States of MatterStates of Matter

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER Based upon particle arrangementBased upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particlesBased upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particlesBased upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of MatterKinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles which Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.are in continual random motion.

Let’s review matter…Let’s review matter…

Matter is anything that takes up space & Matter is anything that takes up space & has mass. has mass.

It occurs in Four states:It occurs in Four states:SolidSolidLiquidLiquidGasGasPlasmaPlasma

SolidsSolids Solids are matter with a Solids are matter with a

definite shape and volume.definite shape and volume. The particles are in a tight, The particles are in a tight,

regular pattern.regular pattern. The particles are close The particles are close

together and vibrate together and vibrate around a fixed positionaround a fixed position

A solid does not take the A solid does not take the shape of a container in shape of a container in which it is placed.which it is placed.

Heat

Solid imagesSolid images

LiquidLiquid A A liquidliquid is matter that has is matter that has

a definite volume but no a definite volume but no definite shape.definite shape.

Liquid takes the shape of Liquid takes the shape of the container.the container.

The volume of a liquid, The volume of a liquid, however, is the same no however, is the same no matter what the shape of matter what the shape of the container.the container.

Particles are further apart, Particles are further apart, and can move freely,and can move freely,are far are far enough apart to slide enough apart to slide over one another. over one another.

Heat

Liquid imagesLiquid images

ViscosityViscosity

A liquid’s resistance to A liquid’s resistance to flow is known as the flow is known as the liquid’s liquid’s viscosityviscosity. .

The slower a liquid The slower a liquid flows, the higher its flows, the higher its viscosity is. viscosity is.

For many liquids, For many liquids, viscosity increases as viscosity increases as the liquid becomes the liquid becomes colder.colder.

We can see that the honey is much more viscous than

the red solution picture from

http://www.physics.hku.hk/~phys0607/lectures/chap05.html

Surface TensionSurface Tension

The uneven forces The uneven forces acting on the particles acting on the particles on the surface of a on the surface of a liquid are called liquid are called surfacesurface tensiontension..

Surface tension Surface tension causes the liquid to act causes the liquid to act as if a thin film were as if a thin film were stretched across its stretched across its surface.surface.

GasGas GasGas is matter that does is matter that does

not have a definite shape not have a definite shape or volume.or volume.

The particles in gas are The particles in gas are much farther apart than much farther apart than those in a liquid or solid.those in a liquid or solid.

Gas particles move very Gas particles move very freely at high speeds in freely at high speeds in all directions.all directions.

Heat

Gas imagesGas images

VaporVapor

Matter that exists in Matter that exists in the gas state but is the gas state but is generally a liquid or generally a liquid or solid at room solid at room temperature is called temperature is called vapor.vapor.

Water, for example, is Water, for example, is a liquid at room a liquid at room temperature. Thus, temperature. Thus, water vapor is the term water vapor is the term for the gas state of for the gas state of water.water.

Picture from http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=88425&articleTypeId=0

PHASE CHANGESPHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGESPHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

But what happens if you raise the But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…temperature to super-high levels…

between between 10001000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything Will everything just be a gas?just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTERPLASMAPLASMA

A plasma is an A plasma is an ionized gas.ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite have an indefinite shape and an shape and an indefinite volume.indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place

to place

Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular arrangement.

Vibrate and move freely at high

speeds

Has no definite volume or shape and is composed

of electrical charged particles

Some places where plasmas are Some places where plasmas are found…found…

1.1. FlamesFlames

2. Lightning2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma stateits plasma state