AD-A129 581 USAF (UNITED STATES AIR FORCE) ACADEMY WIND SIT I/ LSURVEY METHODOLOGIES 0 .U) AIR FORCE ENDINEFRING ANDSERVICES CENTER TDAL AFB FL END N.

UNLSIID TEKLGE TA.MAR 83 5/ 4/2 N

11111205

11111 I1I.6

NAIU.

ESL-TR-81-02

_ USAF ACADEMY WIND SITE SURVEY;METHODOLOGIES FOR USE BY THE AIR FORCE

THOMAS E. KULLGREN, THOMAS C. FINLEY, STEVEN C. BOYCE

*DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS ANDDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGUNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY, CO 80840

MARCH 1983

FINAL REPORTMAY 1977 - DECEMBER 1980

• ..'- . , ' .*4

PONtianabe to DT7C aoe, not J~jit v21 3h~~tfufly, legible repro.ismon L%

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

ENGINEERING AND SERVICES LABORATORYAIR FORCE ENGINEERING AND SERVICES CENTER

I" TYNDALL AiR FORCE BASE, FLORIDA 32403C,,.

DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST QUALITYPRACTICABLE. THE COPY FURNISHEDTO DTIC CONTAINED A SIGNIFICANTNUMBER OF PAGES WHICH DO NOTREPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

- . --_- -

StECUNI'v CILASSIFiCATION OF THIS PAGE (When, Dec. Enee,.d),

REPOT DCUMNTATON AGEREAD INSTRUCTIONSREPOT DCUMNTATON AGEBEFORE COMPLETING FORM

REOTUME 2. GOVT ACCESSIONN.3 RCiPIENT*S CATALOG NUMBER

TITLI."SubifS. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

USAFAcaemy indSiteSurey; ethdoloies Final Report

6 P EtRMN 0 REPORT NUMUER

S8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NIJMBERsi1Thomas E. KullgrenThomas C. FinleySteven C. Boyce

PERF(IR~iNG ORGAN- ATiUN NAME AND ADDRESS 10 RGA LMN.PROJECT, TASK

Department of Engineering Mecoanics and AE OKUI UBR

Department of Civil Engineering PE 63723FUnited States Air Force Academy, CO 80840 JON 21038011

.CNTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

Air Force Cngineering and Services Center (RDVA) March 1983T'ynall F13,Fli 240313. NUMBER OF PAGES

14 ONI TORINc AGEN'Y N AME & ADDRESS(I different from Controlling Office) 15 SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)L UNCLASSIFIED-ISK. DECLASIFICATION'DOWINGRADING

SCHEDULE N/A

6 OISTRIRUTION STATEMENT -1. thi Report;

Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited

17. nISTRI8UTION STATEMENT (of te abstract entered in Block 20, If different from Report)

Av ailability of thiis report is specified on reverse of Front CDover.

I19 KEY WORDS (Continue. on reverse sidle ,f nerssry end Identify by block nu~mber)

Wind EnergyWind Resource Assessment

Wind Site SurveyingA.ir Force Wind Program

20 ABISTRACT (C',rt(inoe on reverse side It necessary and Identify by block niumber)This report describes a wind site survey to locate potential high energys;ites at the UISAF Academy for future wind mactline installation. Surveyingtechniques developed during tiie project are det;cribed and illustrated.site-specific results, including wind characteristics and economic analyses,are presented. Three wind site surveying methodologies are presented.

FORM~47 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UCASI E

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ("otn Due. Enler*d)

PREFACE

This report was prepared by members of the Du-partments of Engineering

Muhanics (DFEM) and Civil Engineering (DFCE), United States Air Force Acad-emy (USAFA), Colorado. This work was initiated for the Air Force Civil and

Environmental Engineering Development Office (CEEDO) by Lt Michael Mantz,

under Project Order No. 77-037 in May 1977; it continued under Project OrdersLYIC-8-123, DTC-9-30, and SO-80-8 through fiscal years 1978, 1979, and 1980,

respectively. The final Air Force Engineering and Services Center (AFESC/

ROVA) Project Officer was Major Gary G. Worley.

Captain Arthur R. Fisher was the principal USAFA investigator for the

first 6 months and Lt Colonel Thomas E. Kullgren for the remainder of this

project. In addition to the authors, the following associate investigators,research assistants and students worked on the project and drafted portionsof this report:

Capt George A. Kehias - Wind site survey techniques and computerprogram development

Capt Felix T. Uhlik - Institutional issues and economic analyses

2nd Lt Scott C. Adams - TALA anemometry procedures and computer

program development

2nd Lt Deacon Winters - Wind site survey techniques and computer

program development

2nd Lt Steven T. Lofgren - Physical site survey and siting extremes

The authors wish to asknowledge the active support of the Civil Engi-neeriny and Engineering Mechanics Laboratory personnel.

This report nas been reviewed by the Public Affairs Office (PA), andis releasable t3 the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTISit will be available to the general public, including foreign nationals.

This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.

;P, WORLEY, Maj, '.SAF MICHAEL J. RYAN, L Col, USAF, BSC5-, irc:h Meteorolog.. Chief, Environics Division

ik iSB. CR0 EY III, Col, USDIrector, Engineerinq and Serv(Iesk (aboratoryi.' .'

i i~(The reverse of this page is blank)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Title Page

IINTRODUCTION 1

1. Scope of the Report 12. Project Motivation 13. Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980 2

II THE USAF ACADEMY WIND SITE SURVEY EXPERIENCE 5

I. Surveying Approach 52. Existing Weather Data, 1978 53. Physical Survey of USAFA 64. Selection and Placement of 11

Instrumentation5. TALA Applications 14

a. TALA Anemometer - Basic 14Description

b. USAF Experiences with TALA 166. Survey Results 17

a. Wind Characteristics 17b. Economic Analysis 19

IIMETHODOLOGIES FOR USAF WIND SITE SURVEYS 24

1. Introduction 242. Assumptions 243. Methodology I - An Organized 24

USAF-Wide Approach4. Methodology 11 - The Individual 25

Base Approach (2 years orlarger lead time to windmachine installation)

5. Methodology III - The Individual 26Base Approach (Short lead timeto wind machine installation)

6. Introduction to Examples of 43Methodologies 1, 11 and III

IV SOME. WIND SITE SURVEYING TOOLS 49

1. The Wind Site Survey Team 492. TALA Vertical Profiling Procedure 493. Fixed Instrumentation 514. Economic Analysis 55

a. Introduction 55b. General Assumptions 55c. Approximate Method 56d. Air Force Method 56

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Section Title Page

5. Institutional Issues 57

a. Introduction 57b. Environmental Impact 57

c. Discussion of Some Important 58

Institutional Issues(1) Noise 58

(2) Electromagnetic Interference 58

(3) Airfield Clear Zone 59(4) Flora/Fauna 59(5) Historical Sites 59(6) Utility Interface 59(7) Public Concern 60

6. Desktop Computer Programs 60

a. Introduction 60

b. Program CKETAC 60

c. Program CKCOMP 62

d. Program WEIPOW 63

e. Program CHGHT 63f. Program WINDEI 64g. Program WINDE2 67

V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68

1. Conclusions 68

a. USAFA Wind Site Survey 68b. Wind Site Survey Methodologies 68

for USAF Bases

2. Recommendations 68

a. USAFA Wind Site Survey 68b. Wind Site Survey Methodologies 69

for USAF Bases

BIBLIOGRAPHY 70

A ENDIX

A USAFA Wind Site Survey Results 71Tables and Figures

1. USAFA Wind Turbine Test Site 722. USAFA Compilator Site 1013. TALA Flight Records 121

B Desktop Computer Program Listings 133

C USAFA Siting Extremes Summary 157i. Introduction 1572. Solar Radiation 1573. Extreme Temperatures 1584. Blowing Dust 1585. Snowfall 1596. Icing 159

'V

II IIIII I III I II II IIIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONCLUDED)

Section Title Page

7. Turbulence 159

8. Extreme Winds 159

9. Heavy Rains 160

10. Thunderstorms 160

11. Lightning 160

12. Hail 160

13. Tornadoes 161

14. Floods 161

15. Eqrthquakes 161

V

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

I Wind Rose, USAF Academy Airfield 7August 1969-July 1970, DaylightHours

2 Typical Extensive East-West 8Ridge Lines, USAF Academy

3 Primary and Secondary Wind 9

Instrumentation Sites

4 Site #2, 10 Meter Tower 12

5 Site #2, Instrumentation 13

6 TALA and Accessories 15

7 TALA In Flight 15

8 Approximate Monthly Average Wind Speed 18at the Three USAFA InstrumentationSites

9 Comparisons of Wind Speed Direction 20Curves, 10-Meter Anemometer Heights

10 Flow Chart, Methodology I, 27Steps 1-6

11 Flow Chart, Methodology 1, 28Steps 7-18

12 Flow Chart, Methodology II 38

13 Flow Chart, Methodology III 41

14 Form for Recording Vertical 53

Profiling Data

15 Wind Machine Power Output Model 65

A-1 thru USAFA Wind Site Survey Results 71-132

A-51

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

I Extracts From Public Law 96-345 3

2Primary Instrumentation Site 10Characteristics

3 Primary Site Instrumentation 11

4 USAFA Economic Analysis, 21Approximate Method

5 USAFA Economic Analysis, 22Air Force Method,Carter Model 25

6 USAFA Economic Analysis, 23Air Force Method, MOD-2

7 Assumptions Used in Methodologies 26I, II and III

8 Description of Flow Chart Steps, 29Methodology I

9 Description of Flow Chart Loops, 37Methodology I

10 Description of Flow Chart Steps, 39Methodology II

11 Description of Flow Chart Steps, 42Methodology III

12 Example, Methodology I 44

13 Example, Methodology 11 46

14 Example, Methodology 111 48

15 Wind Site Survey Team Composition 50

Responsibilities and Duties

16 TALA Vertical Profiling Procedures 52

17 Proposed Wind Recorder Specifications 54

18 Institutional Issues Involved in 57Wind Machine Siting

Vii

LIST OF TABLES (CONCLUDED)

Table Title Page

A-i thru USAFA Wind Site Survey Results 72-117A-10

C-I USAFA Solar Radiation 157

C-2 USAFA Temperature Extremes 158

C-3 USAFA Dust Levels 158

'. i

i, . . . . ...

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

I. SCOPE OF THE REPORT

This technical report describes a wind site survey conducted at the

United States Air Force Academy from May 1977 to September 1980. Funding

for this project was provided by the Air Force Civil and Environmental

Engineering Development Organization (CEEDO), Air Force Systems Command,

which has been reorganized as a branch of the Air Force Engineering and

Services Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.

The wind site survey is one of two tasks under the USAF Academy (USAFA)

Wind Energy Conversion System Project. The other task is the design,

fabrication and testing of a small vertical axis wind turbine. This task

will not be described here but is fully reported (1). The present

report deals not only with results of the wind site survey of the

USAF Academy,but also presents methodologies for performing similar surveys

at other USAF installations.

2. PROJECT MOTIVATION

The USAF Academy Wind Energy Conversion System Project began in 1977

with the sole task of studying a vertical-axis-type wind turbine. Later

that year it became apparent that some knowledge of wind characteristics

at the selected machine test site was necessary and wind recording instru-

mentation was installed. In mid-1978 a large effort in wind resource

a,,sessment throughout the wind energy community prompted addition of the

sCcond project task, that of a wind site survey of the 18,000-acre USAFA

installation. As this survey progressed, it became even more apparent

that procedures developed at USAFA could be applied to similar surveys of

other Air Force bases. Therefore, the wind site survey task was specifically

cxtended at the beginning of FY 1980 to include the development of method-

oLogies to support a uniform USAF-wide approach to wind energy applications.

The foresight of these actions is evidenced by specific wind site surveying

directives included in the Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980 and discussed

in the next section.

I1

.3. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS ACT OF 1980

With the passage of Public Law 96-345 (cited as the "Wind Energy Systems

Act of 1980") on 8 September 1980, procedures guaranteeing rapid and effi-cient applications of wind energy on Air Force installations became a neces-

sity (2). No longer was an individual base approach such as thiat

accomplished at the Air Force Academy sufficient. The Academy survey results

are surely part of the required data base, yet all bases must now be con-

sidered as a group, with some selection criteria applied.

Table 1 lists extracts from the text of the Wind Energy Systems Act of

1980, along with comments related directly to the present report. It is par-

ticularly appropriate to note the directive nature of Section 11(1) (A) and

Section ll(l)(B)(l). These sections very specifically detail DOD responsi-

bilities with regrad to economical application of wind systems. The remain-

der of this report is dedicated to the fulfillment of this particular section.

C) 6C

o. ~ UU0 ~ ~ 0 0

J~ C) 0 0

T u C) 0~a) C CCC

o'~C00 41w~

CZ 0J 0 0!C

C 4 -4 Cl)

c-'~ CIO c C)J

U) m)

C.: C

C-~~-E CC).

444.

r)C- u s

0. V 0 ) > 4

41- CC0 C0

Ln r.~0- Co.- -

fp C-jC ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E a)CC->~ -4C 04UC

C2 C-C-' ~ 0 C) U 0>U -~ :C)C 4j

C)' C) 00 .-

~~~~~~Z c-- < , C .

Ln L

4 C 0 A 0o-1

0* 4 0U 4-

41~V 00 - 0

--Ci 4 - 4JO)1

AU -4 a a) U) "C 20-4 a 0 0 0

0-I co (n

ca (0 QV)340- V

M~ 4J 0 -cl 3 0

:~--4 0. a.O co V

r'm 0 C

4.j~ Flo (1 p -

w. 0V t4f4-W4(1 4- 0

3;4 rCV- _4~l C 0 C15

w1( 0 w U0C1 = O V V >1)~0 r_ ICdH-

Vi UV

00> U,~00(1 -4--~W4CV030 C) 0.0CV 4~44.F

w .0 0 1

w to -1 :3. W).C 0. - 1 to-- U n Q

Co 41' CL4'4J- W WOW -4 14CU) .00'., a)O-'I C (-.

- ~ 4 41~ 4 J CZ-- 4) 4J -C)1 -

tt 0

Ai 41 w '4-J C:

U

C) 4- 4 C 0L)C(IV 01 a) 4J C 4 41C)

SECTION II

THE USAF ACADEMY WIND SITE SURVEY EXPERIENCE

1. SURVEYING APPROACH

As mentioned in Section 1, the USAFA Wind Energy Conversion System

Project was first envisioned to involve only the testing and a sample

application of a vertical axis wind turbine. In the process of locating

a test site for this machine, it became immediately apparent that little

was known about wind characteristics at the Air Force Academy. Not only

was such infornmition important for wind machine design, but also for

determining if the Academy's 18,000-ecre installation was a viable site

for future wind machine applications. Such a large base with compli-

.ated terrain features becomes a real siting challenge, particularly

when funding levels do not permit extensive measuring equipment instal-

lation. Therefore, a general siting philosophy was employed which called

for heavy emphasis on physical prospecting to locate a few potential high

energy sites at which fixed instrumentation could be placed for long-term

wind measurements.

2. EXISTING WLATHLR DATA, 1978

Collection of weather information available in 1978 and relevant to

Lrio wind site survey of t,3AFA fall- in two cateaories. First, a literature

search wa.,; :idrtakpn by Lofqren '3) to determine ,.eather extremes which

.dilit a fuct the safe and efficient operation of a wind machine. r~eneral

results in the form of comments on these siting extremes are contained

in Appendix C. No weather extremes were identified which would preclude

the operation of a well-designed wind machine at the Air Force Academy.

lt second data gathering thrust was directed to the collection of specific

wind characteristics. The most extensive local data base is that collected

it the City of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport. However, this data was

recorded about 20 miles from USAFA and in relatively flat terrain. There-

fore, no attempt was made to extend or use this information for the reasons

mentioned. A second data set was located which represented wind recording

during daylight hours August 1969 to July 1970 at the Air Force Academy

Airfield site. While this data is not as extensive as that from the City

5

W1

of Colorado Springs Airport, the proximity to the more complex USAFA terrain

made it more useful. The authors were unable to locate the source document

from which the USAFA Airfield data was taken yet nevertheless, believe it to

represent actual results from a survey made to orient the primary runway.

Figure 1 shows a wind rose based upon the raw percent occurrence versus

wind direction data from the airfield.

3. PHYSICAL SURVEY OF USAFA

The wind rose of Figure 1 shows a most definite prevailing wind direc-

tion of about 348-153 degrees magnetic. Based upon this finding and assum-

ing the prevailing direction would be maintained in the general wind field

over USAFA, prospecting was initiated to locate sites where wind speeds

higher than at the airfield might be realized. Concurrently, Meroney, et al.,

(4) reported wind tunnel results of flow over long ridges oriented

perpendicular to the flow direction., Conclusions centered around dramaticspeed increases found close to ridge crests equalling speeds found at much

higher elevations over flat terrain. Meroney also concluded that optimum

ridge slopes were between 1:2 to 1:4, ridge crests should be smooth and

rounded,and vegetation could produce undesirable turbulence. Also, generil

c uidelines indicate ridges should be about 10 times as long as they are

high to preclude wind flow around the ends of the ridge rather than over

the crest.

Initial visual inspections of the USAFA terrain indicated a number of

long ridge lines oriented approximately perpendicular to the prevailing

wind directions of Figure 1. An example of such a ridge line is shown in

Figure 2. lo investigate these ridge lines further, two steps wert taken.

First, terrain profiles in the prevailing wind direction were produced

using a topographical map and the digitizing capability of a desktop com-

puter. These profiles were then used to produce a three-dimensional ter-

rain model and to measure ridge lines for the favorable characteristics

mentinned earlier. A physical inspection followed,which included qualita-

tive factors and quantitative measurements of slopes and ridge line lengths.

Three primary sites were then selected for fixed instrumentation installa-

t i nn. Characteristics of these slteq are listed in Table 2 and locations

()f primary and %econdary sites are shown in Figure 3.

- IIII II I II I I I I

N

360

>3kts

>6kcs

0 >lkta 600

Fiue1 idRsUA Acaem °Aifild

A 2700 >169u 10 D H

24%

7

210'°

9 150'

Figure 1. Wind Rose, USAF Academy Airfield,August 1969-July 1970, Daylight Hours

w7

mWNW

Figure 2. Typical Extensive East-West Ridge Lines,

USAF Academy

8

Sondar Site

FigOU"ureL~ 3.rna ndScodr

Intrumnaio ie

9GfMR w

C: ) C:w0 a0

00 m 0 to 0

E-4- U~.

0 43) w A w

0 0010

1-4 A0jU

E-4O V-

V44

rnP-4 V

0

M, jj C)U)

0

0

01

4. SELECTION AND PLACEMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION

The first site instrumented was the wind turbine test site located just

east of Fairchild Hall at the Air Force Academy. A Weather Measure Corpora-

tion Remote Recording Skyvane I Wind System, Model W101-DC-DGO-540, was

installed late in 1977 to support the design, fabrication and testing of

the USAFA Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The anemometer head was placed on a 4.3-

.meter (14-foot) tower 9.1 meters (30 feet) north of the wind turbine. Wind speed

and direction were continuously recorded on a paper strip chart. The strip

charts were analyzed using the digitizing capability of an HP 9830 desktop

computer. Strip chart data is generally cumbersome and time consuming to

reduceyetone cannot fault this method of recording for having too little

information. It is an excellent procedure for learning characteristics of

the wind,yet,is certainly inappropriate for a mature site survey program.

Instrumentation was also installed in 1978 at the three primary instru-

mentation sites described in Section 11,3. Each anemometer was placed

at the top of a 10-meter tower. The towers were installed using portable

foundations and guying systems designed and installed by project personnel.

Recording devices were battery-powered and housed in weatherproof, locked

containers attached to the bottom of the towers. Figures 4 and 5 show

the tower and instrumentation at Site #2.

Table 3 describes the installed instrumentation and output form at

the three primary sites. Site #1 was chosen as the site for more complete

instrumentation. Sites #2 and #3 have simpler devices which allow com-

parison to the Site #1 output.

TABLE 3: PRIMARY SITE INSTRUMENTATION

Site Number Instrumentation Type Output

1 Wind Speed Compilator, Wind velocity in 32 speedModel A30-131, Natural bins and 8 direction bins.Power, Inc. Yields wind frequency

distribution vs. directionover a recording period.

2,3 Wind Data Accumulator, Wind run. Yields averageModel A20-001, Natural wind speed over a recordingPower, Inc. period.

11

Figure 4. Site #1, lO-Meter Tower

12

Figure 5. Site #1, Instrumentation

13

5. TALA APPLICATIONS

a. TALA Anemometer - Basic Description

As described in an earlier section of this report, the fixed

instrumentation installed to support the USAFA wind site survey task in-

cludes three recording devices on separate 10-meter towers. Each tower is

located on crests of long east-west ridge lines in an attempt to assess

speed increases expected to occur from prevailing north-south winds. It

was recognized early that these towers were probably too low to capture

speectup effects, yet, funding restrictions and environmental factors pre-

cluded higher towers. Project investigators hoped to either extend tunnel

modeling results (4) and/or locate a simple field measuring device to

extend the 10-meter findings to realistic large wind machine hub-heights

of about 30 meters and coincident with heights where ridge line wind

speedup might be seen. Extension of the wind tunnel results was found

not feasible due to lack of data for wind directions not perpendicular

to the ridge line crest.

Late in 1978 a new product was marketed called the Tethered

Aerodynamically Lifting Anemometer or TALA system. This hand-held device

is simply a kite connected to a calibrated spring. Tension on the kite

string is read, through appropriate calibrations, as wind speed. The

angle of the string referenced to horizontal,coupled with string length,

leads to flight elevation and the magnetic direction between the operator

and kite gives wind direction. The TALA system,disassembled,and,in its

carrying case,is shown in Figure 6 and as flown in Figure 7.

Advantages of the TALA system fall in four general categories (5):

(1) Economy. A base purchase price of about $1000 is a

fraction of the cost of fixed instrumentation.

(2) Ease of Operation. Setup for a typical flight takes

about 5 minutes. One record with 6 readings to

altitude takes about 30 minutes.

(3) Simplicity. The entire unit, including the carrying

case, weighs only 12 pounds and is small enough for aii-

line carryon. Data recording and flying procedures

require minimal training.

14 L

Figure 6. TALA and Accessories

.. ....... o

Figure 7. TALA in Flight

15

(4) Accuracy. Wind tunnel calibrations at NASA Langley

show accuracies within 2 percent (6) . Zome minor criticisms

have been leveled at the device, but accuracy is con-

sidered to be quite good.

Limitations of the TALA system fall under the general category of opera-

tional restrictions and lead to recommendations on use of this device

discussed later in this section (5).

1) Flight Altitude. 300 meters is the upper limit of

flight. This is generally well above heights required

for wind turbine applications.

2) Reeling In. Above wind speeds of about 15 m/s, it is

physically very difficult and time consuming to reel in

the kite from altitude.

3) Daylight Flight. In the as-supplied condition, TALA

is equipped for daylight operation only, since the

kite must be seen visually to measure the angle of

flight and wind direction. However, a self-contained

lightweight beacon could be attached to the kite for

nighttime f lights.

4) Time/Wind Field Variations. The wind field at a par-

ticular site varies widely with time. If TALA is used

for vertical profiling, for example, time "marches on"

as the kite is flown at increasing and decreasing

altitudes above the site. This procedure takes a

finite amount of time during which the general wind

characteristics may fluctuate widely, leading to lack

of correlation in readings taken at each flight altitude.

b. USAFA Experiences with TALA

The TALA system was purchased early in 1979 for the sole purpose

of vertical wind profiling over the three fixed instrumentation sites.

Since delivery, this device has been flown over all three locations.

Results of these flights are shown in Appendix A.3. The figures shown

were generated using a desktop computer and software for vertical profiles.

The TALA data recording procedure is detailed in Section IV. 2. A

16

definite speed increase at about 30 meters above the ridge line is seen in

many of the tests and is of enough importance to suggest a higher tower with

associated wind recorders should be placed at one of the sites.

As with attempts to extend wind tunnel results to elevations above

10 meters, TALA results could also not be so extended. This is due to the

iimited number of TALA flights not encompassing a full range of wind veloci-

ties, directions and flight altitudes. Even with a full data set, time-of-

lay, seasonal and yearly wind variations would probably be cause for sus-

picions that correlations to the 10-meter fixed instrumentation results

were inaccurate.

In light of the USAFA experience with the TALA system, some

re, omrnd,~t ions Cor its use in the future can be made. First and foremost,

JALA (\in be considered to be a very good prospecting tool. It should not,

ihowver, he a replacement for fixed instrumentation but can be used very

Cflec tiV'Iv to locaLte sites where such instrumentation should be placed.

,econ ,iy, TA1LA can be employed around obstruL-tions to qualitatively

locate tnrbiul vnt areas. The operator's manual (o) describes such a

P-oc,,du-c w:,ere a vertical line with long tapes attached at regular

interval. is flown from the kite. Stable, horizontal taie motion indi-

rates stead\' winds, whiLe heavy tape flapping indicates undesirable tur-

bnll I core'

SURVi:YIN6; RESULTS

a. Wind Characteristics

Tabi les and figures of Appendix A show monthly and annual wind

charart, rist iCs for primary instrumentation Site #i1 and the wind turbine

te..t site. Also shown are a number of records from TALA flights over the

tHhree primary instrui.ntation sites. Information contained in these tables

,and iglures will be us;eful for more site-specific activities necessary if

and when decisions are made to install wind machines at the USAF Academy.

LConomic cilculations shown in the next section are all based upon annual

data reduced for Site P1

Fig;ure 8 shows approximate monthly and annual average wind speeds

for the three primary sites. Missing data points represent instrument

maintenance periods. Site ftl shows a slightly higher average annual wind

17

C,

r-~ 410

z CUS Uo- o -C

< 0r'ri

- 4

101C00

1i 0 0

1 8

181

speed than the other two sites with Site #3 below the other two. This

was not unexpected as Site #3 is less than ideal in terms of ridge line

characteristics.

Figure 9 shows a comparison of wind speed duration curves for a

number of sites. Grandpa's Knob, the location of the famous Smith-Putnam

wind machine, is generally considered to be representative of an excellent

site in terms of wind potential. Amarillo Airport represents a good site.

All of the Academy sites fall below Amarillo in terms of potential. How-

ever, Site I exceeds the Academy Airfield in wind speeds above 18 mph.

As expected, the wind turbine test site, selected for convenience, is a

poor site as evidenced by an approximate average annual wind speed (measured

at 14 feet) at 5 mph.

In spite of the implication of Figure 9, the Air Force Academy wind

potential may well be greater than measured in this project. Admittedly,

10-meter instrumentation heights were too low to capture the full impact of

ridge speeuup yet did reveal some benefits above 18 mph. TALA records of

Appendix A indicate speedup occurs at heights equal to or greater than

30 meters. This might well boost the category of USAF Academy sites into

the 14 mph region required in early DOE candidate site selections.

b. Economic Analysis

Two machines, the Carter Model 25 and the DOE MOD-2, were economi-

cally evaluated for possible installation at USAFA. Two techniques de-

scribed more completely in Section IV ,4., the Approximate (7) and Air

.orce Method (8), were used. Tables 4 through 6 present the results

whore al] values are to the nearest $100. Line 7 is used to rank order

"kWI' projects. Line entry number 9 on each of the tables gives the

yvir-to-simple-payback with no salvage value assumed and line entry 10

ives the payback factor. Only the MOD-2 appears feasible with the

Approximate Method but neither of the machines are self-amortizing,using

the Air Force Method.

19

//

'4 // 'S

90/1' /

9 ~- (-~

- /* /

S S

// S

* 0 / E

4

* S -.

/

5- / 4/

4

* - 0-~~~

TABLE 4: USAFA ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, APPROXIMATE METHOD

I. Annual Fixed Costs as Percent of Initial Cost, i

Cost of Money 10 %

Operations and Maintenance 2 1/2%

12 1/2'

I. Economic Analysis Parameters

Machine

MOD-2Carter 25 M 14)

(2.5 MW)

i. Cost of System

a. System Hardware ($) 14,500 1,545,000

b. Installation ($) 3,000 725,000

c. Utility Grid Connection ) 2,000 230,000

d. Total System Cost ($) 19,000 2,500,000

e. Cost per Installed kW (5) 780 1,000

2. System Life (Yr) 20 25

3. Baseline Electric Cost

(S/kW-Hr., 1981) .025 .025

4. Utility Escalation Rate, i

(Annual %) 12% 12%

5. Annual Output of Machine

(kW-Hr) 31,700 4,913,500

6. Annual Value (AV) of

Conserved Electricity ($) 800 122,800

7. Annual Fixed Cost - Utility

Escalation Rate, (i1 - i2) 1/2 1/2

8. Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)

CRF = , AV .041 .049

rotal System Cost

9. Years-co-Simple-Payback (Compound

Interest Table using CRF) 26 21

10. Payback Factor (PF)

PF Line 9 1.30 .84System Life

21

TABLE 5: USAFA ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, AIR FORCE METHOD, MnnPL 25

Costs

1. Total System Costs $19,500

Benefits

2. Recurring Benefit/Cost Differential Other Than Energy

a. Annual Labor Decrease (+)/Increase (-) $ -30 '

b. Annual Material Decrease (+)/Increase (-) $ -100/'Yr

c. Other Annual Decrease (+)/Increase (-) S -100/Yr

d. Total Costs $ -500/Yr

e. 10% Discount Factor (MCP Table) 8.933

f. Discounted Recurring Cost [2d x 2e1 $-4,500

3. Recurring Energy Benefit/Costs

a. (1) Annual Energy Decrease (+)/Increase (-) 368 MBTL/Yr

(2) Cost per MBTU S2.i6i1

(3) Annual Dollar Decrease (+)/Increase (-)

[3a(l) x 3a(2)] 800/Yr

(4) Differential Escalation Rate (122) Factor S 21.69

(5) Discounted Dollar Decrease (+)/Increase (-)

[3a(3) x 3a(4)] $ 17,41

b. Discounted Energy Benefits [3a(5)1 S 17,400

4. Total Benefits [2f + 3b] $ 12,900

Discounted Bn.fit/Cost Ratio '4 : 1]

io. Loal Anncal Laei;v Savings [3a L)3 "

7. E/C Ratio J6 * 1/1000] 19 MBI/UT 1O000

S. Annual $ Savings [2d + 3a(3)j $ "')i

9. Payback Period [(I - Salvage) "Yr

0 . P F 3.22

TALBLE : USAFA ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, AIR FORCE METHOD, MOD-2

Costs

1. Total System $2,500,000

Benefits

2. Recurring Benefit/Cost Differential Other Than Savings

a. Annual Labor Decrease (+)/Increase (-) $ -37,500/Yr

b. Annual Material Decrease (+)/Increase (-) -12,500/Yr

c. Other Annual Decrease (+)/Increase (-) -12,500/Yr

d. Total Cost $ -62,500/Yr

v. I0Z Discount Factor (MCP Table) 9.524

f. Discounted Recurring Costs 12d x 2e) $ -595,300

3. Recurring Energy Benefit/Costs

a. Type of Fuei-Electricity

(1) Annual Energy Decrease (+)/Increase (-) 57,000 MBTU/Per Yr

(2) Cost per XBTU $2.16/MBTU

(3) Annual Dollar Decrease (+)/Increase (-)[3a(1) x 3a(2)] $ 123,100/Yr

(4) Differential Escalation Rate (12%) Factor 28.45

(5) Discounted Dollar Decrease (+)/Increase (-)[3a(3) x 3a(4)] $3,494,800

b. Discounted Energy Benefits [3a(5)) $3,494,800

4. Total Benefits [2f + 3b] $2,899,500

). Discounted Benefit/Cost Ratio [4 11 1.16

6. Total Annual Energy Savings [3a(1)] 57,000 MBTU/Yr

7. E/C Ratio 16 * 1/10001 22.8 MBTU/$1000

8 Annual $ Savings 12d + 3a(3)) $ 60,000

9. Payback Period ((I - Salvage) 8) 42Yr

10. Fr 1.68

23

SECTION III

METHODOLOGIES FOR USAF WIND SITE SURVEYS

1. INTRODUCTION

It is important that an Air Force wind program be organized and

managed such that the energy available in the wind is utilized in the

most efficient and economical manner. The purpose of this chapter is to

present three methodologies, each representing a differing lead time to

wind machine installation, which can be used to support thi, foal. These

methodologies link a broad range of topics from resource assessment throiiph

engineering economics to environmental issues.

Jt became apparent early in this study that more than one methodology

was required. An essential methodology is one dealing with the question

of which Air Force base or operating location should receive the first

wind machine installation, the second, and so forth,without regard to

outside influences such as politics or interest or funding availability

in individual commands. The authors strongly recommend this approach,

presented as Methodology I, while realizing that other factors may cause

bascs to be considered on individual merits and outside the constraint'

of this methodology. The individual base approach is presented in

Methodologies II and 111.

'. AS SUMPT IONS

I i ,),rtat that assumptions used in all !Iree method ei,- ve

'e.T:.rlv stated anu understood bct,_ore appiicatcin ,-f the methodo!o.,ics

proceeds. To some the assumptions may apnear simplistic and unrealistic.

However, the followinc of an organized methodology is far more important

titan th..' ;pecific tools used at each stcp. As the steT-specific tools

become more sophisticated, they will simply replace those in current u,;e.

TiLl 7 listi each general assumntion with accompanying discu,;si,-ns.

, lET {O )yI4)GY I - A'N' ORGAN I F) USAF--,.DR APPFACH

This methodology is a USAF-wide approach resulting in a rank orderins

ri h ses 'nd loc..tio s 'r,,. h he;t l o t 1 I' otent- f, wind

-II,,- .

resource but includes economics, environmental and institutional factors.

Figures 10 and 11 show flow charts of Methodology I and Tables 8 and 9

describe the individual steps and loops, respectively. It should be noted

that after the overall rank ordering in Step 6, groups of "N" bases are

then considered in depth. The magnitude of "N" depends on the level of

and time scale over which the program and funding proceed. Realistically,

"N"' might equal five at program initiation.

4. METHODOLOGY II - THE INDIVIDUAL BASE APPROACH

Methodology II assumes that one specific base or location is being

singled out for consideration outside of and separate from the procedure

of Methodology I. In addition, Methodology 11 assumes that one or more

vears are available for controlled iastrumentation and site selection.

Figure 12 is a flow chart of Methodology II and Table 10 describes each

individual step.

5. METHODOLOGY III - THE INDIVIDUAL BASE APPROACH

Methodology III is similar to Methodology II except that, for whatever

reason, a decision to fund and install a wind machine at a particular base

is nearly final. Therefore, the 1-to 2-year period for instrumentation

does not exist. The goal in this case is to do a rapid and, hopefully,

:fficient selection of sites for immediate installation of wind machines.

Figure 13 shows the flow of Methodology III and Table 11 describes the

individual steps.

25

TABLE 7: ASSUMPTIONS USED IN M{ETHODOLOGIES I, I, AND III

Assumption Discussion

Wind "quantity" is more The quantity of wind, reflected as aimportant than "quality". wind frequency distribution, is neces-

sary for predicting wind turbine power

output. Quality of the wind field,measured by such factors as turbulence,

will surely affect machine performanceyet is not presently r. 3 ured and

available for most loca ons. As thi!

information becomes available and windmachine manufacturers know how theirproduct responds to quality factors,

new calculations should be completed.

Wind machines selected for Selected wind machines should haveAir Force applications should completed thorough DOE testing.be fully tested by other Power output curves should be those

oovernment agencies. generated during such tests.

The travelling site survey Environmental and institutionalteam should be capable of issues must be fully understood andaddressing all complex wind the team must be able to competentlypower issues, deal with such complex topics.

Techniques of physically locatingpotential sites must be practiced

and applied.

All power generated by a Questions of resale of wind generated.0nahines is used lewer ,rc not considered. 1007' of -I

power oroduced by wind machines is used

to replace that normally purchased atcC'iNr Occ lol. r:ot,.s.

L-( tr icai po,,e is Lthe .1.jt .we" prodntltiul is tn, :,.t:;,,idard form oc energy -.n :. ,. . .t tnd i the sole

output, form ciiered hrt Other application-of wind machines are encouraged, yet, care

sheili >c *-. €

A d o:., identify the

c)rre( Ot .W . .'r,. replaced insuch cases.

The exitin, wind data ba.-e Flie USAF Environmental Technical Appli-2 -r initf.ai ,.' rCtt,.- (enter 7 11d information, alono

, <.j-nt.. with Hor dat.i ensc,,,ro .rmaintained.At Or '',i.' I on re(uest throu Th the

Air Force Enineering and Services

Center. hi c this information wa- not

- j~ I t ,

- ' ' " - ,ll, "'.. . .. (" '

XRanX Order

('atl Wind

~re(" Lis

~1uate

jFr 'OR

valuo of

Figure Io. Flow Chart, Methodology I

Steps 1-6

27

' J

____,_____r.____d~

-Pam

Ito ?. *D

8 9ofw d I

101

~1 12 Ron to a"~o ~ !

-J--

13L13 C~.-_co n

14 m_______

- I

1 1

S -

I '[I

TABLE 8: DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART STEPS, METHODOLOGY I

Step Number Description

Using national maps of wind potential

in watts/square meter at a height of

50 meters, locate bases and rank order

from the base with the highest wind

potential to the lowest. This step

has the sole purpose of supplying a

simple (but inaccurate) starting point

for the methodology.

Collect wind frequency distribution

information on each base in the order

established in Step 1. Most bases,

particularly those with airfields, have

rather extensive data bases maintained

by government agencies. Much of this

data has been reduced to a more useable

form for wind power calculations. The

most important piece of information is

the long term record of wind-speed

occurrences which leads to a wind

frequency distribution, if base-specific

information is not available, then similar

data from a nearby civilian location must

be used but with much lower confidence.

29

.tcj) Number Description

3 At this point, the wind frequency

distrib..;tiun should be described by

a mathematical function. The most

commonly used is the well-known

Weibull distribution, which seems to

best describe an actual wind

frequency distribution. his step

is necessary so that C ;;ctul wind

characteriswics can he ust- in

calculations to follow. In .idditin,,

the numbr Of L--hr/squarc nc Lr '

calculaed at this point and each time

new data is input to Step 2.

4 Average c)re S , onv cost-s , A :1ri

cntergy shou' he cm!lcCc d for cx¢!: :

Emphasi-S sheul he. placed upon the type

of ener.7 which win.- 'encrated enern':

will re,acc. For txaMp1l, ;f th wind

machine wi'.l moIst ikvlv he of the

Ce l-C±."

II t.:. lnc t pt i , LIfc: i .t

current ' ws: C't Y ,nflerclal c lcctri-It v

! l 11, "1 7 -

; 1" " ". 1 ! :' .' ' ' ' ?

i, "s''"-> c nt. trcdiuc the effects

0i 1 ''.< 0 'netpsil

IT' >.I'" It. '{'C ii'v ti I_ i c

tih ev C t,1 t tL

s en t ' , ion "si7 vc'lt. i C

cI-~ e t l :. i~n i ,i - e ,r ,

Step Number Description

5 The present value of power replaced by

wind-generated power is calculated here.

No particular wind machine is selected but

rather all of the energy in the wind is

assumed to be extractable and usable. It

is common knowledge that this is a ridicu-

lous practical assumption, yet, for purposes

of early rank ordering it is perfectly

reasonable in that wind machine dependence

is eliminated and all bases are on equal

footing. The specific calculation here is:

(kw-hr/meter2) x ($/kw-hr) = $/meter

This represents the value to the user of

the power replaced by a wind machine

hlv,-n, a l-oi iare meter rotor aroa if that

ia c hi n: , i xtract 10 t)orcent of th-

energy in that base-specific wind field.

This simple calculation provides an

economic index for comparison.

6 Using the results of Step 5, all bases

are re-rank ordered from the highest

value of power replaced (8/m2 ) to the

lowest. Lack of resource or energy cost

information for a particular base should

not inhibit continuation of the methcdology

through the steps to follow. Rather, at

some regular interval, Steps 2-6 should

be repeated to include new information

and to add those bases for which necessary

data was not previously available. Addi-

tionally, if a "special situation" is

discovered whereby an attractive wind po-

tential is highly likely, yet not supported

by the data, a decision to instrument such

a site would be appropriate here.

3:1

>"tep Number Description

7 An arbitrary iiumbe ("N") ut ba., - -__

now be selected for more intense considera-

tion. Realistically, this number may wei!

be further divided into worldwide geographic

regions or separated by major air commands.

In any case, uffcitc triminaI. w rk ew,

commence. Terr.lin mans, mission informati-i

and maps of physical fac K:'ties are some

the tools which might i . -ate ir wind r-

chines are even possible at a partiCclir

location. Wind machine energy production

can also be estimated for the site. i thO

location still looks promising, it is time

for a siting team to visit. The specific

tasks of the team .re deal t with n .a

separate section of this report, vet it :-u-,t

be said here that the team.' atnora -tt~r

will be to confirm or refut,- th. ,

calculati Ions. Perha-ps even -'ore im.rta .

the team ,,i! .et(!rmlnv 41 thcr,. a", .

serious i-rr!orn to wird mna-hinc inst

and if mroe ptentiail mnifht i-cvi~ldb.

through --iref,l ItJne tha: '-,. rredlcte,i

:l :e ,: > i . 7. in i a direct

io F, ; r t,: : tu t rav

L t- Wt.-- a~ a

i, 'c a1 '1 a -d r t I t i

: { ...- ,.. . .opcat:af..

mtSSi() .Lse , 1 on hurd;e are 1ie t ne, . "

- - ' ll II i . . ' -

_________________________________________________".__

Step Number Description

9 When a base is discarded as described

in Step 8, the next base in the rank

ordering takes its place and the

previously ranked "N+1" base is moved

to the lith position. This action

takes place through the exercising of

Loop 2 and insures that "Y" bases are

always under serious consideration as

candidate sites.

10 For each of the top "N" locations,

Lhe most suitable wind machine is

selected to match the wind resource.

Necessarily, the subject machines

should be those recommended after

extensive product testing.

11 Standard techniques of engineering

economics are applied to each base/

machine combination in this step.

The particulars of the economics

should be those presently in use f or

such studies and should include re-

quired parameters used in federally

funded projects. The "bottom line"

should be some common measure such

as years-to-simple-payback by which

the top "N" bases can be compared.

33

Step Number Description

12 A discard based upon result-, of the Step I'

economic study is applied here. In :1 ;1-:J"-

ion similar to Loop 2, Loop 3 is exercised

leading to the addition of the "N+I" base

bringing the total number of serious v;1--

didate sites back to the "N" level, An

example of a bo-se discarded it th-if,

would be one having a low .verage wind

speed (wind speed distribi,'n ske :,

toward low speeds) but high commercLiI,9

power costs (hi',b /r) resiiltin1 in I -I

rank order. However, i-en it

machine is added to the picture, the result

might be an extremelv lont :-vV.ck since ,

machine might not exist which cn cxti:iL

power from such low speed winds. As it

previous discards, this bise would not W

dropped from consideration cop!etelv. it

would continue to relnc,,Ir - cosid(!er, t i )n

each time Loop I is texeril zcd and r.,ight

eventualv,: ho ,iilc wit, , ",ch , t,.

could -t -' to' enercv

13 Ras-e6 ux-o'' : -

noi( " Iar i.,,

rink ,r k f: i. . w,-t to his cd pay-

b;ica f ti tlr k," , r ,

vrn ,r , -t -P, i ba c

14 Vnv , r,: :- . i i o, tom-

t1" 1

i crit ic,tO ,ireiliichi can .top i wind

Step Number Description

15 Following favorable completion of the

Step 14 environmental assessments, site-

specific wind instrumentation is selected

and installed at as many of the "N" bases

as is deemed appropriate. The instrumen-

tation should remain in place for a minimum

period of I year. During, and in particu-

lar following this collection period, Loop 4

is continually being exercised to update

the economic studies. Care must be taken

to use the most current economic parameters.

There well may be "special situation" bases

not appearing in the top "N" but which

should be instrumented early. An example

might be a base with a marginal resource

from airfield wind records, vet having com-

plex terrain which indicates a strong poten-

tial. Delays associated with waiting for

this base to naturallv appear in the

ranking added to the i-year instrumentaLion

period could produce a lost opputunity.

Therefore, flexibility should be the key

to instrumentation decisions.

16 After this cycle through Loop 4, a

decision to fund wind machine installation

at one or more of the top "N" bases can

be made.

17 Funding results in subsequent machine

installation.

35

Step umberDescription

18 The methodology may or may not be

complete at this point. If al "N"

bases have received a predetermined

maximum number of wind machines, then

a return to Step 2 would be in order

with the previously considered t"N"

bases removed from the rank :ort.

If all bases have receiv cons idera tiOT.

and/or minchine installat."nis to afw

maximum, then the entire prop-ram is com-

plet, ain-i tl - me' d Iex- tr In: e

Step 19.

TABLE '9: DISCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART LOOPS, METHODOLOGY I

Loop Number Description

I Loop Number I is designed to provide a

continuing update of the rank ordering

done in Step 6. New wind frequency data

and/or unpredictable commercial energy

cost escalations will change the rank

ordering. The Step 6 ordering should

always bt. based upon the best and most

current data, for it is from this list

that the second "N", third "N", etc.

bases are chosen. This loop should be

exercised no less frequently than annually.

2,3 Both Loops . and 3 serve the same

purpose; that of keeping the list of

"N" most promising candidate bases

filled to the level "N" following dis-

cards for re--ons of insurmountable

institutional obstacles or poor eco-

nomic indicators. These two loops are

exercised any time a base is discarded.

4 Loop 4 provides a continuing cycle

within the "N" selected bases and

allows for updated economic studies

when wind data from newly installed

instrumentation predicts a power po-

tential differing from that estimated

earlier. This loop would be exercised

after i year of wind data collection

at each base. The economic analyses of

Step 11 will be updated to reflect the

most current wind machine performance

models.

37

& K I. t

1 , L

Figure 12. FlICTrMt~dlY1

TAbLL 10t DESCRIPTION OF FLOW C~iART STEP , 14ET!hODOLOG\ II

Step Number Description

I Collect wind frequency distribution

information on the base. (See Step 2,

Methodology I)

(See Step 3, Methodology I)

3 (See Step 4, Methodology I)

4 Based upon the expected use of the wind-

generated power and the estimated machine

size and type, pick one or more machines

for consideration. Secure power output

curves for each of the selected machines.

(See Step 10, Methodology I)

5 Apply standard techniques of engineering

economics. (See Step 11, Methodology I)

6 A travelling team of siting experts travels

to the base in question. Specific team

tasks are dealt with in a separate section

of this report, yet the most important

task will be to investigate any serious

barriers to wind machine installation

and to determine if more potential

might be available through careful siting

than was predicted by offsite calculations.

39

LI

Step Number Descr ipt ion

7 Sites (as determined by the

travelling team) with estimated

potential equal to or greater than

predicted by offsite calculatioi.s,

are instrumented. Instrumentation

periods should equal or exccud ont

year. As site-specific data is

obtained, Steps 2-6 are .xercised

as required and until economic

conditions become favorable for

wind machine installation.

If Steps 2-6 indicate wind machine

installations are viable alternatives,

the base environmental coordinator

initiates an environmental analysis

process. Depending on the extent of

the estimated socioecono:,ic :

this step may end with an assessment

or be elevated to a higher level, if

an in-depth Environmental Impact

Statement is required.

9 Based upon favorable findings froa

Steps 5, 6, and 8, a decision is made

to fund the wind machine project.

10 rVind machineks) installed.

P NL'48 -R C-

Figure 13. Flow CharL, Methodology III

41

TABLE 11: DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART STEP,,, IC"TIIiA' : 7

Ste p INumber Dos cript ion

1-5 (see Steps 1-5, >ethodology 11)

6 Same as . eth1odole'cV II excepr thn,

tile travel 11i ng tecam d ire,

efforts toward the immedi

answers necessarv 'rrir-.

decision On whethor to omp 1ev

wind power. 'I>i, J he -a

comprehensive w it ]e II)Pancd

in advance, so that key basec

personnel are re1i. Sne.

long-term nruetli8v!

not be employed , tesr-i i -

must determine tIO 0;"t carK IL (

from limited availi'1Ic J'It:.

7 Sites seli-ct ed airk for w"2,i MAC11fleL-

Irod fa'! fl 2 t k

lected ni~ (a) 0-w u' !i :v

8i-1 0 (See St- ,(3- j *.) e :~l o"' 'I

6. INTRODUCTION TO EXAMPLES OF METHODOLOGIES I, II, AND III

Examples using Methodologies 1, 11, and III are presented in this

section. Tables 12, 13, and 14 are keyed to the flow charts and tables

of the previous sections and show results using the three methodologies.

The USAF Academy and Vandenberg AFB are the only bases used in the

examples, since these are the only two locations for which more or less

complete wind site surveying results exist. Due to the limited number

cf bases considered, the overall impact of Ke,.ohodology I is lessened,

yer,it is particularly important to notice the switch in rank ordering

that occurs fromn Steps I to 6. The better wind resource at the USAF

Academy is overshadowed by the simple economics introduced in Steps

4 and 5 resulting in Vandenberg AFB taking over the number one ranking.

Vandenberg AFB3 becomes even more firmly entrenched in the number one

position (Step 13) following the more detailed economics used in Step 11.

The Methodology 11 and III examples are keyed to Vandenberg AFB,

since this base was actually surveyed using these two methodologies.

Thv examples shown differ only in the recommendations to instrument in

the case of Methodology II and to install a wind machine in Methodology

43

4-4>

.o.. -

.j1 CC- .-

~0 0 0C.3 * . .3.

C: 0

-4 4-1

0 0 4

0 - o<4

V)u CJ-~0. C

-4 -C cr

V 0 C-to.o

4J4

0

In, 00 > 0i

> - C, V)1 - 0 (jr0-H 4

~C0 0)44 1

0 H0 C

X 0 44 -

Ii -r 0 Cl.

x 00C'~~~~ ON U fA0. 0r ~ 0

>~~~a 0'- M'~r. C:0 f 44

0 c

0 0z

-45

LL--

c0 -C C

V tc

a)~ E C> :7

S u ca r:

u C

-j r) x 3r 1)<mr

C.) I-;" c r uF

4 46jo (1 Q T

I)I--

E C l

Z

C4C

00

C)Ln *

-47

0a%

-4

,41*

-4 r

m 0U

CO CC UCd, H O4--4 -4

L,! >1 C,4 cn M 00 1 r C.I - U 4'-4JO ) ~

0~ r_ CL C)

0 TO~) .

4-j~ -4-41 M, 0 -'*- a ~ >

CO ~ Z c)CC

01 ~ C

SECTION TV

SOME WIND SITE SURVEYING TOOLS

1. THE WIND SITE SURVEY TEAM

The wind site survey team described in general terms in Steps 7 and 6,

Methodologies I, II, and III, respectively, is a key element of the siting

approach developed in this report. It is absolutely essential that the

three methodologies be supported by individuals highly trained in siting

procedures. The team envisioned here is comprised of three individuals

whose titles and duties are described in Table 15. A typical nsitc

inspection is expected to take from 2 to 5 days, dependinq upwon

local base support and the level of geographic and environmental

complications encountered.

A test of this team concept was accomplished between

27-29 July 1980 at Vandenberg AFB by USAFA personnel. Several weeks of

preparation preceded the onsite inspection. Calculations were completed

which theoretically linked specific wind machines to the Vandenberg wind

fiLeld and rosulted in prediction of power output. Economic studies leading

to years-to-simple-payback were also completed. With this information in

hand, the siting team traveled to Vandenberg AFB and spent 1 entire day

in meetings with key base personnel and in physical site inspections. The

following day concluded with an out-briefing ending in recommendations for

continued studies and actions by base personnel which would lead to an

organized wind program for that base.

2. TALA VERTICAL PROFILING PROCEDURE

The purpose of vertical profiling is to gain some understanding of the

wind field in the vertical plane over some site of interest. Vertical

profiling with a single TALA system has the major limitation that the wind

field changes with time as the profile is taken and the results represent

one data point in a phenomena changing with time of day, season, etc. In

order to minimize errors associated with this problem, special steps must

be employed. The general idea is to take enough time at each altitude to

get an accurate time average, yet not so much time that continuity in the

wind field is lost. Convenient and recommended reel counts are 75, 150,

300, 600, 1200 and 2400, which yields a profile from about 20 to 220 meters

above the selected site. Each reading at a specific reel count takes about

49

TABLE "5: WIND SITE SURVEY TEAM COMPOSITION,RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES

Team Member Responsibilities and Duties

Team Chief I. Responsible for coordinating the

overall siting procedure.

2. Supervises the actions of the other

two team members.

3. Assists the other team nombers as

necessary.

Wind Characteristics I. Performs previsit calculationsSpecialist involving the wind field and

specific wind machines.

2. Prospects for potential high

energy density sites.

3. Inspects existing instrumentation;

recommends new recording devices

and their locati-r.

Institutional/Environmental 1. Performs previsit data Tatherinq

[ssues Specialist functi on possible institutional/

environmental problems.

2. Performs ;revisit economic caicu-

I at ions.

3. Meots wi ' appropriate base personnel

and local comnmunity representatives

on the broad range of issues in his

area of responsibility.

4. Determines which, if any, issues will

require further study or will prcclude

winld machine iitaILat i.n.;.

I,,__ _ illl__-iI_.__

five minutes for a total of 30 minutes for the entire profile. Since the

kite is already at the maximum altitude at this point, it is recommended

that a second set of readings be taken at these same altitudes as the

kite is reeled in.

The vertical profiling procedure used at USAFA is listed in Table 16.

Specific information regarding operation of TALA is found in (6). Readings

are spoken into a tape recorder for a one-person operation or can be written

on the form shown in Figure 14 if a second person is involved. The pro-

:,I~rc is designed for profiling over a ridge line where readings include

inclination of the ridge crest at each kite altitude. Over flat terrain,

-i. . Lina ion is simply input as zero. Data is then reduced to

the form of the Appendix A figures using Computer Program KITPLT of

A]ppendix 13.

3. FIXED INSTRUMENTATION

The TALA system just described has a limitation that wind data cannot

6c recorded over long periods of time. In addition, using only one kite

to take a vertical profile introduces uncertainty since the time at each

recording level is different. Nevertheless, TALA is a low cost method

of obtaining an estimate of vertical shearyet it should not replace

con1tinuous recordings.

Experience gained from the USAFA Wind Site Survey can be used to

determine the specifications of fixed instrumentation for other USAF

locations in support of the three proposed methodologies. While the

equipment installed at the three USAFA sites has performed well, the

data set is not complete and was time consuming to access and reduce.

A set of general specifications for a standard wind recording device

to support the three methodologies is described in Table 17. The thrust

of the specifications is measurement of wind "quantity" (frequency dis-

tribution) rather than "quality" (turbulence intensity, gustiness, etc.).

"Quantity" measurements are critical for resource assessment but that is

not to say that "quality" measurements are never necessary. Once a base

is selected as a candidate for a machine installation, "quality" measure-

ments will be a necessary input to the selection of a particular machine.

Such measurements are outside the scope of this report. The listed speci-

fications are ambitious and require storage of large data sets. However,

51

TABLE 16: TALA VERTICAL PROFILING PROCEDURE

1. Assemble reel and handle.

2. Calibrate measuring tube as described in the owner's manual.

3. Remove barometer and thermometer from carrying case and place

in a sheltered location. Record temperature and pressure

altitude.

4. Read fixed instrumentation if flying over such a site.

5. Launch kite to the first reel count and directly over the

selected site.

6. Record start time of the test.

7. Record inclination of the ridgecrest.

8. Record inclination to the kite and wind direction.

9. Record wind speed 10 times with each reading spaced by

15 seconds.

10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 one more time for a total of 20 wind

speed readings.

i1. Record inclination to the kite and wind direction.

12. Increase reel count for the next set o,- readi!' s.

13. .eturn to step 7 and rineat steps 7-12 until the profile

is complete.

14. Reel in the kite, again repeating steps 7-12 but now at

decreasing reel counts.

15. Take final reading of fixed instrumentation it applicablte.

16. Reduce data on a deskt,,p computer or -!.)t bw hanid.

LocationTemp 0 F) Press Alt (ft) Tail 1, %Cor

Time Start

Reel Count (N)- Ridges) (0)- Kite()

DirectionIAS (mph) 1.

2.

4.

6.10. ______ _

7.

B.

9.10.

Kite (o0

Direction

2.3.4.

6.7.8.9.

10.- Kite ). ... ..

D]irection

Time Stop

Direction =Direction + Mag Vat (+13 ° =

At=.9(.3,N - 21.2 x 10- 5N 2 (Sin 0 k -Tan e t cos Ok) + 10=

TAS = IAS 01 + Cot):

Figure 14. Form for RecordingVertical Profiling Data

53

TABLE 17: PROPOSED WIND RECORDER SPECIFICATIONS

1. Wind speed sampled at 10 meters and 30 meters

on a 30-meter tower.

2. Sampled wind speed placed in 1 mph bins at

I -second intervals.

3. Sampling grouped as a frequency distribution

covering a 1 -hour period resulting in

24 distributions for each of the two recorci ing

levels.

4. 48 frequency distributions read to memory

monthly.

5. As much data reduction as possible should be

carried on internal to the recorder provided

the character of the raw data is not destroyed

or becomes dependent on a specific wind machine.

6. Capable of self-contained, unattended operation

in severe climatic environments f or periods~

exceeding 1 month.

they can always be relaxed at some future date, provided convincing arguments

are made which support reduction in data necessary to perform the proposed

methodologies.

4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

,1. Introduction

It is essential that wind power be shown to be economically competi-

Livo with other forms of energy. There is no one currently accepted method

of evaluating the economics of a wind machine installation. Recent economic

;tudies have ranged from a very basic approach to elaborate methods of life

cycle costing which employ statistical analysis. The major differences

Aippear to be in the assumptions made and the number of variables which are

included in the analysis. For our methodologies, some simplifying assump-

tions were made and two contrasting analysis techniques were used.

b. General Assumptions

The following assumptions were applied to both economic analysis

methods:

(1) All costs are in 1980 dollars.

(2) Depreciation, insurance and overhead are not siginificant

and will not be considered.

(3) No federal or state tax credits are applicable.

(4) System life is the duration specified by the

manufacturer.

(5) Discount rate (cost of money) is lOpeicent.

(6) All power produced will be used onsite with no

sell-back to a utility company.

(7) Operations and maintenance costs are fixed and

represent a total annual cost of 2 1/2 percent of initialsystem cost.

(8) Computer program documented in Section IV,6 ardlisted in Appendix B are used to estimate wind

machine energy production.

55

.. . . ..__ _,_. .... .._ _.. ..__ _I

c. Approximate Method

This analysis method (7) considers the total annual fixed costs

(discount rate = 10", operations and maintenance = 2 1/2%) as a percentage

of the system's initial cost. The annual value (AV) is the amount of

power produced by a wind machine multiplied by the current cost of conven-

tional power. A capital recovery factor (CRF) is used to determine yvars-

to-simple-payback. The CRF is computed as: CRF To AVTotal System Cost

The interest rate for the CRF is taken as the difference ot the annual ff'xt-

costs, expressed as percent of system cost, and the utility escalation rate

which for the present analyses becomes 1/2%. The payback period is found by

using a conventional compound interest for 1/2% and is equal to "n" (nuris.i

of years) under the CRF factor. For comparing alternative machines with

different system lives, a payback factor (PF) can be used where,

PF = years-to-simple-paybacksystem life

and the machine with the lowest PF is the most economically attractive.

Although this technique is very simple, it seems to be appropritite

when dealing with unproven variables such as machine life, maintenance c,,s !o

utility escalation, and general inflation. Some large utilities use a

;imi lar approach of computing an equivalent levelized annual cost when

in. rating in an uncertain environment. Table 4 illustrates this method

il CoT-paring two machines for potential installation at the United States

d. Air Force Method

''I's analysis method (8) is for a project which falls under

,, Lnrgy Cons;crvation Investment Program (ECIP) of the Militarv ('o.t

Lion Program (MCP). Although it was intended primarily for retrofit proi-

",olovi , alternate fuel sources, it is the method whicn wou I pre! ihl,

Sas .justification f'3r possible funding.

Therr ire severa I ,if.'rcn¢ es from tlica i, p . imit " .thod. ,

:,IiitenancC costs (labor and material) must be estimated. A" expresse'd

:. w : . r ,- , :: lc. r, l i,i'n) i i , :!T' ! M : f il n ', Il.. :- I~-V.T ' ,,I'

" 1. .. .1 . .. . . . .. v-I1

work force can only be guessed. Next, a utility escalation rate is used to

compute tie benefit/cost ratio, but is not used to calculate the payback

period. This results in much longer payback periods which tend to exceed

the system life and make wind machines appear economically noncompetitive.

A final major difference is that this method requires computation of an

energy/cost ratio which must exceed a specified value (20 for FY 81) in

order to be approved. This is often difficult to achieve with a new wind

1','hine installation. Tables 5 and 6 illustrate this method for the same

wind machines considered with the Approximate Method.

The two methods presented are almost extremes. The Approximate

Mthod can be considered optimistic and the Air Force method extremely

conservltive. As such, the true payback period is probably bracketed when

lsin~, rh( two methods.

. INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

a. Introduction

Along with the review of technical wind characteristic data, many

other issues must be addressed before a wind machine is installed. This

ccLion discusses some of the common nontechnical areas which should be

evaluated during a base survey. 'able 18 lists these primary institutional

issues.

'fABL E 1b: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN WIND MACHINE SITING

Nat ura i .ocioeconomic Other

Florai Fauna Visual Impact Electromagnetic Interference

Noise Public Concern Airfield Clear Zones

Historical Sites Zoning FAA Coordination

Safety Utility Interface

b. Environmental Impact

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires that, before

any federal action is taken which could affect the natural or socioeconomic

environment, the action's impact must be fully assessed. In the Air Force,

environmental assessment ranges from a brief informal review to an extensive

57

2:ct statement. In every case, a proposed action's environmental

issessment ends with either a negative determination at some level of

cvview or progresses until a Final Environmental Impact Statement is

published at the Congressional level.

At a specific Air Force base, the environmental review begins

with the Base Environmental Planner preparing an environmental assesFrelmt

(EA) according to AFR 19-1 and AFR 19-2. In most cases, the EA is then

reviewed at major air command level where it is given a negative determi-

nation or elevated to a Candidate Environmental Impact Stu nent.

The base Lnvironmental Planner should also initiate action for A-95

clearinghouse coordination so that other agencies surrounding the base are

awaire of the proposed wind machine installation and have the oppor Lulit y

to comment.

If a proposed itall.iLtion is of large scope, such as a wind farm.

or if environmental impact is evident, the use of the Environmental Techn-i-

,al Information System (ClIS) may assist greatly in the assessment pros

The ETIS computerized system, along with the site-specific inputs, can

produce a complete assessment in a short period of time.

c. Discussion of Some Important Institutional Issues

(1) Noise

Some (I fh ci iLr DOV 1 a.rge wind machinvs expcri ,

'rfh loi1s. current research indicates that noise is not a prohehm fol ,2

,ai; n4; -idvonced technology will hopefu 'v i:,ntc " ,

(2) Elec tromognetic Iuterterencc

Most of the research thus far ha1s .,<.cn dir,.cled ,,.t lV I lt tr-

S- rnce . It is known that the upper 0HF cl'anc, I ,rc varti u i1r v -uScvp tL-S ',I ,.hd ~ichinm-indeie, interference. , ,cr i: coi.- i uin? ill ,a'

-'- ' n a lr fo' ICls MO tV"TP- ',sji 1dL'. dr T1)o , . f

eU;c Rtry and other communication and data Lranaai sa;ian systems. The P01)

1 tna ',:aclct I Compatilility .n:ivsi CcTe Iai,. I in Ai p'lin

Maryland, is the DOD center for problems pertaining to electromagnetic

interference. They are working to evaluate electromagnetic interference

caused by wind machines.

(3) Airfield Clear Zones

The base Siting Specialist must carefully check a proposed

wind machine site to insure that Clear Zone criteria are met. This is

morC Of a concern for large wind machines with hub heights greater than

Coordination with local FAA officials will also be necessary.

Any local zoning restrictions, as with government leased land, must also

hc considered.

(4) Plora/Fauna

Impacts on vegetation and animal life must be assessed. Of

particular concern is the presence of endangered species which could

restrict wind machine siting.

(5) Historical Sites

The Historic Preservation Act of 1966 protects historic sites

Irom modification. Though not a problem for most bases, Vandenberg APB,

for example, las over 400 reported archaeological sites which cannot be

disturbed. This factor, as with endangered species, can further limit

winad machine siting on federal installations.

(6) Utility Interface

If a wind machine (or machines) is to be tied into the

existing utility grid, a formal agreement with the supplying utility

,o.apany must be obtained. Items such as connection charge, back-feed

protect ion, and sell-back rate structure must be resolved. It should be

noted that poor site selection could result in power more costly than from

conVelltioal i sources, if the dem~and rate increases and a low sell-back rate

results from the grid connection. Such an instance might be a facil-ity

requiring kbackup power 24 hours per day and operational for only 8 hours

with much of tie wind power fed into the utility network. The end use of

the wind machine installation is, therefore, a most important decision.

59

(7) Public Concern

Most of the reaction to wind machines has been positive. Peop!

recognize the need for alternatives to fossil fuels and in general voic,

no objection to wind machines,with the possible exception of noise. Safety

is also of primary concern in any energy-producing process and product

testing actively underway by Rocky Flats, DOE, and other agencies will

hopefully address this question.

6. DESKTOP COMPUTER PROGRAMS

a. Introduction

The desktop computer programs described in this section are designed

to support the methodologies of Section III. Programs are described hero ,-,

program listings and sample outputs are shown in Appendix B. All programs

are written in BASIC language and listings shown are peculiar to the HP 85

desktop computer. Similar programs are available for the HP 9830, HP 9831,

HP q835 and can he easily adapted to the HP System 45. Users should havc

the appropriate computer manuals at hand when running these programs.

h. PROCRAM "CKETAC"

Fne Weibull distribution is frequently used to model actual wind

,pced t rcquency distributions. Use of such a model allows a lengthy dat.

';I.t tL, !.t' described by two parameters, c and k, where c is called the

.- a,-tor and k the shape factor. A probability density function,

,(V) .Coa b, defined as the probabil ity per unit speed interval at

T'hc jrua.I~lv, probib i1itv funct io n or pinod spe duration curve is

V

n(V<V ) = Xp(V)dV I -exp[-(V !c)k].

,,-. L o.,s [' c .md X I ar est-imated ,sin,. . ", I,. l .1n- st-ed di4 -Lit,;l-

tion summary, in this case one provided b5 tht C.\A Env ir1irleli tal 'lehnic,ii

t'; icat on: CCnter (ETAC), 1!i d beqt least -,rcs fit procedure ,escrV.'.... , i , (,) "- , i ,

manually or read from tape. If input manually, the program will allow the

operator to store the data to preclude having to reinput the data if more

calculations are needed later. The program requires a number of occurrences

for each wind speed measured in knots. It computes average wind speed and

the Weibull constants, c and k, starting at 1 knot and continuing to

4t knots or the highest velocity for which an occurrence has been

observed. The operator has the option of changing these limits to get

a better fit of the distribution to the actual data. Video displays

and hardcopies of percent time at speed and percent time above speed

are produced,along with correlation coefficients.

Input: IF INPUT MANUALLY -

Data location (where data was collected)

Period of data (when it was collected)

Number of occurrences for velocities from 0 to 45 kts

Name of data storage file (if required)

IF INPUT FROM TAPE -

The name of the data file

IF c AND k ARE K NOWN

c (mph) , k

Output:

Average wind speed

c (mph), k

Mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficients

for Weibull curve fit

Hardcopy:

Tables of speeds, number of occurrences, percent

time at and above speed

Average wind speed (mph and knots)

Wind speed range for Weibull fit

Mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficients

for Weibull curve fit

Graphs of percent time at and above speed

61

L. PROGRAM "CKCOMP"

This program computes the Weibull parameters, c and k, as described

trom Program "CKETAC", using occurrences from a wind speed compilator.

The compilator supplies data from eight different wind directions in

32 2-mile per hour increments from 0 to 64 miles per hour. The

program computes c and k from 15 to 63 mph or the highest speed for which

an occurrence has been observed. Graphs with the actual data points and

with the curve defined by the Weibull constants are plotted to help the

operator to decide on the quality of the fit. It is possible to compute

c and k for limits other than 15 to 63 mph by inputing dif, rent limits

when cued by the program.

Input: IF INPUT MANUALLY -

Data location

Period of data

Number of occurrences for eight directions and 2 mphincrements

Name of data storage file (if required)

IF INPUT FROM TAPE -

The name of the data file

IF c AND k ARE KNOWN -

c (mph), k

Output:

Same as "CKETAC"

l..,rdc ,iy

Same as "CKErAC": iAXG!L[ the uinits on the wind spetodsIetween which c and k iru- computed will be miles per hour

d. PROGRAM "WEIPOW"

This program computes the total power density, in watts per square

meter, available in a wind speed distribution described by Weibull para-

meters c and k. The power density calculated is not that expected from a

wind machine,but rather that available in the wind if 100% could be ex-

tracted. The Weibull probability is calculated for each wind speed,

multiplied by that wind speed cubed, and then converted to the proper

units and summed.

Input:

Weibull constants, c (mph), k

Otput:

Power in the wind (watts per square meter)

Hardcopy:

c, k, and power

e. PROGRAM "CHGHT"

This program extrapolates Weibull parameters, cl and kl, from one

height, z,, to a second height, z2 . The Weibull parameters, c2 and k2, at

height z2 can be estimated by the following empirical relations suggested

by Justus, et al, (9).

c2 = c (z2/z)n

k2 = kI[1-0.0881n(zl /10)]/[l-0.0881n(z 2/lO)]

where n [0.37 - O.0881nc ]/I]-0.0881n(zl/10)]

rhnse relationships are thought applicable for z2 < 100 meters in relatively

11at terrain and over a fairly wide range of surface roughnesses.

Input:

Weibull constants, c (m/sec), k

Height at which c and k were computed (meters)

Height for which new values of c and k are desired (meters)

63

Output:

Weibull constants for new height

Hardcopy:

Original c and k

Original height

New c and k

New height

f. PROGRAM "WINDEI"

This program models a wind machine operating in a specific wind

regime described by Weibull parameters c and k. If the wind speed

probability distribution p(V) is known and the output power of a wind

machine as a function of wind speed is given by P(V), then the average

output power of the machine in this wind regime is

0

= f P(V)p(V)dV.0

rhe model used here for the output power of a wind machine as a function

,t wind speed is shown in Figure 15. Mathematically, this function is:

P(0V< V.<V

P(V) P r (A+BV+CV V. < V < VrV < V< Vrr -- 0

V > V0

where V is the wind speed at the hub height of the wind machine. P isr

its rated power and A, B and C are coefficients determined internally

t, the program as described by Justus, et al, (9). V . is the cut-in1

wind speed of the wind machine, V is the speed at which the machiner

re,,ches rated power and V is the cut-out or shutdown speed of the machine.0

i'he annual energy output of the machine is then

= 8760 x P

4i

m I m '

____________________________________________________ 0

0)

0

.z '-J

0~

0

-~ 0)C) ~C) 00. ~-

0)0 CC

~ z-- - ~ -e

> -'-4 00) '-4

-o~

C)I-.

00

--4

0.

A L-mmon measure of wind machine performance at a specific site is the

capacity factor, Cf, which is the ratio of the actual average power

output to the rated power of the wind machine.

Cf = P/Pr

Another common measure of wind machine perfo-"iance is called the recovery

factor, Rf. This factor is a ratio of the annual energy output of the

wind machine to the total energy that was available in the wind,

Rf =E / f(1/2pAsV 3 )p(V)dV

0

where A is the swept area of the wind machine rotor and p is the airs

density.

Input:

Cut-in wind speed, V., (mph)1

Rated wind speed, V , (mph)Sr

Cut-out wind speed, V , (mph)0

Number of 1 mph intervals, cut-in speed to rated speed

Wind turbine rated power (kW)

Wind turbine rotor diameter (feet)

Site elevation above sea level (feet)

Weibull constants c and k (c in mph)

Number of hours considered (usually 8760 for one year)

Commercial electric costs ($/kW-hr)

Output:

kind turbine swept area (ft ')

Average wind speed (mph)

Average power output (k;')

Capacity factor, Cf

Energy output, T (kW-hr for the period of time considered)

Recovery factor, Rf

Dollars per square meter (value of the commercial power

replaced bv power prodtced from one scu.;:re meter of wind

turbine area)

Hardc'onv:

Saime a in pit 'and oiitr!;t

g. PROGRAM "WINDE2"

This program performs the same function as WINDEI except here the

wind machine power output curve, P(V), is described by a polynomial of

degree n. Some wind machines display a power output which cannot be

modeled as shown in Figure 15. WINDE2 uses Simpson's Rule to numerically

integrate the product of wind frequency distribution (described by Weibull

parameters c and k) and the wind machine power output curve, P(V), where

P(V) = a + a V + a V ... a Vo 1 2n

The user must independently generate the coefficients a ... a for a best

fit of the actual power output curve. Many routines, such as least squares

fit, are readily available for this purpose.

Input:

Cut-in wind speed (mph)

Cut-out wind speed (mph)

Weibull constants, c and k (c in mph)

Wind turbine rated power (kW)

Wind turbine rotor diameter (feet)

Site elevation above sea level (feet)

Number of hours considered (usually 87u0 for 1 year)

Number of polynomial coefficients to describe wind urbine

power curve, n + 1

Values of polynomial coefficients, a ... ao n

Integration steps (even number - cut-out speed minus

cut-in wind speed)

Commercial electric costs ($/kW-hr)

Output:

Average wind speed (mph)

Energy output (kW-hr)

Capacity factor, Cf

Recovery factor, Rf

Dollars per square meter (value of the commercial power

replaced by power produced from one square meter of

wind turbine area)

Hardcopy:

Same input and output

67

SECTION V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

1. CONCLUSIONS

a. USAFA Wind Site Survey

Results of the wind site survey of the USAF Academy indicate a

mocierate wind potential with indications of more potential, perhaps even

that of a "g ood" site, at elevations above 30 meters on ridge line sites

;-I and -:2. However, economic analyses using the Site il , sults showed

long payback periods primarily due to low present costs of electrical power.

i nsed upon these results, wind machine installations at USAFA are not

currently cost effective. However, better definition of ridge speedup

effects, coupled with future unforeseen commercial power cost escalation,

.ould well drive the Air Force Academy to a more competitive position.

In addition, and perhaps of more importance, wind site survey techniques

developed at USAFA can be applied to similar surveys at other Air Force

bases.

b. Wind Site Survey Methodologies for USAF Bases

Tests of the three methodologies presented in this report indicate

thev can be successfully used to support USAF inputs to the federal appli-

rat ions study required in the Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980. However,

the Air Force Method of economic analysis does not adequately support the

tib ,dolog ies Jue to omission of utility escalation rates when calculating

RECOTLMENDA 1" IONS

a. USAFA Wind Site Survey

'lo produce a more complete set of wind characteristics for USAFA,

,o or two 30-meter towers equipped with instrumentation suggested in

't io IV. 3. should be installed at ridge line sites. As this information

,. ,. .-;AV liable, and/or commerc ial power costs e.scalate at a higher rate

'h:ii as stimcd in this r port new economic calculations should be completed.

b. Wind Site Survey Methodologies for USAF Bases

Methodology I should be applied to a rank ordering of all USAF bases

in support of the federal applications study. Methodologies II and III

should also be used where appropriate. The economic analysis referred to

in this report as the Air Force Method should be revised to more adequately

support funding for wind machine installations anticipated under the direct

federal procurement provisions of the Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980.

69

REFERENCES

1. Kullgren, T.E., and Wiedemier, D.W., Final Technical Report on the

USAFA Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, ESL-TR-80-48, Air Force Engineering

and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, Florida, September 1980.

2. Public Law 96-345, Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980, 96th Congress of

the United States, September 8, 1980.

3. Lofqren, S.T., USAFA Wind Site Survey, Final Report, CE499, USAF Acad-

emy, Colorado, May 1978.

4. Meroney, R.N, Sandborn, V.A., Bouwmeester, R.J.B., a J Rider, M.A.,Sites for Wind Power Installation: Wind Tunnel Simultion of theInfluences of Two-Dimensional Ridges on Wind speed and Turbulence,NSF/RANN GAER 75-00702 Annual Report; First Year, Colorado State Uni-versity, July 1976.

5. Garstang, M., and Snow, J.W., Testing of the TALA Kite-Anemometer,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Char-lottesville, Virginia 22903, December 1977.

6. Instructions for Hand-held Wind Measuring Device, Tethered AerodynamnIcLifting Anemometer (TALA). Approach Fish, Inc., 314 Jefferson St.,Clifton Forge, Virginia 24422.

7. Gipe, P., "Lstimatina WECS Costs," Wind Power Digest, Fall 1979.

"FY1980-FY1985 Military Construction Program (MCP) Guiuunce No. I,"HQU.AF PRE Letter, 24 January 1978.

9. Justus, C.G., Harcqrav(e, W.R., and Mikhail, A., Reference Wind SpeedDistributions -nd Heiqht Profiles for Wind Turbine Design and Perform-ance Evaluation Applications, ERDA Technical Report, Contract No.U. (40-] i-5 lG. , Au'w t 1970.

:J. Prill, M.M., liuang, C., and Drake, R.L., An Interim Handbook forSii-_: Lur,_.c Wind Energy Conversion Systems (Draft) , Rattelle PacificNjrthwest Laboratories, Richland, w-ithington, July 1977.

7,J

___________________-_

APPENDIX A

USAFA WIND SITE SURVEY RESULTS TABLES AND FIGURES

1. USAFA WIND TURBINE TEST SITE

Tables A-i through A-5 and Figures A-i through A-24 show tabulated

annual and seasonal wind characteristics for the USAF Academy Wind Turbine

Test Site (USAFA WECS Site). Tables A-I through A-5 show wind speed versus

direction where each column represents occurrences in the 2 mph increment

below that speed. Figures A-15 through A-24 show wind direction variations

for time of day. All tables and figures were produced from strip chart data

reduced using the digitizing capabilities of an HP-9830 desktop computer.

Missing time periods represent downtime on the WECS Site wind data recorder.

2. USAFA COMPILATOR SITE

Tables A-6 through A-10 and Figures A-25 through A-39 show tabulated

annual and seasonal wind characteristics for Site ,i, called the USAFA

Compilator Site. Tables A-6 through A-IO list wind speed occurrences at

1- second intervals for 32 2 mph speed bins versus eight magnetic wind

directions. Included on the figures are Weibull coefficients for curve

fits to tae percent time above speed data. The reliability of data shown

for summer and fall 1979 is questionable. During this period, the wind

direction head malfunctioned due to a manufacturing defect later corrected

by the supplier.

3. TALA FLIGHT RECORDS

Figures A-40 through A-51 show vertical wind speed and direction pro-

files from flights of the TALA anemometer above Sites ,I, ,2, and #3.

Site ,'l is referred to on the figures as the Compilator Site,while Sites

: 2 and #3 are referred to as the North and South Accumulators, respectively.

Data points for 10 meters are those taken from fixed instrumentation at

those Sites.

71

. ... " I I III I I|

ZnZ

712

L -r02-

00

tA

a 33

LnL

La tL

C Rdl 3 OU (WI

N

Lfln

g12~LaC-

CD sa

Ln r- .

Ln E

=3 In t

(Z4kI/N A.5INS34 M3Kd

75

-~71 :1''j- -

b'-'

>7 (

CIx r -" -

:.: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ID "St.,b'0,a' " -"- 7, , IM D'. _ .,: ,.' -1- --

9L

~tj1

77

* N '.

D .4.

Ija,

U Id

D0

0

m m m B maqJ - -

77

_.K_

• " ": * I~l l .. . ... ' ... ,iii:iiit 11111111111:1_1_.a

[U

IS!

tai '3

U

• U

19CW tj

ii ,I~l Is* m i I I

vai

ORil Hla Is |

CmW) 3361 (WI

E

LI;

Li-

L- r- ;%L - --

Li-

,Ln . - I

cn

In in

LU U5'A1 I-N4M~

79

CI

'C

'..,

U:

D

'7 -

ZZ'Z

- -I-

S

o

IG

m co a mm Im

81

'5i

ac

es a1).LNN

(I.

5 3•

U MUan I +

+ . . . .. .... ... . . . .. . .... . ... ... . .. -n

U_ J

P4

Ln

tU 3

r-

M-U-

in m

- In

Iin

CQ+N/M Al I SM34 83fEIJ

83

:71,71. -7: 7- 7- -

- c- CC r T. - -- ;T -

C ---- . -.- 1,-C, : 4

ii

bi a I

(133S IMMM L I13

85M

ICEI.lto

I.-Ii, it- Q

/CL

u Ii 4-

U' M!

(13 NI

AD-A129 581 USAF (UNITED STATES AIR FORCE) ACADEMY WIND SITE 3jSURVEY: METHODOLOGIES E.. (A) AIR FORCE ENGINEERING ANDSERVICES CENTER TTDALL AFR FL ENGIN..

UNLSIID IEKLGE TAL. MAR 83 FIG 4/2 N

1111 1.0 Ig 13281J_ - 3 1112.2

1J~)1.8IIIII5 Il Il,,L

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTNATIONA4 HURI AU (IF M F % 1D , A

o"4

Z L)

aam

-1

LA~Le x

(Z4W/M)~* 41SN483

87

Lii

UiU-

17 - 71 -! ), -

-X r- N. .7)~ (f. tc)t Cz. 'D ,: -P 0 CC,

,- - -~ - -~ -7 ' -.:- C. _

'Q..r a , oc 7 -c-!t , tUk

o f 7 711CClI - .U)I-'jD f, ,-l A U.

ol -T - ,CO(. .

C$:)

Ia.L-li

z -

a. ,

L403tisis sw IKO

89o

a

LL 3

(NdW)~~a -03S

4 .. +4-. + 4 4+. +..... 4 4

4.Rq-4. + + -W -64 V 4 440

44. +4.P.4W* +444.44-4.+4 4 -. 44-. + "all-4

+4.0 -6- 4 4.4. 4. 4 444 , -4414. -0 4 4* 441+ - *644

.44 4 4. 4. 4.+444 4. 4. .44

4--4+4 44 44-4.4.4WE. -4 . -f 4 . 4 . 44 . 4. 4 - . 4 . 4+44. . 44 44 4 4.wAr * W-A- -+1- 4- 44. 1. 4. -&40. f .

4. " 4.41 + + -4I . 44-1"*.. + + 4 4 4-4. 4.

4 P 4"W4.4. 44. + -f 4. 411b + .US + + .6. 4P a;44 . 4

-00 + + - 44. -V4.z + + 4 + -lo +

tdj -OW 4-4-4.

4 4. -P4 -W44 -W +

4A 44# 4. 44 4 p44. 4 444&@W.44

+m +* 4# 4P -OW 4 4.4. 4-4. 4.f..44- E-.44444 C .4-I 4 4-4- -6. ~4~444- cz

44.4P 4 4.*4NM.44 4 6P n+ -P 4-4- -p4-

4. 4-f- 40. 4.4.44.4.4. -o 4.wv. 4I 4 . + 44 4 41 41

N . 4.. + +-4 -W .444 + a +44 4* 4444.W4

44.4.4. +Ml + 44 .V.+.. 4+I 4.0- -4.* -O. + 4.44).44.4

-W -W 44.4.6mo 44 444.4 4.4~~- 4+4~~ 44. 4. 44..4 P 4-*4.44.4.~~- 4. 4 -44 4 4. +

4.4-4. 4 44+ +4-.-GW + r4.*44. 4.*. 1 4 .404+. 4.

E 4-44.4 4.44 4444l4 44#. -44 4. 4.4 -f 4444

4444 v44 4.44 -I- 4P+ 4 W 64. -4-4 +4 4 6 4..4 4 4i.4a4444 .4-1 4 .1 - 4 .. 4 4. 4. ++1-4

4 44P + 41 44. -"t 444- +-W4*44. 4 .4-414- 4+4-.4.4-P.

4- -4P4 4 4 .4...4-4 4.

444 4 4 44 - 4.4+444. - 4.4..44-- . 46 4 W 44w4-I-4.+ I

+44 +4 - .4 0444104- 4--I- 4W *+. 4. + 4- +464-W-P.644

1-444.4 +4 + 4. + W4. -1*4.4+4* a 444 4..+ 4. + Mw -.44 4 4-4 -04 44 44. 0 4. 4-644..1 i -1

4. 44-4 4-44 + -*44+ +4+4 41- -. .4. -44. 4.

+4 6 - 4 - 41I+4

+ ..4 +

4. 4646. 44*- -4 *-W 44. _w +-Wll H of. -- 44- + 44W4 +*+.4-4 4W * * 4--+ . l 44.4 -p ~

6-4- 4- *4-4 p - + +.in4.. 4 +.ld 4* 104- ---- +* 4*--4-II4+ -P -- 4. 4- 4- 4- 4 -4- - + + 44+ q -44. - 4-ig0W.4 -44+ 414- 4- 41 4- -4- -p4.4. 4-U4-+ -+-- 4- -. 4 4 4- -W4~ 44.-

*41 4-110++ + 44.4-6144 4- 46. .4. .4. 444. 4 4~ w 40 04* 4-S + 4- 4- 4-§-44- 01 4-0110 43 -. + +

'44-+4-41 + --- 44i44 4+ -4t. 4+ *-P 4 44 4- .400 4 14.64-+- + 4 4. + 4- 4-. .4 4-4 44 *14+44 4+ 4o# 44-I- 3-- + +-

In 44-44 -go - 4-4- -1 4-404. 4- + 4-+ 1o mi 1 + I. 4-4*44.4 + 4 4-- w 144-W *4 +401* +

0 4 ..- 0-4. 4- 44 4 4.4H N444- +-4 4-~44 4S 44.46-6 4.4 4-, r-4"-64.-4

+" +* 4-44-4- 44NO +- 4.44- 4-- 4-4 -4w-44 -6-4 is44- *4+ 4. + -644.§§W4- -W '* - - 4--4411.44- -0-4-4- 14. * -1- 4-4- 44044444 4-4-W -0wm -0 4- 4.4 4. 40-614 -- 4. 4. -p

- -V +0 4 - 44841*4 -1- 4- 4-4- u4- 4-6 - + 4. 1-6444444 -4-+1. -I4- 41 4 4 4 4# 44-90444-44-4-* 4- .5+E 1-4-44-04- -p-19- -1 414 40

4.-4-4 43444H+4 . 44w * 44 4-1- 4- 4.4614 44 44- 4-W-6 4 -44444-V4.. -- 14i .4 + . -I-- -1-. 4+.-..4-4 - ?x.- ,

VN44 44 1 4- - 44 4+-44w4 4-+-444 .4 4+.4 -to 44- -4444-0-4-+ 4 4 -V 44- -t- 4W- 4- --- - W- -- 6+-4.4 ++ +- 4 44- 444- 4- 1 W 4.14

4-9-++-44 4-4.4 a. I+ 444a H 4* -4-t.4444.44- baM.d.4#4. 4 - 4. 4-4- 4-64 4-.-0.4-44 4 + .4-064. 4- + f- .

40-4.- W444. -4 44- - 44-W + 4 4- -66-NOS0 " -. 4-*4* -14- 4--4-44Of! 4- 4-4401.8iiH + 4 1--4 +1 -4 4. 4. +4 44-644- 4- I4-1+ 4-4.4 4 - 4- - 4 .- - '- 4-

-o -W-4 444 -- 4-V -044* 4+-4.4.4.4 %W 444.4-4- * -4-&4-4-44.4 4-4+-W 4-& 4-1"*.-P 4+ 404- +-1-40 fo4-* 4&- -. *4- 444 44--.. 4-t + 44""4 *44- 4..-p - .4 4-+ .- 4& 4- 4m4--4-+4. +--4 - -. 4q4- 4 -44- 4-t - - 4-f 4-4 4 4- 4-I-44- 44.44+-4-4- 4 41440-44 - -.40004- 40- AD1 +4--4.-4 4.4 444 * 4 * 4-441.-4-4- -4+..444 4- 4++44.44.-P4-- 4-4 4-H4-44- + 4- -4p.4 444*-I- - p4 .44.4444 4- 44.444- 444P 4-4+-* - -I. +I

4.4-4+-§P4 44V4--4.4- 4- 4- 4.4. 13- -1 4- t+

NO~L~3Wf: 4*

-I-04-4-40 -04-4-44 +4- 4-W4 i 1 -W -+ -4----40-4--04 - -P - 1 -0 -0. -tow -4-

-10-46 --0- -N 4-4-4--0- 4 - -*" 4.

-4444- 4 4-- + --W41-046-I -+ -P40-440- 4-0-0- -4- 4- 44-0-460W

40-4--#-I +44W4- + 4- -00-".§ -0--4-44. -W-4 4-a-+ -4 + -64404-0-- + 4-

-04--4 -4-0.4-4-0. 4 + 4-+40-41-4-0+-1-oe- J4-6- 4-4-64-4-W * * *0 -0441--

044- 44-4---f - -4- 4- ++4-04-W14-404- -0-W I- * 4- -P +

-44-- 464- - - 4- -f- -4- -044W-4-00 -0--I00 -44- -4* -f 4-0.44-W4

- + 40-4- 4-4-44- 4P-P+ -0-4-4--.+40--00- - -4- 44--444-" 4-- -W4--14- +us

-004-4 4- -W0 -04 -4- -04-644-64-0.-40m4-44-4-4-40- + M+ 40404- 401-+

ML 4-6----4- 40- -1- 44- -04-* -4-04--*-J- 4.+ *+]&A4 & i 4 -41- - + -*- + -6-064-4-+-NW - -1- -z 4"4-4-4- -1 + +P 4-P + 4064- 4-6-+-0 +e 4-4- 6 P0W-1 4 6 4,

-004- + -4--44-4441 -- +1.-4P *1C -4

La -- 44- -1 4-4 4- - 4-4IM 4 4 + -low

ce 4--1-- * 44- 4-4 - - 4-0400*W 4- 4- 4--Z -- + 4- f4 + -04 -- 4-0--l- 4OW4---PPf.-- -04- 4- -41-- +1 4.6004000-- --- 44-44 i

4 044-6- 4- 64.-P - + - -&New -- U -P 04 -- 4- 4-a.4-P + 6 -- 4+ +4--4- -04W 4- 4- 4-4

4-4 +- +-*44- 44WH44- +t 4- -P§+ lU1 ~~ 4-"- -"-1 4-"*ahA4-+ 4-- -

-40 4440- +4 + 4-46*-H4-4-4- -44-4- 4-4-4- -00 -4-4- 4 41 044 -- 4- Ir

- + -- +--. - 4 - 44060.4 - - 4 - - = .w~4-4+4-4-44444-4 4- -0- 0- - 4

+ -0-4- -+ -44-0-P4 -P 4 4 -4000-04-4- q-4 -- 044- -0- -4- 4- +P 4- 4-*pimp+-4 4-44--- r

U, - -4 04 -44-0 4- 4- 4&-S4----0 44004 * -4Im- 4-4. 40 4- -44- 4- * 4644.-W-4-4-4 4- 04-4-

x ~ -04 E4-4-04- -+- - 44- 61 - -* I. .-0- -0-- 4. -W 4 4---4 -f 4# +4- + -

m - -P 40-04-0-4 -1- 4 -4- 4-04-4- 4- I 44- P4--- 44----P + 4-P 4 -04--4- +* -+ -.

4- -0- 40--1-64*+ -#- 4 -4-0 4 --- 4--* P44-0-W 4-6 0-40-4-1 -W444- 4-6404-U44- 46+ 44- -I.-1-& -0-04- -. +4--44-- 4 -- 000044-1- +404-4- 4. P4 -- 4--4- 4-44040 4- 4-4-4-4- + 4-4-4- 0044- - +f ++++-+ + W

44--- 4- iMO+4---1--0--I-l- 40-f- 4 4-414-4.-4 -1. -444 4- 4 4-+44 --- 4- -W 4-*4--*404-1- 4 - 4 -64- -4-4 4 4-+44 -0-4 -4- *0440-* 4- -0-4-4- -- 4

-4W 4- 4- +-S-444-+1 4 4- 4-4- -0 04-44-44 40-40- 4-4-4 +40-4-6+1 4-W -14-4l--4 - 4- 4 -mi4-- 4-f 4- -1440- -14- 4-46 4HW+-44-4a- - -

44404 4- -0&440- 40+ 44-04--i44-0- 44--"1-+-4- -4-0-6 *-P 4-

41P -4-1- 44-0- -4- 4- 4-f- -640- 4-+ 44-se 4-W 40 -46 - -W -W-P-46- 4-4401- +- -a-4 4 4--4-40- 4-0

4--4 44--0-4+- + 4-4-4W-0-4

-6-4-044- 4-10-4-4- 4-6-W~* F..u

U4 thIi .a N Ii

NOID3HIG O1NItI

93

-. 4.44 4.-+444.4. 4.0-44 +.

44. 4.-4 4. 4..4. 4. N.-.-044. 4. 0.. +.4. ...+4. 4.44 4+4. + +1+

.4 4. 44. 4. 4.-4. + 44. 64. -14. 4.4. - - -#- -+ + .4- + . -- 4..

.44- +44. +4 +4.4..P4.4,4.4. . 44.4.. 1 44. 4 66 4..-1

+V 4- -4.4. 4.* .44.* 4 4. 4 -. ..4-4- 4. . .444 4044 .-1+

4 .4.4.+4. * 4+ .4- 4414+ ## + 4. -%+ 4- 4-4.4. . 44P

-4.- 4. +f . -4- 4. -1. 4-W 4. -4 .44..f 4-4.-44 ++44+-4 - 4.4 -4.4.

+ .4 444. + -I. * 4. 4.4+. + 44 -4-W +4. I.

4. -61. 4 4. 444- ow 4* 4. -+ U >

4. - 4. 4. 4 -HI 41.4 .4

+64 -ft - A. 4.4.- 4- +W 44. 4- 4 - - f+ 4.4.4-40

+ 1; + + - + 4-4 - 04 4 1 - 4 . ca -L 5 +- *04 -1 - 4 -4 - - 4 - f-

4. +.4 4-P- 4--4-W 4#--I--4.4 4*0--+ 4. 4.

4. -t 4 + 440444. -& til E4. 4. 44400-0. -W 4. 4.4 -

+. 44 +4-00444- +4-4 >++4 444-4. -1- .4 -# 4 0.

+. 4. 4.. 4.40 +.44- f- .44- 4+. + 4 -Ow +4 4 4. . .4. 4-0.

+4.4. + .. 0-4- 44-4- -1+4+ + -44--0 -4. 4 4-4-4 4

4. 4- + -4 4404144P 444- 4-4-+ + + + 4 4.44-44. 4. &+4*. ..

+.. 4. 4.4. 44-. 44. -4-4- + Q

A. -. 4 -1- 4 w 4. 4. -+ 4-4.-f 44.+ 4 4-- 4+ 44.- 'U z

47 +P 4 .4 4- 4.4.4 -W 4-4.4.4. -4. *. -* + W -04- 4-4 -1 40#+ + + 4..4 - -I-. 4. +.+4 . .4- 4. 4+-f 4- 4. W -- 4

4. 4P.4. -P.4. 4.-4 . 4.44- 44-4-4. -. 4.04. 4. -1- 4.4-W.

4-0- 4. -1.4. -& 4. 4. +P 4P 4-§*444. -04 4.4-4.4 4P -# 4-. -4. +4

-f .4 4.4. 11 4 4. + -P 4- 44.4.4 4.--1- -4- 4^ - - 4.+

4- -4. 4 4. + 4. 4. 44. 4--..4 44 41 +# 4. + + W

4-14.4. 4. -W4+ - 4-4 +41 4.+4. -4.. 4.--f + . 4. + 4.- 4. - 4.- 4+

4.4. 4. 4. 46- 4.44. - 0-44 44.4.~4 40-W +-4- 4..4

4. .4.. 4. 4-P -4. 4 4. 4.+ +.44. +. +...1 + -* 4 .r+441- 4. 4+1- 44.4-P4-4.4-4. ++4.* -1. 4.4 +W 41.4.4. 4.+-f4-4-4. 4.4. 4. P 4 . *. 4. 4. 4-4. 40.4. 4.4.P 4W0 +P 4. +. 4.

44. ... 4P4--"-4+ +. .4* "4+444. -+ 4-.

'14 1 1N -

NJ)D3819 OHIH

-4 .44-444 -4W4 -6.4-.4 -9. -444 .44*.4.4.4

4- 44.- -4. -4-.4 44ND.- 4.44-*44. -14. - 4P.4P4. 448,44. +P

* -44. 44-44 - 44 4.4. -4* V44. 44 -4-64. 4 4-. 41. -a- -4 .00 4.4 4 . -464

-4 -.44.4 4.4 +44..4 4.-4-4--1+4 4 4. 4-4 + 4444 604 -4- -4-4--f 4- 4-W4 W 4 4 404-* 4

Al. - + + 4-4-4-0 -44 4 414 - . --4 4.4 4. 4- 4- -. + 4 .4 111..4

-4. 4-f 4 -4+.4 4.44=444.0. AM4.w4+ 444ft

-4.4. - -4-44 -0- A4- * l 4 - 6-4+4 . 4 - . . - 4 4 4 4 . 4 44*4 4 .

L-f4- 4 4.* 4.o 44. 4.44...4Ul4444. -044 . 444- 4-4.4-0.4x 4-- 44+. - - P-1--44 W

M i 4.*-+ + .4 44 444- 44-044-- 4- 4.-. -4-4. * 4.41 4.4.4 -4. * 4 64-4.f .. 44* 4.P 4 r 4. W4 44.- -4464 -14- 1-o- 4- 1 4. .44.-04. 4 444D*+ -.4. 4 -c0-"1 4.. 44.4 i4 + 48040. 4.4.44 4 .4

-1" -4- -44- - 404 W4 ++4-04.4*4.11. 4- 44"+-#.&4-4 4- 6

44. -OR 4. 4- 4-4444444. 4- i 444.4 4.41.0 4.4 4. 44. 4- -4,0-044 4.

4. -W4lo -0-. -.44 4 4 1*-4 -o -41 4. +- 4.4. 4#4 4.4-44N4. 4- +

4.4.4. .604 4.4. -644 -*-.-0.4 4 4P .44444.w 44. 44 2

w 4. 4. -4-40 * -f.4 -I--*~44- 4+ -Now. 1.- 40. 4. 4o- -,

-nr 4-. 9 64. 40044.4 4P 4.-. W .P

-s 4 .444 . 44. + -4- 4. 4-4- c44. 4.4-- .4.4.P4. 4.44.4 .4 4. -4- 4. 4- -44. 4. -44.4 -1- 4- -1- 44 4w

4.4. 44+ 4. 4 -- 4-6 4-0-*414- -64-4. .4.44.. 41 44.4. 4 4. 44' U

-I- a44 + -444 4 -4 4 - -0 . 4 -

-4. -- 4 * - 4 4.4W 4#-I- -l I W4. 4- -W0-I

444.444.44P -0--W4-44f.4.W 4 4. U4HII- 44 -64444. 4. -4. 4 .4.

in 4u I 4w41-4-4.4.41-4 -W4 -0- 44 .4-4 -.- w-W -W -6

4. -W-.44 ew.-40..... .4- M 6 4. --4.44-. 4. 44-44.4 4o. 444. P4.0.0. 444 4.. 4.4.-0 4-4.4.44. 4 4

-- 44.W -444 444. #."44. 4.4. 4 04. 41.440+44 .40. 4.4%4* 4f.4 4.4.444 -644- 444-4 §-4- 44444 *444. .4

4.44.4 4. - 4.444 -1- 444- 4 4. 4. .

40-404. 4 -4.4. * 4.44..44. 44444-f . .4-4f.. 4 4 -#4. 4 4...4 * .P

4. 4.P4. 44.4W4. +.4.4. 4.41. 4.44. 4. 4. a.a a-4.4. 4 44-4-.14-44 -4. 4

-P 4-4- - - 4-. ow O~q -I -#+

NOhI.3910 ONIN

95

- 41 -W-40-W 4 - -- f. -. 4MW4- -4-+ -. -44-. -I4-4.+.4-4.4 -00--44.- -4- +4 +i

4-0. 4. 4- -404W41-4 -444+ 4- 44*44.11; 40-44W -"-. - WS - 04.. 4.0 ii -- W +1 -+

1. 404- -44w0444 -*4ia 4- +406. -*+ 4. 4++4--w *-ml-44- 4+4. +4.44-o -4+ 4. 4.4-4440-4+00 4-404w- -P 4. P

4+ -4.44-* 44444 4...444444.-I- .4.4 +..44 -W-4-0-W4-0444-W

-4-0 44-6-44- 4 44.4-04-4-.4. .-.4. -W44 4-- ++4. 444 444-ow4 40+4 W 44- 4 -. 40 -- 4Ill!. 444 4--.-I

-%I 4-4.4+.4W--. _W44. 44"U#. 4444 4.+44 -644-1 44W +-4444*41- -*H401--4 4.4 . + 4 + 4-4-4- - 44 45 4W4.-6-4-4- 4 .4. 4- 4-.--4- *4-W 4 -44-+44-0-4+# 4P +

* -1 -* 4- + 44- 4444 -4. +4-444-- + -I- +UI 4. 4.4. 4 4- 4--40-4 -0-446-40-+ w. 4

4.-. 4 -+44.44-1- -1444.4 N. A4NW. tP. 44. 4. 44.0444 4. 4.41444. 4 4. -44- 4. -I440- 4. 4 44 m##.#64 -W -i-

t;4 4.P 44446 -4.4 -44.4+-04 4 + 4 - 4t 4- 4. -P.*44454400 44.i + 4-04.0 44. 4- -W44- 44. + 4.. .4

4. 4. 4# . 4.430Ch -1-- 4 4 4.- 4. -P. 4 - 4

z 4. 4.4-.4 -MS. -14I0-14-+46 4-. It +E<4.. *4 4- 4&##.14460-04- 4-

4. + 4. 4.. 40- 4.6-4-4414.4. 4. 4- 4++4 4-4 +440540 +4-4 + 014

+l 44. 4- - 4. *4- 4-.404+ 4. +..4I,- + 4. 4--0 4 .- 4 4

-P4 4* -- H4.4 1.4.+

LI! tn 0*-.+ -04W4. 4. --- 4.40. 4.+ -I 4-+440-4. aia 0 -W 4 4-04.

+.4+4N-am 44-+ 4640-13.* + 6++++-+4 -P44 4- +.. -11- +4444-404b 4.4 41.

CC +I. + 4 .+-.~ +44-4-*.4 + -40- + 44+ 4+44 4. 4..40014* + +4.4.a4.::

#~ -4 44- 4. 4.* -1- 4-4.44 + 4 vi ta -~ .4 4 4 W 4.4 41-4-NOW 4H44-W 44. 4- ~-f- -4 4- 4- 44- 44IMP*-- +1- +4 4.~

*. 4- 1 -4- 4 0 4. 4- -- -04W4 4 .-1- 4. . Ifs 4- -4 4. 41..44414 + 4.-. 40- 4

44 -+ . 4.44. -0-040- *44"0, 4 4

w. 4. 4. - -& -. +44 44 440-441- 4.41,-0-4 - 444-W4401 -W +0- -04 -0- +.444440-4 40"-4.4.44.1 -44 444" 4+- 4. t-4-0 + -1. -0441-4 -0-40-4 4.40441. 4-41- 4- 4.

4-, -40 -#1 4 i -4M 4. . 4W4444-..I.44. 44 +44.44 . 4 -04-W4- 4. 4. -00

4 W 4 .4-+444 -0- -1 -- * 4 4-4.0- 44. 40-4.04 44. P4540-4-- -W0 -4- -6-1-4-4-

f. -0- 4-6-4- 4- 44- 4. 4W -*-"1-4. +.0--l4.4- .4-4+ a. 4.m -4.-I 4-I- 44.4.+1-- 4. 44.- - +-W +-0- 4-4. + 44 +4+4444-04.4 4.- 4-44a 4. -"1. 4 . 4.w -+--C40-4.-44. *. 4-fb-4 4 --- -40*- 4.

-O.4-@-+4.-0W44 41.+4.+4.4--4-41- ++.4I4.4.44-6*4044-A.4 + 44-0-4W. +I 4. 4.

+. 4 +4. 4-004-&+ -*4.+44-o- +. 4. +.+.4.1+ 4. -*- 4W 4-440-" 4- 044"044- -W4- 4 - 44

4.44-4.4..+ *0 4.4 M4.4144 - 1-*0 a440 a .- 44 4 -0-4.4+

Z n4*. -t * .4; UUW.

NUID~g.2 gNX

tilIW l mIi

+ .44-.- ---. +.-4----4- 4+ w4- -#-1 -1 4.44-44-"-ow .44.

-#-I- * +4- -4-4 4.6-444-W* 4+I-4.--4 * 4-4-4- + 4- +4-104444-4 +P

44--4- 4-4 + - W -044-406- --44-0-0--f- -44+ 4*44-W-- 4

+ 0-H-- -4. . 4+4-4W4-44=4-P4.440- +641 4-6- + -do 4*4-6 a 74-4- 4.-4. + 4+

4.4*440 -1 4. 4.4-.4-444- 43-NM++-440 - +44-4-4P4- -N*06-4-4

x -6-- 4- -4*-+--- -4.--4*4+ -4 4 4- -41 -b- +-4 . +4- -P+4 4-4 -3 1- 4- -W -6 404M41- *. 4

44 44- + -0- -04-4441WUA-4+-I-4 - 44. 44-W 4 4-W + +

+ 4. 44- 4- - - 44 -- 44U-4 4-0- +* 4+.4- + -- 4-4+-04-4

9. - . + 4-4- 4444---IlI-a 4 + -4W +4 - -464

UI f+ 4. 4 + 4- -- 44063--z + +b + 6404460+

3 -4-f-4 -4- - m-4+ A.-0-- 4.- -P

E + +f 4- -* ± 4 4 -S4l +0 4- + 4. 4---..- + c+o

-f + + +-40443-63-+ct+ +44- 4.44 4-4W

+4- 4- -1- -1- 0@06A- - f-4 4- 4- +

Z -i. -I + A-+4+ - -006- 1 41 4 4. -444-+404 4 4. Lfl

in 4 4-4- 4. -4- *- in4-.+ + LZ- 4. 4.4.4-04W -W 4 -1--m-no

Sl + 4 41 . -4444404-- -f- --. 4C~G-. J4 + 44- -1 4- .4. + IM

LI 4. 4. + --I- + +4. +44 + -- 4- -1 -

n f- 4-o--- - -P 4 .- mm- +. +# r_m 4+-1. *.- + 46. -- 406-- +

S4+-1- 4 4- 4- -. 4 4- 4- -1-4.4i -44-+ -&-P4- -W-40-4. + 4406-4- 4

,- 4- 4-P-4 4.04- -f- +. 4--4--4 +..4--4 4-4 - 4 4+4-444 . 111 -l'

in460 -4444--* -I-. 44d-4++-1 4-0+ 44-4.- + -I--

-7 + 44ai44ON44- -4-.4-44 + 4*FH - - 4--004

44- -W -4 -0.- "- 1 #-N4W*

164- 4 4-4-4-- #+ 4-I -**4--P40-** +44-4 4-4- 440 -4*440- * <D-404"40l-1 -w ia 4-ft. 4+ 444-40 -4-4--444-4.+ H 41+ +04

-4-044 -444 +--+ + 4-44441-- -W 4-* -4444 +- + W 44444- +44W 4--44-W.40 + -# 44-ON.04.4+443-4.4-W 4 4- 4.P 44-04-f-4- 11+-I- . 44444-I -3- -0-4 4 4 440 -144 4.

440406- +. -- 4. + 4-04-0- 4. 4 . -

4- ~ ~ ~ O~.3k 4--- -1N- - 4 0-1+ -1 I

++97

-A- -6-4404 -44- 4- -W6 -4 - +4 4-4-4- -I.4 -1 4 . 7

+ -04*400-4- -HN 41 -f4- J 44 4 -0 0-4. 4-44441- - 0-.+ -4 4* 44 4---4

-6-44-1-f- -1*4. -0-4 +*-i- i -- 4- 4- 4--Mom404 4 a0 4-U- 4-4.- -1 4414- 4, 44-

-4 -4 4-84-4-I- - 4-& 41 -4--4- -0+-4- 2iw-o4- +--04--044-0-0-0+4 -44 -- 4- W 44 1- 4 -4-f-I --

- "4-4-4 -10044- 4 4-*--44- --- -01-4--444- 4 4--4I 004-4- -4- -0- -44 -0.4- -0 4 .44- HM 4

-1"4-464* 4 4-- -II- 4- 4-0 0--4 --L3 -1+44-4-- -0 -4 -- I 4- ++ +- +44-- 4- +-t

Lai 4-4 - - -40 -- 44- -44-*W 4-§--4--45.- 4-. -I- -I 4-4- 4- 4- 44- -4--- -P--0044-4- 4-- -I- -f- -404 -4-- -1- 4 40-4- 4- +4i--0 1-4- 4-0LI 4 10- -1 - -4 4 44-0-4--04- 4-4-1-4++ +

+ +4 -4- --- -4- 4- -- 044-44- 4 W 4-- -4+4-0 - +-4- -014-0f- + + +f

P.+-44- + 4 -4- 4 -- -- 444 + 4-+ -4.-0- 4-40630 4

+ -i +.O 4-W 4- 4 +f--6- -440- 4- 4

A I0 & -4-44*-4-W 4.+4--+-+4-

404--- 4- 4- 44- -+#-040W +. -4- i44+-44 -1+, 4. -4-14-404-P4.4 -I 4--0-4--4-- +A- $04 104446- 4- 4-4-.

--.- P-4 + 4- -4- 4-**601 + 4-a i-M-41- -f- 4- 4- 440 0414--4 -0-

-10-*II 4- 4-- + 4 0-46--4~W -#4--.0- 1 4- 4- -4- 4- -044- - + 4

r- -404+40 +444 44- 4. -6441014- +4a in 4- 4-44- 4+- +4- -P 0401-4

I- 4 -+ 4 - 4- +4 44*00 4-4W5; 04-+ -H4- +- + +4-1-U-44w!r 44-- w -- 4 -4+ -4-0141- 4-w

1-04- 44--4-6.+- o- # - - 4140- .4 -- 4-0*4-U T- 4 4 4-ta -- - 04+'-0 - 4-0- 4+ -1- -"-1.-60-0-4- 40-

x -41- - -+ 4-i! 4*---ooo+ 4- -,+a 4--1*0-1-4--46--4--4-4-- 4. M -

4- -4. - 4-4- -4---04- -04W -w +-.1+04 +444- 164+ -%:C

4*+ -04* + Maa-w~ -'- + -*.1..-.4-LnI - -40 - +-I- 11 M 4- 404 .64- 4 1 .4- -1- -

-444 +4 44-- 40- + 4f- -4fit4G 4 #- 4m 4H-.4 - 4-0 41- 4-+ + +-4- 4- -4441 1*-- +-4' W *0-- 444- -4- -4- 4 4 -6.0 -1- -4-

-0*9- -+-44-m 4-4-I-4-4-* + ~ ---04 +#4-- 4---40-- - - 4--44-4-4-- 6

+044 -444---40-4444 404+ -00- 4

4+ -04-4-I- -04- i4046- 4- 4--4-+-14- 1 ia I 14- -4-4061- + 4 -44- 4- - 0- 4

44-4-4.-f- 4 W 4'-4- -- -4- -*-- 4444-4W-04-- -040- 4- -0-f- -f0- -- 1 ++ - 6 6 - - 1.4 4 - +. -** - M . -# 4 - 4 +IS

4-044- 4-- -- -0--4- 4-4 *--4-0- -1 M

4*00 4 -"41 -0-0 -- 4- -W-- + 4- 4-4 4~44- H60-04-* he -4- + + +

-4- -NH --040414- 44 -- 4- -4- 4-44-464++N4-44- -0* ++ - 4 4- 4-W A + 1M IH 4iL+I -04 +i~I + 4., I

-I- - 4- " -+ - -- - -.I

4+ -4- 4-*46--4- --4. -4-4- 4-- M4- - 1-44-W 4 .4-1.444- 4 -444f. 4.

4. -*-4-

-4. 44.4 4.

4--ft 44 - W + -4. -N-I +4 0 -4 0 low i 4CL -4-4- +4a4I -W -#*4.4-4+-6--494-t 4+4i. -4*.-* *44 -W +-P -&-4-4-440-4 4- -1 4 4

U 6l w 44- 4- in a 4. 4 4 -4444 4.

~~ -- 4-4 6#44444-+-++ a d & friom -4+

-44- -+ -" - i- - 4.-#+4~.-- " ~ 4. 4

4-44 4 -.- 0. -4- +*' -+ 44.-+- *-4. -4 -44- 4--w

41- -I44.4.0 +4. ol44 4.4 4in +v 244 + -* --- 4 4. 4i 4- WNoi

c ~44+ --4- - 4#. - NO 4- -42 44. * 4-. +-i- 4. -W4- -- -ow + -Pd-~46. - 4- 4 - -*4- 1 4I -4-4.-4.

*44-+ 4I-+ -- - 41 -Or -44 . -4 - Crn.+ -4.-*.f + -004po +0 +

.4644 4. -4.-*+-+~P+4-CL i - -4-4 4.- iH 44.-

616 644 4.i -1. -6 + .4+41 -4-4- 4. 44.--4- 4 4-

+14- -4 44444.4*- 4.4 4L 4 4- -1 44- 4.4- . 4.4W4 4

244 4 44- +4- 34a1.4.6 + 4. >CL 4 -1-. 4-. 4-- +4+ -44W 444-

t..~-4I--44-+ 4 -aw- +-.*- -Ho- 4..-. .''

-444 -- 4 +641+- 44- 44-4. + 4- LA.-4-40. 4. tor4 4. 44 4* -iI 4. 4.

+4-4- 4 -1- 454. & 44-I- + +-- 44. 44- 44 - + -4 -.401- + - 4- 6 .

+.444 4-P44-4-.4- + 444 4in 4.-45. -4 4-64-.4 4- 4-.440-I - + *

to 4444 4-. 4-08 4. 4M4- --4-44-.P44-44 -4- - 4-4-4 4.4. -444 -46-4 4- 4-4-

4 -44.4 4-1- -m4.+.-4I 4. H- 4 64- + --4* + . - 46-W-44 4-l- -W4- 4-4-44-4. - +f

-Mb-4 - . 404. 4- -4.-4- - 4- +4-P 4.+4+4.4. -o44- 4 * - 4- -444-- M - 4.-I +

in -- 44- 4..4444- 4 ei -#. -4- i I-4- -W -4W 414 m 4-44- - 4-40. -4-- A- - 4. 44- - -4 4. cc n -1-444.-N 4-44 - §- +4444 4-4- 4+-6& 4- 4. z

4-44 +4-4 -04 46.4.. -444-4- * 4.* + * .a-4 6a4 -- * 4-p-4~-6 4 -- 4+4-44- 4-4

444 - 4.-f --- 0. 40. -4 -Nil,* 4 4.;A2&-4 40.4-0-44-6- 4-1-# 4.44 6- 4 +i444-4-4 4-4 -of** - - -4- -4-4-4- + 4 1

-+ 991 -4-- -1 0w 4 f

i404 44.-4-* ++-4- 40- 4 .. 44- 444-Al. + -- 4-4.aff 4404- -04.0- . 0. 4. 4--4

+ 4-*4-4 -- 4-4.94"W-,- -".44* 4 4.4401- 4. 4&. -444m4-+ -1 40-44. 41 4P4 .4 - 4 4 4 . + 4 4 4 4 . 44*0 - - I 4 .-P4

--- 4-44.- 4. 4404~ 4+ 4-1-. -410 4144.4-0-P4 +4*4 .14-4- "P4-4,~ 4-46* 4-4- 4 6 4444i-W0-P 444p. 4-

-A4-. i + if-4 4 -*644. + 4-4-..4--W. 4-1- 4- +4-40 4 4-" 4-4-44

mw4 -- 4 0 40- 4- 4.-414* +S -4-4- -W0-W 4-W 4-4-. 4. -. 4. 40..

-W 44- 1- 40404.4.-- * 44.-4* Iin .4.- *~ 44-4 .0+ + +4-40 * -4-144. ++ -0-. 4 S44.44 -40 4. 494 4

*.4. 4 4. 4. -04 4 - 44- "0#44- 4-+1- .44 + '41+9+ - +-I-. 41*4-4.-P 44-+ 4. 4* -6- -41. 44-.0- 4-t--

Z -- 4 -1.4.4-0. '.-. -%+ := i 4-"-I--J 4*0- 4 . . 4 4 44- 44.U-+ 4- 4-4 -4 1 4

!i -- 1- 4-6-4* -4. -- 4. #" 4- 4. 4- - 4-4-4.4 tw A. 4-. -I- 4+.-I- --4444 4.0+ 4 + 4+

-4.+-9.-.4 + .++ 400-W.44-.4~ - 4. -#- -+ 4-0- -"NW 40-W 4-.4

* +09 -I- -14 4 . 4404#-640. -4. 4-40

i5 4+4 4- +4 4- 4- 4.-0-0-4-4 - 4 4-in. +44 444.-4 4.4. 4-W444.4. +. -42m .-. . 4- 4.-4 4. . 4- 4 4-- 4- 4.--

4-4 44-4 4-4+6A44- + 4.+ 4 4.4t a 4 4 . 4 i t - .A i~. - . ' . 4 4 4

44.4."I-4 44. 4641-4+.. 40. 4.-kn ~ 4.44 4. 4 4440o 4- 4- iivin + 4. 4 4*. 4. '4 - -- 4 4 -- w 4. 6.4. CA

-1-r 4-4. + .44 4. 4 440.4.4 40*i +-4 -I- P.44 -I. 4. 4"046. + 404--I- 4.p4 4- 4.f-44-W. 4. - 444"11- -1-4+4

-944-4k4444* -1- 4-144441- 4 4 4j4- 4-4." 41 416-04 -14- 4 44-W 4.

gm- 4-'- -4- -W4 -W -4- 4. -001*4 -4U, 4440-p -4- -0-14.. 4-. 4%*.+ -4

4*aof-4.4. -t-4 .4-4444. -t- -494.4. 04.o444 M09- 4. 444H.4-I* .4-+ 4*40.4.

+4-4. ~ ~ ~ +- 40.-4-449 4-+ 4. -44*-4-4-4. 4-4-0- -14..4-t. 40.4.44 444 4.4-. 4-6& 4-446.- '4. 44444.1.4

-*40 4 m- 4. *.44 -4o.-f 44a .4-4..4-440-4-W4 -1 -4-4. M4 -4- 4- -444444 4* 0.

-# 9. .. * -1 4- 44 -1 . Z4S-W- 44p 4-m04 4. 4- 4-.4-4-64" 4. 4.4-4&4 0 a0 4 -04*4. 9 4- 4- -O44044 4e

+-4--4- 44. +-10444 4* -444.4* 4-4- +4*4. -9 44- 44- -4-09-l- -4- 4. -- i- 44-0.4.4- 4- -4.

4.--44- - 44444. 41. e4. 444- 44 -4. 4. 4-4.44.4 44444. - .4.4+4.4.440#" '4 4*4.4 4. A1-44 44 -4 +14f46*.0 "4.11

4-4-+. + *404044. 4-. 4.4w 4. P9-0-4-0 -f- 4-4. a-6.4 -44 -4 4#0- 4.

4 --4 4 . 1 - 6 4 4 4-ow - 4" 4 . - -4 4 . 4 4 .-+44.4 -04-4444-- 4- 40-4. 00' +.4.

44 .04-4 -"4~41. - 4. 44. 4.W - 44

P9 N N -

-L - --- T r' - -

OD II-.-', 7, cr- -, -,: -r .7, f-

li TI .CO I . -- f

- -r - C.-

0 Zr1

U -~ a

CA aItn

aa

L F

a

tsf

N N

033dS10 58aN N)

CIIaa

I...

L4

mi

S n g a -.1n

103

- -- -- ' ° " " II Ia]

a ,

in I-

S.03 . IQI t ; , I . . . ! ; : ; , m

a

U" Im am

• .. . .. " II I . . . . C

I II II I

T .-

.2

C-,

0_

-22-_ 7 _ - .. .-'- _ _ - --

IZ

-r) -. 7 )L. . C C

C l J ;D - 1- -t 'jC 1 -. 1] :.J ,- ."J, , C. I, ,. ,.,1"- "3 ' -J - ',b) )b , £ - -

..- ~ ~~~ o"., , I , I I "J i

LO5

-44 ]

3r.

CLn

%Ila

m tnm>~~ vs '

CA

tA~~ IAf

a yLIJ ~~ ~ a. 5if-lfL92

lot,

Laa

00-a S

IIs

a I

107.

---------

aL

a;aVMa.

3 4. to

CL >

108

.... T -T -. -.

7a7-

r -6

r- C, rc - -

- 2-

U'C U-. U- -)1I j

7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -t Li T- -- t 4R 1C 2 N 7 l 7) 4 -- '1 U -- U-.- U -, U-- U-1 ' :, C

109

-w.

in N

CO

zw zaE

tL

ia i f i

*mm*a! a a!

GIMS ig SVION L030U3d

110

._._._._._._._._.............

m

01 0

I

to jrC, >

a

a * aZ3 in

La

fa

IA U4

t114) 033cig 0/1 N

1l].

O Oa

LaainiP

r- L

cn 0. w

J a JIAI

1 2 .4.aI a -

-al

11 1 ,

... ., . . .. - : . . .. ...... . .... . . -- ;-'

a_

- ,-7!-.- -1 -

I-H 77, T

it.

Cr). .

0l--

C-r

113

96 m

4'4KS

.

16

~tto

A IAL toOUS 19MON MU

114

LLa

m*

Dm*

aB

I

~ B* B

I-I- -~w Q ~

- mS.~ ms'-. e S. -~

tn-5'J InZ3 - JL

.11.1

3* -~a-

BUS<a,'

*

B

B

B

m* m a m a a a a

a'a in(HJI4~ .333d~ GM!DI

115

14 a

Fly

Um

S

iaus'

IC'

a. LL-

U U' IA

116-

-J,

-tr '. -rt N- r, ,- -1 'c 0 C Jtf .C' CYN 0fn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0) 0D CDC

01 ZN3 0 ' Cn 0 N D Cf Mv-a,41C, Ln 4 CIJ '.? l C,-- 1

14 N n m

117

In

2..

&ama

1 11 +- - --a!

M wP91i

(133M LOS~rIH LN293

C)

00

DIi

ta aF= Ci

4 A

mm.

5,9

U!

TA*

14S

("CM)0391 (WI

119

IRAL

CA, inUU

I~4wU

..... .... ljj .... ....U 1-.

t EMU I h Duo63 A

1205

WIND PROFILE FDR: CDNPILWTDR SITEiDWTE: 12 SEP 1S791lINE: M M3 HjR5

255.

132.

36.7

I IN 23 31 '4 KVELDCI7Y (9PM) +

31S 1 LIS 91 13S IN10 1RC I OIN MbE& 7RUE 90111)

Figure A-40. TALA Record No. 1, Site #1l

121

HIMe PROFILE FOR: CMf)JILRIOR 51MDRIE: 21 SECP 19191TIME: £ - 43' MRS

2E11 210.9

233

fig

MES- l

35.9

l l 21 31 41 i3VELOCIIV (WIH, 4

31; 3 '4S I 139 IonDIRECTIUIN ( bE S U )i)

Figure A-41. TALA Record No. 2, Site III

122

_________ ______________]_

win PWFILE flU' OWIL070 SlrbAPw 21 W IM~S

22.3

L3.

M1.5

17123

W I NO PROF ILE FUIR: COJP ILTMRDFTE OCT L979i

TIME: 124C 1 345 HR5

La

139.2 1- -t-

to 211 30 401U VELOCITY (MtPH) +

319 aI4 93 139 10DIRECTION (DE&eTRUE NORTH)

Figure A-43. TALA Record No. 4, Site #11

1 2

wipo mrILC F= M iILTOR 51IC

II.

20.

22.6

3.

to a INI

1.c m2 27 31C 301JCCIlah C6I WC VMS)

Figure A-44. TALA Record No. 5, Site #~1

125

MI ND PROFILE FOR: NDR'H OCCUULIrDRtRIE: 12 5EP 19791

TINE: 1224 - 13E6 MR5

234-

I

S 113.1. 9I.4 --! -

9.1.

T"7.B - I

32.7 13,I Is 21 31 4S

VEL1CIT'fY (PH) +il 22S 273 319 U 4S

DIRECI1DO (DE'iTRtJE NDRTH) A

Figurt A-45. "FALdA Record No. 1, Site 02

120

WIND PROFILE FUR: NORTH RCCUKULWTOR,DbTE: 12 5EP 19791TIME: 1316 - 13H' 14R5

2£11T2IT291.

ISO1w .4

SolS2.21 --

t".-

E; : 2.9 ----

28.2

1 I 411 I II

I to 21 31 1iI syVELOCIYV (MPH) +

Ism 2£ 270 31C 6 '4SDIRECTION CEreIRIU NORiH)

F igurt. A-46. TAIA Record No. 2, Sit, 2

127

.. .•, , , .. * k |. . .• .

wIND PparILE MR: NORTH RCCUNULR7ORtbRTE: 13 SEP 751TIME: I149 - "I3 sR

20.

Ism.i

Ing

B 9.7

18 IBL

9u. I F

32.2

I II 21 30 41 isVELOCITY (MPH) +

93 13C In 721 273 319DIRECTION (DEUTRUE NORTH) a

Figure A-47. TALA Record No. 3, Site 02

128

via mrL rOD: ^WT OCCLIWJ

In

79.3

21.1

MUMcr (W*Ij4

&IMWCIOW O(K14W1 mom) 0

Figure A-48. TALA Record No. 4, Site #f2

129

1 Mb PRDLr I LE r: MORTH 1 IRULI rORDOlTE: s OCT 1379,

211 HE93 9 R

116.8

63.1 43.

S.

33.7

tos

is 4

U 3 "I -4 - I l •

I . 1 2 31 4EL.CI. (I"M) +

31T l 41 so 13 1nDIRECTION ( O TRLE dORTH) 0

Figure A-49. TALA Record No. 5, Site 2

13(0

WIWD PROF I LE FOR: pl FiCCUMJILL1nOR,DOMTE £ OC 1091TIME: I15 - I1'm JRS

2m

Li 132.1

I II 111.9

S1.9

31.3

Inn I I I I " I I I I

II 3 31 4U soVELDCIT'Y IH) 4(

IM 22£ 27 31£ a 45DIREC1ION (DEIsTIIE WWITH) &

Figure A-50. TALA Record No. 6, Site it2

131

I=iLi~I- -

Ln IC

Liia

3-C3

Lit i

mC I.

La-

C-L"-

W- %j q -

M2Licr.-

1321

APPENDIX B

DESKTOP COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGS

133

Prga CEA

Listing

T T t.a Zi

T TT

TT

C3 ' 17 1 74T

.-r.1~

, T

4-

134 zi' i

1-7 N. . LEIT g

, - E F

" 1, ' .. 0 7?90-:jc F'PlI'NT 'DA+T -C-OLLE, TED' 'i

2I TNT "DATA CE iOF "

,7 ' PF'I HT

_4-1I PP NT " PID -,EE D OCCURRENCE

'- ". "L F IRS.': P "

5K PP ' HT 'K T " rPH"-57i IMFCFI 3D_,.2':. SF FD ,< 5C

1':

- F 7

- H I 1]A E 3-..2- .D 4: 5 ._.

r7 0F Li T- 45t! - *- F' CI T Ce THEN , : E L

I HNT US 1Nt L 1 iF , I ~ T9

*7 0

-

.0 F [NT Ti'I U . 1 ".NF'' T'3IC'O

P'NT T"b'H0 REED OCCURRENCE

Li T . I t' I . _"3., I,"T I

4:F i ' - 171+

LI ',=* l TO 45

I F t EH 7-5 7 1 NT G

4 E 'T IG- T-U- TE C,.

zi T I , T *4 ?p:' ' -- r I * 1 T1 ' * I I

_

-:. 4- , 'T i

:q I E " T1H' 'FPH E NE 4TE

"* : F FC.TNT I CT i T IIH,135

I',i .T ; 1,C0

-'- LI ;'fl T"U'- :"0 I

2--- -' F .4 "I Fp'-, AM I PH: E S.. EN IL',T

------------------

1000 L ! :F "CriMPUTE C A ND PC'F'ELOC I T I ES

1010 DISP "FROM I TO 45 kNOTSF T HESE APE"

1020 DISP "THE LIMITS ',"OU N'-H "T

0 USE T''PE"1030 DISP "IN Y MN PRES'- ENP L

NE !F THEY"104 DI'.P "APE NOT., TYPE IN kj

D PRE'S END"1050 IP "LINE

i060 INFPUT v$!070 iF Y="Y" THEN 118010:30 DI':F' "WHRT VELFDEI T " rilt"

WISH TO1090 rI- P "-TAPT AT ' NOTE 'O

AN N"T "

1 0 IE .... START AT Z.E PI':10 INFUT TCSi20 IF T_=0 THEN 108011 170 0 FIcP "WHAT YELOC IT'' C '

A 'H TO":140 D1S' .. TiF' AT , nrTE T '.

T BE NO "150- DI--P "GF'EATER

. THAN 45'"

1 1 .i INP'UT T!i 170 IF T,--,:::45 THEN 1170

110 ,:LEHF1 . DI:P "STAND BY'"

i tIC1 T,= T6- I121 T7=T7+1i220 BF' ' -L G, T7t 1 ,! 21 -2:7 C! ' T TT,.' THEN 17-7.012 ", T,.T," O THEN 1 .-"

1-'' 1>1 : -"=fGIL GTHE '~''-'"o E''"3"B' 4 '+"B 1'

1280:q' B<5'= : 5 ' B 2

129' 0 8 ' 7 ,= E(," :'-v-B " 1 2 "

1 7_ 10 ,'.I I :=B (I I :+

I

13I - ' -GOTO 1210

I -, 7 '~'nFfE" B0 'Rii "7.0.. S 1) r ,: , ,='- ?P"' B f 6,:. - B i 3 5 2 -'E2: ,

, ,B.. 1 "-'

y"E' ' - ' , '8 " 9..!760 CLEAF1770 F'PIHTS3-0 FPINT

1'90 PFINT "FOP ''" T4 "TfO " .I"T:.

14 i'1 F' I T T NU.MBE' OF P0 I NT 1=

1410 PPINTI -ti0 PP ItT "'E: t'A = " E', 7 ' F:'

1*140' PI NT "'. -TANDAPD IE''!T T

1' '3

1.36

'J4 PRINT' " E'1450 P I NT "',': !I EAN " E-r,5,9 : "

4E0 PRINT '" '_TRNf'aRDF 'E'LIFRi

1470 F 'FRI NT 'COR COEFF = " P

S ' 1 Fi., E:C. 1=01 4 9k 1 0=:'. j1 1 t):t 4, -E ,"

1510 2', ' ll '7 Ci-: 7- P' 5i r= E P.::R - 2:

1540 PPINTC55 PP I HT

5 5l PPRINT

7-n tIDY CC 15ERC:7( R LF E 01., 7'. 2 - 16i59 C t,'l -,,'E 0 I

16j, f, LEIR Ci 1 LA PEL "PLOT I P PERCENT T

AT SPEEDL tC ' I',)E o., 14

'L1 LPBEL "WIND £RFEED FOP C=

71 M !'E 15

L iT u l-IEL. " " ": -- ''H' LI '

rg6 t '!OUE '' . 1S1 -1 L-A-EL " ,"MPH

' °

M 1 15'

7-' ( AF E i 4

tRIWE t

SI710 LABEL RTM

S4 ',. E 10 41 ,- L E;EL "'CF 'EL I T','"MF' H

1i rI MSCAE -7- '7 7 LAPEL. "dELIC ITY," T,. '

3 L C'I ';'3 -'L L EEEL ' T r ME"

1 '7I M'1,'E ': , 5 s -

I 'd:LO LABEEL P '.P1 4/0 F'P 3T.40 PF'I HT

: I -::7 3 ':. OLE -4 T- 2

~~~~~~I :¢c -:':I S -C ,it 2 .¢ .

E .' L

I M Q .'E

i'-" 'W 7[iET L

9--'0 FT X 13 7 5 ',E

06'7 ' M ,,,E "

19 C. R 10 T E .: T E FsULUI P 1 T 35 '-,TEF'30' :' t M', E " 5-' Li IDFi 'JI U,-2

t 7t tin,.,,E >-1 -2 5

- I ,'E ::i 1 1' 1,. r g ITHEN 2'n 801 7L LRBEL ','RL 'I- ', I . TE::.!T1-J1 ' I I 1 1 Li

-I ]L F'R =CL TO 0 TFP 5S ' Mi, E ,.'W7 L IDPRJ 1 Cti140 II...'E 'Y - ,1 I5 LREEL YALt','

1h

1 HEE, 17, FOR:'I 1= T, r',7¢ IF N$"j ' THEN 22C,'

4 1't7 'r':P, I , '.-.'T9f 10 0. .'.I =I 1 1 211 M0 E :2

, L IIit' F 2

P* 'L T WH I f? IODPAW fi-4L1 A I W - .

G IF' 1- 0 "2Ci IEXT I

- ii rl C 'E L, 0Li(-1 F!P I I T' 0 CI

22:-: : I:t:] 1.2

-EF P, - ,:+ 576- 0i PPH W :'

*. -. p F F1,p .'I

5-0 FPP INT

" 49 FR I t T

23' ,- LEP4 L:-IHLE F'I2C'-6

4~ LI M E C'1 .4 LDIP %'

44 t HEEL "PILOT OF PEPC ENT PflhI -

'a-. t i" ,'E C' 1

40 LHEL "PEED F5* C

E

-5 ¢' 1 I 1" E_, 15 . 12

5 C ".1'''E 151 I.w,: LFHEEL El$-L.i : r'!0 E 15 ! !

54LI LRE:EL At

138

57 M7: ri'E 104353-: LABEL "%TIME".590 MOVE 10., 7

0 (L LABEL "AEnk..'E SP "r l Cl J E 5

:', LDtIP 90-70 LHBEL "''EL kTS

r ' 4ti .it' ' 9, 5- L P EL 'EL M PH

ha,50 LEIP 0f RL FEI NTS._: PF, I T

FE INT

L Fi7 -I- 1, L'r' F

RLE - LI 1L', ,-4

4 C7 0 hil-..t'E 1 57 0 LHBEL ''H A $':t

i FC' 2 TI 0 8 -;TEP P t-' 17 t I- ri 'E :: -

i0 :x'= 1 Ci... CI. M J.,E :x, -4 2LH EL ' L$ '.

S- 11 '4 1 15 ,,-

Fi:-' ¢ FCl ' '-,'= C T C! -7', ; T V P70r -1 C,..' E - T, 'TF- 1

t: LHEBEL ' i . '-3 IF ',-=5 THEN 2' j

t':I ii0'' l- ,.E -1 ' 41 152 -1I ABEL ''RL.'

- 4 NE ,.T Y-"717 IF W$="Y" THEN 3VC0'-, FAR Y T=75 1 -TEP -1

S5 ri t) E T,'. - ' 1 j10C,- Trhl,,IIjF

171 k- M Cl ':'.= C' -7.50I10E F ,"' -I -I TO 00

t!> [rFRbJ XE:.-: T

F'F'I NT

F FP I NTP P 1 H. T

.'0'' ] PFI iT1 P R'I NT

"11 F PI T"UO END

139

Program CICCOMP

Listing

H-' T'.~ -ir,),

T, 3.-

-P Cl

4E:' I T E

iilk'C P T '- j T C4 I T'* 171 AI

I'-4

Df T ,I, T F I

I t!4 PjT U -T

11, 'S 4N THM#iR E F C ', ~ t E zL

4 IF' ITO TIS

5%i 2'F 1 Ti

''3 r'c:'T j

Fl:! TJP- T m I' IS H T( ',BE E~

TI HEk'SI C

3~ ~ q ii 71.1 WANT PPJ I TEC'

TU $)

Li I i' ' E : 4

-E El T1

11 THI I-T

LCICRR T 3M

4 Cif ;P "O ''C.1 ALPEFiDYrVM

PiC L T 4

140

* 0 'i'E OCCURRENCES P.FTL'jEF'i

''IF-' FI4 P3" 1* -. T3*

D' - ' F -I' I.tL4! G C:yj l 3 1 - 2

T' 4'

tFIl L: Ir~ ~O 1 13*3

T A ''Fi T Di I -

t. nF ,iT 1' 7

H CJ.~ 0 t T-'

J~ r .- : " -4

1 1 1aE " IP E C: E;F r

7- P ' I NC if * tI lit

T~r4 H 4 , I 2

0 I ,T P -1 .1 TM i'V- rEP P E'P 1TO T , )PE TD P

* F, 141

LII

*. 11 EH I F' 4.:AI AP lF1 ,

C!,-: I, '.-; Y':I .4G 10 10 " E= .. .

I T n IPUT . GI TJ P " tPPE T IJE EF, CF ,a'3

1 7'-" 0 I 4 PF' T D,:."IJ:OC4 ci P- p " N' ,- S , , IN-

'' IF 5."'" THEN 91 , 'LER

-'- VR' J= TO R

1 4: ; ', F ' I + D,. I ..S L E:::, T ,

S I'i GE 5 ''TO TAL " "..

D I :.P U: I!7t1': IF CI5"'" THEN CUP'< ELSF L-1

I T 2' 0S'I1 E T I

! : 0ISF 'TCs YOU WIIO:-:H TO C;TPf'E

TH I '-:; Dl T "..Q 2 IH F'T Y

124C IF ',':="N" THEN 1740I 5 L0 ",! P "WHAT il' 'YOU WI_ H T,'i

ALL FILE"2 - I PUT lUt

1.7 V' LEAP.'RE A.'-:' C ' T E UIt , . 5 E,

''_L ' I G N # I T U:t17 0 FPIJT# 1 1 85.0',.1711 H IG N# 1 T C;

C14 T9=0

-1 T T'4 +'' I'

~ I H H, = !+ ,1 *1< '2'-1, , I'

- ''L7' 14E::.'T Ip 4111 FT "c. - ,"l_i WANT PFF'CEN T :E -" L 1 S= T PE "

4 0 'I T Ft14"-'0 IF F$t="%--.. THEN !4r-.C

1: 1 E H- F' '

U .F 4F '1 4, " P IUT "[1TA COLLECTED. " E:.t

14 1 '-PI NT "DATA PEPIOD, "ARs-7 ,. 17:, r.:' - I HiT

1 '-1 L P P INt414'A3l FPINT

1500 PPINT "WINO SPEED OCCURRENC

142

P=3/ F'. IT " l P' ' LA

05-_ 1 i CE ,2 .3 .4:D.- . ,.D

_ TC I AG;E --D, 2:: .D 4'-: D, 8 - > !15 4l FP 1=1 l T

" -550 IF R I Tg 9:1 C I THEN i56i

:tr., FFII'/T U-;i ING 15 0 .; 2::I-,'I -F ,- I ) '. I . T9.-'lC,

1@I , Il'DT C 15'9 0i P, R- I H T C'I TUS N 15-4 F. I f.-2I-2 L'

I F' P I ' T94. I iO'5 4 E '4 T I

r LBir F: F, I rU'

±42 I T WIT 'WNID ::PEED OCCURRENCE- ".S P E E O"

T4 0 = T , 1

iiiF F-I "N" THEM ic, ,-

Tg."TI TOE

- 1 F T I - I f' 1 C.-i 1 THEN I Cl E:-E 17'KP

411 Ff~~tI Ifs jCi t-" F T T I 17.

V 'FF IHT I N G 1c3 0 241 -T , I T,=I-N11 0

-7, LET,'I

, F 1I4, H: I NO PE F77 2F "MPH" T-:.D -D

T'-,' "7

-'LI DRI IT SI N G 17-0 " T3.

- ,, i~ I

I- - p

* -P PF-;p Hr IS P-E:,ENL

:P F " C ('"P LIT E F ANEi w fl

7 ' P -' F' 15 0 T '7 -MP 'H iTNHF-E RE

S.F, "THE LIMIT'S -C"WISH T

: -I I S "

- F T- F, T(. r, I ' "I 7 P N 0 PPE, ENI L

"FE I, 7 THEY"-'. T0 FA-.- ' "P ' i 'T '- P-,E ..I N N

* 'FP "L I NET I HF I T ....

143

, .... . .. .. . .- q ;f

3 Li I F I I E 4 0494 ['i i I "F HqT VEL L : I T Y DO ',-U

TI 1 "T19cm F -:r"TiPT AT INCITE 1"1 I_ I-

iiH N'T "19':-I Fl ' ..',TA FT RT :EFOI I I A Hi

t-i WE:F F My'TF AN ornt WiHOLEi-J U Me', E P ", II

70 1 lFiUT T

Lj F Tr= 1' THEM 1944<TE , T6+ I

L I [T F'P "'LJH'AT ' 'ELiOIC T' " [C'1 ","iH ' Ti

[C 'I C.-F "':T''P FiT NOTE r

T E:E N 1-:LI r7 1, F' "i3PEHT.V.F' THAN 6 C ND

Ui-T F.E M N1 [1 T ';r: "P i l , WHOLE HUMBER:1. INF' T T:

-.'o IF T II6 THEN 1990

174 0 CLEAFP05 i ' "E;T1ND P' ....

SI-. -l T T7 - 1

L '" 1 I L C 1, 24' : T 7 121Cl_ IF T ,- T- THEN '"-r00 IF TT7':=0 THEN '1'90

1C1 ' E 2 =L0 ' -LrN i T"T7',1 '= P , Bc )+B, 11 ? '4 =E:,'4 + , 1'2'

'140 6 ( 5 f? 5 B: ' , 2 ' :'"-1 E: f, , = E(, +E' 2"-

i' 1Li E m E'(T 7h B '1)t:I B:2L

170 E i '-F" 11 '+ 1

1 E: ' -; "' F:' 4 -B3 :' 11, .E 1P 1 ,

I "E: F , , -74,

22 LEMF'

4 P F' I NT

: 1 - P P I14T " P O R I =" ;T 6 -1 , " Ti'!

T: .*2-I. MP'H", .P I' I HT "W.I!,E:E F OF POINT; "

2": '' I,7 ' F PiN TLI FINT "" MEAN= ":' E. A, '

P-' F IF INT ". 'TANDiAF'D E'),'1 ' '

i-' t" = " , E: " ''::: 0 3 F'F' F'H

PP In F NTQI F'F' I NT '' i.1EAN ' F:"5 ,

,

irti= "F.E' 9i

'70 PP I T i ' 1- 1 - EFF ' 1

144

240 ' _ t ,v -

-P,

I~~ *F?-l*?

L4 L-i F''! ~

~ r 1 NUT "C " = "

E- Et1.:. :. -': E ' 0 a'. , s

F E "PLOT -IF PEPi-ENT TIME-PEED Id

F . 14'' BM E L 5. 1 I S PEED FlP

' r FL t'

-- rEEL M PHLi1,,I i £

E L E:

-4 17 t -

,j' "']'FFL " , l71 4-,

• : :, ,H I'- i I , , I -

I- 4 ' L. "tELF-I- 1T'.,', "'l PH

.,. -' I

. " ' L.IE " T --TF'' "E: E

4 L E 4~

-' -IUF' I T 1 9 T P c

i..

4o ~ C 1_( E - . ::-1 T E

• L' DIp. ' C

* - , ,_1, ,E 1 : 1 15 7, .'L C .' L$,:

. -4F' ::= O T 7_ = .r F

I I. " -

-:.6 Fit ,lI ' - T -

'IFI4 L-1 ' I iJ I

145

2. E - -, 7 . I t'EEL 1194j- :."'

.. 0.-_. IF W$--= ' THEN 71-200 4 o FOP I , TOt 1:_:

li, .1 :: I *t - 1

4- IIPHW 79 .1 '5 I-PPIH 0- ,"5C,1 E' j -J 75 , 'G I 'PH 5.;

1wiO 'JE:'T IR ' l, E T : r

ji FOP 1=1 T'' 35

14

PP., 1 HT

71'-5. OPAW7, LI flE>T I

I:< MOi ur 5..L

'.4 PP 1NT72 ? F' NT

p

-ti -P T- 411 FIHT.2cri PP-I HT

0 IU LEAP0,Cm -ALE C,.32,.1 E

7 113 C, 1.)t ,E rC_ - 1524 LDIP 1

7 0 L AREL "PLOT OF PEPCENT WWP.

NI N'ID VE 0, 14-,- u F L PBEL "'SPEED FOP F, " 'L.S t

-', .'Li Pin O'.E 37 ,14

45.1 LREEL "MPR"r Fi MD'lE 15, 13

I-'7 L BEL "-7'ti r''E 15, 13*40o17 LABEL P$

* 41¢ :r:'If 15.1 , 0 2•45. LAEEL Ht

4 1 .' . '- I:. 5o.0. C 1

* : D M l'':E 10 41LHE'EL "-TlME~

'4,-1 LAVEL "BOVE SPO"

35,i'Ml MV E 9,5-;5 1 L B EL "',EL. M H

LCIJ uI P 0-efl *PFI NT

4 FP IlITT50 P'RINT

7 Af -,] LEaP79C5A SC~A LE -0,1, -4

146

-- . - -• - -: .

E•: ", T0'-*'-: .> E:[L ',FILS ....- g;7<, r F *n ' 1 "ft TO ::0 - r F

"r411 l' tIE " -' -,

ME ".".,IO 'E :;: 4 5c, -- '7'-':' *,-tEFEL '".-RLi'::

- F:.:: OR CA= TO ID 5 STEFP 5

, ~~~~~. t i ' 'T YE - :".''-

-7 -"7?,: I F W.t:= " y" T LtEH I - '-: IS C0rTO .TF

": ''10 M4 C' ',,E T ,""-1 :: :.t10 , I

S " :_I D iP .i I _, Tf . TEE DF l. -" '.

liE 2

41I HEEL 5 C '-I'? tFH .

<-70 1 CP Fit.]= CO D F W': , '' F L,. TO I.STE''

-?1 i E X T Y :40Mi 0iE Ftl1 c

Pi Inp 1 TO 1 0

7 lIE C 4: '"

'-J L CfL3 C 0 7

, L' F''I H T

S'7 ;r' rc I T, l IT

147

Program WEIPOW

Listing

10 PI,P2,P3,CK=O20.1_Et R

I-R T H I ': F P i' P AMt1 C iF1v, )-p

LD Ti E- PEP"'::. F ' ',i.FF' ETEP P .'

.iLiE F OF"5 0 I F' " ' rIILE'- PEP' HOyP

PlE F 11:t 1

, OI F "I HIT

.1 D11'7PF "*'W[,HRT , '',ll' ' . El' tLI-F

H -i CL EF

-,4l Oi'-' " ST LJHNTDE:',"'rIMPT'ITIE ' -

.1F TO 4 5I I~I I'E.F' = *< ,- ,H 5,, "I. '-F:.:' ,

1 5,-:1 P3 P + '

190 tJE::T

3'i C:LERF'

I -lDi IEFP " 'T ". C" F'T320D 1'.:;P M TO 4

RG-I'I E "JEIBULL POWER'= 4P

1 ' F i E : - I I ". C

04-'1 ' l P U S IN i' O 4 , - '0- r-3DIS "DO YOU WPHT 'PINTE1 C

P 0 ,,2fl ILNPUjT r

IF Y :"I" THEN 71 C2: DF';T " MC .T PH",90 PPlNT Y

C, PFI NT I *N a 27 ; F'

F10 DI -S "DC YOU WANT I C rr P UT V

POWER FOP'720 OI'-,P "QTHEP C ' AND K "3- INPUT "'$-.40 IF y", THEN 1Q4350 EtO

148

Program CHCHGT

Listing

C0 c1C 2 ri '311H1 ~'

-CI F' I H T It NETE';- FOPH I H ci RD " 'PE OF-:;J i ,

i. M.rt! 0 E [

.4.0 1 A.F4, E " - IN MLERS PER SEC g

C, DP;L'-: 4i 40 SOD,1E N7 0 HFET11 rHTr H

i 'r"] "u ' RO-JE ' [O!Flr-' !1'E~rf'T -' HE

LIT r IY'- 1,1117 70

0 i L EW E:cHT AT HI ,c.,I:. ' -,_--,I ,-I7-r. '

tI . 11 T C 9N1L K f 'i- Lr-

, 1 F'IUT -- 1'.- tJ = 77- C:- -$* L I. G

.fi= 1- 1 0]', 8:4 LiII Z 1 .1O

DI Z- I ' L IDI

I .i 3 U -1 :-i :- 'L * s ' - 141.

C 1 4 1 .

I E DJL HEIGHT" 1 .,D

-' G- I ACE N-E L. HEIGHT" D>: 'OPMl "

I' L D" '- " L D " 1--:' ' .-D D r. 1 DE, 0Ej 1-1

PHI ~ ~ ~ ~1 It' *! r, D 17:.[L'[ II

£- u MA'2F F I (u ."1 It 11 r: PD [E F C' ".;L F'H"

-10 PPINT

LI P. 1 9T

::7L FI-4r 7 ...I~ :

-.:4 C T f ." IJ U T f. 277 01_ 1~. NT

T T

HAT Us:.INHG 2 00 2ZT HT U1S I NG 20T NT l-SING 2 0 .; K- T4

149

- -, .. ... " -[ "'t "" e -- -. .. . T

Program WINDEI

Listing

l p --_. F' "177 7.P "' -OR ENfjLT'.H 1201-'*

' I_--F' "N~rE OF WN D M '-HII4EN4DEF: .t'

.L 0 1 I _ '-E .. _-- IEPAT ION"I i. ,T E R -

D-i ['-P "WHAT I': THE C:UT-IN '.'F:

-, [T'- ' "THE lIN'D MACHINE ,: [N 'A

PH0 O Ir4F'U.T V1,

:10 O -P "F WH T I-E ITS RATED '.'EL.-

12 UNFIT ','270 -1FP "WHRT IS THE CLT-OLIT '..'E

L Cl I T',t40 DICP rlPH,"15 C INPUT k,7

16 0 DI F H1N MANY 1 MFH INTPP.1c4

LS BETWEEH"1w DI .sP "THE CI-IN ,,ELOCI'r'. Pj

E' THE0' : PI'F' "RATED ','ELOCITY"

I H_'€ IH UT 1

0 0' T P "WHAT I': THE TLIE: INE RATED POWEP

210 D 1i' P " .'W',"

2.-' N I-I T F1 [IW ' HAT I':. THE TUPE:I.INE P:-)

2 40 PI P "I FTEF FEE"

'i [I'S*P ' HEFE IS W.INDM'ILL TOP EC_ LCATED"

2 8 INPIIT B$4L

11 D P "HOW HIGH IS; THIS SITE

AEICO'E SEA "0 I 0, P "LEU.'EL 1. IN FEE T

I IHPUT A.?Dl DI'. P "WHAT I'-. WEIBULL CC-,H:-TF

C I ND 01 *P "MPH FOP THIS LOCRTIFIcN"

4C' I1 F'U T CD5 DI-;P "WHRT I: WEIE:ULL I:-:I.'::1 T

NT f F0F' "

7 0 I FISP "THTS- LOC:RTIONt"77"INP1II f"

-..", , I'- F' "OP O M INY HOUPS NILL POWEPF BE"

7-- V *P ",EHEPATEDI"4 I F'IUT H410 DIS F " HI 01NLIC H DOES CF.IMMFPC

I8L ELE(-420 DI:-F' "P ' rP T ' ,' T C. -ST T .W-HF'

43I1 rIF.'UT '"

~150

44 -L54t -4E, 9 F, 6' T 1, 2 - ' . + ....

47 4 7=, 9 25nE -V2.J, T l PQQ4C._ofl.-, 7. 5 I

- : 7

79 Q- 4 24-99'0 " 9

.t I-' + 4, -7. .- 4 . 4- 5 . -2 7

4 . 4, 1 2.

.2 ." ... , ,,:._ il., l . .'. .4- '. 1 ,'21,'

4- ., ->. - '" i"1

4 2 - V

:: 7 "E' : 4 .. 1 -C t t: 1 "2

1 4C-7-'

(.1' F I T' N1, . F + H Ep.-1 1 'N EXF

,: '.'5- C. 2 ~ :' * -',- -E>:P , - ' t, ,S '->:

t- iE:.:T I

F -FP1I E:P:F- -',.2.4 ER0-4 0l 0--R7F*A'

P4P

51. F) -: ' .ii:' *1F : 14Wp

. [: 'TI' [] E ,',T TS F P A "-4 Irli-E 2 0IA 2: ' " WI NDCM IL L

1-I LEGP

F INT IH G -41. 0 ;RI1 ' ,IFilE "S- ITED HT" 2OR

-: i , L''JNJT u_1::, Ij . :a'. . :1

:] ,"I NT NILI CI, T NT

71 P'T "[ T'-.1 rIH GE "t44't:WT11DM ILL I NFIF'M

H T 11114:* .t 444 4r!:"-4 0 P*F'l HT 1j.,NG C-3 12

IHMFRGE '''T- I h OELO ! IT', .'orD D " MPH"

'-. PP.' T T lJ:,Iti -%- '00 I MRGE "PRTED LELOC I TY',9'"DO

C' ['," rM "L4".- :1 P PF NT , IT u ; :71 .

90 I MRGE "1 MPH I'JElLS" 15'::'-,DD

151

!.~I NF4GE~ ~90 1

C0 ;7: R N T L'$IN 4 1~ E1l

I ~itNRGE "TuPEPINE 01FIMFTEP".5DoctD .1'," FEET"

9 4 0 I MA(E "WEPT RPEW'Ckf F T

c3 SC' P RI NT U$:-I Nf'3 30

:~1 t, PPINT IIN G 44

f7IPP T NT U 111

1rIR(,-E - S. IF EE'FT E 1HFC t

1 0 F 1 T 1 N 10310

T MA Gi ~ E '"I 00 OLE'' 000~f

*(& PItIT I) I TW) 1 -3

IMPI-HE !: " E:DO EIDi0E00

tj 0 P'P11- T U E ' I N G I 05C

CE D ED. C!C MPH"1 n'PF] lTU I MG 1090

1 'F' 1 UT7

40 I NT 11 '-T;1 tflG 1 13 0

I ' IR -E Qr'EPPT I WS T I MF" 7

I I c0 F r, T kT 1-1CI rG 11!5 0 H

I0 1l Ci4GE "AFi'' POWER OLITPFl-.' r

7'R 1 PN T l!:IUG 11i M A lFG E " RPRiC I TY F- 'iF'

9 00000001 .1C' PPI T IIQ( UG19

2 111 IMAGE "ENERGY? OUTPUT" 0' DC!

0000000, KtJ-HP"

1 2 2 PRITNT US~ING 1210 F~

I 270 IM AGE "PECOVEPY Ff'''

1240L PPINT LU?'INr3 12301I5Q IMAGE " C OS T OF ENE~-

0 ~ PPINT l!S3ING 1250 i *-:I 7 I M~s-E UNLIT ,iT NC- c'J

152

Program WINDE2

Listing

-FF - sECI , T ,I" F

-"= ' "lP FOR E"4L; 'E;H UNIT'

5 F rIME OF wiC -1,:MtHTW E U

' r'T I U TI"

r. "'WHF.T 1':, THE CLT-IN 'EL

F 'THE I N 0 l i-H I NE ,IN

_,, I tHPUT ".IP "W HF T I,- THE CUT-OUT 'JE

I~~~~ , - T'' "

I .' I FI ' ,MPH .

' HOW NH'.Y' INTEGRFITIIN--

TEPS EQENNLIMEEF, OF 1M PH I TCF t,,ILS 'EBE-

E -[' ,r "TWEEN CIT--I N RN' C:UT-C0.IT 'ELIC I-TIES".

D 7 -P "' WHRT IS THE TUFRINE PR

E D FI WE'i :" 01-'F' ""' "

1.* 4 F,11i l HIO tF'Y F' I : 0

EFF',:IENTSDE,:-CPe.EE THE WIIDiP! E POiIWEF

IiT 4-9

'_T I R'CIE " O DEL CR'J)E Y= ( .'D O

FE! "+ R ," + "~' -0': ': r-, '-1-4 2 1 N1"4 ., N 9-

F,,; t=-9 T 0 1 STE -I

T F' I-.F'IT A " :K "4 1'i7 F I

TIT" . -. F' IC, 1 THE TURBINE RO

-.. ' I 3 : . " MIt ETEP FEET

4 C I -Cr

S.F "WHEPE I"- IN tILL TO ST E C'

C. -... ¢ T B IIT 1:.

'HOW HIGH 1- THIS SITE

P "LEOEL '.IN FEET)'

P "WHHT I. WEIE'ULL CONSTR

-P "rMPH FOF THI' LOCRTION".' U P' H ''

P "HAT I,': WEIIJLL CONSTR

HT FRi D UF 5TiIS LOCATION"

153

44L' INPUIT F 1

450 LIF "Fi HO NW M9NY WCUp2 ILL F'lOER BE"

4v.'l. FI F E EPFTE[t"471 INPUT Hi4;-. I '-q "HOW MU,-H DH OE'S: COMMEP'C

IHL ELEC- ". :1 -i F' TF' I t- T T C ,' .. kW H ',

0 1NFUT C9

1-1 CIl ,F " E:T HD-E "

E - 4E.2, 24 0 0 'i' Ij9 + 1 2+

=..4,.4'1 9 25 -l t''_:= 1 :. k 15-. IR I -. ErS%5,6EI 1 C2+2 F

55L 6 77ftl I

-- 0

H ' 3 -'1 J-

FC5 1-1 TO H! STEP '

CI = 1. FC

' c'. -1.," =1 T E 79 4 ::- 1.0' 1 9' _, -,4 0

Li

0 T C,

C T' l 7 T 17P

+I + , I-

Ii0 Fi 1=L-i RIP-' I~1 Tn - 97':, ;7!- F, THE I

- p I F 1- P2-'C NET 7 , I

+H F04pl =p F1*P40, IF .=+2 THEN 75ILI0 kOITI '-In

I 4 4 * FF4'LI5 59F+ P 40t NF:'T .-

"P9 Q 0E :.T Ii10 PE = P 54H -3

O:-f z ' t = fl4

3 F'7 A = P .I'IL) ' 4:4V) F I po-p

154

F5 F2 F',: i;T9 TF=P6 H I

970 T?=T2., A9 0 T4F q:T 399' IMAGE "THI-; CFTA TS FOR A"

P, 0 IGE 2 0.2 P ,W 141E lI LL"10 10 C:LEFIR

1'- 1 PRItIT USING 99 i1 ').0 FR I HT USING 1000 A $I104 :, IMRGE "-'ITEC, AT".2' - 20At15 l PPINT USING 1040 ; 6$10's PRINT1I1 PRIHT10'C-1 PF I HT

10.901 IrIRGE " ***:*W I NOM I L I NFORMAT A 1-:t i44 :* :tf

1 !00 PF'IOT IEING 109 0110 I IFIGE "f.UT-IN ''ELOC: I TY"

D C I " MPH"I 12C' PRII"T U'SING 1 F '111011'c IMRE "CUT-CUT 'QELOC1T'," ,7"

C ID CI, " MPH"1 14F7 P TNT LIS I NG 11 3' '133!5) 1 MRGE "INTECPFTI 01 TEF4:: I

2'- . CDDD

I 1,L PPINT UI IG 115' ; N17") IrM7iGE "TUPB INE DI METE",55',:

,Di000 D." FEET"PP-) FFI N I IIN'4 17 .CI -

119I IGE ;WEPT RPEA".,8.:.0DDDDDP D " 'F PT"

02 0' PPi NT US.ING 1190 ; A1 1' IMAGE "PFTELD PCiWEP "12 [L ODD

D D " K W1 PRIItIT 111:.N G 12!0 ; P

0 PRINT240 I M A G4 E " * t'* * C LI P V E I N F Ci P'

H T I N * I f 1. *:12F PF'INT USING 124')1 t- 7 1IMHGE "NC P0LY COEFF" 1 '5

2 7 0 'PR I NT I P: G I 1 1 a.5 0 -12 0 1 MFiGE "C:EFF I C I ENT".1 2'1 F I IT U '-IHG 128 01 -0ri Ir'IFaE '::'. "F A " DD " =". , I

, ~1FORP I=N9 Tn 1 '37-EP -'4' PF'INT USING 1300 I-I I10 PP EIHT

'40 PP I tiT! 6 Mf 'E " I '*t f.t : 4Sl TE IMF'7'RtIA

PPlfIT U' 1--ING I .C

I FiGE "R', T TE ELF'T I ON" ,:: DD r, 1; 1. " FEET "

7 :A 'F I T I 1' N I 1 C.4 - E14 o0 IMFA 1:E "'"C::'"[D DDDDOD." M

F'H"F-H7' F *' ,:': ; :40 '):

155

1420 1 MAGE 'F 22:v,. 1D F Dror'C1430 P RII-T LSING 1420 L K11440 I MAGE "'EPRGE WI, NDSPEED" ,

,. , D D O D D , M P H "

1450 PRINT USING 1440 ; Rl1460 PRINT14711 F. I NT14 1-.0 IMrMCE " 33*t*tPOWEPR IN F0 PM

RT 11ON ::tt44t1490 RF'IhT Ul.ING 14801500 I MrGE "OPRFPTING TIME' C..,

D0DD - " HOUR-."151C F'PINT USING 1500 HI1- 5 . F4GE A , T"VE POWER OU1ITPUT".

,DDDD.0DD," ! W"15h P INT USING 1520 P P:i54F I MttGuE "C PACIT', FRCTlP".

0 DDDDODDD15 FRIHT US-ING 1540 FI 613 I'MAGE "ENERGY nUT "..n 0

DDDD D. " LW,-HF''1570 PR INT UISING 1560 -

MAf' I MAGE "PE C:O,/ERY 'R -T F F 2."DDDDDD

_- ' r-1t4T USING 155:0 F1.:,' -ARGE "CrST OF ENERG'' . '

" 0. D ., " 'LJU-HP"161.0 FR INT U - NG 1600 C?16 20 IMRGE "!:,JIT SRV I N ' " . ' "I"

160,-0 PRINT U'-;ING 1620 T4164-I END

156

.---

APPENDIX C

USAFA SITING EXTREMES SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

Many hazards exist which may have a direct impact on the siting of

wind turbines. This Appendix deals with 15 potential hazards as out-

lifted by Battelle Northwest Laboratory in their "Draft Handbook for

sititng Large Wind Energy Conversion Systems" (10). Each hazard is listed

individually and the local extremes for the Air Force Academy considered

with respect to impacts on wind machine siting. Many of these extremes

wiLl be of more concern to the turbine designer than to the site surveyor,

yet they should still be addressed. Specific references from which these

extremes were summarized are contained in (3).

2. SOLAR RADIATION

Sunshine, in addition to being the driving force behind the wind, may

cause material deterioration. Ultraviolet deterioration of polymers, for

example, could have a detrimental effect on machine life and maintenance

costs. The Air Force Academy receives a good deal of solar radiation due

to its dry climate and high altitude. The average number of hours of sun-

shine per year is 3000.

TABLE C-1 : USAPA sOLAR RADIATION

Period Hours of Sunshine(R2resentative Month) Month Langleys/day

Winter (Jan) 200 - 220 200 - 250

Spring (Apr) 240 - 260 500 - 550

Summer (Jul) 320 - 360 600 - 650

Fail (Oct) 240 - 280 300 - 400

Annual 250 400

157

3. EXTREM4E TEMPERATURES

Temperature extremes may affect the performance of machine parts and

lubricants and also the material properties of its components. The depth

of frost penetration is also a consideration for proper foundation design.

The temperature extremes for USAFA are 100 0 F(38 C)Q and -320F (-350C).

The frost line may extend to 30 inches within this area.

TABLE C-2: USAFA TEMPERATURE EXTREMES

Period(Representaive Month) Monthly Mean Maximum Monthly Mean Minimum

Winter (Jan) 41.0 0 Fl6.1l0

Spring (Apr) 59.2 0 F33.1l0

Simmer (Jul) 84.4 0 F57.0 0

Fall (Oct) 64.2 0 F36.8 0F

Annual 61.4 0 F35.4 0F

4. BLOWING DUST

Dust can cause damage to a wind machine if it is not sealed or main-

tained properly. Dust may penetrate the machine housing to cause excessive

wear on moving parts. At the Academy, the frequency of dust is not large,

but occasional wind storms may actually sand blast the machine. Painted

surfaces should be impact resistant to minimize this damage.

TABLE C-3: USAPA DUIST LFVFLq

Period % of Dusty Hours(Representative Month) (visibility > 7 miles)

Winter (Jan) 0.1 - 0.5

Spring (Apr) .025 - 1.0 I

Sunmmer (Jul) 0.0 - 0.2

Fall (Oct) .005 - 0.4

Annual 0.2 - 1.0

158

5. SNOWFALL

Snowfall's greatest detriment is to limit the access to the more remote

locations for servicing of a wind machine. Snow could also accumulate inside

the machine housing and cause damage to electrical components. At the

Academy the annual snowfall is 40 inches with whiteout or blizzard con-

ditions not uncommon during periods of snowfall. There would be approxi-

mately 10 days per year when snowfall could prevent normal traffic from

reaching the more remote locations.

6. ICING

The accumulation of ice on the rotor blades, tower or power lines could

lead to damage and/or loss of power. Glaze ice is the most damaging type

and is caused by freezing of rain on the colder surface of the machine.

Rime ice is formed by the condensation of water vapor which has been super

cooled and, when it collects on a structure, is much less dense and, therefore,

iess damaging than glaze ice. The Academy would be subject to glaze ice

.n excess of 1/4 inch, no more than aa aerage of once per year.

1. TURBULENCE

Turbulence and wind gusts are rapid fluctuations in the wind direction

or speed. The Lurbulence around a wind turbine will, in generaJ.,reduce its

efficiency, complicate the control systeri,and may induce fatigue in the

blades. At the Academy turbulence can be severe, especially during thunder-

:,torms. The site selected must be one at which turbulence levels are low

and/or the machine has been designed with these turbulence levels in mind.

Turbulence levels have not been measured in the present study but must be

!eco ded prior to machine installation at USAFA or any other location.

8. EXTREME WINDS

Knowledge of extreme winds is necessary for wind machine design. For

example, most wind machines have an upper limit or cut-out speed above

which the blades are feathered or the machine is braked to a stop to avoid

overstressinq the machine. Colorado Springs reports the fastest mile

(the increase of the time required for 1 mile of wind to pass a recording

station) of 60 mph. Because the Academy is located against the foothills,

the local winds will certainly exceed those in Colorado Springs, especially

)159

TI

during the chinook winds of late winter and early spring. Peak wind

speeds recorded at the Academy are 90 mph.

9. HEAVY RAINS

Excessive moisture can lead to electrical circuit damage and/or corro-

sion. Rainfall at the Academy averages only 15 inches per year and the

relative humidity is low so problems with excessive moisture should not

exist.

10. THUNDERSTORMS

Thunderstorms are local violent storms caused by the rise of warm

moist air and usually occur in the summier. Thunderstorms can result in

severe winds, gusts, turbulence, heavy rain, hail, lightning and/or tor-

nadoes. Although each of these results is considered separately, the

combined effects during thunderstorms may be great. Colorado foothills

along the front range of the Rocky Mountains are subject to almost

daily thunderstorms during the summier and the Academy could expect to

experience 70 thunderstorm days per year. Most of these storms will

occur around 1500-1600 hours and are usually 112 hour in duration.

11. LIGHTNING

Electrical storms can destroy a wind turbine if it is not properly

grounded and protected. Damage can be reduced, but never eliminated, by

the proper design of the control system and electrical grounding. Light-

ning is usually associated with thunderstorms and the Academy is in a high

thunderstorm frequency area. Damage due to lightning is evident on many

ridge lines where trees have been scarred or burned from strikes. Instru-

mentation towers associated with the present project have not suffered

lightning damage but static electricity in the vicinity of thunderstorms

caused occasional problems.

12. HAIL

Hail can damage the blades and structure of a wind turbine by causing

dents, chips and surface abrasion. The Academy is in an area of frequent

hail, 12 times per year greater than 19 mmn (0.75 in), and some consideration

for hail protection must be considered in wind machine design. Maximum

recorded hail size for the Colorado Springs area is 75 mm (2.95 in).

160

13. TORNADOES

Tornadoes are local, high speed (200-300 mph) circular funnels which

can destroy any wind machine in its path. It is not practical to design

a machine to withstand such extreme loads, but probability of tornado

occurrence must be considered. In the Academy area, funnel clouds are

not uncommon during the summer months but infrequently touch ground

ievel. The probability of occurrence is approximately two every 10

years.

14. FLOODS

Flood protection is greatest in a flood plain of a valley,but since

the prime sites at the Academy are on ridge lines,there is no consideration

of flood protection required.

15. EARTHQUAKES

Wind machines are highly susceptible to earthquakes and structural

integrity should be assured by the manufacturer. Structural designs

can be modified to reduce earthquake damage in high risk areas. Colorado

is in Zone 1 earthquake risk and can expect earthquakes resulting in

only minor damage.

4 161(The reverse of this page is blank)