state standard sb4e. relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive...
TRANSCRIPT
State Standard
SB4E. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
Plant Adaptations(21.1, 22.4, & 22.3)
Cuticle
Introduction to Plants
Fatty coating that helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues
Acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms
General Plant Adaptations
Chapter 21
Stomata
Introduction to Plants
Adaptations that enable the exchange of gases even with the presence of a cuticle on a plant
Openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and some stems
General Plant Adaptations
Chapter 21
Vascular Tissues
Introduction to Plants
Vascular tissue enables faster movement of substances than by osmosis and diffusion, and over greater distances.
Vascular tissue provides support and structure, so vascular plants can grow larger than nonvascular plants.
General Plant Adaptations
Chapter 21
Vascular Tissues – 2 Types
Introduction to Plants
General Plant Adaptations
Chapter 21
Xylem – carries water & dissolved minerals from the roots upward to the stem & leaves
Phloem – food-carrying tissue. Carries sugars & other organic compounds throughout the plant
Flowers
Introduction to Plants
Reproductive Adaptations
Chapter 21
Flowers are the reproductive structures of a group of plants called anthophytes.
Flowers contain both male parts (stamens) & a female part (pistil).
The movement of pollen from a stamen to the pistil is called pollination.
Reproductive Adaptations - Flowers
• Flowers can be pollinated by wind, insects, birds, & other animals
• Many flowers are brightly colored to attract birds & insects that aid in pollination
Cones
Introduction to Plants
Reproductive Adaptations
Chapter 21
Cones are the reproductive structures of a group of plants called conifers (coniferophyta).
Conifers produce small male cones & larger female cones.
The male cones produce pollen while the female cones remain on the plant until its seeds have matured.
Male Female
Seeds
Introduction to Plants
Plant structures that contain an embryo, nutrients for the embryo, and are covered with a protective coat
These features enableseeds to survive harsh environmental conditions and then sprout when favorable conditions exist.
Reproductive Adaptations
Chapter 21
Reproductive Adaptations
• Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like wings & are carried over long distances by wind.
• Some plants produce seeds with barbs or hooks that attach to the fur of passing animals
Maple Seed
Seed Dispersion
Reproductive Adaptations
Seed Dispersion
•Coconuts from palm trees float which allows seeds to travel from one island to another
Other Plant Adaptations - Dormancy
• Many seeds & plants will go dormant (inactive) during unfavorable conditions such as drought or cold
• Some roots & stems are able to store food for dormant periods
• Some trees drop their leaves during dormancy• Other trees (such as conifers) have waxy needle-
like leaves to conserve water and flexible trunks to bend & not break under the weight of ice & snow
Tropisms
• A tropism is a plants growth response to an external stimulus.– If a plant grows toward the stimulus it is
called a positive tropism
– If the resulting plant growth is away from the stimulus it is called a negative tropism
Tropisms
• Phototropism is a plant growth response to light caused by an unequal distribution of auxin.
Tropisms
• Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity (AKA Geotropism)– Roots usually show a positive Gravitropism
– Stems show a negative Gravitropism
Tropisms• Thigmotropism is a growth response to
mechanical stimuli such as touch
Plant Hormones
• Plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli by using chemical messengers known as hormones
• A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is sent to a different part of the organism to affect activities there
Types of Plant Hormones
Auxin•Controls phototropism by elongating cells on the shaded side of the stem to push the plant toward light•Promotes growth of fruit and controls when the fruit falls from the plant
Types of Plant Hormones
Gibberellins•Cause plant to grow taller•Increase rate of seed germination & bud development
Types of Plant Hormones
Abscisic Acid•Inhibits plant growth during times of stress, such as cold temperatures or drought