u n i ve r s i t y o f co pe n h ag e n

Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities

PLEEC Report D4.1

Fertner, Christian; Groth, Niels Boje; Große, Juliane; Read, Stephen; Rocco, Roberto;Meijers, Evert; Fernandez Maldonado, Ana Maria; Mashayekhi, Azadeh

Publication date:2014

Document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Citation for published version (APA):Fertner, C., Groth, N. B., Große, J., Read, S., Rocco, R., Meijers, E., ... Mashayekhi, A. (2014). Framework forreports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities: PLEEC Report D4.1. EU-FP7 project PLEEC.

Download date: 21. apr.. 2020

Deliverable 4.1

Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities

FINAL VERSION 30 April 2014

Authors

UCPH: Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse TUD: Stephen Read, Roberto Rocco, Evert Meijers,

Ana Maria Fernandez Maldonado, Azadeh Mashayekhi

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Abstract Main aim of report  Thepurposeofthisreport(Deliverable4.1)istoprovideguidancefortheworkonDeliverable4.2(D4.2).D4.2willconsistofsixseparatecasestudyreports(or‘cityreports’,oneforeachofthe6PLEECcities)whichwillbeconductedbydifferentpersonsoftheWorkpackage4(WP4)‐team.Thereforeitisimportanttohaveajointframework,definingtherelevantquestionsandissueswhichshouldbeworkedon.However,asthesixcitiesareverydifferent,theframeworkstaysatageneralleveltoallowdifferentfociineachofthereports.Target group ThemainaddresseeistheWP4‐teamwhowillworkonthecasestudyreports(D4.2).ThewidertargetgroupareotherPLEECpartnerswhoareinterestedinWP4’sworkaswellasotherprofessionalswhowouldliketogetinspirationhowtoconductananalysisofenergyissuesinrelationtospatialplanningandurbanforminmedium‐sizedcities.Main findings/conclusions Fivemainchaptersaresuggestedtofollowinallcasestudyreports:

Overviewofcity(geography,socio‐economic,history,…) Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment Evolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanning Managementofurbanplanningandenergytoday Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutof

theplanningsystem

Activities carried out including methodology used  ThisdocumentisbasedonacontinuousdiscussionbetweenUCPHandTUDsinceJuly2013,reviewofliterature,theWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013,discussionsundertakenaroundthevirtualWP4kick‐offmeetinginFebruary2014withcitypartnersandtheWP4workshopinTurkuinMarch2014.SomebackgroundmaterialcanbefoundintheAnnex.NotesfromthemeetingsareavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepage.The PLEEC project EnergyefficiencyishighontheEuropeanagenda.OneofthegoalsoftheEuropeanUnion's20‐20‐20planistoimproveenergyefficiencyby20%in2020.However,holisticknowledgeaboutenergyefficiencypotentialsincitiesisfarfromcomplete.Currently,avarietyofindividualstrategiesandapproachesbydifferentstakeholderstacklingseparatekeyaspectshindersstrategicenergyefficiencyplanning.

WP4locationinPLEECproject

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Forthisreason,thePLEECproject–"PlanningforEnergyEfficientCities"–fundedbytheEUSeventhFrameworkProgrammeusesanintegrativeapproachtoachievethesustainable,energy–efficient,smartcity.Bycoordinatingstrategiesandcombiningbestpractices,PLEECwilldevelopageneralmodelforenergyefficiencyandsustainablecityplanning.Byconnectingscientificexcellenceandinnovativeenterprisesintheenergysectorwithambitiousandwell‐organizedcities,theprojectaimstoreduceenergyuseinEuropeinthenearfutureandwillthereforebeanimportanttoolcontributingtotheEU's20‐20‐20targets.

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Table of Content 

Abstract...............................................................................................................................................................2

1 IntroductiontoWP4–structuredrivenenergypotentials.....................................................5

1.1 WP4approach.................................................................................................................................................5

1.2 Structuralaspectsofenergyefficiency.................................................................................................6

2 Organisationofcasestudywork.......................................................................................................8

3 Dispositionforthecasestudyreports.............................................................................................9

4 Mainquestionsforeachchapter....................................................................................................10

Chapter3:Overviewofthecity............................................................................................................................10

Chapter4:Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment.................................11

Chapter5:Evolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanning....................................................................12

Chapter6:Managementofurbanplanningandenergytoday................................................................13

Chapter7:Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutoftheplanningsystem..................................................................................................................................................14

Chapter8:Summaryofurbanenergyplanninginthecity.......................................................................15

Chapter9:Perspectivesforthethematicreport...........................................................................................15

Chapter10:LessonsforandlinkstootherPLEECworkpackages.......................................................15

5 References..............................................................................................................................................16

6 ANNEX.......................................................................................................................................................17

6.1 WorktocarryfurtherfromWP2...........................................................................................................18

6.2 Guideforinterviewswithstakeholders.............................................................................................19

6.3 Potentialchecklistforbasicsocio‐spatialfeaturesofcasecities.............................................21

6.4 Generaldataonlanduseandspatialdevelopmenttosupplylocallyavailabledata.......23

6.5 WorkshopStoke‐on‐Trent:Firstinsightsonspatialplanningpoliciesandenergyefficiencyinthecasecities.....................................................................................................................................24

6.6 WorkshopTurku:Urbanenergyplanninginthecasecities......................................................27

 

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1 Introduction to WP4 – structure driven energy potentials 

1.1 WP4 approach WP4focusesonstructure‐drivenenergyefficiencypotentialswithinurbanplanning.Wetherebyunderstand‘structure’inWP4astwofold:(1)Theinstitutionalandplanningdimension.Theurbangovernancestructure,thestructureofactorsandinstrumentsofurbanplanningatthemunicipallevel,(2)Thespatialdimension,includingthephysicalstructureofthecity,itsmorphology,theurbanform,thecharacteristicsofthebuiltenvironment.Forbothaspects,specificgeographical/natural,political,culturalandhistoricalcontextshouldbeemphasisedWP4appliesatwo‐stepapproach:

1. Thefirststepis‘case‐driven’:Wecollectknowledgefromthesixcitiesandgeneralacademicliteratureonurbanparameters(urbanform,landuse,transport,infrastructure,…)andenergyuse.Thisresultsin:

aguidancedocumentsummarisingimportantquestions,methodsandbackgroundmaterial(D4.1)asinputfor

sixcasereports(D4.2),oneforeachcity

2. Thesecondstepis‘model‐driven’:Wewillworkonsynthesizingthematerial,elaboratinggeneraldescriptionsoftherelationshipofurbanstructuresandenergyandhowurbanplanningengagesinthat.Thiswillresultin

areportstructuringknowledgebythemes(e.g.housing,transport,landuse)(D4.3),and

ashortsummaryreport(D4.4),preparingWP4resultstobetransferredtoWP6

Themainengagementofthecasecitiesregardscollaborationinthefirststepbyprovidingknowledgeanddata(e.g.throughinterviewsandaccesstokeydocuments)forthecasestudyreportsandalsotodraftsectionsofthecasereports.  

Figure1: Major

milestonesinWP4,seealsosection2

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1.2 Structural aspects of energy efficiency ItisnosecretthatEuropeancitieshaveincreasedtheirenergyfootprintsinthelastcentury(Droege2011;EEA2006).Thisisinspiteofthefactthatheavyindustryhasbeenadecreasingproportionofthetotaleconomyforsomedecadesnow.Mostvisibleistheenormousphysicalexpansionofourcitiesinthelastcenturyanditsimpliedproblemsespeciallyregardingtransportinfrastructureandlandconsumption.Wecanseethesechangesfromauseandfromagenerationperspective.Ontheuse(consumption)side,astheproportionofenergyconsumptioninindustryhasdeclined,theincreasehasbeenpredominantlydueontheonehandtotheconsumptionofenergyinbuildingsforheatingandcooling,andontheothertochangesinmodesoftransport(themotorcar)andincreasesintraveldistancesduetosuburbanisation.Thesechangesarerelatedtochangesinurbanform.Startingwiththesimplechanges,thereisanobviousstructuraleffectonenergyconsumptionduetourbansizeandpopulationincrease.Furtherstructuralchangesoccurascitiesbecomelessdense.Ontheonehandweseeariseinthenetandproportionalbuildingheatingloadandheatloss.Incitiesthathaveundergonesuburbanisationthiswillbelinkedtoincreasesinhousesizes,instand‐alonehouses(highersurfaceareatovolumeratios),andfallsinthesizesofhouseholds.Thesechangeswillbehelpedalongbychangesinheatingstandardsbutwillbeoffsetbybetterstandardsofenergydelivery,insulationandheatretention.Ontheotherhandweseelargeincreasesindailytraveldistancesandintheuseofthemotorcar.Thisislinkedtoincreasedseparationoflivingandworkplacesandaculturalandlifestylepreferenceforlivinginsuburbansettings.Itisalsolinkedtoincreasesinthespatial(regional)extentofland(forhousing,commercialandindustrialuse)andlabourmarkets.Thesemarketsmayalsotendtodiscountthecostsoftravelwithintheregion.Wehavetothereforeunderstandtoday’sincreasedenergyuseasstructurallylinkednotonlytothelifestylepreferencesformotorcaruseandsuburbanlivingbutalsotofactorsoftheregionaleconomy.Between1990and2006Europe’spopulationgrewby7%,whiletheurbanareainthesametimegrewby37%(Fertner2012).Ontheotherhand,compactanddenseurbandevelopmentissupposedtodirectlytranslatingintolowerenergyuseandcarbonemissionspercapita,lessairandwaterpollution,andgenerallylowerresourcedemandscomparedwithlessdense,lesscompactcities(Beatley2003,250).Butwecanseethatthetransitionfromadispersedtoacompactcityisacomplexprocesswithfactorsanddemandsthatconflictwithaimsofenergyefficiency.Onthegeneration(production)side,relativelycheapandabundantenergyhashistoricallybeenassociatedwiththeexploitationoffossilfuel(coalandoil)sources.Energyefficiencycanbeunderstoodintworatherdifferentways,firstlyintermsofanetreductionofenergyconsumption,butalsointermsofthereplacementofnon‐renewablesourcesofenergywithrenewableorclimateandenvironmentimpact‐freesourcesofenergy.Infact,energydemandisstillrisingandwithdecliningcoalandoilsupplies,thegapbetweenwhatthesesourcescandeliveranddemandwillgrow.Thisgapmaybefilledwithanumberofalternativesourcesandclearlytherearealternativeswhicharemoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Energyconsumptionmayalsobereplacedwithlocalproductionofenergy–aswhenbuildingheatingisprovidedbysolarpanelsorheat‐pumpsforexample,orcarsarereplacedbybicycles.Alsoaproliferationofgreener

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energysourcesmayoffermoreflexibilityofsupplyandsmart‐griddingandnovelstoragemeansmayofferefficienciesthoughclearlythereareproblemsthatwillneedtobesolvedregardingthetechnologiesandeconomiesofgenerationandsupply,especiallyindailyandyearlypeakperiods.Ourconcernhereiswithtendenciesofmorerecentenergyconsumptionandgeneration,relatedtostructuralchangesinpopulations,urbanregions,housing,transportationandculturalandeconomicwaysoflife: urbansizeandpopulationincreasesalongsideincreasinghousingdemands(more), de‐densificationofbuildingvolumeswithsuburbandispersal,thegrowthofsingle‐

familysuburbanhousing,andotherfactors,leadingtohigherheatingcostsandenergylosses(offsetbybetterheatingefficiencytechniquesandpractices),

changesindemandsforresidentialandotherspaceheatingandcooling,alongsidedistrictheatingandothertechnicalandorganisationaladvances,and

changesindailycommutingpatternsandincreasesindailytraveldistances,alongwithchangesinresidentialpatternsattheregionalscaleandtheriseofthemotorcarasfavouredtransportationmode.

increaseofeconomicwealthandriseofthemiddleclassmadeenergymoreaffordable(more)

Demographicchange,e.g.moresinglehouseholds(more)Understoodinanhistoricalperspectivewecanseechangesinregionalstructureasbeingasignificantcauseofincreasesinenergyconsumption.Itthusgoeswithoutquestionthaturbandevelopmenthasbeenadriverforenhancedenergyconsumption.Duetotheirreversibilityofurbandevelopment(‘lock‐in’),acrucialquestioniswhetherinthefutureurbandevelopmentcanbeturnedintoadriverofenergysavings?Ratherlikelyitisthatlargescalenationalenergypolicyisthekeyinstrumentandthatthekeyissueofurbandevelopmentisaboutfacilitationofnationalpoliciesandintroductionofenergy‐soundurbandevelopmentschemes.  

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2 Organisation of case study work Thisreport(Deliverable4.1)isaframeworkforhowtostructurethecasestudyreportsandwhichquestionsandthemesshouldbedealtwith.TheframeworkwaselaboratedincollaborationbetweenWP4partners.Buildingonthejointframework,theworkonthecasestudyreports(Deliverable4.2)willbesplitbetweenpartnersasshowninTable1.Table1: Responsiblepartnersforcasestudyreports(Deliverables4.2)Case Universitypartner LocalpartnerEskilstuna UCPH EskilstunaCityTartu UCPH TartuCityTurku UCPHwithTUAS TurkuCity/ValoniaJyväskulä TUDwithTUAS JyväkyläCitySantiagodeCompostela TUD SantiagodeCompostelaCityStoke‐on‐Trent TUD Stoke‐on‐TrentCityThecasestudyworkhasstartedinformallyalreadywiththefirstWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013.AtthemeetinginTurkuinMarch2014weconcretisedthethemesforthereportsanddiscussedfirstfindings.IntermsofworkloaditisexpectedthatthemainshareofWP4goestotheelaborationofthecasecityreports(D4.2).ThedistributedpersonmonthsperpartnerinWP4canbeseeninthePLEECDescriptionofWork(Workplantable6,page30).However,eachpartnerisself‐responsibletodedicatepersonmonthsinanappropriatemanner.UCPHorTUDwillbecoordinatorandmaincontributorinD4.2.Thecitypartnerswillbeinvolvedinsupportingthematerialcollection,providinginputforparticularsections(e.g.descriptionofkeyprojects)andindiscussingandreviewingthereport.Theconcreteorganisationoftheworkhastobedonewithineachcaseseparately.ThecoreworkonthecasestudyreportstakesplacefromMarchtoAugust2014.TheworkwillbefacilitatedbyregularSkypemeetingsbetweentheuniversitypartners.Anexchangebetweenthecitypartnersisalsodesirable,workshop‐stylediscussionsarethoughunfeasibleoverSkypeandthenextofficialmeetingwithallparticipantsisfirstplannedforDecember(Santiago).Still,anyotheropportunitytoexchange(e.g.duringapotentialEEFmeetingorBAP‐eventinCopenhageninOctober)willbeconsidered.EndofAugust2014draftreportsforeachcaseshouldbeready,sowecanstartthediscussiononcross‐cuttingissues(Deliverable4.3).Thediscussionwillbefacilitatedbya1‐2dayseminaratTUDelftinSeptember2014(datetobedecided).AlthoughallWP4partnersarewelcometojoinforthatmeeting,itisonlyrealisticforUCPHtovisitTUDelft,asthereisnospecificbudgetallocatedforsuchameetingintheproject.However,1‐2weekspriortothemeetingallreportswillbesentoutasdrafttothecitypartnerstoallowforcommentingbeforethemeeting.ThefinalcasereportsshouldbereadyforthemeetinginSantiagodeCompostelainbeginningofDecember2014.AtthatmeetingalsoadraftforDeliverable4.3willbeready.  

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3 Disposition for the case study reports Table2: Proposedtableofcontentofthesixcasestudyreports

Chapter TitleApprox.pages*

0 Abstract(followingthegeneralPLEEC‐reporttemplate) 1

1 GenericWP4andD4.2introduction 1

2 Methods/data(shortpresentationofusedmethods,e.g.interviews,dataetc.)

2

3 Overviewofcity(geography,socio‐economic…)incl.WP2smartcityprofileresults

5

4Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment(tounderstandthecurrenturbanstructure) 10

5EvolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanningEnergysituationincountry,(historical)drivers,keylegislation,impactsoncity&implementationincity

10

6ManagementofurbanplanningandenergytodayMainactors,rolesanddistributionofcompetencies;Mainpolicydocumentsandplanningtools

10

7 Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutoftheplanningsystem 10

8 Summaryofurbanenergyplanninginthecity 2

9 Perspectivesforthematicreport(D4.3) 2

10 LessonsandlinkstootherPLEECworkpackages 2

11 References

Total 50

*Thisisonlyforroughorientationandshouldbeheldflexibletoadjusttothecasestudy.Whenwehaveagreedonthetableofcontent,atemplatefile(.docx)forthereportswillbesentoutbyUCPHsowecanensureacommonformattingstyleandstructureinall6reports.Inthefollowingsectionbackgroundinformationforeachchaptercanbefound.  

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4 Main questions for each chapter 

Chapter 3: Overview of the city Question:Whatkindofcityisthis?Thissectionintroducesthecity’sgeneralcharacteristicshelptosetthecityinacontext.Mainmaterialcanbebasicinformationfromthecity(fromwebsitesetc.),generalliteratureandalsothematerialproducedinWP2,especiallyD2.1(EuropeanSmartCityprofile)andD2.3(EnergySmartCityprofiles).Thefollowingsubsectionscouldbeused:

Generalintroduction(location,cityimage/role) ShortoverviewfromWP2cityprofiles(D2.1andD2.3) History(Industrialisation/industrialchange/populationgrowth/housing/

phasesofdevelopment/regionaldevelopment) Localassets(Economy/industry,education,cultureandtourism),includingbasic

statisticsonsocio‐economicsanddemographics Ambitions(fromthecityadministration,ingeneralandinregardstourban

developmentandenergyefficiency)o Also:Howarethe20‐20‐20goalstranslatedtothecitycontext?

Figure1: PresentationofWP2’sSmartCityprofiles(D2.1)inStoke‐on‐Trent  

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Chapter 4: Historical urban development and spatial planning development Question:Howdidthecitydevelopinrecentdecades,whatplanningideaswereintroducedforthegeneralurbandevelopmentandhowdidthisshapethecitiescurrentstructure?Thissectionshallgiveanoverviewovertheurbandevelopmentinrecentdecades,e.g.since1940soratleastsince1970s(oilcrisis).Importantstructuralplansshouldbeusedtoillustratethemaintrendsofurbandevelopmentaswelltheinfluenceofshifting(planning)paradigms(growth,restructuring,decline,compactetc.).Twomainelementsshouldbefocusedon:

1. Patternsofzoningforliving,industry,commercialcentresandlargeinstitutions2. Transportinfrastructure

Onlyafewplansareneeded.Ifmajorchangesinurbanplanningtookplace,theyshouldbeincluded(e.g.changesduetogrowth,populationorindustrialdeclineornewideasaboutthestructureofurbandevelopment)

FoururbanconceptsofspatialplanninginGreaterCopenhagen1947:UrbanunitsofpedestrianaccesstotheS‐traininthefivefingersandtramcarinthecenter1960:ComplementcentersinTaastrupandHundige+Lyngbywithinternalpublictransport.1973:North‐Southtrafficcorridorwithnewurbandevelopmentalongthecorridor(seefig.2)1989:Duetothegraveurbancrisis,the1973growthorientedregionalplanhadbecomeobsolete.Anewregionalplanwasdeveloped.Itresembledthestructureofthe1947‘Fingerplan’–withlongerfingers.Itbuildsupontheexistinginfrastructureandaprincipleofurbandevelopmentadjacenttostationsoftheregionaltrainsystem(S‐train).Figure2: ExamplefromtheCopenhagenregiononshiftingplanningparadigms

Sub‐question1:Didanyprinciplesofenergysavinginfluencethestructureplans?Thiscouldbe:

1. Increasingthedensityofnewhousing/promotionofinfillhousinginexistingareas?

2. Introducingpublictransport‐leadurbandevelopmentschemes(e.g.urbandevelopmentadjacenttopublictransporthubs)

3. Introducingbicyclinglanes

Sub‐question2:Howisthecitysituatedintheregionallabourmarket?Thiscouldbeilluminatedwithdescriptionsofeventuallysinglelargelabourintensiveworkplaces+commutingpatternsatthreeperiods:1970–1990–2010.

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Chapter 5: Evolution of national and local energy planning Question:Howdidnationalandlocalenergypolicyandawarenessevolveandhowdid/doesitframeurbanenergyplanning?Itissupposedthatnationalenergyplanningisaboutframingtheconditionsforoperationallocalenergyplanning.Isthattrue?Ifnot,arenationalagenciesoperatingatthelocallevel?Sub‐question1:Areanynationalpoliciesframingthekindoflocalenergysupplye.g.naturalgas?–waterturbines?–bio‐fuels?Howareambitionswithregardtoenergyefficiencyformulated?Howarepolicyprioritiesdecided?Havenationalmilestonesbeenset–concerning:

Reductionofoverallenergyconsumption? Introducingrenewablesinenergyproduction?

Doesnationalenergypolicyincludegoalsforchangingtheenergysupplyinurbansettings–e.g.

Increasingdistrictheatinginurbanbuildupareas? Increasingheat‐pumpsinruralareasatindividualorneighbourhoodlevels? Hasurbansustainableplanninganddevelopmentbeenincludedinthenational

energyplanning?

ForexampleDenmarkhasuptonownonuclearenergyproduction,whileinothercountries(e.g.Finland)nuclearenergyisanimportantenergyprovisiontechnology(seealsoNordicCouncilofMinisters2013)

Differentnationalpolicyprioritiescanresultinverydifferentdevelopmentofdistrictheating,despitecomparableclimaticconditionsandwealth(EuroheatandPower2011)

Figure3: ExampleofdifferentenergysituationsinsomePLEECcountriesSub‐question2:EffectontheoperationallocalenergyplanningHaveanyprinciplesinspatialplanning(seepervioussection),technologiesinheating,principlesintransport–orpilotprojectsbeenintroduced?Doesthencityuseenergydistrictsforenergyplanning–i.e.zoningofareasinwhichsomespecificenergysupplyiscompulsory(commonenergysupplyratherthanindividualsupply,supplyfromspecificenergyresources)?Ifso,theenergydistrictsshouldbemapped.Haveanyconflictsbetweenlocalandnationalenergypoliciesoccurred? 

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Chapter 6: Management of urban planning and energy today Question:Whatisenergyplanninginthecityinquestiontoday? Inresponsetowhatcontemporary‘substantive’(industrialuse,demographic,

lifestyle,transportandcommuting(walking,cycling,publictransportation,motorcar),housinganddistrictheating(urbanandsuburban),urbanstructure)conditionsandpriorities?

Inresponsetowhatcontemporaryplanningandpolicyambitionsanddirectives? Whatistheroleofplanningtoday?(responsibility,communication,education,

promotionandparticipation,implementation) Howisenergyprovidedandusedatsubstantivelevels(seepoint1above)? Whatpolicies,priorities,practicesandregulationscontrolorattempttocontrolthat

use?Whatincentivesareinplaceforreductionofenergyuse? Whatarethenationalandlocalplanningstructuresinvolvedandhowdothesework

informulatingandimplementingpolicies,priorities,practicesandregulations? Howareparticularprojectsforthepromotionofenergyefficiencyinitiatedand

implemented?

Sub‐question1:Whoinitiatespolicyandhowisthistranslatedintopractice? WhataretherelevantelementsofEuropeanandnationalplanningpolicy? Throughwhatinstrumentsaretheseconnectedtothecityinquestion? Throughwhatinitiatives/directivesaretheypromotedandincorporatedintolocal

policyandpractice?

Sub‐question2:Howisthelocalpracticeandregulationsidestructuredandimplemented? Whatarethekeyelementsoflocalenergypolicy? Whatstakeholdersareinvolvedandwhataretheirrespectiveroles? Whatarethekeyinstrumentsofpromotion,education,regulationand

implementation? Whatelementsaremissed/notincorporated?

Sub‐question3:Whatarethekeydocuments?Theseshouldbesortedandclassifiedaccordingtoplanningandgovernance‘levels’.  

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Chapter 7: Pilot projects / good examples of sustainable development which evolved out of the planning system Question:Whatarethekeyprojectsthroughwhich‘structural’energyefficiencyispromoted,developedandimplementedinthecityinquestiontoday?Here2‐3projectswithinthecityshouldbepresented,illustratingsomeoftheabovementionedinaconcretecase.Ifwetake‘structural’topointtothingsrelatedto‘infrastructures’(supply,transportation,districtormassheating,urbanstructure,eventhe‘infrastructures’ofenergyplanning,managementandassociationsofstakeholders(non‐regular‘assemblages’offorestryindustry,localfarmersandsmallindustries,electricitysupplycompanies,municipalwastecollectionandprocessing,andplanningauthorityforexample).Specifywhichoftheseforeachproject.Thedescriptionofeachprojectshouldinclude: aimsandambitions planningaspects stakeholdersandtheireffectiveparticipationandroles howthesuccessoftheprojectcanbemeasuredbyitsstructuraleffectonenergy

consumption.Foramoreconcreteevaluation,questionsfromthechecklistmentionedintheAnnex(section6.3)couldbeapplied.

Examples: aclusterofprojects,onepromotingbicycleuseinthecentralurbanareaand

buildingadedicatedbicyclepathsystemseparatedfrommotortraffic,anotherencouragingbusinessestorelocateinoldindustrialsitesontheedgeofthecentralurbanarea,andanotherpromoting‘loft‐living’inabandonedindustrialbuildingsandofficesinthecentralurbanarea.Thesetogethercanpromoteaculture‐lifestyleofshort‐rangecommutingandregenerationofthe‘compact’centralurbanarea.

acooperationbetweentheforestryindustry,localfarmersandsmallindustries,electricitysupplycompanies,municipalwastecollectionandprocessing,andtheplanningauthoritytomake50%ofelectricitydistributedinthecityfromrenewableresourcesby2020.

Adensificationstrategyfortheurbanareaandlimitationofdetachedhousingdevelopmentwithinthecity‐regiontoreduceenergyconsumptionfortransportandheating,accompaniedbythedevelopmentofaffordableorsharedsecondhomesinthehinterlandwithonlylimitedinfrastructuresupplyonanself‐sufficientbasis,butconnectedtoflexibleindividualtransportsystems.

 

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Chapter 8: Summary of urban energy planning in the city Ashortsummaryofthegeneraldevelopmentandtheenergysituationandplanninginthecity–basedonthepreviouschapters,includinglessonsforgoodpracticeandpotentialsforimprovement.

Chapter 9: Perspectives for the thematic report Perspectivesforthethematicreport(D4.3)shouldbegiven,e.g.particularthemeswhichshouldbeanalysedindepthacrosscasesandotherliterature.

Chapter 10: Lessons for and links to other PLEEC work packages WP4runsparallelwithWP3andWP5.DuringtheworkitisimportanttocoordinateandexchangewiththesetwoWPsastherearealotofpotentialoverlaps.E.g.thebuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtowhichtechnologies(WP3)weapply,e.g.regardingdistrictheating;alsobuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtohumanbehaviour(WP5),e.g.transportchoice.Also,feedbacktoWP2,althoughfinalizedalready,couldbegiven,e.g.regardingtheapplicabilityoftheidentifiedkeyfieldsanddomainstodiscussenergyandurbanstructure.Finally,remarksshouldbegivenregardinghowtobringtheseresultsfurtherintoWP6:

‐ whatcouldbeusedforafutureActionPlanofthecityand‐ whatcouldbeusedforamoregeneralmodelofanenergyefficientcity?

 

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5 References Beatley,T.2003,"PlanningforSustainabilityinEuropeanCities:AReviewofPracticesinLeadingCities,"InThesustainableurbandevelopmentreader,S.M.Wheeler&T.Beatley,eds.,London:Routledge,pp.249‐258.

Droege,P.2011,"OneHundredTonsToArmageddon:CitiesCombatCarbon,"InTheNewBlackwellCompaniontotheCity,G.Bridge&S.Watson,eds.,Blackwell,pp.108‐120.

EEA2006,UrbanSprawlinEurope‐Theignoredchallenge,EEA,Copenhagen,10/2006.

EuroheatandPower2011,DistrictHeatingandCoolingcountrybycountrySurvey2011.

Fertner,C.2012.Urbanisation,urbangrowthandplanningintheCopenhagenMetropolitanRegionwithreferencestudiesfromEuropeandtheUSA.Forest&LandscapeResearch,2012,(54)1‐151

Fertner,C.&Rocco,R.2013,Considerationsforurban/spatialindicatorsrelatedtoenergyuse.WP4statementonindicatordiscussioninWP2,EU‐FP7PLEEC,WP4Workingpaper2,availabeontheinternalprojectspaceonly.

Giffinger,R.,Haindlmaier,G.,&Strohmayer,F.2014,TypologyofcitiesEU‐FP7PLEECDeliverable2.2,availableonwww.pleecproject.eu.

NordicCouncilofMinisters2013,NordicStatisticalYearbook2013Copenhagen.  

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6 ANNEX TheAnnexpresentsasummaryofvariouspreviouslyelaboratedmaterialinWP4orrelevanttoWP4whichcanbeusefulforthefurtherwork.  

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6.1 Work to carry further from WP2 ThereareanumberofoutputsfromWP2whichshouldbeusedandpossiblydevelopedfurther:

‐ Keyfieldsanddomainsofenergyefficiency–weshouldusesimilartermsifpossibleasdevelopedinWP2–seeFigurebelow.ThiswillalsomakeourresultseasiertocarryfurtherinWP6.

‐ Generalinfooncity(D2.1&D2.2)–fortheintroduction,tohaveabroadunderstandingofthegeneraldevelopmentaswellastheperspecitivesofstakeholdersonenergyissues

‐ Energysituationincity(D2.3)–fortheintroduction,tohaveabroadunderstandingofdifferentenergysituationsinthecities

Figure4: KeyfieldsanddomainsofurbanenergyefficiencyasindicatedinWP2inPLEEC(Giffingeretal.2014)WP2materialisavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepageintheWP2‐folder.  

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6.2 Guide for interviews with stakeholders Thecurrentplanforconductinginterviewswithstakeholdersinthepartnercitiesisasfollows:Table3: PlanforinterviewsPartnercity Interviewers Date

TurkuChristian,Juliane(UCPH),Roberto(TUD),Jari(TUAS) 24/25March2014

Eskilstuna Juliane,Niels(UCPH) 7/8May 2014Tartu Juliane,Niels(UCPH) 5/6June 2014SantiagodeCompostela AnaMaria(TUD) Spring‐Summer2014Stoke‐on‐Trent Roberto(TUD) Spring‐Summer2014Jyväskylä Stephen(TUD),Jari(TUAS) Spring‐Summer2014InTurkuinterviewswerealreadyconductedendofMarchbeforetheTurkumeeting.ThefollowingpeoplewereinterviewedinTurku:

RistoVeivo,DevelopmentManager,Climate,EnvironmentPolicyandSustainableDevelopmentofCityGroup,CentralAdministration,CityofTurku

OscuUurasmaa,CityPlanningArchitect,SkanssiProject,CityPlanning/EnvironmentalSection,CityofTurku

AnttoKulla,Developmentmanager,OyTurkuEnergia‐ÅboEnergiAb+colleagues(onefromelectricgrid,onefromdistrictheating)

JaanaMäkinen,Traffic&Transportationoffice,CityofTurku+colleague AleksisKlap,Naturalresourceplanner,RegionalCouncilofSouthwestFinland

Personsinsimilarfunctionsshouldbeconsideredforinterviewsintheothercities.AlsopoliticiansorpersonsengagedinrelevantNGOscouldbeconsideredtogetdifferentviewsonparticularissues.Thefollowingquestions(alsorelatedtothe4mainsectionsofthereport)aresuggestedtoguidetheinterviews:1. Nationalenergyregulationsandframeconditionsasseenfromthe

municipality Whatkindofregulationsformunicipalenergysupply/consumptionhasbeen

issuedbythenationalgovernmentsince1970?2. Spatialplanningevolution

Inordertofullyunderstandthecurrentplanningschemes,wecouldliketoprovideanoverviewofthekindofproblemsandgoalsplanningsincethe1940shasdealtwith(suchasgrowth,restructuring,declineorspecialtopicsorpolicies,e.g.nationalhousingprograms,localindustrialdevelopment,deindustrialization,…).

Didanychangeofoverallplanningconceptstakeplace Pleaseprovidecopiesofrepresentativestructureplans(Land‐useplansand/or

conceptualplans) Wasanyenergyperspectiveintroducedinspatialplanning?(e.g.compacturban

development–urbandevelopmentmatchingpublictransportationstructure)

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3. Transportplanning Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofthepublictransportsystem?

o Organizationo Mainlines(Map)

4. Regionalplanning

Hasanyregionalplanningaffectedthemunicipalspatialplanning?

5. Urbanmanagementandpublicsupply Whatkindofenergysystemsaredevelopedinthecity? Hasthecitybeenstructuredinenergydistrictsforspecialenergysupply?‐ifso:

o Pleaseprovidemapswithenergydistricts–usingthecurrentstructureplanofthecity

o Howisthedistributionofdistrictheatingandindividualheating?(inpercentagesandonmaps)

Pleaseprovidenumbersandmapsshowingthedistributionofpublicandprivatehousing

Hasthemunicipalitylaunchedpubliccampaigns,incitementsystemsortariff‐regulationsforenergysavings?

6. Goodpracticeofsustainabledevelopment

Hasthecitybeeninvolvedingoodexamplesofsustainableurbanorresidentialdevelopmentschemes?–ifso

o Pleaseprovideinformationmaterial

7. National/localenergypolicy Whatisthemaintargetofnationalandlocalenergypolicy

Energyefficiency(i.e.reducingenergyconsumption) Climateefficiency(i.e.reductionoffossilsinenergyproduction)

 

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6.3 Potential checklist for basic socio‐spatial features of case cities Thischecklist,developedbyEvertMeijersandcolleaguesatTUDelft,isagrosslistofpotentialdatawhichcouldbecollectedtosupporttheworkonthedifferentchaptersofthecasereports.Thisisforinspirationonlyandneedstobeadaptedtothespecificcasereports.Transportation,mobilityandenergyuseaspects1. Whatisthemodalsplitinyourcity/area?2. Whatarealternativelyfueledmodesoftransportationinyourcity?Whatisthe

percentageoftheseinrelationtototal?3. Whatareactionstakenbyyourcitytoincreasealternative/softwaysof

transportation?(bikingschemes?Alternativelyfueledpublictransport?)4. Doesyourcityhaveabicyclemobilitystrategyconnectedtoenergysaving?5. ArethereTODstrategiesinplace?(e.g.densificationaroundtransporthubs)6. ArethereTODschemesconnectedtoenergysavingstrategies?Ismobilityconnected

toenergysavingmeasuresinyourcity?7. Whatisthe%ofinandoutcommuters?Impactonenergyefficiency?8. Whichpercentageofresidentsisabletoreachwork/amenities/serviceswithin

reasonabletimeusingpublictransport/walking/cycling?

Residentialenergyuseaspects1. Whatpercentageofbuildingsareorientedtothesouth?2. Aretherezoningplans/regulations/strategiesthattakethisfactintoaccount,andtry

tostimulateorientingnewbuildingstothesouth?3. Arethereneighbourhoodsconnectedtoneighbourhoodheatingschemes?4. Arethereregulations/plansconcerningconnectiontoneighbourhoodheating?5. Mapsofenergyconsumption(differencesofenergyconsumptionindifferent

neighbourhoods?)6. Mapsofresidentialenergyconsumptioninrelationtoageofbuildings?7. Specificbuildingregulationinrelationtoenergyefficiency?Sincewhen?Impact

perceived?8. Howmuchcanyourmunicipalityenforcethesemeasures/controladherenceto

regulations?

Industrialandcommercialenergyuse1. Whatistheindustrialmake‐up/profileofyourcity?2. What’sthepercentageofindustrialoutputinthetotalGDPofyourcity?3. Whatareschemesforenergysavinginindustrialactivityinyourcity?4. What’sthepercentageofcommercial/servicesoutputinthetotalGDPofyourcity?5. Whatareschemesforenergysavingincommercialactivityinyourcity?6. Aretherepoliciesdiscouraging/encouragingcertaintypesofeconomicactivity

relevant/connectedtoenergyefficiencymeasures?

Generationanddistributionofenergy1. Whatisthemainsourceofenergyinyourcity?Whatistheenergysplit?2. Arethereschemestoproduceenergylocally?Effective?3. Whatarealternativesourcesofenergybeingpursued?

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4. Aretherepoliciesconcerningpricingthataimtoreduceenergyconsumptionenforcedbythelocalgovernment?

PresentUrbanForm1. Canyouprovideamapofdifferentdensitiesinyourcity?2. Canyouprovideamapshowingtheageofbuildings?(onlyrelevantinconnectionto

differentbuildingrulesaffectingenergyefficiencyinthedifferentperiods)3. Mapofindustrialsites/commercialsites/residentialareas?4. Whichpercentageofhousingisdetached/semi‐detached/attached/terraced?

Territorialmanagementstrategies1. Isthereadevelopment/expansionstrategyconnectedtoenergysaving?2. Arethereexplicitdirectivesconcerningtheformofnewdevelopmentsandenergy

efficiency?(orientationtosouth,directionofstreets,greencoverage,degreeofsoilpermeability/reflectivematerials?Heightofnewbuildings?Typologies(singlehouses/apartmentblocks)etc.

 

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6.4 General data on land use and spatial development to supply locally available data 

WP2deliversarangeofstatisticaldata,whicharehoweverontheaggregatedcitylevel.ForWP4itwillbenecessarytohavemoredetaileddataaswell.Thiscanbeobtainedthroughthecitypartnersorthroughgeneraldatabases.RegardinglandusethereareafewsourcesonEuropeanlevelwhichmightberelevanttouse,alsobecauseofreasonsofcomparability.SeealsoWP4workingpaper2(FertnerandRocco2013)formoredetail.Table4: Europeandatasourcesprovidinglandusedataforthe6cities

Dataset Time Detail CoverageCORINEorUMZ(EEA)

1990,2000,2006 Minmappingunit25ha,minchange5ha,vector/100x100mraster

Allcities

Soilsealing(EEA)

2006 20x20or100x100mraster Allcities

UrbanAtlas(EEA)

2006 Minmappingunit0.25or1ha,vector excl.EskilstunaandJyväskylä

Figure5: TurkurepresentedinthreeEuropeanlandcover/usedatabases  

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6.5 Workshop Stoke‐on‐Trent: First insights on spatial planning policies and energy efficiency in the case cities 

AttheprojectmeetinginStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013asmallworkshopwasheldwherecityrepresentativeswereaskedtotellaboutpolicieswhichareputinplaceinthecitytoincreaseenergyefficiency.Thenoteswereafterwardsstructuredbygeneralthemes.Somethemeslikespatialplanningandpolicy,marketincentivesortheintroductionofnewtechnologieswerestronglymentionedbyallpartners,whileenvironmentalissues,transport,urbandesign,heritageandculturewereonlymentionedbysome(seeFigure6).AlsootherPLEECpartnersparticipatedintheworkshop,however,hereonlycommentsfromcitypartnersarepresented.Figure6: MainthemesinthediscussioninStoke‐on‐Trent

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Table5: KeywordsbycasecityrepresentativementionedinStoke‐workshop,structuredbytopics.

ESKILS‐TUNA

JYVÄSKYLÄ SANTIAGO STOKEONTRENT

TARTU TURKU

Parti‐cipants

4 1 2 2 1 3

Environ‐ment Biological

Ecologicalaspectsenvironmentalcommunitiesfoodgreencity

preservationofcommongoods

Planningandpolicy

buildingpermitsbuildingrightsClimatePlanlanduseplanlocalplansnationaldirectivesplansscenarioplanningandmodellingsimulationssteerdevelopmentZoning

notveryeffectiveforindividualbuildersstrictregulationsinbuildingpracticesZoning

buildingpermitsLANDUSEPLANSstrictrulesUrbanGeneralOrganizationPlanZONING

BuildingregulationsDevelopmentPlanLOCALPLANnationalcentrallanduseplanningpro‐sustainabilitytactics

landuseplans

cityplanningnotmanyregulationsplanningdepartmentprojectbasedRegionalStructuralPlanstructuralplan

Politics

officialsadvisingpoliticianspoliticalwillPoliticiansVotersadvice

neighbouringmunicipalities

centralgovernmentlocalgovernmentGREENDEAL

nationalgovernment

Mayorseveralmunicipalities

Market incentives construction

companiesincreasecosts

borrowmoneyprivatecompanieselectricbills

landownersprivatelyowned

Siemensprivatesectorexpensive

Technology

districtheatingenergyefficiencyenergysavingmeasuresheatpumpsheatpumpsaresimplynotasenergyefficientasdistrictheating.newtechnologiesventilationcontrols

servicesandotherinfrastructure

energyefficiencymeasuresnewtechnologiessolarenergytariffsthermalenergy

buildingapplicationimprovingbuildingslowerstandardsinbuildingsminimumstandardsnonationalaccreditationsystemsavingenergymeasuressustainablehousingdevelopments

centralheatingdistrictheating

newtechnologiesSustainableareas

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Transport

CyclingPlanTODtrainstationsTransportPlan

mobility 

insufficientpublictransportlicenseforbusroutesmostprofitableroutespublictransportaredifficulttobetakenbylocalgovernmentstransportationisprovidedbyprivatecompanies

BicyclingTransportUrbanform

andurban

development

developmentanddensitiesincreasingdensityinareasalreadyservedbydistrictheatingLandUsesmallorientation

compactnesshousesinnon‐urbanareasNewhousingareas

compactcityloosingpopulationnewdevelopmentsorientationofbuildingsregionalsingularbuildings

morehouses landuseshoppingcentre

BrownfieldsnewareaNewhousingareasregional

Urbandesign

andheritage

  heritagesitehistoricalcitymaterials,coloursandgeneralpreservationofoldbuildings

      

urbandesign

Culture

culturalattitudedevelopmindsnonegativevoicesagainstdensification

culturalattitudeWelikecompactcitiesindividualfreedomtobuild

 

 

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6.6 Workshop Turku: Urban energy planning in the case cities TheworkshoptookplaceduringthePLEECmeetinginTurku,26‐28March2014.PriortotheworkshopadraftofD4.1“Frameworkforcasestudyreports”wassenttoallWP4participants.Also,thecitypartnerswereaskedinadvancetoprepareandbringmaterial(maps,reports…)relatedtothefourthemesofWP4.Table6: WorkshopparticipantsPartner organisation  Participant 

Eskilstuna  Vanessa Scheffler 

Jyväskylä  Laura Ahonen 

Santiago de Compostela  José Ángel Oreiro Romar, Eva Ezcurra de la Iglesia 

Stoke‐on‐Trent  Edward Sidley 

Turku  Risto Veivo, Oscu Uurasmaa 

Regional Council SW‐Finland  Aleksis Klapp 

TUAS  Jari Hietaranta 

TU Delft  Stephen Read 

UCPH  Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse 

EEM  Mikael Kullman 

Natural Oy  Celia Peterson (facilitator) TherewasnoparticipantfromTartuinourworkshop,however,someissueswherediscussedwithKasperAlevandJaanusTammduringajointdinnerinTurku.

Figure7: Photosfromtheworkshop

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Belowsomenotesfromthediscussions,summarizedbyChristianFertner(UCPH),notnecessarilyreflectingtheopinionofthecitypartners.Generalissueswhichcouldbeelaboratedfurtheron:

Historicalplans–didtheygetrealised(Ed) PlansnotonlyforthemunicipalitybutfortheFunctional‐Urban‐Region(Jari) Effectsofmunicipalreforms–inthepastandfuture(Laura) Relationtoneighbouringmunicipalities:Cooperation(infrastructure)vs.

Competition(housing,taxes):“Weprotectoursideofthelake,buttheydesignatenewhousingareasontheirside.”(Jose)

Nationalpoliciessettheframe(Niels) “Consideralsotheotherside”–economicdrivesfordevelopment,whodecides

actually,whohascapital(Stephen) Howtodesigntheurbanenergysystemsothatpeak‐usageisavoided–e.g.with

amixofdifferentprovidersandusers(Oscu) Havetofindnewwaysfor(local)energycompaniestomakemoney Connectthesystems!(CHP,Biogas,transportmodes…) Consideralsoenergycompanies/energyproduction(Stephen)&howisenergy

reductionseenbymunicipalities,consumersandproducers Alsoworkonfutureplans/visions(Lauri) Howtochangeembeddedhabitsoftodaytoembeddedhabitsoftomorrow?

(Stephen)NotespercitySantiago:

Regionallaws,butnoregionalplan Emptyhistoricalbuildingsinthecentre

Jyväskylä:

Fragmentedmunicipalarea(MuuramemunicipalitysurroundedbyJyväskylämunicipality)

Historicallydispersedurbanstructure–traditionallynospacerestrictions Today,alsoacompacturbanareaisvalued,butitisnewinaFinnishcontext. “Finlandhasurbanised,finally.”

Eskilstuna:

New,directtrainconnectiontoStockholmin1998(1:00h)–secondtrackplanned,tobeopened2017(0:50h)commutingfrom/toStockholmpossible

Alsogrowthinjobs? MigrationfromStockholmbutalsofromsmalltownsaroundEskilstuna Densificationstrategyfortheinnercity,usingbrownfieldandunusedparking

areas Canmakespecialcontractswithdevelopersifmunicipallandgetsdeveloped–

notwhenit’sprivatelandTurku(muchmoreavailablefromtheinterviewtapes):

Differentalternativesfortheregionalformofthecityanditsinfrastructure(polycentric,starshaped,sprawl…)whereconsideredforTurku

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Politiciansfocuson:landowners,voters,attractingnewinhabitantsStoke:

Akeyobjectiveofnationalpolicyistoproactivelydriveandsupportsustainableeconomicdevelopment.Housingdevelopmentisseenasakeypartinachievingthisaim.

Ifaproposalcanprovidejobsorhousing,thencriteriaforsustainabledevelopment,insomecases,arenotprioritised.

90%ofallflatsareprivatelyowned.MaterialpreparedfortheworkshopbythecitypartnersisavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepageintheWP4‐folder.Thenotesdonotnecessarilyreflecttheopinionofourcitypartners.