status and priorities of soil management in argentina - aapresid
TRANSCRIPT
“MANAGING LIVING SOILS” GSP WORKSHOP
FAO Headquarters – Rome, Italy December 2012
Status and priorities of soil management in Argentina
La sustentabilidad como programa
Aapresid foundation - 1989
Evolution of NT surface in Argentina 1977-2011
Source: Aapresid (2012)
Aapresid GMOs
Source: Aapresid 2012
Evolution of NT surface in Argentina compared to the total cropland. 1977-2011
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Campaigns (Year)
Percentage of total cropland area under No Till in Argentina, 1977/78 to 2010/11 campaigns. Source: Aapresid (2012)
78,5%
Sustainability as a program
Aapresid's MISSION To promote the No Till system in order
to achieve an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable agricultural activity based on
technological, organizational and institutional innovation, undertaking the commitment to
interact with public and private organizations to achieve an integral development of our Nation.
CURRENT SOIL
Loss of fertility
Loss of porosity
Loss of structure
SOM: 2-3%
ATMOSPHERE
CO2
Virgin soil Structure Porosity Fertility
SOM: 5-6%
ROUTE FOLLOWED UNTIL THE PRESENT
TILLAGE = DETERIORATION,
UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEM
PRODUCTIVITY QUALITY WITH BIG AMOUNTS OF
EXTERNAL INPUTS
CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE
HU
MA
N F
ACT
OR
R. Fogante / 98
CURRENT SOIL
Loss of fertility
Loss of porosity
Loss of structure
SOM: 2-3%
ATMOSPHERE
CO2
Virgin soil Structure Porosity Fertility
SOM: 5-6%
ROUTE TO FOLLOW
HIGH YIELDS
NO TILL
NO TILL SYSTEM
R. Fogante / 98
HU
MA
N F
ACT
OR
PROPORTIONALLY LESS EXTERNAL INPUTS
Roots
Source: C. Crovetto, Chile
NT reduces soil erosion by 90%
About 20% of global cropland is eroded to the extent that part of it has been abandoned
Salty water 97.3%
Ice 2.04% Underground water 0.61% Soil humidity 0.005% Vapor 0.001% Lakes 0.009% Rivers 0.0001%
Fresh water 2.7%
NT reduces water evaporation by 70%
Food production accounts for 70% of total freshwater use
Continuous Soybean Typical Argiudol after 50 years of agriculture (last 10 in No till)
Crop rotation in the past 10 years: 9 SoyFS-1 maize
Source: INTA Oliveros
Field under crop rotation Typical Argiudol after 47 years of agriculture (last 10 in No till)
Crop rotation in the past 10 years: 5 Wheat/SoyDC- 5 maize
Source: INTA Oliveros
Water Conductivity Measurement (water movement through the soil)
In the field under soybean-grass rotation, water circulation was 80% higher than that under soybean monocrop
Source: S. Bacigaluppo, 2005. INTA Oliveros
Production average (last 5 years): 4.80 tn./ha/año
Crop area (% total area) – Marcos Juárez County –
Wheat SoyDC
SoyFS Maize
Area %
19.80
19.80
70.70
9.50
2 year Crop rotation (Maize-Wheat/SoyDC) H. Ghio Farm, Marcos Juarez County
Yearly production average (3 crops)
Campaign 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11
Tn/ha/year 8.86 8.61 8.82 9.35 9.34 8.91 10.04 11.30 10.37 10.85 10.20 9.10 8.90 11.00
Production average (last 5 years): 10.02 tn./ha/año
212% yield increased with the same inputs (land, water, radiation…)
SOIL CARBON BALANCE (SOM)
The soil undergoes both SOM losses naturally through mineralization and SOM gains through the amount and quality of crop residues left over its surface.
The amount of crop residues the soil should receive to maintain its organic matter level (balance value) can be determined using simulation models.
4,300 kg/ha/year of Carbon (about 11,000 kg of crop residues) will be needed to maintain an average value of 2.5% of SOM under continuous No Till system.
Thesis done by Thomas and Andriulo, 2001 for Hansen and Baldissera soils (typical Argiudol soils)
The world is trying to reduce CO2 emissions No Till increases soil Carbon content NT helps to save 40% of fossil fuel because of the absence of tillage
WATER CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERTILIZATION - LATE SOYBEAN 2006/07
Yield (kg/ha) 2684 4253 2596 4266 4499
Water Use Efficiency (kg of grain/mm)
4 7 5 8 9
Agr. Eng. Guillermo Beltramo – AAPRESID Internship
Control S Treatment NP Treatment NPS Treatment NPS Reposition
Phenological Stages S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF
Total available Water (2.5m) 134 185 330 107 186 276 82 211 318 41 220 277 10 186 293
Rainfall P to PM 793mm
AW Planting (mm) 134 107 82 41 10
Consumption by Crop (mm) 597 624 557 557 510
WATER CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERTILIZATION MAIZE 2007/08
Control S Treatment NP Treatment NPS Treatment NPS Reposition
Phenological Stages S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF S Fl MF
Total available Water (2.5m) 278 58 34 276 52 31 270 54 81 259 40 30 271 43 60
Rainfall P to PM 274mm
Rainfall 15 days before flowering 16mm
Agr. Eng. Guillermo Beltramo – AAPRESID Internship
Yield (kg/ha) 4,640 6,222 5,656 7,947 8,497
Water Use Efficiency (kg of grain/mm) 9
12 12 16
18
AW Planting (mm) 278 276 270 259 271
Consumption by Crop (mm) 518 519 463 503 485
NSAP GAP NE
CONCLUSION GAP is more similar to NE than NSAP and it is in between those situations
BIOlogía del Suelo y Producción Agraria Sustentable (Soil Biology and Sustainable Agricultural Production)
Ministry of Science and Technology (MINCyT) +1 NGO(AAPRESID)+2 Companies+ 12 Research Units
Organism Pounds of liveweight/acre Bacteria 1000
Actinomycetes 1000 Molds 2000 Algae 100
Protozoa 200 Nematodes 50
Insects 100 Worms 1000
Plant roots 2000
Source: Dr. Dwayne Beck, SDSU
ALTA PRODUCTIV
IDADAD
Water
Air Nutrients
C
INTENSITY Source: Moraes Sa, 2003
INITIAL0-5 years
Low OMLow residue
Soil structure regenarationMicrobial activity increases
More needs of N Source: Adapted from J.C. Moraes Sa, 2003
CONSOLIDATION 11-20 years
C accumulation Increase residues
> available water in the soil
N mineralization > immobilization Increase CEC
> nutrient cycling TRANSITION
6-10 years
OM acumulation More residues
> soil aggregates > soil microbial activity
N immobilization > mineralization P accumulation
MAINTENANCE + 20 years
Continuous flow of N and C High residues
> available water in the soil
High nutrient cycling > N and P availability
TIME
BPA 1: Siembra Directa
Good Agricultural Practices
BIOTECHNOLOGY
We need government policies based on clear rules that promote a sustainable production guaranteeing food safety and minimizing the consequences of climate change. Government policies with a fair tax system that promotes wealth generation with a correct tax collection to promote activities for social inclusion of those with less resources.
Agr. Eng. María Beatriz (PILU) Giraudo [email protected]
www.aapresid.org.ar
Aapresid is ready but it’s better If we can do this together!! THANK YOU
“The only limit in No Till is in your mind”
Dr. Shirley Phillips