for comparability.

2) More extensive surveys are imperative tounderstand the status and distribution ofdolphin in Karnali River system. Concernedauthorities in Nepal and India to assess theactual status of the animal during wet anddry seasons should do this jointly. Seasonaland annual movement should beinvestigated on both sides of the borderabove the barrage.

3) The habitats identified by this study shouldbe marked for ecological study in future.Besides this, changes in river ecology andassociated aquatic fauna should also be

monitored and studied simultaneously. Thestudy of fish population should be an integralpart of future research.

4) Long-term studies on reproductive biologyand behaviour, ecology, population dynamicsand movements should be initiated under thepresent scenario of human pressure andhabitat degradation.

5) Studies on the impact of chemical fertilizersand pesticides on water quality during periodswhen agricultural activities are intense alongthe river banks should be initiated as theseinorganic substances do have a considerableimpact on fish and dolphin populations andother associated aquatic fauna that comprisea part of dolphin food chain.

6) Taking into account any future monitoringactivities, Kothiaghat on the Geruwa channeland Bardahawa cluster on Mohana River arethe most appropriate locations. Kothiaghatcan be monitored at any time of the year asthe presence of dolphins is reported to bethroughout the year but at least twomonitoring are recommended, one towardsthe end of monsoon and the other during lowwater level periods of winter or prior to onsetof monsoon. In Mohana, monitoring may becarried out only during the high water level,which extends from June to Mid Septemberdepending upon the amount of rainfall. Theinvolvement of local people in futuremonitoring should be of high priority toensure that subsequent monitoring is alsoconducted using consistent and practicalmethodology.


Behera, S.K; (2005) Conservation of Ganges River Dolphin In upper Ganga River, Project Report, WWFIndia.

Bernacsek, G.M (1984) Dam design and operation to optimize fish production in impounded riverbasins. CIFA Technical Paper No. 11, FAO Rome.

HMGN. (1988) National Conservation Strategy for Nepal

HMGN/MoFSC (2002) Nepal Biodiversity Strategy

HMGN/MoFSC (2003) National Wetland Policy

Jnawali, S.R., and U.R. Bhuju (2000) The Ganges River Dolphin: Current status and conservationthreats. A paper presented in WWF Regional Workshop on the South Asian River Dolphins, 4-7November, Taunsa, Pakistan

Jones, S. (1982) The Present Status of Gangetic susu, Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh) with commentson the Indus susu, P. minor (Owen). FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research.Working party on Marine Mamals. FAO Fish. Ser.4: 97-115

Joshi D., (2004) Status, Distribution and Management of River dolphin (Platanista gangetica) inLowland Karnali. M.Sc. Thesis, Pokhara University, Nepal.

Kasuya,T. and Haque, A.K.M.Aminul (1972) Some Information on the Distribution and SeasonalMovement of the Ganges Dolphin. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (Tokyo)24:109-115

Reeves, R.R., Brownell, R.L. (1989) Susu-Platanista gangetica and Platanista minor in Handbook ofMarine Mammals (Ridgway SH, Harrison SR eds.) Vol 4: River Dolphins and the Larger ToothedWhales. Academic Press, London: pp 69-100

Reeves R.R. and Leatherwood, S. (1995) Dams and River Dolphins: Can They Co-exist? Ambio23:172-175

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Reeves, R.R., B.D. Smith, E.A. Crespo, and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara (compilers) 2003. Dolphins,Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSCCetacean Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. (http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/actionplans/cetaceans/cetaceans.pdf)

Shankar, K. 1985, Water Resources. In: Nepal - Nature’s Paradise: Insight into Diverse Facets ofTopography, Flora and Ecology, Kathmandu

Shresth, T.K. (1989) Biology, Status and Conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin in Nepal. p70-76 inW.F. Perrin, R.L.Brownell, Jr. Zhou Kaiya and Liu Jiankang (eds). Occasional papers of IUCN/SSC,No.3

Shresth, T.K. (1995). The Ganges River Dolphin, Variety Printers, Kathmandu

Shreshta, T.K. (2003) Conservation and management of fishes in the large Himalayan rivers of Nepal.Unedited paper, 2nd Large Rivers Symposiumhttp://www.lars2.org/unedited_papers/unedited_paper/Shrestha.pdf

Sinha, R.K. et al (2000) Status and Distribution of Ganges susu in the Ganges River System of Indiaand Nepal. Pp 54-60, in R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith and T. Kasuya (eds). Biology and Conservation ofFersh Water Cetacean in Asia, IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Papers No. 23

Smith, B. (1993). 1990 Status and Conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin (Platanistagangetica) inKarnali River, Nepal. Biological Conservaion. 66:159-170

Smith, B., Bhandari,B., and K. Sapkota (1996) Aquatic Biodiversity in the Carnal and Narayani riverBasins. IUCN. 62pp

Smith, B. D., Sinha R.K., Regmi U., and Sapkota K., (1994) Status of Ganges River Dolphin in Carnal,Mahakali, Narayani and Saptakosi Rivers of Nepal and India in 1993. Marine Mammal Science10:368-375.

Smith, B.D., Reeves, R.R., (2000), Survey methods for population Assessment of Asian River dolphinsin R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith and T. Kasuya (eds). Biology and Conservation of Fresh Water Cetaceanin Asia, IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Papers No. 23

Smith, B.D. (2002). Susu and Bhulan Platinista gangetica gangeitca and P.g. minor In: Encyclopedia ofMarine mammals (Perrin W.F., Wursig B, Thewissen JGM eds.) Academic Press, San Diego, 1208-1213

Timilsina, N. (1999). Present status and conservation of Gangetic dolphin in the Carnal River, WesternLowland of Nepal. M.Sc. Thesis. Tribhuwan University. Katmandu. 45pp

Zhang, X. et al. (2003) The Yangtze River Dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer): population status andconservation issues in the Yangtze River, China. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and FreshwaterEcosystem 13:51-64. Published online in Wiley InterScience.(www.interscience.wiley.com).


Riversection

Golaghat

Guptipur

Khauraha-GeruwaConfluence

Orai-GeruwaConfluence

Kothiaghat

TOTAL

Habitat Description

Wide river section, numerous channels converge justabove this spot, river bed is composed of pebbles, a widepool of 50-100m width has been created at this spot,dolphins are mostly sighted after the end of monsoon,river banks highly disturbed during the sighting periodsdue to grass cutting activities in RBNP as this is a majorboat crossing section leading into RBNP.

Shoreline very wide and unstable, bed load consists ofstones, pebbles and sand, human settlements, a majorrowboat ferry crossing point,

River water clear, Geruwa channel meandering andcreates many channels and oxbows making rainy seasonresort for dolphin, width varies from 100 to 300m., deeppool created just at the confluence, river bed is composedof stones; pebble and sand, no human settlements near,river banks utilized for livestock rearing, fishing activitieshigh, hooks and hoop nets (heluka) commonly used.

Width and depth vary between 50-400m and 5-20mrespectively, confluence turned into a large pool duringthe monsoon whereas the depth and width is reduced upto 5m and 50m during the dry period, occasionally wildlifesuch as river otter, turtles, crocodile seen, dolphinssighted only during monsoon, no human settlement alongthis section and fishing activity also moderate here.

Flood plain wide and disturbed by human activities, widthvaries from 400m during monsoon up to 100m during thedry periods, human settlement on one side of this section,heavily disturbed throughout the year, motorized boat inoperation during the wet periods and a pontoon bridge laidduring the dry period. Excessive fishing throughout theyear with the use of Gill net, dolphins sighted at this spotthroughout the year.

Note: Identically shaded columns indicate the sighting of same individual at the two points

Number during four different surveys

25 Oct 29 Oct 26 Dec 30 Dec

0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

2 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

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Riversection

Chaugurdi

Khakraula

BardahawaCluster

Mohana-KanaraConfluence

Janakpur

TOTAL

Habitat Description

Confluence of western branch of Karnali and Mohana, dolphinssighted on Mohana which flows in a single channel, river bed iscomposed of sand, width of Mohana River varies from 150mtsduring high floods to 50m during low floods in monsoon, river bankson the Nepal side cultivated and constantly eroded, one of the leastdisturbed sighting spots in Kailali, and fishermen use hooks and castnets.

Highly disturbed area, large oar powered ferry along with numeroussmaller boats operate at this point, Mohana River flows in a singlewide channel at this point and its width varies from 200m during highfloods to 80m in low floods, human settlements on the Nepal sidewhereas the India side is covered with forest. Cast net fishing isintensive along the river, riverbank erosion; meandering nature of theriver has created a deep pool.

Bardahawa cluster is a group of four confluences that lie within adistance of 1km. Deep pools characterize each confluence. Thewidth and depth of these pools varies for each location.Bardahawaghat and Rapti sections have clustered settlements andthus activities like bathing and washing are common here. Boththese sections are subject to frequent boat movements. Agriculturalactivities are intense around this cluster and use of cast nets forfishing is prevalent. River bank erosion common.

Width varies from 80m to 200m during the monsoon, oar poweredferry operates just below the confluence, river bed composed ofsand and clay agriculture fields around this area, Cast netscommonly used, highly disturbed due to ferry crossing and fishing,Dolphin surfacing occurs frequently in areas where deep pools withslow flowing eddy counter currents have been created due toconverging rivers, location of these deep pools also varies eachseason but is mostly situated nearby the point of convergence.

This stretch of Pathraiya River has a meandering nature, widthvaries from 40m to 70m during the monsoon, and riverbed iscomposed of pebbles. The riverbanks either cultivated or occupiedby human settlements, frequent movements of small boats atJanakpur Cast nets widely used, washing and bathing common.

Number during three surveys

19 Aug 29Aug 8 Sep

0 2 1

0 1 2

4 4 3

4 2 2

2 3 1

10 12 9

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Photographs

Research team with staffs of WWF Nepal and Royal Bardia National Park at Manaughat, Karnali

Karnali River above Chisapani is less disturbed but dolphins have not been sightedin this area in recent years.

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Dolphin making parallel dive during October at Manaughat, Geruwa Channel of Karnali River

Engine powered boats at Kothaighat on Geruwa Channel Karnali

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Fishing is intense during the early hours, a fisherman at Kothiaghat on his way home soon after dawn

Despite intense human activities, dolphin sighting is common at Kothiaghat during low water levels

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An adult dolphin diving at Bardahawaghat on Pathraiya River - a spot for sightingdolphins from very close range

A fishermen’s chain Pathraiya River-human intervention into a spot of high dolphinactivity during monsoon

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The common mode of transport during monsoon at Khakraulaghat, Mohana River

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for a living planet ®

© 1986 P

anda symbol W

WF

- World W

ide Fund F

or Nature (Form

erly World W

ildlife Fund) ©

"WW

F" and "living planet" are R

egistered Trademarks

WWF Nepal ProgramPO Box 7660, Baluwatar

Kathmandu, Nepal.

Tel: 4434820, 4434970, 4410942

Fax: 977-1-4438458

e-mail: [email protected]

www.wwfnepal.orgwww.panda.org/freshwater

WWF is the world’s largest and most experienced independentconservation organization, with almost 5 million supporters and

a global network active in more than 90 countries.

WWF's Mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural

environment and to build a future in which humans live inharmony with nature by:• Conserving the world's biological diversity;

• Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources issustainable; and

• Reducing pollution and wasteful consumption

status, distribution and conservation threats of...

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