start of part 3 eric w. harris, phd.. basic functional subdivision of neurons but, of course, there...
TRANSCRIPT
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Start of Part 3
Eric W. Harris, PhD.
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Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons
But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”
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“Integration” of excitatory inputs
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340_11S/lectures/psy340.03.1.synapse.outline.html
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Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons
But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”
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How neurons send a signal – Pt. 1 The “Action Potential”
http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter01.html
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Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons
But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”
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How neurons send a signal – Part 2: Synaptic Transmission
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SynapseIllustration2.png
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Analogies of how neurons work
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Neurotransmitters
Glutamate, Aspartate - major excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain
GABA - major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Acetylcholine - many different actions in the brain; neuromuscular junction transmitter
Serotonin – many different actions; associated with mood, sleep, perception (LSD)
Dopamine – many different effects; associated with reward, attention, movement (PD)
Opioid peptides (endorphins) – modulate pain signals
Substance P – pain signaling
Many others…
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Summary of basic information processing in the brain
http://biomedicalengineering.yolasite.com/neurons.php
Action Potential
Action Potential
Synapse…
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But it’s not so simple - Excitation and Inhibition
http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/introduction.html
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Physiological plasticity
Synapses are not static: With repeated use can show “habituation” With intense use can become stronger (“long-term potentiation”)
Simultaneous strong inputs can potentiate each other (“fire together, wire together”)
Harris & Cotman, 1986
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
http://www.brightmindsinstitute.com/blog/
http://quizlet.com/4239544/cog-sci-chapter-2-flash-cards/http://www.acm.org/conferences/sac/sac2000/Proceed/FinalPapers/BC-07/
http://apotential.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/the-neurologist-explains-eegs-to-me/
Synaptic currents create a small electrical field along a neuron
If neurons are lined up, the electric fields add together.
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Using electrodes placed on the scalp and sensitive amplifiers…
…one can record “brain waves”!
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Quantitative EEG (QEEG)
EEG is the sum of manybrain waves, like this:
EEG can be “de-convoluted” to find and measure the underlying components, e.g.:
Frequency (Hz)0
scidavis.sourceforge.net/manual/c4166.htmlnewsoffice.mit.edu/2012/faster-fourier-transforms-0118
QEEG data can be looked at many ways,For example:
http://simetronsac.com/dx_eeg2.php
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And then there are glial cells…
Astrocyte – various supportive functions
Oligodendrocyte - makes myelin
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The building blocks – Neurons and Glial Cells
Ramon y Cajal, 1899
Miriam Ascagni, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy, 2010
Del Rio-Hortega, 1920 http://www.nedsahin.com/methods/fmri/
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Good sources of info about the brain,
The Society for Neuroscience (www.sfn.org) – in particular, “Brain Briefings”
“The Brain Science Podcast” – not for total beginners
The Dana Foundation www.dana.org
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html (“Neuroscience for Kids”)
http://medicalxpress.com/neuroscience-news/
There is LOTS of new information every day…
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Thank you for your attention
Questions? Comments?