threats to and conservation of wetland …...threats to and conservation of wetland environments in...
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Threats to and Conservation of Wetland Environments
in the Pantanal
Keiichiro YOSHIDA (Yokohama National University, Japan)
- Japan-Brazil Symposium on Research Collaboration -
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- Contents -
• The Pantanal – Location – Diversity – Human
• Threat to the Pantanal – Deforestation – Modifying the hydrological cycle – Sedimentation and flood regimes
• Negative effects of conservation – “arrombado”
• Comprehensive approach – Toward wetland conservation
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PantanalBrazil
Brasilia
Sao Paulo
Atlantic
Pacific
Fig. Map of the Pantanal The gray-hatched area indicates the Brazil Pantanal.
Nhécolândia
Paiaguás
Cuiaba
Campo Grande
Corumba
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baia
cerradão
cerrado
campo limpo
campo sujo
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Fig. Vegetation types and water level in the Pantanal.
(Yoshida et al. 2006)
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cerrado campo limpo campo sujo
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• Cattle ranching – since 19th century
• Sustainable resource management
– natural grasslands used as pasture – practices for maintaining the grassland – control of the flood regime
• “wise use” of wetlands
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Threats to the Pantanal
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Threats to the Pantanal
Deforestation • The natural forests (cerrado and
cerradão) have been replaced by pasture for cattle ranching.
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Threats to the Pantanal
Deforestation
Modifying the hydrology • The road crossing the Pantanal
changed the hydrological cycle.
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Transpantaneira (147km)
←upstream downstream→
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Threats to the Pantanal
Deforestation
Modifying the hydrology
Sedimentation • The river sedimentation changed
the flood regime in Taquari basin .
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Rio Taquari
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• Wetland conservation policies – Establishment of protected areas – Prevention of deforestation – Prohibition of flood control activities
Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense
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Negative effect
of conservation policy
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arrombado (“boca do caronal”)
• “arrombado” (“boca do rio”) – The natural levee breaks – Traditionally, the local inhabitants close them
to mitigate the flood damage.
• However, the closure of arrombado has been prohibited since the 1990s to “conserve the wetland ecosystem”
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Nhécolândia
Paiaguás
Rio Taquari
arrombado
Nov 1987 Nov 1997
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Table. Forest decline and tree species on the earth mounds (“capãoes” & “murundus” ) in the inundated area of Paiaguas.
decline class 1 decline class 3 decline class 5
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Natural Resource Degradation
• forest decline • habitat loss • biodiversity reduction
Expansion of perennial inundation area
Prohibition of closure of “arrombado”
Social Problems
• farmland abandonment • Pantaneiro leaving the Pantanal • loss of traditional knowledge
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How can we conserve the Pantanal?
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• Loss of traditional wetland management systems – non-sustainable use of natural resources – conservation policies without concerning about the local
inhabitants
• Conservation of the human-influenced wetland – A comprehensive approach that integrates traditional
knowledge and modern science – Contribution to both wetland conservation and human well-
being
Decline of the traditional cattle ranching
Degradation of the wetland environments
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Explore new relationships between human and nature in the Pantanal